Iminyaka Yeemfazwe ze-100 - Iminyaka eyi-100 yoXolo kunye noMbutho woxolo, i-1914-2014

NguPeter van den Dungen

Ukusebenzisana kukukwazi ukusebenza kunye ngokubona umbono omnye. … Sisibaso esivumela abantu abaqhelekileyo ukuba bafumane iziphumo ezingaqhelekanga. -Andrew Carnegie

Kuba le yinkomfa yesicwangciso-qhinga soxolo kunye nokulwa imfazwe, kwaye ekubeni ibanjwa ngokuchaseneyo nemvelaphi yenkulungwane yokuqala yeMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, ndiza kuvakalisa izimvo zam ubukhulu becala kwimiba ekumelwe kugxilwe kuyo kwiminyaka elikhulu. apho umbutho woxolo unokuba negalelo khona kwiminyhadala yesikhumbuzo eza kuthi yasasazwa kule minyaka mine izayo. Imisitho emininzi yesikhumbuzo hayi eYurophu kuphela kodwa kwihlabathi liphela inika ithuba kumlo olwa nemfazwe kunye nentshukumo yoxolo ukuyipapasha i-ajenda yayo.

Kubonakala ngathi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku le ajenda ayikho kakhulu kwinkqubo yesikhumbuzo esemthethweni, ubuncinci eBritane apho iingxelo zenkqubo enjalo zaziswa kuqala kwi11^th Nge-Okthobha i-2012 ngu-Nkulumbuso uDavid Cameron kwintetho kwi-Imperial War Museum eLondon [1]. Uye wabhengeza apho kuqeshwa umcebisi okhethekileyo, kunye nebhodi yeengcebiso, nokuba urhulumente wenza ukuba ifumaneke ingxowa mali ekhethekileyo ye- $ 50 yezigidi. Eyona njongo iyonke yesikhumbuzo seMfazwe yokuqala yeHlabathi yayiphindwe kathathu, wathi: 'ukuhlonipha abo basebenzayo; ukukhumbula abo baswelekayo; kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba izifundo esizifundileyo zihlala nathi ngonaphakade '. (Thina, umbutho woxolo) sinokuvuma ukuba 'ukuhlonipha, ukukhumbula, kunye nezifundo zokufunda' kufanelekile, kodwa kunokungavisisani ngobume obuchanekileyo kunye nomxholo wento ecetywayo phantsi kwezi zihloko zithathu.

Ngaphambi kokujongana nalo mbandela, kunokuba luncedo ukubonisa ngokufutshane okwenziwayo eBritani. Kwizigidi ze- £ 50 yezigidi, iirandi ezingama-£ 10 ezigidi zabelwe iMyuziyam ye-Imperiya kaMfazwe apho uCameron ayithandayo. Ingaphezulu kwe- $ 5 yezigidi inikwe izikolo, ukwenzela ukuba utyelelo lwabafundi nootitshala baye kumlo eBelgium naseFrance. Njengorhulumente, i-BBC ikwatyumbe umlawuli okhethekileyo kwi-World Centenary World War Centenary. Inkqubo yayo yoku, ibhengezwe kwi16^th Ngo-Okthobha i-2013, inkulu kwaye inomdla kakhulu kunayo nayiphi na iprojekthi eyakha yenziwa. [I-2] Umsasazi kazwelonke kunye nosasazo lukamabonwakude uyalele ngaphezulu kweenkqubo ze-130, malunga neeyure ze-2,500 zosasazo kunomathotholo kunye nomabonakude. Umzekelo, isikhululo sikanomathotholo sikanomathotholo i-BBC, iRadio 4, iye yathumela uluhlu lwedrama enkulu eyakha yabakho, iziqendu ze600, nokujongana nokuphambili kwekhaya. I-BBC, kunye neMyuziyam yezeMfazwe i-Imperiya, yakha 'i-cenotaph yedijithali' enomgangatho ongazange ubonwe ngaphambili wokugcina. Icela abasebenzisi ukuba bafake iileta, iidayari, kunye nemifanekiso yamava ezalamane zabo ngexesha lemfazwe. Iwebhusayithi efanayo iya kubonelela ngokufikelela okokuqala kuneengxelo ezingaphezu kwe-8 yezigidi zenkonzo yezomkhosi ezigcinwe nguMyuziyam. NgoJulayi 2014, iMyuziyam iza kubamba ubugcisa obukhulu kakhulu beMfazwe Yehlabathi I eyakha yabonwa (enesihloko Inyaniso kunye neMemori: Ubugcisa baseBritane beMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala. [3] Kuya kubakho imiboniso efanayo kwiTate Modern (London) kunye ne-Imperial War Museum North (eSalford, eManchester).

Ukususela ekuqaleni, kwabakho impikiswano eBritani malunga nemeko yesikhumbuzo, ngakumbi, nokuba le yayiyinkonzo yokubhiyozela, oko kukuthi, ekuzimiseleni kweBritane kunye nokuphumelela ekugqibeleni, ukukhusela inkululeko nentando yesininzi, kungekuphela kwelizwe kodwa nakwabadibeneyo (kodwa kodwa oko akufuneki kwiikoloni!). Abaphathiswa bakarhulumente, ababhali-mbali abakhokelayo, amanani asemkhosini kunye neentatheli bajoyine le mpikiswano; Ngokungathandabuzekiyo nenxusa laseJamani labandakanyeka. Ukuba, njengoko iNkulumbuso ibonisile kwintetho yakhe, isikhumbuzo kufuneka sibe nomxholo woxolelwaniso, oku kuyakucebisa isidingo sendlela yokuthoba ingqondo (kunokuba ibe yimpumelelo).

Ingxoxo-mpikiswano yoluntu ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kwi-Great Britain nangaliphi na ixesha, ibonakaliswe ngumbandela omxineneyo, kwaye iqhutywe kwimida emxinwa kakhulu. Eyona nto ilahlekileyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku zezi zinto zilandelayo kwaye zinokusebenza kwenye indawo nazo.

1. Kwaye kufuneka utshintshe…?

KUQALA, kwaye ngelishwa mhlawumbi, lempikiswano igxile kwezona zinto zibangela kwangoko kwimfazwe nakumcimbi woxanduva lwemfazwe. Oku akufanelanga ukusiqikelela isibakala sokuba imbewu yemfazwe yahlwayelwa kakuhle phambi kokubulawa eSarajevo. Indlela efanelekileyo ngakumbi neyakhayo, nokwahlukana kancinane, iya kufuna ukugxila hayi kwilizwe ngalinye kodwa kwinkqubo yamazwe apheleleyo ekhokelela kwimfazwe. Oku kuyakutsala ingqalelo kumandla obuzwe, ama impiriya, ubukoloniyali, ubuhlanga kunye. Imfazwe yayijongwa ngokubanzi njengengafikeleleki, iyimfuneko, izukileyo kwaye inobuqhawe.

Kufuneka sibuze ukuba zithini Inkqubo oonobangela bemfazwe-abakhokelela kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala - isekhona nanamhlanje. Ngokutsho kwabahlalutyi abaliqela, imeko ilizwe elizifumana likuso namhlanje ayifani nale yaseYurophu kusuku lwemfazwe kwi1914. Kutshanje, ukungavisisani phakathi kweJapan neTshayina kukhokelele abahlalutyi abaliqela ukubona ukuba ukuba kukho ingozi yemfazwe enkulu namhlanje, kusenokwenzeka ukuba phakathi kwala mazwe - kwaye kuya kuba nzima ukuyigcina ingaphelelanga kuwo nakummandla. I-Analogies kunye nehlobo le-1914 eYurophu yenziwe. Ewe, kwiForum yeHlabathi yezoQoqo yeHlabathi ebibanjelwe eDavos ngoJanuwari 2014, iNkulumbuso yaseJapan, uShinzo Abe, wanikwa iindlebe zokumamela xa wathelekisa imbangi yangoku yaseJapan kunye ne-Anglo-Germany ekuqaleni kwe-20^th yenkulungwane. [Ukufana kukuba namhlanje iChina ingumntu osakhasayo, ongakhathaliyo nohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lweengalo, njengeJamani yayise1914. I-US, njenge-Bhritane kwi-1914, ingamandla e-hegemonic ekubonakaliseni ukwehla. IJapan, njengaseFrance kwi1914, ixhomekeke kukhuseleko lwayo kumandla atshabalalayo.] Ukuphikisana nobuzwe, ke okwangoku, kungenza imfazwe. Ngokuka-Margaret Macmillan, umbhali-mbhali wase-Oxford weMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, uMbindi Mpuma namhlanje unezinto ezixhalabisayo kumaBalkan e1914. [4] Into yokuba iinkokheli zopolitiko kunye nababhali-mbali bangazoba i-analogies enjalo ixhala. Ngaba umhlaba awufundanga nto kwintlekele ye-1914-1918? Kwityala elinye elibalulekileyo oku ngokungathandabuzekiyo kuyimeko: amazwe aqhubeka axhobile, kwaye asebenzise amandla kunye nesoyikiso sokunyanzeliswa kubudlelwane babo bamanye amazwe.

