Ka David Swanson, World BEYOND War, September 16, 2020
"Ke tlil'o etsa boloi ba boloi ka ho bala kelello ea hau," ke bolella sehlopha sa baithuti kapa holong kapa mohala oa video o tletse batho. Ke ngola ho hong fatshe. Ke re: "Bolela ntoa e neng e lokafalitsoe." Motho e mong o re "Ntoa ea Bobeli ea Lefatše." Ke ba bontša seo ke se ngotseng: "WWII." Boselamose![I]
Haeba ke tsitlella likarabo tse ling, hangata ke lintoa le nakong e fetileng ho feta WWII.[Ii] Haeba ke botsa hore na hobaneng WWII e le karabo, karabo e lula e le "Hitler" kapa "Holocaust" kapa mantsoe a amanang le seo.
Phapanyetsano ena e ka tsejoang esale pele, eo ho eona ke iketsang eka ke na le matla a boloi, ke karolo ea puo kapa kokoano eo ke tloaetseng ho e qala ka ho kopa ho bonts'oa matsoho ho araba lipotso tse peli:
Ke mang ea nahanang hore ha ho mohla ntoa e ka lokafatsoang? ”
'me
"Ke mang ea nahanang hore mahlakore a mang a lintoa ka linako tse ling a lokafatsoa, hore ho nka karolo ntoeng ka linako tse ling ke ntho e nepahetseng ho etsoa?"
Ka tloaelo, potso eo ea bobeli e fumana boholo ba matsoho.
Ebe re bua hora kapa ho feta.
Ebe ke botsa lipotso tse tšoanang hape qetellong. Ka nako eo, potso ea pele ("Ke mang ea nahanang hore ntoa ha ho mohla e lokafatsoang?") E fumana boholo ba matsoho.[Iii]
Hore na phetoho eo ea boemo ba bankakarolo ba bang e nka letsatsi le latelang kapa selemo kapa bophelo bohle ha ke tsebe.
Ke tlameha ho etsa leqheka la ka la boselamose la WWII mathoasong a puo, hobane haeba ke sa etse joalo, haeba ke bua nako e telele haholo ka ho ntša sesole le ho tsetela ka khotso, batho ba bangata ba tla be ba se ba ntsitisitse ka lipotso tse kang "Ho thoe'ng ka Hitler ? ” kapa "Ho thoe'ng ka WWII?" Ha e hlolehe le ka mohla. Ke bua ka ho hloka toka ha ntoa, kapa ho lakatsa ho felisa lefatše lintoa le likhakanyo tsa lichelete tsa ntoa, mme motho e mong o hlahisa WWII joalo ka khang ea bohanyetsi.
WWII e amana kae le tšebeliso ea chelete ea sesole? Likelellong tsa ba bangata e bonts'a tlhoko ea nakong e fetileng le tlhoko ea tšebeliso ea chelete ea sesole ho lefella lintoa tse lokileng le tse hlokahalang joalo ka WWII.
Ke tla tšohla potso ena bukeng e ncha, empa e re ke e qale ka bokhutšoanyane mona. Hoo e ka bang halofo ea tekanyetso ea lichelete tsa federal ea US - chelete eo Congress e etsang qeto ea hore na e etse eng selemo se seng le se seng, e sa kenyelletseng chelete e kholo ea ho tlohela mosebetsi le tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle - e ea ntoeng le litokisetsong tsa ntoa.[Iv] Lipalo li bontša hore batho ba bangata ha ba tsebe sena.[V]
Mmuso oa Amerika o sebelisa chelete e ngata haholo ho feta naha efe kapa efe ho tsa sesole, joalo ka masole a mang a maholo a kopaneng[vi] - mme boholo ba tsona bo hatelloa ke mmuso oa Amerika ho reka libetsa tse ngata tsa US[vii]. Le ha batho ba bangata ba sa tsebe sena, bongata ba bona ba nahana hore bonyane chelete e lokela ho tlosoa sesoleng ho ea linthong tse kang tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle, thuto le ts'ireletso ea tikoloho.
Ka Phupu 2020, phuputso ea maikutlo a sechaba e fumane boholo ba bakhethi ba Amerika molemong oa ho tsamaisa 10% ea tekanyetso ea Pentagon ho isa litlhoko tsa batho tse potlakileng.[viii] Ebe matlo a mabeli a Lekhotla la Amerika a voutela tlhahiso eo ke boholo bo matla.[ix]
Ho hloleha hona ha boemeli ha hoa lokela ho re makatsa. Mmuso oa Amerika ha ho mohla o nkang khato khahlano le lithahasello tse matla, tsa borui hobane feela bongata bo rata ho hong liphethong tsa phuputso.[x] Ho tloaelehile haholo hore ba boholong ba khethiloeng ba ithorise ka ho iphapanyetsa likhetho e le hore ba latele melaoana ea bona.
