Ka Kirk Johnson, March 19, 2019
Na lichaba tse loanang ntoa e eketsehileng li fa batho ba ka hare ho meeli ea bona bolokolohi bo eketsehileng?
Hangata ho boleloa hore khokahano ha e na lebaka le lekanang ha ho hlahisoa litaba tsa mahlale. Ho leka ho hokahanya mohopolo oa hore linaha tse loanang lintoa khafetsa mme ka hona li fa ba ka har'a meeli ea bona tokoloho e ngata ho hloka li-gymnastics tsa kelello tsa 'nete haeba e se kutloisiso ea Orwellian ea tokoloho. Ho tloha pheletsong ea Ntoa ea Bobeli ea Lefatše ha ho naha e kileng ea nka karolo lintoeng tse phatlalalitsoeng ka semmuso le tse sa phatlalatsoang, mesebetsi ea nakoana le liphetoho tsa puso e patehileng ho feta United States of America. Mme leha ho ka boleloa hore tokoloho le ts'ireletso e fanoeng ke Molao oa Motheo oa Amerika le litlhaloso tse latelang tsa molao li ka fa baahi ba eona ts'ireletso le tokoloho e ntle (bakeng sa baahi ba makhooa le ba nang le chelete bonyane) lefats'eng, linako tsa ntoa ka kakaretso ba sentse le ho nyenyefatsa tokoloho eo mme ba sa e matlafatse kapa ho e holisa.
Nakong ea Ntoa ea Pele ea Lefatše, mantsoe a boipelaetso le khotso a ne a atisa ho tšoaroa le ho hlekefetsoa literateng. Khotso ea khotso United States e ne e nkoa e le tšokelo naheng 'me e ngotsoe e le Bokomonisi kapa socialist e le toka ea ho felisa mekhoa ea bona e hlophisitsoeng ea matla. Kaha batho ba etsang karolo ea boraro ea baahi ba bajaki ba sa tsoa fihla naheng eo, ho ne ho le bonolo ho bopa "tse ling" bakeng sa tefello le ho lelekoa ho tsoa naheng ka Sekolo sa Liketso tsa Sechaba ho tloha ha 1798 e le toka ea molao (McElroy 2002).
Ho phallela Ntoeng ea Bobeli ea Lefatše, mohlala o totobetseng le o hlakileng ka ho fetisisa ke ho kenngoa ha 120,000 Japanese-Maamerika le ho nkoa ha maruo a bona, tlōlo ea molao ka 'muso khahlanong le baahi ba oona ba fanoeng ke taelo ea mopresidente (Sweeting, 2004). Ntoa lekhetlong lena e senola hore khethollo ea morabe e tla sebelisoa ha ho hlokahala ebile e lumelloa ha e tsamaea le sechaba se lumellanang le se amohelehang.
Ho ka ba le khang ea hore USA e ne e se demokrasi e sebetsang hantle ho fihlela tsamaiso ea khethollo ea molao e felile 'me litokelo tsa molao tsa baahi bohle li ne li amoheloa ho 1960s. Leha ho le joalo, libaka tse kopanehileng tsa sechaba le litokelo tse tiisitsoeng ka molao li ne li sa fetoleloe ka bolokolohi bo bongata ba ho bokana kapa ho bua khahlanong le ntoa le lintoa tsa linaheng tse ling.
Ho e-na le hoo, mekhatlo e kang ea FBI le mananeo a kang COINTELPRO a sebelitse ho hloela le ho senya lihlopha tsa litokelo tsa sechaba, lihlopha tsa khotso le mantsoe a loantšang ntoa, ho akarelletsa le bahlabani ba ntoa (Demokrasi Joale, August 4th, 1997). Sena se ile sa phalla nakong ea ntoa ea Maamerika Vietnam le "tšenyo ea lichelete" tse haufi le linaha tse kang Lao PDR le Cambodia ho fihlela tlhahiso ea lenaneo e etsoa phatlalatsa. Mohlala o motle oa matla a mekhatlo o lekang ho senya le ho khutsisa mantsoe a ka bonoa kamoo esita le motho ea matla joaloka Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. a ka khetholloang ke mecha ea litaba le batho ba bang ba bangata ba makatsang ka mor'a hore a phatlalatse khanyetso ho US ntoa Vietnam (Smiley, 2010).