Ewe kunjalo, ngoku kukho amaziko ehlabathi, okokuqala kunye neZizwe eziManyeneyo, ezona njongo zazo kukugcina uxolo eluxolweni. Kukho umzimba ophuhliswe ngakumbi womthetho wamazwe kunye namaziko wokuhamba nawo. EYurophu, umsunguli weemfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi, ngoku kukho uManyano.

Ngelixa oku kuyinkqubela phambili, la maziko abuthathaka kwaye ngaphandle kwababagxeki. Umbutho woxolo ungathatha umrhumo othile kolu phuculo, kwaye uzibophelele ukutshintsha i-UN nokwenza imigaqo-mithetho ephambili yomthetho wamazwe eyaziwa nangokubambelela kuyo ngcono.

2. Ukukhumbula abanoxolo kunye nokuhlonipha ilifa labo

NGESibini, ingxoxo-mpikiswano ukuza kuthi ga ngoku isityeshele kakhulu isibakala sokuba umlo wokulwa kunye nokuthula ubukhona ngaphambi kwe-1914 kumazwe amaninzi. Lo mbutho uquka abantu abathile, iintshukumo, imibutho kunye namaziko angazange abelane ngeembono ezikhoyo malunga nemfazwe kunye noxolo, kwaye nokuzabalaza ukuzisa inkqubo apho imfazwe yayingasayiyo ndlela eyamkelekileyo yamazwe yokuphelisa iimbambano.

Ngapha koko, i-2014 ayisiyo kuphela iminyaka yokuqala kweMfazwe enkulu, kodwa nayo ibhicentenary yomnyakazo woxolo. Ngamanye amagama, ikhulu elipheleleyo elineminyaka elikhulu ngaphambi kokuqala kwemfazwe kwi-1914, loo ntshukumo yayikhankasela kwaye izabalazela ukufundisa abantu ngeengozi nangobubi bemfazwe, kunye neendlela ezinokubakho noxolo. Ngexesha lelo khulu leminyaka, ukusukela esiphelweni semfazwe kaNapoleon ukuya kutsho kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, impumelelo yombutho woxolo yayi, ngokuchaseneyo nembono ebanzi, enkulu. Ngokucacileyo, umbutho woxolo awuphumelelanga ukuthintela intlekele eyayiyiMfazwe enkulu, kodwa oko akunakuphela kukunciphisa ukubaluleka kwayo kunye nokufaneleka kwayo. Kodwa, oku ibhicentenary Akukho ndawo ikhankanyiweyo - ngokungathi loo ntshukumo ayizange ibekho, okanye ayifanelanga ukuba ikhunjulwe.

Umbutho woxolo wavuka emva kweemfazwe zikaNapoleon, zombini eBritani nase-USA. Le ntshukumo, ethe ngokuthe ngcembe isasazeka kwilizwekazi laseYurophu nakwezinye iindawo, yabeka iziseko zamaziko amaninzi kunye nezinto ezintsha kwinzululwazi yezizwe ngezizwe eyayiza kuzaliseka kamva kwinkulungwane, nasemva kweMfazwe eNgcwele - njengombono wolamlo njengendlela enobulungisa ngakumbi kunye nengqiqweni yokunyanzela abanye abantu. Ezinye iimbono ezikhuthazwe yintshukumo yoxolo yayikukungasebenzi kakuhle, ubumbano, umanyano lwaseYurophu, umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, umbutho wezizwe ngezizwe, ukukhutshwa kwezizwe ngezizwe, ukukhululwa kwabasetyhini. Uninzi lwale mibono luye lwaya ngaphambili kwiimfazwe zehlabathi ze20^th yekhulu, kwaye ezinye ziye zafunyanwa, okanye ubuncinci ngokuyinjalo.

Umbutho woxolo waba nemveliso ngakumbi kumashumi amabini eminyaka ngaphambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I xa i-ajenda yayo yafikelela kwelona zinga liphezulu likarhulumente njengoko kubonisiwe, umzekelo, kwiNgxoxo yoXolo lweHague ye1899 kunye ne1907. Isiphumo ngqo kwezienkomfa ezazingazange zibonwe ngaphambili - ezazilandela isibongozo (i-1898) ngu-Tsar Nicholas II wokumisa umdyarho weengalo, kunye nokufaka imfazwe endaweni yokulamla ngoxolo-yayilulwakhiwo lweNdlu yoxolo eyavula iingcango zayo e1913, neyayibhiyozela I-century yakhe ngo-Agasti 2013. Okoko i-1946, sisisihlalo seNkundla yamatyala yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Umhlaba ufumana i-Peace Peace ngokubaluleka kuka-Andrew Carnegie, itycoon yentsimbi yase-Scotland eyaba nguvulindlela wobuxhakaxhaka bale mihla kwaye owayephikisana nemfazwe. Njengomnye umntu, wanika inkululeko amaziko azinikele ekufumaneni uxolo lwehlabathi, uninzi lwalo lwanamhlanje.

Ngelixa iNdlu yoXolo, egcina iNkundla yezoBulungisa yeLizwe, igada umsebenzi wayo ophakamileyo wokutshintsha imfazwe ngobulungisa, eyona nto iphambili kuCarnegie lilifa loxolo, i-Carnegie Endowment for Peace International (CEIP), ibuyile ekuthini inkolelo yomsunguli wayo Ukupheliswa kwemfazwe, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswa intshukumo yoxolo yezixhobo ezifuneka kakhulu. Oku kunokucacisa ukuba kutheni le ntshukumo ingakhuli ibe sisishukumo esinokubangela uxinzelelo olusebenzayo koorhulumente. Ndiyakholelwa ukuba kubalulekile ukuba ubonakalise oku okomzuzwana. Kwi-1910 Carnegie, owayengumntu olwela ilungelo lokugcina ilizwe laseMelika, kunye nesona sityebi somhlaba, wabeka isiseko sakhe soxolo ngesigidi seedola i-10. Kwimali yanamhlanje, oku kulingana ne- $ 3,5 zigidi. Khawufane ucinge ukuba yintoni umbutho woxolo-oko kukuthi, intshukumo yokupheliswa kwemfazwe - unokwenza ntoni namhlanje ukuba ibinokufikelela kulolo hlobo lwemali, okanye nokuba nenxalenye yalo. Ngelishwa, ngelixa u-Carnegie wayethanda ukuzimela kunye nokusebenza ngenzondelelo, abaphathiswa be-Peace Endowment bakhetha uphando. Kwasekuqaleni kwe1916, embindini weMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, omnye wabaphathiswa wade wacebisa ukuba igama leziko malitshintshelwe kwiCarnegie Endowment yeLinye ilizwe. Lungisa.

