Ka David Swanson, Mphalane 5, 2020
Excerpted ho tloha Ho siea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše
Ho hlakile hore Hitler o ne a itokisetsa ntoa nako e telele pele ae qala. Hitler o ile a etsa sesole hape Rhineland, a hokela Austria, mme a sokela Czechoslovakia. Ba boholong sesoleng sa Jeremane le "bohlale" ba rera 'momori. Empa Hitler o ile a tuma ka mohato o mong le o mong oo a o nkileng, mme khaello ea mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa bohanyetsi bo tsoang Borithane kapa Fora e ile ea makatsa le ho nyahamisa ba rerileng bofetoheli. Mmuso oa Borithane o ne o tseba merero ea 'muso' me o ne o tseba merero ea ntoa, leha ho le joalo o ile a khetha ho se tšehetse bahanyetsi ba lipolotiki ba Manazi, ho se tšehetse baetsi ba 'muso, ho se kene ntoeng, ho se tšose ho kena ntoeng, ho se thibele Jeremane, ho se ikemisetse ho emisa ho fana ka lihlomo le ho fana ka Jeremane, ho se tšehetse Kellogg-Briand Pact ka linyeoe tse kang tse tla etsahala kamora ntoa ea Nuremberg empa li ka be li etsahetse pele ho ntoa (bonyane le baqosuoa ho se tsebe lethoka lebaka la tlhaselo ea Italy ho la Ethiopia kapa la Jeremane ho la Czechoslovakia, eseng ho batla hore United States e ikopanye le Selekane sa Lichaba, eseng ho batla hore Selekane sa Lichaba se nke khato, ho se phatlalatse sechaba sa Jeremane ho ts'ehetsa ho hanyetsa ho se mabifi, ho se tlohe ba sokeloang ke polao e sehlōhō, eseng ho etsa tlhahiso ea kopano ea lefatše ea khotso kapa ho theoa ha Machaba a Kopaneng, le hore ba se ke ba ela hloko seo Soviet Union e se buang.
Soviet Union e ne e sisinya tumellano khahlanong le Jeremane, tumellano le Engelane le Fora ho sebetsa hammoho haeba e ka hlaseloa. Engelane le Fora li ne li sa thahaselle le hanyenyane. Soviet Union e ile ea leka mokhoa ona ka lilemo tse ngata mme ea ba ea kenela Selekane sa Lichaba. Le Poland e ne e sa thahaselle. Soviet Union ke eona feela naha e ileng ea etsa tlhahiso ea ho ea loanela Czechoslovakia haeba Jeremane e ka e hlasela, empa Poland - e neng e lokela ho tseba hore e tla latela tlhaselo ea Manazi - e hanne tsela ea Masoviet ho fihla Czechoslovakia. Poland, eo hamorao le eona e ileng ea hlaseloa ke Soviet Union, e kanna eaba e ne e tšaba hore masole a Soviet a ke ke a feta ho eona empa a tla lula ho eona. Le ha Winston Churchill a ne a bonahala a labalabela ho loana le Jeremane, Neville Chamberlain ha a hana feela ho sebelisana le Soviet Union kapa ho nka mohato ofe kapa ofe o mabifi kapa o se nang pefo lebitsong la Czechoslovakia, empa o hlile a laela hore Czechoslovakia e se hanyetse, mme e hlile ea fana Matlotlo a Czechoslovakian a Engelane a fetela ho Manazi. Chamberlain o bonahala a ne a le ka lehlakoreng la Manazi ho feta se neng se ka utloahala molemong oa khotso, sesosa seo lithahasello tsa khoebo tseo a neng a tloaetse ho li emela li ne li sa arolelane ka botlalo. Ka lehlakoreng la hae, Churchill o ne a rata fascism hoo bo-rahistori ba neng ba mo belaella hamorao hore o nahana ho kenya 'Musisi oa Windsor ea nang le kutloelo-bohloko joaloka' musi oa fascist England, empa ho bonahala eka maikutlo a Churchill ka lilemo tse mashome e ne e le a ntoa ea khotso.