Mohlala mohlala mashome a 'maloa hamorao ka mor'a tlhaselo ea 2003 le ho sebetsa ha Iraq e boetse e fana ka mohlala oa hore mekolokoloho ea tokoloho le ba lakatsang ho ba le sethaleng sa ho rarolla bothata ba ntoa eseng feela ka mahloriso a mmuso, empa hape le ho hlekefetsoa le ho thibisoa ke mekhatlo ea mekhatlo. Ha mongoli ea ka sehloohong oa Dixie Chicks a bolela hore o hlajoa ke lihlong hore ebe o tsoa naheng e le 'ngoe le mopresidente oa United States, e ile ea etsa hore ho fokotsehe hoo ho ileng ha bona litlaleho tsa lihlopha tsa' mele li senngoa liketsong tsa sechaba tse hlophisitsoeng ke lihlopha tsa lihlopha tse nepahetseng le 'mino oa tsona e hlahlojoang ke mehala ea seea-le-moea (Schwartz le Fabrikant, 2003). Boiteko ba ho leka ho qobella mekhatlo ea mekhatlo e ikemetseng e bile e tsoela pele ho filimi ea litokomane mabapi le Dixie Chicks e utloisang bohloko ha NBC, ka nako eo boholo ba eona e nang le General Electric (GE), e hanne ho bontša lipapatso bakeng sa k'haravene ea Rae, 2006. GE e ne e le 'moho e moholo oa tšireletso.
Ho tloha ka mor'a 9 / 11 / 2001, tlhaselo le mesebetsi ea Afghanistan le Iraq, hammoho le mesebetsi e meng ea sesole lefats'eng lohle, tokoloho ea sechaba bakeng sa baahi ba US e lula e senyeha le ho phephetsoa. Molao oa Patriot oa USA, o thibelitse haholo tokoloho ea sechaba ho hlophisa ebile e ntse e latola baahi ba bangata ba Maamerika "tokoloho ho" ho hlekahlekoa le ho khetholla. Maamerika a tumelo ea Mamosleme e 'nile ea e-ba litlhaselo tse fapaneng tsa litlhaselo tse fapaneng tse nang le tokoloho ea sechaba nakong ena (Devereaux, 2016). Ho phaella moo, likopano tsa sechaba ho ea boipelaetso hangata li behiloe feela ho li-zone tsa ho bua tsa mahala; 'me joale ho na le leihlo le leholo la ho boloka lik'hamphani tsa rona tsa marang-rang tseo Edward Snowden le ba bang ba sebetsang ka tsona ba senoletseng (Demokrasi Hona Joale, June 10th, 2013).
Ke ne ke tla beha sena sohle se kotsi ka ho fetisisa litokelo tsa rona tsa sechaba le tokoloho ea rona le ho lula sebakeng seo e leng se nepahetseng le se lekanang tlasa molao oo. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho na lelapa la ka kapa 'na re kenngoa kampong ea basebetsi kapa re ts'oanela ho etsa lipatlisiso ka lebaka la ho kopanela liphate kapa boitsebiso ba ka ba lipolotiki kahoo ke tlotla e bonolo ho etsa joalo. Seo ho hlahloba maoto a rona a marang-rang ho se bulelang menyetla ea ho phekoloa ha baahi bohle.
Hangata lintoa tse loantšanang li fapana le ho fana ka tokoloho le tokoloho ka hare ho naha, empa e ka 'na ea e-ba ho tlōla le ho tsosoa le ho khutlela morao ho lumellang tokoloho le tokoloho ho kenya melao e ncha le kutloisiso e ncha. Ho fokotseha ha mekhoa ea ntoa ho ka bula mamati bakeng sa tekano e kholo, tokoloho le toka; empa lintoa ka bolona ha li na mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa ho hlahisa tokoloho e ncha ka kutloisiso leha e le efe e tloaelehileng ea lentsoe. Ntoa le mekhatlo e thibelang le ho rua molemo lintoeng, ka tlhaho, e leka ho thibela mathata a maemo a bona a matla. Haeba baahi ba naha ba sa thibele mekhatlo e ikemiselitseng ho loana, joale bolokolohi ba bona le tokoloho ea bona li tla thibeloa. Sena, ke lumela, ke ts'ebetso ea lefats'e.
References
Devereaux, R. (2016). Moahloli ea amoheleng ho shebelloa ha lenane la NYPD ea Mamosleme hona joale o batla boikutlo bo eketsehileng. The Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2016/
mohammed-mohammad-mohammed-
Demokrasi Hona joale. (August 4, 1997). COINTELPRO. https://www.democracynow.org/
McElroy, W. (2002). Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše le ho felisoa ha ho hanyetsa. Mokhatlo o Ikemetseng.
http://www.independent.org/
Rae, S. (2006). NBC e hana Dixie Chicks: ke eng e nang le eona?
https://www.prwatch.org/news/
Schwartz, J & Fabrikant, G. (2003). Mecha ea litaba; Ntoa e beha senatla sa seea-le-moea ho itšireletsa. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2003/
Smiley, T. (2010). Pale ea puo ea Dr. King's 'Beyond Vietnam' puo. NPR Puo ea Phatlalatso ea Sechaba. https://www.npr.org/templates/
Ho monate, M. (2004). Thuto ho Ma Japane a Kantle. Ho hlahloba likarolo tsa rona tsa sekolo, vol. 2. Likolo tsa Rethinking Publication.
Kirk Johnson ke seithuti ho World BEYOND War'Thupelo ea hajoale ea inthanete ea ho felisa ntoa 101, eo moqoqo ona o neng o ngolletsoe eona