Xa i-Endowment isanda kubhiyozela i-100 yayo^th isikhumbuzo, uMongameli wayo (uJessica T. Mathews), ubize lo mbutho 'yimicimbi yakudala yamazwe cinga itanki e-US '[5] Uthi injongo yakhe, ngamazwi athi,' ukukhawulezisa ukupheliswa kwemfazwe, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwimpucuko yethu ', kodwa wongeza athi,' loo njongo yayihlala ingenakufikeleleka '. Ngapha koko, wayephindaphinda oko umongameli we-Endowment ngexesha le-1950 kunye nee-1960s wayesele etshilo. UJoseph E. Johnson, owayesakuba ligosa lesebe laseMelika, 'basusa iziko kude nenkxaso engagungqiyo ye-UN kunye namanye amaqumrhane bamazwe' ngokwembali yakutshanje epapashwe yi-Endowment uqobo. Kwakhona, '… okokuqala, umongameli weCarnegie Endowment [wachaza] umbono ka-Andrew Carnegie woxolo njengezinto zakudala ezidlulileyo, kunokuba ibe yimpembelelo kwangoku. Naliphi na ithemba loxolo olungapheliyo yayiyinkohliso '. [6] Imfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala yamnyanzela uCarnegie ukuba aqwalasele kwakhona inkolelo anayo yokuba imfazwe iya'msinyane alahlwe njengelihlazo kumadoda ophucukileyo 'kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuba akayekele kwaphela inkolelo yakhe. Uyixhase ngenzondelelo ingcinga kaWoodrow Wilson yombutho wamanye amazwe kwaye wavuya xa uMongameli wamkela igama elacetyiswayo likaCarnegie, 'uManyano lweZizwe'. Igcwele ithemba, wasweleka e1919. Uza kuthini ke kwabo babhekise ku-Endowment wakhe omkhulu woXolo kude nethemba nasekuqinisekiseni ukuba imfazwe kufuneka ipheliswe? Kwaye ngalonto ke siye saphanzisa intshukumo yoxolo kwizibonelelo ezibalulekileyo eziyimfuneko yokulandela unobangela wayo omkhulu? U-Ban Ki-inyanga ulungile xa esitsho, kwaye ephinda esithi, 'Umhlaba uxhobile kwaye uxolo luxhaswe ngemali'. 'Usuku lweMisebenzi yeHlabathi kuKhuseleko lweMikhosi' (i-GDAMS), okokuqala ecetywayo yi-International Peace Bureau, ngokuchanekileyo ilungisa lo mbandela (4^th ushicilelo kwi-14^th Epreli 2014). [7]

Elinye ilifa lemfazwe yehlabathi I yangaphambi kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yayanyaniswa negama lomnye usomashishini ophumeleleyo kunye noxolo philanthropist, owayekwangusosayensi obalaseleyo: umakhi waseSweden uAlfred Nobel. Ibhaso loxolo likaNobel, elinikwa kuqala kwi-1901, ikakhulu sisiphumo sobudlelwane bakhe obusondeleyo noBertha von Suttner, umbhali wase-Austrian owayekhe wangunobhala wakhe eParis, ngeveki enye kuphela. Uye waba yinkokeli engaphendulwanga yombutho ukusukela oko yayinikezela intetho yakhe, Beka ezakho Izixhobo (Die Waffen nieder!) uvele kwi-1889, de kwaba sekuswelekeni kwakhe, iminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu kamva, kwi-21^st NgoJuni 1914, kwiveki enye ngaphambi kokudubula eSarajevo. Kwi-21^st NgoJuni walo nyaka (2014), sikhumbula isikhumbuzo sokusweleka kwakhe. Masingalibali ukuba le yi-125^th isikhumbuzo sokupapashwa kwenoveli yakhe eyaziwayo. Ndingathanda ukucaphula oko uLeo Tolstoi, owayesazi into okanye ezimbini malunga nemfazwe noxolo, wambhalela ngo-Okthobha u-1891 emva kokuba efunde inoveli yakhe: 'Ndiyawuxabisa kakhulu umsebenzi wakho, kwaye umbono uza kum ukuba ukupapashwa kuka Inoveli yakho iyonwabisayo. -Ukupheliswa kobukhoboka kwandulelwa yincwadi eyaziwayo yabasetyhini, uNkk. Beecher Stowe; UThixo makavumele ukuba ukupheliswa kwemfazwe kulandele okwakho '. [8] Ngokuqinisekileyo, akukho mfazi wenza ngakumbi ukuthintela imfazwe kunoBertha von Suttner. [9]

Kungaphikiswa ukuba Ukubeka phantsi izixhobo zakho yincwadi ngasemva kokudalwa kweXabiso leXabiso likaNobel (apho umbhali waba ngumamkeli wokuqala wabasetyhini kwi1905). Eso bhaso sasilibhaso lomnyakazo woxolo njengoko umelwe nguBertha von Suttner, ngakumbi ngakumbi ukurhola izixhobo. Ukuba iphinde ibe nye kuye kwaxoxiswa ngamandla kule minyaka idlulileyo ngummeli waseNorway kunye nomtshutshisi woxolo, uFredrik Heffermehl kwincwadi yakhe enomdla, Umvuzo weNobel woxolo: Yiyiphi iNobel eyayifuna ngempela. [10]

Amanye amanani akhokelayo e-pre-1914 yoqhankqalazo loxolo ashukumise izulu nomhlaba ukuba bacengele abantu abangabo ngobungozi bemfazwe enkulu ezayo kunye nemfuneko yokuyithintela ngazo zonke iindleko. Kumthengisi wakhe The Great Illusion: Isifundo soBudlelane waMandla oMkhosi kwiZizwe kwiNzuzo yabo yezoQoqobelo kunye neNtlalontleIntatheli yaseNgilani u-Norman Angell uxele ukuba uqoqosho oluxananazileyo kunye nokuxhomekeka kwezemali koongxowankulu bebenzile imfazwe phakathi kwabo bengacacanga kwaye bebengena mveliso, nto leyo ekhokelele ekuphambaneni kwezoqoqosho nakwezentlalo. [11]

Zombini ngexesha nasemva kwemfazwe, imvakalelo eyayiqheleke kakhulu enxulumene nemfazwe 'yayikukudumala', ingqinisisa ingqangi ka-Angell's. Ubume bemfazwe, kunye nemiphumo yako, zazikude kude noko bekukade kulindelwe ngokubanzi. Oko kwakulindelwe, ngokufutshane, yayiyimfazwe njengesiqhelo. Oku kubonakalisiwe sisiqubulo esithandwayo, kwakamsinya emva kokuqala kwemfazwe, ukuba 'amakhwenkwe ayakuphuma emingxunyeni kwaye agoduke ngeKrisimesi'. Oku kuthetha ukuba, kunjalo, iKrisimesi ye-1914. Kwitheko, abo basindileyo ekubulaweni ngabantu abaninzi babuyela ekhaya emva kweminyaka emine.

Esona sizathu siphambili sichaza ukungaziphathi kakuhle kunye nembono ephosakeleyo malunga nemfazwe yayikukusilela kwengcinga yabo babandakanyeka ekucwangcisweni nasekusebenzeni. [I-12] Abakhange babone kwangaphambili inkqubela phambili kubuchwepheshe bezixhobo-, ngokukodwa ukwanda kombane wokucima umlilo Umshini umpu - wayenze iimfazwe zesintu phakathi kokuphelelwa ngabantwana kungaphelelwa. Ukuhambela phambili kumhlaba wedabi kwakungasokuze kwenzeke, kwaye imikhosi yayizimba imngxunya, ibangele isiphithiphithi. Ubunyani bemfazwe, koko baba yinto enjalo -. ukubulawa kwabantu ngobuninzi bemveliso-kwakuza kutyhilwa kuphela ngelixa imfazwe ibingaqhubeki (kwaye ke ngelo xesha abaphathi baye bacothisa ukufunda, njengoko kubhaliwe kwimeko yomphathi-omkhulu we-Bhritane, uGeneral Douglas Haig).

Ukanti, kwi1898, iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu epheleleyo phambi kokuqala kwemfazwe, usomashishini wasePoland-waseRussia novulindlela wophando lwanamhlanje ngoxolo, uJan Bloch (1836-1902), waye waxoxa ngesiprofetho esili-6-test malunga nemfazwe kwikamva ukuba le iya kuba yimfazwe efana nenye. 'Kwimfazwe enkulu elandelayo umntu unokuthetha ngeRendez-vous ngokufa' ubhale kwintshayelelo yohlelo lwaseJamani lomsebenzi wakhe omkhulu. [13] Ube ephikisana kwaye ebonisa ukuba imfazwe enjalo 'iye yenzeka' - ayinakwenzeka, Oko kukuthi, ngaphandle kwexabiso lokuzibulala. Yiyo kanye loo mfazwe, yakufika, yangqina ukuba: ukuzibulala kwempucuko yaseYurophu, kubandakanya ukupheliswa kobukumkani base-Austrian-Hungary, Ottoman, Romanov kunye noWilhelmine. Ukuphela kwayo, imfazwe yayiliqhelile nelizwe njengoko abantu babeyazi. Oku kushwankathelwe ngokufanelekileyo kwisihloko sezona memo zibukekayo zalowo wema 'ngaphezulu kwedabi', umbhali wase-Austrian uStefan Zweig: Umhlaba weZolo. [14]

