Liphello tsa lintoa tsa Iraq, Afghanistan le Pakistan li ke ke tsa bonoa feela maemong a sechaba, moruo le lipolotiki libakeng tsena empa hape le libakeng tseo lintoa tsena li 'nileng tsa etsoa ho tsona. Lilemo tse telele tsa ntoa li entse hore ho be le tšenyo e khōlō ea sekoahelo sa meru le ho eketseha ha likhahla tsa carbon. Ho phaella moo, metsi a silafalitsoe ke oli e tsoang likoloing tsa sesole le uranium e senyehileng e tsoang libomong. Hammoho le ho senyeha ha mehloli ea tlhaho linaheng tsena, liphoofolo le liphoofolo tse phelang linonyana li 'nile tsa ameha hampe. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, lingaka tsa meriana tsa Iraq le bafuputsi ba tsa bophelo bo botle li hloile lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng ka ts'ilaetso ea tikoloho e amanang le ntoa e le se ka thusang maemo a futsanehileng a bophelo ba naha le mafu a mangata a maloetse.
Tšilafalo ea Metsi le Mobu: Nakong ea phutuho ea 1991 ea moeli oa Iraq, US e sebelisa lithane tse ka bang 340 tsa libetsa tse nang le uranium (DU) e senyehileng. Metsi le mobu li ka silafatsoa ke lik'hemik'hale tsa libetsa tsena, hammoho le benzene le trichlorethylene ho tloha ts'ebetsong ea basebetsi. Perchlorate, karolo e chefo ea li-rocket propellant, ke e 'ngoe ea litšila tse ngata tse fumanoang metsing a ka tlas'a lefatše ho potoloha libaka tsa polokelo ea libaka tsa monehelo lefatšeng ka bophara.
Tšusumetso ea bophelo bo botle ba tikoloho e amanang le ntoa e lula e le likhang. Ho haella ha ts'ireletso le ho fana ka litlaleho tse mpe lipetleleng tsa Iraq ho thatafalitse lipatlisiso. Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso tsa morao-rao li senotse mekhoa e tšoenyang. Phuputso e entsoeng malapeng Fallujah, Iraq mathoasong a 2010 e fumane likarabo lipotsong tsa lipotso tse mabapi le mofetše, bokooa ba pelehi le lefu la masea. Sekhahla se phahameng haholo sa mofetše ka 2005-2009 ha se bapisoa le sekhahla sa Egepeta le Jordane se fumanoe. Sekhahla sa lefu la masea Fallujah e ne e le lefu la 80 ho masea a 1000 a phetseng hantle, a phahameng haholo ho feta litefiso tsa 20 Egepeta, 17 Jordane le 10 Kuwait. Karo-karolelano ea tsoalo ea banna ho ea pelehi ea basali sehlopheng sa lilemo tse 0-4 e ne e le 860 ho isa ho 1000 ha e bapisoa le 1050 e lebelletsoeng ho 1000. [13]
Letsi le chefo: Likoloi tse boima tsa sesole le tsona li tšoere lefatše, haholo-holo Iraq le Kuwait. E kopantsoe le komello ka lebaka la ho rengoa ha meru le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo a lefatše, lerōle le fetohile bothata bo boholo bo eketsoang ke metsamao e meholo e mecha ea makoloi a sesole ho parola naha. Sesole sa US se shebile haholo litlamorao tsa lerole bakeng sa basebetsi ba sesole ba sebeletsang Iraq, Kuwait le Afghanistan. Ho pepesetsoa litho tsa tšebeletso ea Iraq ho chefo e amanang le mathata a ho hema a atisang ho ba thibela ho tsoela pele ho sebeletsa le ho etsa mesebetsi ea letsatsi le letsatsi e kang boikoetliso. Litsebi tsa likokoana-hloko tsa US Geologic Survey li fumane