Boemo ba boholo ba mmuso oa Borithane ho tloha ka 1919 ho fihlela ha ho phahama ha Hitler le kamora moo e ne e le ts'ehetso e sa fetoheng bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea mmuso o lokileng Jeremane. Ho ne ho tšehetsoa ka eng kapa eng e ka etsoang ho boloka makomonisi le basele ba le matla Jeremane. Tonakholo ea mehleng ea Borithane ebile e le Moetapele oa Mokha oa Liberal David Lloyd George ka la 22 Loetse, 1933, o ile a re: “Kea tseba hore ho bile le liketso tse sehlōhō Jeremane mme kaofela rea li nyatsa le ho li nyatsa. Empa naha e fetang nakong ea phetohelo e lula e ikarabella liketsahalong tse tšabehang ka lebaka la tsamaiso ea toka e ts'oeroang mona le mane ke lerabele le halefileng. ” Haeba mebuso ea Selekane e ne e ka hlōla Bonazi, Lloyd George o ile a lemosa, “bokomonisi bo fetelletseng” bo ne bo tla nka sebaka sa bona. O ile a re: "Ruri eo e ke ke ea ba sepheo sa rona."[I]
Kahoo, eo e ne e le bothata ka Bonazi: liapole tse seng kae tse mpe! Motho o tlameha ho ba le kutloisiso nakong ea phetohelo. Ntle le moo, Mabrithani a ne a khathetse ke ntoa ka mor'a WWI. Empa ntho e qabolang ke hore hang-hang qetellong ea WWI, ha ho ne ho se motho ea khathetseng ntoa ka lebaka la WWI, phetohelo e etsahetse - e nang le karolo ea eona ea liapole tse mpe tse neng li ka mamelloa ka mokhoa o moholo: phetohelo Russia. Ha phetohelo ea Russia e etsahala, United States, Borithane, Fora le balekane ba eona ba ile ba romela chelete ea pele ka 1917, mme hamorao masole ka 1918, Russia, ho ts'ehetsa lehlakore le khahlano le phetohelo ea ntoa. Ka 1920 linaha tsena tse utloisisang le tse ratang khotso li ile tsa loana Russia ka boiteko bo hlōlehileng ba ho liha 'muso oa phetohelo oa Russia. Le ha ntoa ena e etsa hore e be libuka tsa sengoloa tsa US, Marussia a tloaetse ho e hopola e le qaleho ea lilemo tse fetang lekholo tsa bohanyetsi le bora bo phehellang bo tsoang United States le Europe Bophirimela, selekane nakong ea WWII.
Ka 1932, Mok'hadinale Pacelli, eo ka 1939 e neng e tla ba Mopapa Pius XII, o ile a ngolla Zentrum kapa Center Party, mokha oa boraro o moholo oa lipolotiki Jeremane. Mok'hadinale o ne a tšoenyehile ka kholo e ka bang teng ea bokomonisi Jeremane, mme a eletsa Center Party ho thusa ho etsa chancellor ea Hitler. Ho tloha ka nako eo ho ea pele Zentrum a tšehetsa Hitler.[Ii]
Mopresidente Herbert Hoover, ea lahlehetsoeng ke oli ea Russia phetohelong ea Russia, o ne a lumela hore Soviet Union e hloka ho silakanngoa.[Iii]
'Musisi oa Windsor, eo e neng e le Morena oa Engelane ka 1936 ho fihlela a itokolla ho nyala Wallis Simpson ea nyetsoeng pele ho tloha Baltimore, o ile a noa tee le Hitler sebakeng sa phomolo sa Hitler sa Bavaria ka 1937. Duke le li-Duchess ba ile ba etela lifeme tsa Jeremane tse neng li etsa libetsa ho ho itokisetsa WWII, le "ho hlahloba" mabotho a Manazi. Ba jele le Goebbels, Göring, Speer le Letona la Litaba tsa Kantle ho Naha Joachim von Ribbentrop. Ka 1966, 'Musisi o ile a hopola hore, “[Hitler] o ile a etsa hore ke elelloe hore Russia e Khubelu ke lona feela sera, le hore Great Britain le Europe eohle li na le tjantjello ea ho khothaletsa Jeremane ho futuhela bochabela le ho felisa bokomonisi hanghang. . . . . Ke ne ke nahana hore le rona re tla khona ho shebella ha Manazi le Bofubelu ba loantšana. ”[Iv]
Na "ho khahlisa" ke kahlolo e nepahetseng bakeng sa batho ba chesehelang ho fetoha bashebelli ho bolaea batho ba bangata?[V]
Ho na le lekunutu le lenyane le ipatileng WWII, ntoa e litšila hoo u ke keng ua nahana hore e ka ba le lekunutu le lenyane le litšila, empa ke ena: sera se hloahloa sa Bophirima pele, nakong le kamora ntoa e ne e le tšokelo ea bokomonisi ea Russia . Seo Chamberlain a neng a le sona kamora Munich e ne e se khotso feela lipakeng tsa Jeremane le England, empa hape le ntoa lipakeng tsa Jeremane le Soviet Union. E ne e le sepheo se selelele, sepheo se hlakileng, le sepheo seo qetellong se ileng sa fihlelleha. Masoviet a ile a leka ho etsa selekane le Borithane le Fora empa a khutlisoa. Stalin o ne a batla mabotho a Soviet ho la Poland, ao Borithane le Fora (le Poland) ba neng ba sa li amohele. Kahoo, Soviet Union e saenetse tumellano ea ho se be mabifi le Jeremane, eseng selekane sa ho kenella ntoeng le Jeremane, empa tumellano ea ho se hlaselane, le tumellano ea ho arola Europe Bochabela. Empa, ehlile, Jeremane e ne e sa ikemisetsa. Hitler o ne a mpa a batla ho sala a le mong ho hlasela Poland. Mme ka hona a ba joalo. Ho sa le joalo, Masoviet a ile a leka ho iketsetsa moferefere le ho holisa mmuso oa bona ka ho hlasela linaha tsa Baltic, Finland le Poland.