Ezi pacifists (ezazingumntu omnye uZweig, nangona engazange athathe inxaxheba kwimibutho yoxolo), ababefuna ukuthintela amazwe abo ukuba angonakaliswa emfazweni, babengabazobi bokwenyani, kodwa bahlala bephathwa kakubi. ootishala, amagwala, nkqu nabahambi. Kodwa babengeyiyo into yohlobo olo. USandi E. Cooper ngokufanelekileyo unelungelo lokuba nesifundo sakhe sombutho woxolo ngaphambi kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala: Patriotic I-Pacifism: Ukulwa kweMfazwe eYurophu, 1815-1914.[15] Ukuba umhlaba ubuwuthathele ingqalelo ngakumbi umyalezo wabo, intlekele inokuba ibithintelekile. Njengoko uKarl Holl, imbali yababhali bembali yoxolo baseJamani, etshilo kwintshayelelo yakhe ebalaseleyo ye-vade-mecum yentshukumo yoxolo eYurophu eyayithetha iJamani: 'ulwazi oluninzi malunga nembali yoxolo lwembali luzakubonisa ukuthandabuza ukuba kungakanani ukubandezeleka kweYurophu Usindisiwe, ukuba izilumkiso zeziphi zengqondo azange ziwe ezindlebeni ezininzi ezingevayo, kwaye namanyathelo afanelekileyo nezindululo zepififism ecwangcisiweyo zafumana ukuvulwa kwezopolitiko ezisesikweni nakwezopolitiko. [16]

Ukuba, njengoko uHoll ngokufanelekileyo ebonisa, ukuqonda ubukho kunye nempumelelo yombutho woxolo olungelelanisiweyo phambi kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala kufanelekile ukuba ikhuthaze abagxeki bayo kwinqanaba lokuthobeka, kuya kufuneka kwangaxeshanye inike inkuthazo kwabo bayiphumeleleyo loo ntshukumo namhlanje . Ukucaphula uHoll kwakhona: 'Isiqinisekiso sokuba simi emagxeni abo bangaphambi kwabo, ngaphandle kwengcinezelo okanye ukungakhathali kwabantu ababephila naye, ngokuqinileyo babambelele kwizigqibo zabo, ziya kwenza umnyhadala woxolo wanamhlanje ube nakho ukumelana nezilingo ezininzi zokuba Daniswa '. [17]

Ukongeza ukuthuka ekulimaleni, ezi 'zinto ziphambili zangomso' (kwibinzana likaRomain Rolland's expressionic) azikaze zinikezwe nto ngenxa yazo. Asibakhumbuli; abayonxalenye yembali yethu njengoko kufundiswa kwiincwadi zesikolo; akukho mifanekiso iqingqiweyo kubo kwaye akukho zitrato zibizwe emva kwazo. Onjani umbono wembali enye esidlulisela ezizukulwaneni ezizayo! Sibulela kakhulu kwimizamo yeembali ezinje ngeKarl Holl kunye nabalingane bakhe abadibene kwi-Working Group Imbali yoPhando ngoXolo (I-Arbeitskreis Historische Friedensforschung), ukuba ubukho beJamani eyahluke ngokupheleleyo kutyhilwe kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. [18] Ngokunxulumene nale ndawo ndingathanda ukuhlawula imbeko kwindlu yokushicilela esekwe e-Bremen ngumbhali-mbali wezomthetho woxolo u-Helmut Donat. Ndiyabulela kuye, ngoku sinelayibrari ekhulayo ye-biografiki kunye nezinye izifundo ngokubhekisele kwintshukumo yeembali zoxolo zaseJamani zangaphambi kwe1914 kunye nexesha lemfazwe. Imvelaphi yendlu yakhe yokushicilela inomdla: Ayinakufumana umshicileli webhayiloji yakhe kaHans Paasche - igosa elingumbali nomkhosi owayekhuselwa waba ngumgxeki kwicawa yamaJamani enobundlobongela kwaye wabulawa ngamajoni obuzwe e-1920 - uDonat wapapasha u- incwadi ngokwakhe (i-1981), eyokuqala kwabaninzi ukuvela e-Donat Verlag. [19] Ngokudabukisayo, kuba ubuncinci kolu loncwadi luguqulelwe kwisiNgesi, aluchaphazelekanga kakhulu umbono, banzi eBritani, yelizwe kunye nelizwe. abantu batyhutyha imikhosi yasePrussia, nangaphandle kwentshukumo yoxolo.

Kwaye kwenye indawo, ngakumbi e-USA, ababhali-mbali bezoxolo baye badibana kule minyaka imashumi mahlanu idlulileyo (bekhuthazwe yiMfazwe yaseVietnam) ukuze imbali yombutho woxolo ibhalwe kakuhle-inika kungekuphela i-akhawunti echanekileyo, elungeleleneyo neyinyani ngokubhekisele kwimbali yemfazwe noxolo, kodwa ikwanikezela nokukhuthaza uxolo kunye nabaphembeleli bemfazwe namhlanje. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kulo msebenzi I-Biographical Diction of the Iinkokheli zoXolo zoLuntu, kwaye enokubonwa njengevolumu yokudibana kwi-Donat-Holl Lexikon, yokwandisa ububanzi bayo kwihlabathi liphela.

Okwangoku ndiqinisekile ukuba kwimibhiyozo yeMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala kufuneka siqwalasele, okokuqala, kwiinkqubo zenkqubo ebangele imfazwe kwaye, okwesibini, kwakhona kufuneka bakhumbule kwaye bahlonele abo, kumashumi eminyaka ngaphambi kwe1914, benza imizamo enzima. ukuzisa umhlaba apho iziko lemfazwe laliza kugxothwa. Ukuqaqambisa ngakumbi kunye nokufundisa kwimbali yoxolo ayisiyonto inqwenelekayo kuphela, kubaluleke kakhulu, kubafundi nakubafundi abancinci, kodwa iya kufikelela kuluntu luphela. Amathuba okudlulisela imbono elunge ngakumbi kunembali - kwaye, ngakumbi, ukuhlonipha abachasi bemfazwe - akufuneki babekho okanye bangakhathalelwa kwizikhumbuzo zamaxhoba emfazwe kwiindawo ezingenakulwayo ezininzi eYurophu nakwihlabathi liphela.

3. Amagorha okungabulali

Siza ngoku kuqwalaselo IXESHA. Ngokubhekisele kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, kufuneka sibuze ukuba ingaba ukungahoyi kunye nokungazi (kwicala lezizukulwane ezizayo) kwabo balumkise ngemfazwe, kwaye benza konke okusemandleni ukunqanda, kuya kubonwa zizigidi zamajoni aphulukana nobomi bawo. kule ntlekele. Ngaba uninzi lwabo bebengayi kulindela ukuba uluntu luzukise ngaphezulu kwayo yonke inkumbulo yabo bafuna ukuthintela ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi? Ngaba u kugcina Uphila ubomi obunobungangamsha kwaye ubugorha kunokuba Kuthatha ubomi? Masingalibali: amajoni, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, aqeqeshiwe kwaye axhotyisiwe ukubulala, kwaye xa athe wawela kwi-bullet yeqela elichasayo, esi sisiphumo esingenakuphepheka somsebenzi wokuzibandakanya kwabo, okanye banyanzeliswa ukujoyina. Apha, kufanele ukuba sikhankanye kwakhona uAndrew Carnegie, owayecekise ubungqangi bemfazwe, nowathi wamitha wamisela i 'Hero Fund' ukuhlonipha 'amaqhawe empucuko' awathi umahluko phakathi 'kwamaqhawe obugwenxa'. Waye waqonda imeko yengxaki yeqhawe elihambelana nokuchitheka kwegazi emfazweni, kwaye wayefuna ukutsala ingqalelo kubukho bohlobo lobugqwetha olunyulu. Wayefuna ukuhlonipha amaqhawe aseburhulumenteni, athi, ngamanye amaxesha, emngciphekweni omkhulu, asindise ubomi - engabatshabalalisi ngabom. Iqale ukusekwa kwidolophu yakokwabo iPittsburgh, ePennsylvania e1904, kwiminyaka elandelayo yaseka iiNgxowa-mali zeSigingci kumazwe alishumi aseYurophu, uninzi lwazo lubhiyozela iminyaka elikhulu kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo [20]. EJamani, kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwenziwa imizamo yokuvuselela i UCarnegie Stiftung fuer Lebensretter.