tšepe e boima, ho kenyelletsa arsenic, lead, cobalt, barium le aluminium, tse ka bakang khatello ea phefumoloho le mathata a mang a bophelo. [11] Ho tloha ka 2001, ho bile le keketseho ea liperesente tsa 251 ka sekhahla sa mathata a methapo ea kutlo, keketseho ea liperesente tse 47 ea sekhahla sa mathata a ho hema, le keketseho ea liperesente tse 34 ea sekhahla sa lefu la pelo le methapo ho litho tsa ts'ebeletso ea sesole tse ka bang teng amanang le bothata bona. [12]
Khase ea Mocheso le Chefo ea Moea ho tloha Likoloi Tsa Likoloi: Le ha e behella ka thoko nako e sebetsang e potlakileng ea nako ea ntoa, Lefapha la Ts'ireletso e bile moreki a le mong oa naha ka ho fetisisa, a sebelisa lilithara tse ka bang limilione tse likete tse 4.6 tsa mafura selemo le selemo. Likoloi tsa sesole li sebelisa mafura a nang le peterole ka sekhahla se phahameng haholo: tanka ea M-1 Abrams e ka feta halofo ea mile ho galone ea peterole ka mile kapa e sebelisa lilithara tse 1 nakong ea ts'ebetso ea lihora tse robeli. [300] Likoloi tsa Bradley li sebelisa lilithara tse 2 tse tsamaeang ka koloi.
Ntoa e potlakisa tšebeliso ea mafura. Ho hakanngoa hore sesole sa US se sebelisitse libarele tsa oli tse milione tse 1.2 Iraq ka khoeli e le 'ngoe feela ea 2008. [3] Sekhahla sena se phahameng sa tšebeliso ea mafura ho feta maemo a nako eo e seng ea ntoa se tlameha ho amana le taba ea hore mafura a tlameha ho isoa makoloi a tšimong ke likoloi tse ling, a sebelisa mafura. Khakanyo e 'ngoe ea sesole ka 2003 e ne e le hore likarolo tse peli ho tse tharo tsa ts'ebeliso ea mafura a Sesole li etsahetse likoloing tse neng li isa mafura lebaleng la ntoa. [4] Likoloi tsa sesole tse sebelisitsoeng Iraq le Afghanistan li hlahisitse lithane tse likete tse makholo tsa carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbon le sulfur dioxide ho kenyelletsa CO2. Ho phaella moo, phutuho ea libomo ea boipheliso ea libaka tse sa tšoaneng tsa toxics-ho lokolla libaka tse kang li-depot tsa mabotho, le ho beha mollo oa mollo ka Saddam Hussein nakong ea tlhaselo ea Iraq ho 2003 e lebisang tšilafatsong ea moea, mobu le metsi. [5]
Timetso e potlakileng ntoeng le ho senyeha ha meru le meru: Lintoa li boetse li sentse meru, mekhoabo le mekhoabong Afghanistan, Pakistan le Iraq. Ho rengoa ha meru ka matla ho tsamaisana le lintoa tsena le tse fetileng Afghanistan. Kakaretso ea meru e fokotsehile ka liperesente tse 38 ho la Afghanistan ho tloha ka 1990 ho fihlela ka 2007. [6] Sena ke litholoana tsa ho rema lifate ka molao, tse amanang le matla a ntseng a phahama a beng ba ntoa, ba natefetsoeng ke tšehetso ea Amerika. Ntle le moo, ho rengoa ha meru ho etsahetse ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea linaha tsena ha baphaphathehi ba batla mafura le thepa ea kaho. Komello, ho fetoha ha naha lehoatata le tahlehelo ea mefuta e tsamaeang le tahlehelo ea libaka tsa bolulo e bile litholoana. Ho feta moo, joalo ka ha lintoa li lebisitse tšenyehong ea tikoloho, tikoloho e senyehileng ka boeona e kenya letsoho ntoeng e 'ngoe hape. [7]