Ho khothaletsa Congress ho fetola merero ea eona ea lichelete, kapa ho susumetsa likhoebo tse kholo tsa boralitaba hore li bolelle batho ka tsona, ho tla hloka ho hongata ho feta ho fana ka karabo e nepahetseng ho mofuputsi. Ho tlosa 10% ho tsoa Pentagon ho tla hloka palo e kholo ea batho ba batlang ka tjantjello le ho ipelaetsa ka phetoho e kholo ho feta eo. 10% e tla tlameha ho ba ho sekisetsa, lesapo le akheloang mokhatlong o moholo le tsitlella ho 30% kapa 60% kapa ho feta.
Empa ho na le bothata bo boholo tseleng ea ho aha mokhatlo o joalo. Ha o qala ho bua ka phetoho e kholo likhoebong tse nang le khotso, kapa phelisong ea nyutlelie, kapa qetellong ho felisoeng ha sesole, o qala ka sehlooho se makatsang se sa amaneng le lefatše leo o phelang ho lona hona joale: WWII.
Ha se bothata bo ke keng ba hlola. Kamehla e teng moo, empa likelello tse ngata, ka boiphihlelo ba ka, li ka fallisetsoa boemong bo itseng tlasa hora. Ke kopa ho tsamaisa likelello tse ngata le ho etsa bonnete ba hore kutloisiso e ncha e ea lula. Ke hona moo buka ea ka kena, hammoho le lithuto tse ncha tsa inthanete e ipapisitse le buka.
Buka e ncha e beha taba ea hore na hobaneng likhopolo tse fosahetseng ka Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše le bohlokoa ba eona kajeno li sa lokela ho ama lichelete tsa sechaba. Ha chelete e ka tlase ho 3% ea tšebeliso ea sesole ea US e ka felisa tlala lefatšeng[xi], ha khetho ea ho beha lisebelisoa e theha maphelo le lefu ho feta lintoa tsohle[xii], ho bohlokoa hore re fumane sena hantle.
Ho tlameha hore ho khonehe ho etsa tlhahiso ea ho khutlisa tšebeliso ea chelete ea sesole boemong ba lilemo tse 20 tse fetileng[xiii], ntle le ntoa ho tloha lilemong tse 75 tse fetileng e ile ea ba moqoqo oa moqoqo. Ho na le likhanyetso le matšoenyeho a betere haholo tseo motho a ka li hlahisang ho feta "Ho thoe'ng ka WWII?"
Na Hitler e mocha o tla? Na ho ka etsahala kapa hoa khoneha ho ipheta ha ntho e ts'oanang le WWII? Karabo ea potso ka 'ngoe ho tsena ke che. Ho utloisisa lebaka, ho ka thusa ho nts'etsapele kutloisiso e ntle ea hore na Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše e ne e le eng, hape le ho hlahloba hore na lefatše le fetohile hakae ho tloha nakong ea WWII.
Thahasello ea ka ho Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše ha e susumetsoe ke ho hoheloa ke ntoa kapa libetsa kapa nalane. E tsamaisoa ke takatso ea ka ea ho bua ka ts'oaetso ntle le ho utloa ka Hitler khafetsa. Haeba Hitler e ne e se motho ea tšabehang joalo nka be ke kula ebile ke khathetse ke ho utloa ka eena.
Buka ea ka e ncha ke khang ea boitšoaro, eseng mosebetsi oa lipatlisiso tsa nalane. Ha ke a latela ka katleho likopo life kapa life tsa Molao oa Tokoloho ea Tlhahisoleseling, ho fumana li-diaries, kapa ho qhekella likhoutu life kapa life. Ke bua ka nalane e ngata. Tse ling tsa tsona ha li tsejoe hanyane. Tse ling tsa tsona li khahlanong le ho se utloisisane ho tsebahalang haholo - hoo ke seng ke ntse ke fumana mangolo-tsoibila a sa thabiseng a tsoang ho batho ba so kang ba bala buka.
Empa ha ho le e 'ngoe ea tsona e phehisanoang haholo kapa e tsekisanoang har'a bo-rahistori. Ke batlile hore ke se kenye eng kapa eng ntle le litokomane tse tebileng, mme moo ke tsebang phehisano efe kapa efe mabapi le lintlha tse ling, ke bile hlokolosi ho e hlokomela. Ha ke nahane hore nyeoe e khahlano le WWII e le tšusumetso ea chelete e eketsehileng ea ntoa e hloka eng kapa eng ho feta lintlha tseo kaofela re ka lumellanang ka tsona. Ke nahana feela hore lintlha tseo li lebisa ka ho hlaka liqetong tse ling tse makatsang le tse ferekanyang.