Ngokunxulumene noku kufanelekile ukukhankanya umsebenzi kaGlenn Paige kunye neZiko le-Global Nonkilling (CGNK) awaseka kwiYunivesithi yaseHawaii 25 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. [21] Eli gqala lomlo waseKorea, kunye nososayensi okhokelayo kwezopolitiko. Uhambisa athi ithemba kunye nokholo emntwini kunye nokubanako kwabantu banamandla okutshintsha uluntu ngeendlela eziphambili. Ukubeka umntu enyangeni kwakude kuthathwe njengephupha elingenathemba kodwa ngokukhawuleza kwaba yinto yokwenene kwixesha lethu xa umbono, amandla kunye nombutho wabantu udibene ukwenza ukuba kwenzeke. UPaige ucenga ukuba iinguqu ezingekho mgangathweni zehlabathi zinokufezekiswa ngendlela efanayo, ukuba nje sikholelwa kuyo, kwaye sizimisele ukuyizisa. Ukukhumbula iminyaka emine yokubulawa kwabantu kwinqanaba lezemizi-mveliso, alonelanga kwaye alunantlonelo ukuba ngaba alubandakanyi kuqwalaselo olunzulu lombuzo oboniswa yi-CGNK, okt., 'Sele kude kangakanani kuluntu lwethu?' Ngelixa inkqubela phambili yenzululwazi nethekhinoloji iyathandeka, iimfazwe, ukubulala kunye nohlanga ziye zaqhubeka. Umbuzo wesidingo kunye nobukho bombutho wehlabathi ongabulali kufuneka ufumane eyona nto iphambili ngeli xesha.

4. Ukupheliswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya

Okwesine, izikhumbuzo zeMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala ezinqunyelweyo ukuba zikhumbule kwaye zibeke imbeko kwabo bafe kuyo (xa kubulawa), kufuneka zenze into enye, kwaye mhlawumbi ayibalulekanga, inkalo yesikhumbuzo. Ukusweleka kwezigidi, kunye nokubandezeleka kwabaninzi (kubandakanya abo baphethwe kakubi, nokuba bangamalungu omzimba okanye ngokwengqondo, okanye bobabini, kubandakanya nabahlolokazi neenkedama ezingenakubalwa), ngekhe kwamkeleka ngakumbi ukuba imfazwe ebangele ukuphulukana nosizi olukhulu ibiyimpi yokuphelisa yonke imfazwe. Kodwa oko kungqineke kunjalo.

Amajoni aphulukana nobomi bawo kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala athi ayabuya namhlanje, kwaye athi ayakufumanisa ukuba, endaweni yokuphelisa imfazwe, imfazwe eqale e1914 yabulala enye enkulu nangakumbi, kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini emva kokuphela NgeMfazwe Yehlabathi I? Ndikhunjuzwa ngomdlalo onamandla owenziwa ngumdlali weqonga waseMelika, uIrwin Shaw, obizwayo Mngcwabe uMfi. Iqale ukwenziwa kwisiXeko saseNew York ngo-Matshi 1936, kweli dlala linye, amajoni amathandathu abhubhileyo e-US abulewe emfazweni akafuni ukungcwatywa. [22] Bayalila into eyenzeke kubo - ubomi babo bufutshane, abafazi babo bangabahlolokazi. , abantwana babo babe ziinkedama. Kwaye konke ukuba yintoni - kwiiyadi ezimbalwa zodaka, omnye ukhalaza ngokukrakra. Izidumbu, eziphakamayo kumangcwaba abezimbelwe zona, ziyala ukulala phantsi zize zinqandwe -kodwa xa bekuyalelwe ukuba zenziwe njalo ngoojinala, omnye wabo uthi ekuzila, 'Azange bathethe nto ngalolu hlobo lwento Indawo yaseNtshona. ' ISebe leMfazwe, lazisiwe ngemeko engaqhelekanga, liyakwalela ukuba libhengezwe esidlangalaleni. Ekugqibeleni, kwaye njengelinge lokugqibela, abafazi bomkhosi abafileyo, okanye intombi, okanye umama, okanye udade, babizwa ukuba beze emangcwabeni ukuze bancenge amadoda abo ukuba aziyeke angcwatywe. Omnye uyabuya, 'Mhlawumbi uninzi lwethu phantsi komhlaba ngoku. Mhlawumbi umhlaba awunakuphinda ume kwakhona. Kwanombingeleli okholelwa ukuba amadoda lawo anedemon kwaye wenza umgudu awukwazi ukwenza amajoni ukuba alale. Ekugqibeleni, izidumbu zihamba kwinqanaba lokuhambahamba emhlabeni, izityholo zokuphila kunye nobudenge bemfazwe. (Umbhali, ngendlela, kamva wabhaliswa ngokutsha ngexesha lesiko elibomvu leMcCarthy kwaye waya kuhlala elubhacweni eYurophu iminyaka ye-25).

Ndicinga ukuba kufanelekile ukucinga ukuba la majoni amathandathu aya kuba ngaphantsi kokulungela ukumisa amazwi (kunye nezidumbu) kuqhankqalazo olunxamnye nemfazwe ukuba bayakufunda ngokuqanjwa, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nokwanda kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Mhlawumbi yiyo hibakusha, abasindileyo kwibhombu ye-atomic ye-Hiroshima ne-Nagasaki ngo-Agasti 1945, ngubani namhlanje ofana nala majoni. I hibakusha (amanani lawo ancipha ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yobudala) asinda ekufeni emfazweni. Uninzi lwabo, isihogo ebebekuso, kunye nokubandezeleka okukhulu ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwengqondo okubuchaphazele kakhulu ubomi babo, baye bathwala kuphela ngenxa yokuzinikela kwabo ekuphelisweni kwezixhobo zenyukliya, nakwimfazwe. Yile nto kuphela enike intsingiselo kubomi babo obonakalisiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, inokuba ingunobangela womsindo omkhulu kunye nokukhathazeka kubo ukuba, kwanamashumi asixhenxe eminyaka kamva, ihlabathi liyaqhubeka ngokungakhathali ukukhala kwabo - 'akusekho Hiroshima okanye Nagasaki, akusekho zikhali zenyukliya, akusekho mfazwe!' Ngapha koko, ayisiyonto isothusayo ukuba ngalo lonke eli xesha iKomiti yeNobel yaseNorway ayibonanga kufanelekile ukuba inike imbasa nangomnye kumbutho ophambili hibakusha uzinikele ekuphelisweni kwezixhobo zenyukliya? Ngokuqinisekileyo uNobel wayesazi konke malunga neziqhushumbisi, kwaye wabona kwangaphambili izixhobo zentshabalalo kwaye woyika ukubuyela kubarbarism ukuba imfazwe ayipheliswa. I hibakusha bubungqina obuphilayo bokuthi barbarism.

Ukusukela i1975 ikomiti kaNobel eOslo kubonakala ngathi iqalise ngesiko lokunikezela ibhaso lokupheliswa kwenyukliya rhoqo kwiminyaka elishumi elandelayo: kwi1975 ibhaso liye kuAndi Sakharov, e1985 ukuya kwi-IPPNW, e1995 kuJoseph Rotblat nasePugwash, e2005 ukuya ku-Mohamed. ElBaradei kunye ne-IAEA. Ibhaso elinje libangelwa kwakhona kunyaka olandelayo (i-2015) kwaye libonakala lifana nophawu lwe-ism. Konke oku kuzisola kakhulu, kwaye kungamkelekanga, ukuba ngaba siyavumelana nembono, esele ikhankanyiwe ngaphambili, ukuba ibhaso lalenzelwe ukuba libe linye lokuqhomfa. Ukuba ebesaphila namhlanje, uBertha von Suttner ngewayibize incwadi yakhe, Beka ezakho Nyukliya Izixhobo. Ewe, enye yezibhalo zakhe emfazweni kunye noxolo inesandisi sangoku: 'Kwi-Barbarisation of the Sky' uxele kwangaphambili ukuba izinto ezoyikisayo zemfazwe ziya kuhla nazo ezulwini ukuba umdyarho weengcwangu awupheliswanga. [23] Namhlanje, amaxhoba amaninzi amsulwa kwimfazwe yedrone ajoyina lawo aGernika, Coventry, Cologne, Dresden, Tokyo, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, nakwezinye iindawo kwihlabathi eziye zoyikiswa yimfazwe yanamhlanje.

