Imfazwe yeSigqeba seMfazwe sokuQeda zonke iIkhumbuzo zeMfazwe

NguDavid Swanson

“Ngubani olawula okudlulileyo, olawula ikamva. Ngubani olawula izinto ezikhoyo ngoku. ” -Kulungile

Urhulumente wase-US ufikelele ezantsi komgqomo. Ukupakisha zonke ii-intshi zesikwere seNational Mall kunye namatye ezikhumbuzo kuyo yonke imfazwe abafuna ukuyivuma, kubandakanya iimfazwe zaseVietnam naseKorea, kubandakanya neemfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi, iinkokheli zethu ezithandekayo zigqibe kwelokuba enye Isikhumbuzo seMfazwe Yehlabathi I iyafuneka, kwaye izokwakhiwa ePershing Park (ebizwa ngo-1981 kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi ye-I jikelele ngelo xesha sele ilityalwe ngokwaneleyo).

Ngokuqinisekileyo ayisiyiyo vet yeWWI ephinde yazalwa ebhentshini apha ngasentla, kodwa ijoni eliselula lifumana uzuko lwababuleweyo ababekekileyo.

Olu luzuko lutsha lokubulawa kwabantu ngobuninzi kufanele ukuba lugqitywe ngoSuku lweArmistice 2018, okanye into esiyaziyo ngoku ngokuchasene noSuku lweArmistice, olubizwa ngokuba lusuku lwamaVeterans. Isimboli siyothusa. Kwinkulungwane yenqaku lokupheliswa kwemfazwe yokuphelisa zonke iimfazwe, iholide yoxolo eyaguqulwa yenziwa iholide yemfazwe ngexesha lemfazwe yaseKorea iya kubhiyozelwa bubukumkani obunenjongo yokuzukisa zonke iimfazwe zangaphambili ukuze kugcinwe kukho ezintsha.

Isikhumbuzo seWWI reductio intengiso engenangqondo yengxoxo yokuzukisa zonke iimfazwe. Xa uVictor Berger wakhankanya ukuba yonke iWWI yanika iUnited States umkhuhlane kunye nesithintelo, kwakusekuqaleni kakhulu ukongeza iWWII kunye nemizi-mveliso yezomkhosi kunye nengcinezelo yoMbindi Mpuma eyayiza kucaphuka ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla. Kodwa uluntu lwase-US lwavumelana naye. Ukucekiseka koluntu kudale elona xesha loxolo kwimbali yase-US emva kwengalo yomkhosi. Urhulumente wase-US wanyanzelwa sisenzo esidumileyo ukuba akhokele ekuthinteleni ngokusemthethweni yonke imfazwe ne Kellogg-Briand Pact, esekho ezincwadini. Imfuno yoluntu nayo iphantse yadala imfuno yereferendamu kawonkewonke ngaphambi kokuba i-United States (ngokungekho mthethweni) isungule imfazwe-inyathelo elinokuthi litshintshe kakhulu kule minyaka ili-100 idlulileyo.

Siphi isikhumbuzo kwabo baya entolongweni ngenxa yokuthetha ngokuchasene negeza le "Mfazwe Enkulu"? Luphi na olona lwazi lusisiseko malunga nokuthengiswa kwemfazwe, kwaye yaqondwa njani yakuba iphelile? Akukho nto eluhlobo olufumanekayo kwifayile ye- website abenzi besikhumbuzo. Ubuxoki bukaWoodrow Wilson malunga ELusitania kwaye ubundlobongela baseJamani eBelgium budala intsimi yanamhlanje yokusasaza iindaba zemfazwe kwaye kwakhokelela kwintandabuzo, yabekwa endaweni engeyiyo, kwiimbali zamva zenkohlakalo yamaNazi. Kodwa abantu bazimisele ukukhumbula iimfazwe xa iimfazwe zindala ngokwaneleyo ukuba zingathethi nto ukuba akukho nto ikhankanyiweyo. Ngapha koko, zilula Catshulwa Imalarkey kaWilson ngaphandle kwezimvo, ngokungathi inobuhlobo kwinto eyenzekileyo. Oku kuya kufana nokukrola iNtetho ye-UN kaColin Powell kwisikhumbuzo seMfazwe yase-Iraq ngo-2103, endiqinisekile ukuba sele kucwangcisiwe. UQuoth Wilson:

“Umhlaba kufuneka ukhuselekile kwidemokhrasi. Uxolo lwayo kufuneka lutyalwe kwiziseko ezivavanyiweyo zenkululeko yezopolitiko. Asinazinjongo zokuzingca zokukhonza. Asinqweneli koyisa, akukho kulawula. Asizifuneli uxolelo ngokwethu, akukho mbuyekezo yezinto eziphathekayo ngokuzincama esiza kukwenza ngokukhululekileyo. Singomnye weentshatsheli zamalungelo oluntu. Siya kwaneliseka xa loo malungelo enziwe akhuseleka njengoko ukholo nenkululeko yamazwe ingazenza…. Kuyinto eyoyikekayo ukukhokelela aba bantu banoxolo emfazweni, kweyona yoyikekayo neyintlekele kuzo zonke iimfazwe, impucuko ngokwayo ibonakala ngathi ibhalansi. Kodwa ilungelo lixabiseke ngaphezu koxolo, kwaye siyakulwela izinto ebesoloko siziphatha kufutshane neentliziyo zethu-idemokhrasi, ilungelo labo bazithoba kwigunya lokuba nelizwi koorhulumente babo, amalungelo kunye inkululeko yamazwe amancinci, kulawulo lwamalungelo kwindalo iphela yekonsathi yabantu abakhululekileyo eya kuthi izise uxolo nokhuseleko kuzo zonke izizwe kwaye ikhulule umhlaba ekugqibeleni. ”

Oku kwakungemva kokuba uWilson ephumelele unyulo ethembisa ngoxolo, kwaye kwangoko emva kokuba inxusa lase-US eGreat Britain, uWalter Hines Page, athumele intambo kuWilson ngo-Matshi 5, 1917, efunda ngokuyinxenye:

"Ingcinezelo yale ngxaki ezayo, ndiqinisekile, uye ngaphaya kwekhono likaMorgan we-arhente yezemali kubaRhulumente baseBrithani nabaseFransi. Iimfuneko zezemali ze-Allies zikhulu kakhulu kwaye ziphuthumayo ukuba nayiphi na i-arhente yabucala yokusingatha, ngokuba zonke i-arhente kufuneka zihlangabezane nezoshishino kunye nokuchasana kwamacandelo. Akunakwenzeka ukuba indlela kuphela yokugcina isikhundla sethu esinobukhulu bezohwebo kunye nokuphazamisa ukwethuka kukumemezela imfazwe eJamani. "

Xa uxolo lwenziwe neJamani iphelisa iMfazwe Yehlabathi I, uMongameli uWilson kunye nabalingane bakhe bohlwaya bonke abantu baseJamani, bekhokelela kubabukeli abaninzi abalumkileyo ukuba baqikelele ngokuchanekileyo iMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. UJane Addams, U-ED Morel, John Maynard Keynes, Kwaye abanye baqikelela ukuba ukuziphindezela okungagungqiyo kwesi sivumelwano kungakhokelela kwimfazwe entsha. Kubonakala ukuba babeyinyani. Idityaniswe nezinye izinto, kubandakanya ukuthanda kweNtshona ubuNazi ngaphezu kobuKomanisi, kunye nokunyuka komdyarho weengalo, ingqumbo eJamani ikhokelele kwimfazwe entsha. UFerdinand Foch ibango lesivumelwano lalithambile eJamani kwaye ke liyakwenza imfazwe entsha, eyinyani leyo iyinyani ukuba umntu ucinga ukuba angayitshabalalisa iJamani okanye into esondeleyo kuyo. UWoodrow Wilson waxela kwangaphambili ukuba ukusilela kwe-United States ukujoyina i-League of Nations kungakhokelela kwimfazwe entsha, kodwa ayicacanga into yokuba ukujoyina uManyano bekuya kuthintela imfazwe.

Ngokuthobela, kwaye behlonipha uWilson njengo-Obama womhla wakhe, abenzi bamatye esikhumbuzo bacaphula nje oko kwathethwa nguWilson endaweni yento ayenzileyo: “Kufuneka kube luxolo ngaphandle koloyiso. woyisiwe. Iyakwamkelwa ngokuthotywa, phantsi koxinzelelo, ngedini elinganyamezelekiyo, kwaye ishiye isinambuzane, ingqumbo, inkumbulo ekrakra apho imigaqo yoxolo iyakuhlala khona, hayi ngokusisigxina, kodwa njengaxa kukhawuleza ulwandle. Luxolo kuphela olulinganayo olunokuhlala luhleli. ” Njengabazinikeleyo kumongameli wethu wangoku banokuthi: ubuncinci ebeyazi into ebefanele ukuba uyayenza, yiyo loo nto ibalulekileyo.