[I] PowerPoint ke ena eo ke e sebelisitseng bakeng sa nehelano ena: https://worldbeyondwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/endwar.pptx
[Ii] Kua United States, ka boiphihlelo ba ka, baitseki ba etelletseng pele ke WWII, mme sebakeng sa bobeli le sa boraro se hole, Ntoa ea Lehae ea US le Phetohelo ea Amerika. Howard Zinn o buile ka sena puisanong ea hae "Lintoa tse tharo tse Halalelang," https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6i39UdpR1F8 Phihlelo ea ka e batla e lekana le likhetho tse entsoeng ka 2019 ke YouGov, e fumaneng hore MaAmerika a 66% a hlahlobiloe a re WWII e lokafalitsoe ka botlalo kapa e lokafalitsoe (ho sa tsotelehe hore na e bolelang), ha e bapisoa le 62% bakeng sa Phetohelo ea Amerika, 54% bakeng sa Ntoa ea Lehae ea US, 52% bakeng sa WWI, 37% bakeng sa Ntoa ea Korea, 36% bakeng sa Ntoa ea Pele ea Koung, 35% bakeng sa ntoa e tsoelang pele ho Afghanistan, le 22% bakeng sa Ntoa ea Vietnam. Bona: Linley Sanders, YouGov, "Amerika le balekane ba eona ba hapile D-Day. Na ba ka e etsa hape? ” Ka Phuptjane 3, 2019 https://today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2019/06/03/american-wars-dday
[Iii] Ke boetse ke entse lipuisano le moprofesa oa West Point mabapi le hore na ntoa e ka ke ea lokafatsoa, ha ho khethoa ha bamameli ho fetoha haholo khahlano le mohopolo oa hore ntoa e ka ke ea lokafatsoa ho tloha pele ho ngangisano ho isa kamora moo. Bona https://youtu.be/o88ZnGSRRw0 Liketsahalong tse tšoaroang ke mokhatlo World BEYOND War, re sebelisa liforomo tsena ho lekola batho ka phetoho ea bona ea maikutlo: https://worldbeyondwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/PeacePledge_101118_EventVersion1.pdf
[Iv] Morero oa Naha oa Lintho Tse Tlang Pele, "The Budgetised Budget 2020," https://www.nationalpriorities.org/analysis/2020/militarized-budget-2020 Bakeng sa tlhaloso ea tekanyetso ea lichelete le se seng ho eona, bona https://www.nationalpriorities.org/budget-basics/federal-budget-101/spending
[V] Likhetho tsa nako le nako li botse hore na batho ba ne ba nahana hore tekanyetso ea sesole ke eng, 'me karabo e tloaelehileng e se e le thata. Phuputso ea Hlakubele 2017 e fumane boholo ba ts'ebeliso ea sesole e le tlase ho feta kamoo e neng e le ka teng. Bona Setsi sa Charles Koch, "Phuputso e Ncha: MaAmerika Crystal Hlakileng: Maemo a Leano la Kantle ho Na ha A sebetse," Hlakola 7, 2017, https://www.charleskochinstitute.org/news/americans-clear-foreign-policy-status-quo-not-working Hape hoa khoneha ho bapisa liphuputso tseo ho tsona batho ba bontšitsoeng tekanyetso ea mmuso mme ba botsoa hore na ba ka e fetola joang (boholo ba bona ba batla chelete e ngata ho tsoa sesoleng) ka likhetho tse botsang feela hore na tekanyetso ea sesole e lokela ho fokotseha kapa ho eketsoa (tšehetso ea ho khaola ho tlase haholo). Bakeng sa mohlala oa tsa pele, bona Ruy Texeira, Setsi sa Tsoelo-pele ea Amerika, la 7 Pulungoana 2007, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2007/11/07/3634/what-the-public-really-wants-on-budget-priorities Bakeng sa mohlala oa ba qetellang, bona Frank Newport, Gallup Polling, "Maamerika a lula a arohane ka tšebeliso ea ts'ireletso," Hlakola 15, 2011, https://news.gallup.com/poll/146114/americans-remain-divided-defense-spending.aspx
[vi] Chelete eo lichaba li e sebelisang sesoleng e bontšoa 'mapeng oa lefats'e ho https://worldbeyondwar.org/militarism-mapped Lintlha li tsoa Setsing sa Patlisiso ea Khotso ea Machabeng ea Stockholm (SIPRI), https://sipri.org Ts'ebeliso ea sesole sa US ho tloha ka 2018 e ne e le $ 718,689, e hlakileng ntle le tšebeliso ea chelete e ngata ea sesole sa US, e hasaneng mafapheng le makaleng a mangata. Bakeng sa kakaretso e felletseng ea $ 1.25 trillion tšebelisong ea selemo le selemo, bona William Hartung le Mandy Smithberger, TomDispatch, "Tomgram: Hartung le Smithberger, Leeto la Dollar-by-Dollar la Naha ea Naha ea Ts'ireletso," Mots'eanong 7, 2019, https://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176561