Umhlaba uyaqhubeka nokuphila ngokuchaphazeleka. Utshintsho lwemozulu lubonisa iingozi ezitsha nezingezelelweyo. Kodwa ke nabo baphikayo ukuba yenziwe ngumntu abanakuphika ukuba izixhobo zenyukliya zenziwe ngumntu, nokuba inyikima yenyukliya iya kuba yeyomntu wonke. Inokupheliswa kuphela ngumzamo ozimiseleyo wokuphelisa izixhobo zenyukliya. Oku ayisiyiyo kuphela into elawula ubuqili kunye nokuziphatha, kodwa kunye nomthetho kunye nomthetho wamazwe. Ukuphindaphindwa kunye nohanahaniso lwamandla ezixhobo zenyukliya, okokuqala kunye ne-USA, UK, ne-France, zicacile kwaye ziintloni. Abatyikitya iSivumelwano seNyukliya seNyukhula (esityikitywe nge-1968, beza ngamandla kwi-1970), bayaqhubeka nokutyeshela uxanduva lwabo lokuthetha-thethana ngokholo olulungileyo ukuchasana nezixhobo zabo zenyukliya. Ngokuchasene noko, bonke bayabandakanyeka ekuyileni, bachitha nje amawaka ezixhobo ezinqabileyo. Oku kukwaphula ngokugqibeleleyo ukubopheleleka kweembophelelo zabo eziqinisekiswe kuluvo lweengcebiso lwe1996 lwe-Nkundla Yezomhlaba yamatyala malunga 'noMthetho woTshiso okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya'. [24]

Kungaphikiswa ukuba ukungakhathali kunye nokungazi kwabemi kukubeka ityala ngale meko yemicimbi. Iphulo likazwelonke nelamazwe liphela kunye nemibutho yokuchaphazela izixhobo zenyukliya inandipha inkxaso esebenzayo yenxalenye encinci yabemi. Ibhaso, rhoqo, ngebhaso loxolo likaNobel ngokuchasene nemipu yenyukliya, liya kuba nesiphumo sokugcina indawo kulo mboniso kunye nokubonelela ngenkuthazo kunye nokuxhotyiswa kwabo bakhankasayo. Kuyinto, ngaphezulu 'kwembeko', ebaluleke ngokwenyani yebhaso.

Kwangelo xesha, uxanduva kunye nokubekeka koorhulumente kunye nezopolitiko ezopolitiko kunye nezomkhosi ziyabonakala. Izixhobo zenyukliya ezintlanu ezingamalungu asisigxina e-UN Security Council ziye zala ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkomfa malunga nesiphumo sobuntu kwezixhobo zenyukliya ezabanjwa ngoMatshi 2013 ngurhulumente waseNorway kwaye ngoFebruwari 2014 ngurhulumente waseMexico. Ngokucacileyo boyika ukuba ezi ntlanganiso zingakhokelela kwiimfuno zothethwano olungekho mthethweni malunga nezixhobo zenyukliya. Ukwazisa inkomfa yokulandela eVienna kamva kwakuloo nyaka, Umphathiswa Wezangaphandle waseAustria uSebastian Kurz waphawula ukuba, 'Into esekwe ekutshatyalalisweni kweplanethi ayinandawo kwi-21^st Inkulungwane… Le ntetho ifuneka kakhulu eYurophu, apho ukucinga ngemfazwe ebandayo kusaxhaphakileyo kwiimfundiso zokhuseleko. [25] Waphinda wathi: 'masisebenzise isikhumbuzo [seMfazwe Yehlabathi I] ukwenza zonke iinzame zokuya ngaphaya kwezixhobo zenyukliya. , nelifa eliyingozi kakhulu le-20^th yekhulu '. Kuya kufuneka sive oku nakubaphathiswa bamanye amazwe kwizixhobo zenyukliya- ubuncinci eBritane naseFrance abantu babo babandezeleke kakhulu kuloo mfazwe. Iingqungquthela zoKhuseleko lweNyukliya, eyeyesithathu kubanjwa ngo-Matshi 2014 e-The Hague, ijolise ekuthinteleni ubugrogrisi benyukliya kwihlabathi liphela. I-ajenda ilumkile ukuba ingabhekiseli kwisisongelo sokwenene esikhoyo esifanekiselwe zizikhali zenyukliya kunye nezixhobo zamandla enyukliya. Oku kuyathandabuzeka, kuba le ndibano ibanjelwe e-The Hague, isixeko esizinze ekuchithweni kwezikhali zenyukliya (njengoko kugunyazisiwe yinkundla enkulu ye-UN esekwe e-Hague).

5. I-nonviolence vs i-Military-Industrial Complex

Makhe siye kuqwalaselo lwesihlanu. Sijonge ixesha le-100-unyaka ukusuka kwi-1914 ukuya kwi-2014. Masithi nqumama okomzuzwana kwaye sikhumbule inqaku elililo phakathi, oko kukuthi. I-1964, eyi-50 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Kwakuloo nyaka, uMartin Luther King, Jr., wafumana imbasa yoxolo lukaNobel. Ubone njengolwamkelo lokungathathi ntweni njengempendulo kumbuzo obalulekileyo wezopolitiko kunye nokuziphatha kweli xesha lethu - isidingo somntu ukuba woyise ingcinezelo kunye nobundlobongela ngaphandle kokubhenela kubundlobongela nengcinezelo '. Ufumene ibhaso ngobunkokheli bakhe bokungahambisani namalungelo oluntu, uqala ngeMontgomery (Alabama) ibhasi yokwabiwa ngoDisemba 1955. Kwintetho yakhe kaNobel (11^th NgoDisemba 1964), uKumkani wakhankanya imeko yala maxesha, viz. 'bazizityebi siye sanobunewunewu, sihlwempuzekile, ngokuziphatha nangokomoya'. [26] Uqhubeke wachonga iingxaki ezintathu ezinkulu nezinxibelelene nokukhula 'kwendoda yokuziphatha ngokwesini': ubuhlanga, intlupheko, kunye nemfazwe. Kule minyaka imbalwa ishiyekileyo phambi kokuba abethwe yimbumbulu (i-1968), waya esathetha ngokuchasene nemfazwe kunye nomkhosi, ngokukodwa umlo eVietnam. Phakathi kweengcaphuno endizithandayo ezivela kulo mprofeti kunye nomtshutshisi omkhulu, ngaba 'Imfazwe ziziselfowuni ezingekho mgangathweni zokugcina iintsasa zoxolo', kwaye 'Sikhokele imijukujelwa kunye nabantu abalahlekisayo'. Iphulo lika-King lokulwa imfazwe lafikelela kwisithethi sakhe esinamandla, esinomxholo Ngaphandle kweVietnam, ithunyelwe kwiCawe yaseRiverside kwisiXeko saseNew York kwi4^th Epreli 1967.

Ngokunikwa ibhaso likaNobel, wathi, 'omnye umthwalo uxanduva ubekwe phezu kwam': ibhaso 'yayiyikhomishini… ukusebenza nzima kunangaphambili bendikhe ndasebenza ngaphambili kubuzalwana bomntu'. Ukulandela oko wayekuthethile e-Oslo, wabhekisa 'kwiincam ezintathu ezinkulu zobuhlanga, ukuthanda ubutyebi obugqithisileyo, nomlo ". Ngokuphathelele kule ndawo yokugqibela, wathi akunakuphela ukuba bathule babize urhulumente wakhe ukuba 'ngoyena mntu ubambe ubundlobongela emhlabeni namhlanje. [27] Uye waligxeka' ikratshi elitshabalalisayo laseNtshona elinetyhefu kwimeko yehlabathi ixesha elide. '. Umyalezo wakhe yayikukuba "imfazwe ayiyona mpendulo ', kwaye' Isizwe esiqhubeka unyaka nonyaka ukuchitha imali eninzi kukhuselo lomkhosi kunangeenkqubo zokuphakamisa intlalo sisondela ekufeni ngokomoya '. Wacela 'inguqu yokwenyani yamaxabiso' eyayifuna ukuba 'zonke izizwe kufuneka zikhule ngokuthembekileyo kuluntu luphela'. [28]