Tlhaselo ea Ntoa e Potlakileng ea Ntoa: Ho phatloha ha libomo Afghanistan le ho rengoa ha meru ho soketse tsela ea bohlokoa ea ho falla ea linonyana tse fetang sebakeng sena. Palo ea linonyana tse fofang hona joale e theohile ka liperesente tse 85. [8] Libaka tsa US e ile ea e-ba 'maraka o ruisang chelete bakeng sa matlalo a kotsing ea Snow Leopard, mme Maafghan a futsanehileng le baphaphathehi a ikemiselitse ho tlola thibelo ea ho ba tsoma, ho tloha ka 2002. [9] Basebetsi ba lithuso ba kantle ho naha ba fihlileng toropong e kholo linomoro tse latelang ho putlama ha puso ea Ma-taliban le tsona li rekile matlalo. Linomoro tsa bona tse setseng Afghanistan li hakantsoe pakeng tsa 100 le 200 ka 2008. [10] (Leqephe le ntlafalitsoe ho tloha ka Hlakubele 2013)
[1] Col.Gregory J. Lengyel, USAF, Lefapha la Ts'ireletso Leano la Matla: Ho Ruta Ntja ea Khale Maqheka a Macha. Leano la Ts'ireletso la 21st Century. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, Phato, 2007, leq. 10.
[2] Tshireletso ea Lefatše.Org, M-1 Abrams Main Battle Tank. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m1-specs.htm
[3] Associated Press, "Lintlha ka Tšebeliso ea Mafura a Sesole," USA Today, 2 April 2008, http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-04-02-2602932101_x.htm.
[4] E qotsitswe ho Joseph Conover, Harry Husted, John MacBain, Heather McKee. Lisebelisuoa le Boikarabello ba Koloi ea Bradley e Loantšang Sesebelisoa sa Matla a Thuso ea Lisele tsa Mafura. SAE Technical Papers Series, 2004-01-1586. 2004 SAE World Congress, Detroit, Michigan, la 8 ho isa ho la 11 Hlakubele 2004. http://delphi.com/pdf/techpapers/2004-01-1586.pdf
[5] Lefapha la Lipalopalo la Machaba a Kopaneng. "Lefapha la Lipalopalo la Machaba a Kopaneng - Lipalopalo tsa Tikoloho." Karolo ea Lipalopalo tsa Machaba a Kopaneng. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envelo/Questionnaires/country_snapshots.htm.
[6] Carlotta Gall, Afghanistan e Hlasetsoeng ke Ntoa Tlokotsing ea Tikoloho, The New York Times, January 30, 2003.
[7] Enzler, SM "Litlamorao tsa ntoa tikolohong." Phekolo ea Metsi le Tlhoekiso - Lenntech. http://www.lenntech.com/enveloal-effects-war.htm.
[8] Smith, Gar. "Ke nako ea ho khutlisa Afghanistan: Litlhoko tsa ho lla tsa Afghanistan." Sengoloa sa Earth Island. http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/its_time_to_res… Noras, Sibylle. "Afghanistan." E boloka Snow Leopards. snowleopardblog.com/projects/afghanistan/.
[9] Reuters, "Basele ba sokela Afghan Snow Leopards," la 27 Phuptjane 2008. http://www.enn.com/wildlife/article/37501
[10] Kennedy, Kelly. "Mofuputsi oa Sesole sa Metsing o amahanya chefo le leroleng la libaka tsa ntoa le maloetse." USA Today, May 14, 2011. http://www.usatoday.com/news/military/2011-05-11-Iraq-Afghanistan-dust-soldiers-illnesses_n.htm.
[11] Ibid.
[12] Busby C, Hamdan M le Ariabi E. Kankere, Ho shoa ha masea le Palo ea Tsoalo-ea thobalano ho Fallujah, Iraq 2005-2009. Int.J Environ.Res. Bophelo ba Sechaba 2010, 7, 2828-2837.
[13] Ibid.