[vii] Lichaba tse kenyang libetsa tsa US kantle li bonts'oa 'mapeng oa lefats'e ho https://worldbeyondwar.org/militarism-mapped Lintlha li tsoa Setsing sa Patlisiso ea Khotso ea Machabeng ea Stockholm (SIPRI), http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php
[viii] Lintlha Bakeng sa Tsoelo-pele, "Batho ba Amerika Ba Lumellana: Khaola Budget ea Pentagon," Phupu 20, 2020, https://www.dataforprogress.org/blog/2020/7/20/cut-the-pentagons-budget Ka bakhethi ba Amerika ba 56% ho isa ho 27% ba ratile ho fetisetsa 10% ea tekanyetso ea sesole ho litlhoko tsa batho. Haeba e bolelletsoe hore e 'ngoe ea chelete e tla ea Litsi tsa Taolo ea Mafu, ts'ehetso ea sechaba e ne e le 57% ho isa 25%.
[ix] Ka Ntlong, khetho ea Pocan ea Wisconsin Amendment Number 9, Roll Call 148 ka la 21 Phupu 2020, e ne e le 93 Yeas, 324 Nays, 13 Not Voting, http://clerk.house.gov/cgi-bin/vote.asp?year=2020&rollnumber=148 Ho Senate, khetho ea Sanders Amendment 1788 ka la 22 Phupu 2020, e ne e le 23 Yeas, 77 Nays, https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=116&session=2&vote=00135
[x] Martin Gillens le Benjamin I. Page, "Litlhahlobo tsa Liteko tsa Lipolotiki tsa Amerika: Ba-Elite, Lihlopha tsa Thahasello, le Baahi ba Karolelano," Loetse 2014, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/testing-theories-of-american-politics-elites-interest-groups-and-average-citizens/62327F513959D0A304D4893B382B992B E qotsitsoe ho BBC, "Study: US Is an Oligarchy, Not Democracy," la 17 Mmesa 2014, https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-echochambers-27074746
[xi] Ka 2008, Machaba a Kopaneng a re $ 30 billion ka selemo e ka felisa tlala lefatšeng. Bona Mokhatlo oa Lijo le Temo oa Machaba a Kopaneng, "Lefatše le hloka feela lidolara tse limilione tse likete tse 30 ka selemo ho felisa seoa sa tlala," la 3 Phuptjane 2008, http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/ 2008/1000853 / index.html Sena se tlalehiloe ho New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/04/news/04iht-04food.13446176.html and Los Angeles Times, http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/23/opinion/ed-food23 le libaka tse ling tse ngata. Mokhatlo oa Lijo le Temo oa Machaba a Kopaneng o mpolelletse hore palo eo e ntse e le nakong. Ho tloha ka 2019, bajete ea selemo le selemo ea Pentagon, hammoho le tekanyetso ea ntoa, le libetsa tsa nyutlelie Lefapheng la Matla, hammoho le Lefapha la Ts'ireletso ea Lehae, le tšebeliso e 'ngoe ea sesole e fetang $ 1 trillion, ha e le hantle e le $ 1.25 trillion. Sheba William D. Hartung le Mandy Smithberger, TomDispatch, "Boondoggle, Inc.," Mots'eanong 7, 2019, https://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176561 Liperesente tse tharo tsa trillion ke 30 billion. Ho feta mona ho https://worldbeyondwar.org/explained
[xii] Ho ea ka UNICEF, bana ba limilione tse 291 ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 15 ba hlokahetse ka mabaka a ka thibeloang lipakeng tsa 1990 le 2018. Bona https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/starts-with-u/health-for-children
[xiii] Ho latela Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), tšebeliso ea sesole sa US, ka lidolara tse sa feleng tsa 2018, e ne e le $ 718,690 ho 2019 le $ 449,369 ka 1999. Bona https://sipri.org/databases/milex