Kukho abo bathi ayisiyongozi ukuba kanye kanye loo nto yayiye kunyaka olandelayo, ukuba uML King wadutyulwa wabulawa. Ngentetho yakhe yokulwa imfazwe eNew York, nokugwetywa kwakhe ngurhulumente waseMelika 'njengoyena nobalaseleyo wezenzo zobundlobongela' kwihlabathi, wayeqalise ukulinganisa iphulo lakhe lokungabinantlonelo ngaphaya kwe-ajenda yamalungelo oluntu kwaye ke ngoko woyikisa izilangazelelo ezinamandla. . Ezi yokugqibela zinokuchazwa ngokubalaseleyo kwibinzana elithi 'umkhosi wamajoni oshishino' [MIC], oqulunqwe nguMongameli Dwight D. Eisenhower kwidilesi yakhe yokugibela ngoJanuwari 1961. [29] Kwesi silumkiso nesiprofetho kuphela, uEisenhower uthe ukuba 'ukusekwa okukhulu kwezomkhosi kunye nomzi mveliso omkhulu wezikhali' kuye kwavela njengamandla amatsha afihlakeleyo kwezopolitiko zase-US. Uye wathi, 'Kumabhunga aseburhulumente, kufuneka sikulumkele ukufunyanwa kweempembelelo ezingafunekiyo ... ngumzi-mveliso wezomkhosi. Amandla okunyuka okungathandekiyo kwamandla abekwe gwenxa akho kwaye aya kuqhubeka '. Into yokuba uMongameli othathe umhlala-phantsi wayenemvelaphi yasemkhosini - wayeyinkwenkwezi-jikelele kwimikhosi yase-US ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, kwaye wayesebenza njengoMlawuli oyiNtloko wokuqala we-Allies Forces eYurophu (NATO)-wenza izilumkiso zakhe zonke okuphawuleka ngakumbi. Ngasekupheleni kwedilesi yakhe entle, u-Eisenhower ucebise uluntu lwaseMelika ukuba 'ukungabikho komkhosi ... kubalulekile ngokuqhubekayo.

Ukuthotyelwa kwezilumkiso zakhe, kunye nokuba iingozi awazibhangayo sele zibonakalisile, kucacile kakhulu namhlanje. Abahlalutyi abaninzi be-MIC bathi i-US ayenzi kangako baye I-MIC njengokuba ilizwe liphela sele lilinye. [I-30] I-MIC ngoku ibandakanya neCongress, iFundo, iMedia, neleMidlalo yoLonwabo, kwaye oku kwandiswa kwamandla kunye nefuthe luphawu olucacileyo lomlo okhulayo woluntu lwaseMelika. . Ubungqina obukhuthazayo boku buboniswa ziinyani ezinje ngezi zilandelayo:

* IPentagon yeyona nto ibalulekileyo yabathengi kumandla;

* I-Pentagon yeyona ndawo inomnini mhlaba omkhulu, ibhekisa kuwo njengelinye "elikhulu" labanini bomhlaba "', ngeziseko zomkhosi ezimalunga ne-1,000 kunye nokufakelwa kwamazwe aphesheya kumazwe angaphezu kwe-150;

* I-Pentagon inomnini okanye iqeshise nge-75% yazo zonke izakhiwo zikarhulumente e-US;

* IPentagon yi3^rd Oyena mntu unemali enkulu yophando e-US (emva kwempilo, kunye nesayensi). [31]

Kuyaziwa ukuba inkcitho yenkcitho yonyaka e-US idlula lee la mazwe alishumi okanye alishumi elinambini adibeneyo. Oku ngokuqinisekileyo, ukucaphula i-Eisenhower, 'intlekele', kunye nobuhlanya, kwaye nobuhlanya obuyingozi kakhulu kuloo nto. Imfuneko yokuchaphazela izixhobo xa ichaziwe iguqulwe yaya kujamelana nayo. Konke oku kuphawuleka ngakumbi xa umntu ethathela ingqalelo ukuba ebethetha ngexesha leMfazwe ebandayo, xa ubukomanisi babonwa njengoyisongelo olukhulu e-US nakwilizwe liphela elikhululekileyo. Ukuphela kweMfazwe ebandayo kunye nokupheliswa kweSoviet Union kunye nobukumkani bayo ayikuthintelanga ukwandiswa okuthe kratya kwe-MIC, eneentente zayo ngoku ezibandakanya wonke umhlaba.

Le nto iqondwa njani lihlabathi yenziwa icace gca kwiziphumo zovavanyo lwe-2013 lonyaka 'lokuphela konyaka' yi-Worldwide Independent Network of Market Research (WIN) kunye neGallup International ebandakanya abantu be-68,000 kumazwe e-65. [32] Impendulo kumbuzo, 'Leliphi ilizwe ocinga ukuba lolona loyikiso lubalulekileyo kuxolo lwehlabathi namhlanje?', i-US yafika kuqala ngomda obanzi, yafumana i-24% yeevoti ezaziphosisiweyo. Oku kulingana neevoti ezidityanisiweyo zamazwe amane alandelayo: IPakistan (8%), China (6%), Afghanistan (5%) neIran (5%). Kucacile ukuba ngaphezulu kweminyaka elishumi elinambini emva kokumiselwa kwenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba 'ngumlo weLizwe ngesoyikiso', i-US ibonakala ngathi ibamba uloyiko ezintliziyweni zabaninzi behlabathi. Inkalipho kaMartin Luther King, Jr. ngenkalipho kunye nokugwetywa ngurhulumente wakhe njengoyena 'mlondolozi mkhulu wobundlobongela emhlabeni namhlanje' (1967) ngoku, phantse iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu emva koko, kwabelwane ngayo ngabantu abaninzi kwihlabathi liphela.

Kwangelo xesha, kuye kwakho ukwanda okukhulu kwanda kwemipu ebanjwe ngabemi abathile e-US basebenzisa ilungelo labo (elikhuphisanayo) lokuphatha izixhobo phantsi koLungiso lweSibini loMgaqo-siseko. Ngemipu ye-88 elungiselelwe wonke umntu we-100, ilizwe linelona nqanaba liphezulu lobunini bemipu emhlabeni. Isiko lobundlobongela libonakala lingene nzulu kuluntu lwaseMelika namhlanje, kwaye iziganeko ze9 / 11 zenze mandundu ingxaki. UMartin Luther King, Jr., ongumfundi kunye nomlandeli kaMahatma Gandhi, ubonise amandla okungaziphathi kakuhle kwinkokheli yakhe ephumeleleyo yombutho wamalungelo abantu baseMelika. I-US ifuna kakhulu ukuphinda ifumane ilifa layo njengoko i-India ifuna ukuphinda ifumane iGandhi's. Ndihlala ndikhunjuzwa ngempendulo uGandhi ayinika intatheli xa, ngexesha lokutyelela eNgilani ngexesha le-1930s, ebuzwa ukuba ucinga ntoni ngempucuko yasentshona. Impendulo kaGandhi ayilahlekanga nayiphi na ukubaluleka kwayo, iminyaka ye-80 kamva, ngokuchaseneyo. UGandhi uphendule wathi, 'Ndicinga ukuba licebo elihle eli'. Nokuba ubunyani beli bali buyaphikiswa, inesandi senyaniso - Se non e vero, e ben trovato.

I-Ntshona, kunye nehlabathi liphela, zingaba yimpucuko enkulu kakhulu ukuba imfazwe- 'yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwimpucuko yethu' ngamazwi ka-Andrew Carnegie - apheliswa. Xa wayethetha njalo, iHiroshima neNagasaki yayizizixeko zaseJapan njengayo nayiphi na enye. Namhlanje, lonke ilizwe lisongelwa ngokuqhubeka kwemfazwe kunye nezixhobo ezitsha zentshabalalo azenzileyo kwaye ziyaqhubeka nokuziphuhlisa. Indoda endala, eyalahlayo intetho yamaRoma, si vis pacem, kwiparoli, kufuneka ithathelwe indawo yizwi elibhalwe kuzo zombini i-Gandhi kunye neQuaker: Akukho ndlela yoxolo, uxolo indlela. Umhlaba uthandazela uxolo, kodwa uhlawula umlo. Ukuba sifuna uxolo, kufuneka sityalomali ngoxolo, kwaye oko kuthetha ngaphezulu kwayo yonke imfundo yoxolo. Iya kuhlala ibonwa ukuba ingakanani imali etyalomali kwiimyuziyam zemfazwe kunye nakwimiboniso, nakwiinkqubo ezingachazwanga ngeMfazwe eNkulu (njengakwenzeka eBritane kodwa nakwenye indawo), yimfundo malunga nokuthanda ukungaziphathi kakuhle, ukungabulali. Ukupheliswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Ngumbono onjalo kuphela onokuthi uthethelele iinkqubo zesikhumbuzo ezibanzi (kunye neendleko).