Xa kwafika uxolo, uWilson wagcina imikhosi yase-US eRashiya ukuba ilwe namaSoviet, ngaphandle kwamabango angaphambili okuba imikhosi yase-US yayiseRashiya ukuze yoyise iJamani kwaye ithathe izinto ezazisiya eJamani. USenator Hiram Johnson (P-CA) wayedume ngokuqala ngokusungulwa kwemfazwe: "Ingozi yokuqala xa kufika imfazwe, yinyani." Ngoku wayenento afuna ukuyithetha malunga nokusilela ekupheliseni imfazwe xa kwakusayinwe isivumelwano soxolo. UJohnson wagxeka umlo oqhubekayo eRussia kwaye wacaphula kwi Chicago Tribune xa ibanga ukuba injongo yayikukunceda iYurophu iqokelele ityala laseRussia.

Iziko lesikhumbuzo lesikhumbuzo libonisa ukhetho olunencasa lweeposta zeWWI. Akukho "brute mad" ebonisa amaJamani njengeenkawu. Akukho Yesu uhleli phantsi umpu wakhe kuThixo. Kwaye indima yeWWI ekuveliseni ubuxoki obusisigxina bemfazwe yokuthanda ilizwe yinto engacingwa ikhuselekile: I "Star Spangled Banner" yaba yingoma yesizwe eya kudlalwa kwimidlalo ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I, ngaloo ndlela ivuselela, inkulungwane emva kweMfazwe ka-1812, enye imfazwe engenantsingiselo engazange ifumane i-United States ngaphandle kokufa, izifo kunye nokutshiswa. ikomkhulu.

Ndidinga ukubulela uSam Husseini ngokundazisa ukuba abantu besikhumbuzo seWWI babambe inkomfa noonondaba, awayezimase yona, kwiNational Press Club ngoLwesithathu. Nantsi odiyo malunga noko bamxelele xa ephakamisa iinkxalabo. Endaweni yokuxoxa ukuba inokuba yintoni na emfazweni, kubonakala ngathi abenzi besikhumbuzo bathetha ngokwaneleyo malunga "nobuzalwana" bemikhosi. Kodwa xa uSam ebuza ukuba obu buzalwana bunwenwela kwizizwe zonke, njengoko besenzile ngexesha leTruce yeKrisimesi, baphendule ngokuthetha ngobukhulu baseMelika. Nantsi inkcazo:

"Kwaye ujonge iifoto ezivela eVietnam kwaye kukho imixholo oyibonayo ... ukusuka kwi-WWI yendlela abantu abaxhasana ngayo nendlela ungquzulwano oluguqula ngayo wonke umntu. Kodwa eli lithuba elinomdla ngokwenene kuba sisiqalo se-United States. . . .

"Ngaba obo buzalwana budlula ubuzwe?"

“Ewe, ndithetha ukuba undibuza ukuba yintoni unobangela apha. Ayikokuzukiswa kwemfazwe esijongana nayo apha, ekugqibeleni kukuzukiswa koluntu kunye nokudibana kwazo zonke ezi ntlanga zahlukeneyo eMelika. Ke, kulwakhiwo akukho nalinye inani elihlukanisiweyo, lonke inani linxibelelene nabanye. Ezi zichukumisa amanye amanani okanye ziyajongana. Akukho mvakalelo yokuzahlula okanye ukuba wedwa. Ininzi ngakumbi ingqikelelo yale mihla. Ke ukubuyela kwingcinga yokuba kukho le ndlela yobunye kwindalo iphela, le ndlela yolungelelwano. Yiloo nto ke ekwakukho ngayo isiqabu…

"Umbuzo wam yayikukuba obu buzalwana bunyanzelwe bubuzwe kwaye kubonakala ngathi kunjalo."

“Hayi, anditsho njalo.”

Ke, ngokucacileyo kwinguqulelo entsha yeMfazwe Yehlabathi I umkhosi kunye nesizwe besele zidityanisiwe, kwaye intshukumo yamalungelo oluntu ayizukufuneka, kwaye bekungekho mntu ubuleweyo? Ngokwenyani ngekhe ndiphikise ilitye lesikhumbuzo elichanekileyo ngokwembali ukuvisisana ngokobuhlanga neyantlukwano. Ukuba yile nto aba bantu bacinga ukuba bayayakha, ndithi: yakha! Shiya nje iMfazwe Yehlabathi I, Kulungile?

Uyilo lwesikhumbuzo esiphumeleleyo lubizwa ngokuba "bubunzima beDini." Yitempile yokubingelela ngabantu. Icebo iya kuba kukufumana abantu kwinkulungwane yama-21 bakholelwe ukuba ukubingelela ngabantu kwakusenzelwa injongo-kwaye kungaphinda kube njalo. Ungaze uwajongele phantsi amandla obuxoki.