Izikhumbuzo zesikhumbuzo seminyaka elikhulu yeMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala kwiminyaka emine ezayo inika umnyhadala woxolo ngamathuba amaninzi okukhuthaza inkcubeko yoxolo kunye nokungaziphathi kakuhle okuya kuthi, kukodwa, kukwazi ukuzisa umhlaba ongenamfazwe.

Akukho mntu wenze impazamo enkulu kunalowo ungenzanga nto kuba wayenokwenza kancinci. -Edmund Burke

 

UPeter van den Dungen

Ukusebenzisana noXolo, i-11^th INkomfa yeQhinga loNyaka, i-21-22 ngoFebruwari 2014, Cologne-Riehl

Amagqabaza okuvula

(ehlaziyiweyo, 10^th Ngomhla we-2014)

 

[1] Umbhalo opheleleyo wentetho ukho www.gov.uk/government/speeches/speech-at-imperial-war-museum-on-first-world-war-centenary-plans

[2] Iinkcukacha ezigcwele kwi www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2013/world-war-one-centenary.html

[3] Iinkcukacha ezigcwele kwi www.iwm.org.uk/centenary

[4] 'Ngaba yi-1914 yonke kwakhona?', Ezizimeleyo, 5^th NgoJanuwari 2014, iphe. 24.

[5] Cf. intshayelelo yakhe kuDavid Adesnik, Iminyaka ye-100 yeminyaka yeempembelelo-iiNzame zokuXhotyiswa kweCarnegie ngoxolo lweHlabathi. IWashington, DC: CEIP, 2011, iphe. 5.

[6] Ibid., Iphe. 43.

[7] www.demilitarize.org

[8] Amagqabantshintshi eBertha von Suttner. IBoston: IGinn, i-1910, isiqu. I-1, iphe. 343.

[9] Cf. UCaroline E. Playne, UBertha von Suttner kunye nomzabalazo wokuphelisa iMfazwe yeHlabathi. ILondon: UGeorge Allen kunye no-Unwin, ngo-1936, ngakumbi imiqulu emibini ehlelwe ngu-Alfred H. Fried edibanisa iikholamu eziqhelekileyo zika-von Suttner UDie Friedens-Warte (1892-1900, 1907-1914): UDer Kampf um die Vermeidung des Weltkriegs. I-Zurich: U-Orell Fuessli, 1917.

[I-10] ISanta Barbara, CA: uPraeger-ABC-CLIO, 2010. Ushicilelo olwandisiweyo nohlaziyiweyo yinguqulelo yeSpanish: I-La voluntad de Alfred Nobel: I-Que igqibe njani inyani malunga ne-Premio Nobel de la Paz? EBarcelona: Icaria, 2013.

[11] ELondon: UWilliam Heinemann, 1910. Incwadi ithengise ngaphezulu kwekopi yesigidi, kwaye yaguqulelwa kwiilwimi ze25. Iinguqulelo zaseJamani zavela phantsi kwezihloko Die grosse Taeuschung (I-Leipzig, i-1911) kunye ne Die falsche Rechnung (Berlin, 1913).

[12] Jonga, umzekelo, uPaul Fussell, Imfazwe enkulu kunye neMemori yeXesha lethu. ENew York: I-Oxford University Press, i1975, iphe. 12-13.

[13] UJohann von Bloch, UDer Krieg. Uebersetzung des russischen Werkes des Autors: I-Der zukuenftige Krieg kwi-seiner tekischen, volkswirthschaftlichen und politischen Bedeutung. IBerlin: I-Puttkammer kunye neMuehlbrecht, 1899, ivol. 1, iphe. XV. EsiNgesini, yavela kuphela isishwankathelo somqulu omnye, ngokwahlukeneyo sinelungelo Is Ngaba Imfazwe ayinakwenzeka? (1899) Izixhobo zanamhlanje kunye neMfazwe yanamhlanje (1900) kunye Ikamva lemfazwe (Ii-eds zase-US).

[14] ILondon: Cassell, 1943. Incwadi yapapashwa ngesiJamani eStockholm kwi1944 njenge Ihlabathi I-von Gestern: I-Erinnerungen eines Europaers.

[15] New York: IOxford University Press, 1991.

[16] UHelmut Donat kunye noKarl Holl, ii-eds, U-Die Friedensbewegung. I-Organisierter Pazifismus kwi-Deutschland, e-Oesterreich und in der Schweiz. I-duesseldorf: ECON Taschenbuchverlag, Hermes Handlexikon, 1983, iphe. 14.

[17] Ibid.

[18] www.akhf.de. Umbutho wasekwa kwi1984.

[I-19] Ukuze ufumane ibali elifutshane lePaasche, bona ukungena kukaHelmut Donat eHarold Josephson, ed., I-Biographical Diction of the Iinkokheli zoXolo zoLuntu. I-Westport, i-CT: I-Greenwood Press, i-1985, iphe. 721-722. Jonga nokungena kwakhe U-Die Friedensbewegung, op. ic., iphe. 297-298.

[20] www.carnegieherofunds.org

[21] www.nonking.org

[22] Isicatshulwa sasipapashwa kuqala ngaphakathi Ithiyetha entsha (INew York), iv. 3, hayi. I-4, Epreli 1936, iphe. 15-30, ngemifanekiso nguGeorge Grosz, u-Otto Dix, kunye nabanye oompikiswano bemfazwe.

[23] Die Barbarisierung der Luft. EBerlin: UVerlag der Friedens-Warte, 1912. Olunye uguqulelo lolwimi lwaseJapan, olupapashwe kutshanje kwimeko ye-100 yesincoko^th Isikhumbuzo: u-Osamu Itoigawa kunye noMitsuo Nakamura, 'uBertha von Suttner: “Die Barbarisierung der Luft”', iphe. 93-113 kwi Ijenali yeYunivesithi yaseAichi Gakuin -iBantu kunye nezeNzululwazi (Nagoya), isiqe. 60, hayi. I-3, 2013.

[24] Ngombhalo opheleleyo jonga kwiNkundla yezoBulungisa yeHlabathi, Incwadi yonyaka 1995-1996. IHague: ICJ, 1996, iphepha 212-223, kunye noVed P. Nanda kunye noDavid Krieger, Izixhobo zenyukliya kunye neNkundla yeHlabathi. IArdsley, eNew York: Abapapashi bamaTransnational, 1998, iphe. 191-225.

[25] Isiteyitimenti esipheleleyo semithombo yeendaba, ekhutshwe nguMphathiswa Wezangaphandle eVienna kwi-13^th NgoFebruwari 2014, unokufumaneka kwi I -abolition2000.org/?p=3188

[26] UMartin Luther King, 'Ukufuna Uxolo Nobulungisa', iphe. 246-259 kwi I-Les Prix Nobel en 1964. Stockholm: Impr. Royale PA Norstedt weSiseko saseNobel, i-1965, p. 247. Cf. kananjalo www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prize/peace/laureates/1964/king-lecture.html

[27] UClayborne Carson, ed., I-Autobiography kaMartin Luther King, Jr. ILondon: Abacus, 2000. Bona ikakhulu ch. I-30, 'Ngaphaya kweVietnam', iphe. 333-345, kwi-p. 338. Ngokubaluleka kwale ntetho, jonga neCoretta Scott King, Ubomi bam noMartin Luther King, Jr. ILondon: IHodder kunye neStoughton, ngo-1970, isahl. 16, iphepha 303-316.

[28] I-Autobiography, iphe. 341.

[29] www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/farewell_address/Reading_Copy.pdf

[30] Bona, umzekelo, uNick Turse, Ubuntshatsheli: Indlela uMkhosi oyihlasela ngayo ubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. ILondon: IFaber kunye neF Faber, ngo-2009.

[31] Ibid., Iphe. 35-51.

[32] www.wingia.com/web/files/services/33/file/33.pdf?1394206482