Toro ea Bophirimela ea ho theola bokomonisi ba Russia, le ho sebelisa maphelo a Majeremane ho e etsa, e ile ea bonahala e atamela haufi le ho feta. Ho tloha ka Loetse 1939 ho fihlela Mots'eanong oa 1940, Fora le Engelane li ne li le ntoeng ka molao le Jeremane, empa li sa loane haholo. Nako ena e tsejoa ke bo-rahistori e le "Ntoa ea Phoney." Ebile, Borithane le Fora li ne li emetse hore Jeremane e hlasele Soviet Union, e ileng ea e etsa, empa feela kamora ho hlasela Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, France le England. Jeremane e ile ea loana le WWII ka mahlakore a mabeli, bophirimela le bochabela, empa haholo-holo bochabela. Ba bang ba 80% ba mahlatsipa a Majeremane ba ne ba le ka pele bochabela. Marussia a lahlile, ho latela lipalo tsa Russia, maphelo a limilione tse 27.[vi] Tšokelo ea bokomonisi leha ho le joalo e ile ea pholoha.
Ha Jeremane e hlasela Soviet Union ka 1941, Senatorator oa United States Robert Taft o ile a hlahisa maikutlo a neng a tšoeroe ka lehlakoreng la lipolotiki le ke baahi le liofisiri sesoleng sa US ha a re Joseph Stalin ke "mohatelli ea sehloho ka ho fetesisa lefats'eng," mme a re seo “Tlholo ea bokomonisi. . . e ka ba kotsi ho feta tlholo ea bofasista. ”[vii]
Senatorator Harry S Truman o nkile se ka bitsoang pono e leka-lekaneng, leha a sa leka-lekana hakaalo lipakeng tsa bophelo le lefu: "Haeba re bona hore Jeremane e ea hlola re lokela ho thusa Russia mme haeba Russia e hlola re lokela ho thusa Jeremane, mme ka tsela eo re lumelle li bolaea ba bangata kamoo ho ka khonehang, le hoja ke sa batle ho bona Hitler a hlōla maemong afe kapa afe. ”[viii]
Tumellanong le maikutlo a Truman, ha Jeremane e ne e kenella ka potlako Soviet Union, Mopresidente Roosevelt o ile a etsa tlhahiso ea ho romella thuso ho Soviet Union, ka lebaka la tlhahiso eo a ileng a ahloloa hampe ke ba neng ba le ka lehlakoreng la lipolotiki tsa US, le khanyetso e tsoang ho mmuso oa Amerika.[ix] United States e ts'episitse thuso ho Masoviet, empa likarolo tse tharo tsa eona - bonyane mothating ona - ha lia ka tsa fihla.[x] Masoviet a ne a senya sesole sa Manazi ho feta lichaba tse ling kaofela, empa a loana ka thata. Sebakeng sa thuso e ts'episitsoeng, Soviet Union e ile ea kopa tumello ea ho boloka, kamora ntoa, libaka tseo e neng e li hapile Europe Bochabela. Brithani e ile ea phehella United States hore e lumellane, empa United States, hajoale e hanne.[xi]
Sebakeng sa thuso e ts'episitsoeng kapa tumello ea libaka, Stalin o ile a etsa kopo ea boraro ea Borithane ka Loetse 1941. E ne e le ena: loana ntoa e bohloko! Stalin o ne a batla hore ntoa ea bobeli e buloe khahlanong le Manazi ka bophirima, tlhaselo ea Borithane ea Fora, kapa mabotho a Borithane a rometsoeng ho ea thusa ka bochabela. Masoviet a ile a haneloa ka thuso efe kapa efe, mme ba toloka ho hana hona e le takatso ea ho ba bona ba fokola. Mme ba ne ba fokola; leha ho le joalo ba ile ba hlōla. Hoetla ka 1941 le mariha a latelang, Sesole sa Soviet se ile sa fetohela leqhubu khahlanong le Manazi kantle ho Moscow. Ho hloloa ha Jeremane ho qalile pele United States le eona e kenella ntoeng, le pele ho tlhaselo efe kapa efe ea bophirima ea Fora.[xii]
Tlhaselo eo e ne e le nako e telele, e telele ho tla. Ka Mots'eanong oa 1942 Letona la Litaba tsa Kantle ho Naha la Soviet Vyacheslav Molotov o ile a kopana le Roosevelt Washington, mme ba phatlalatsa merero ea ho buloa ha karolo e ka bophirima lehlabuleng leo. Empa ho ne ho sa lokela ho ba joalo. Churchill o ile a susumetsa Roosevelt hore ho fapana le moo a futuhele Afrika Leboea le Middle East moo Manazi a neng a sokela lithahasello tsa bokoloniale le oli tsa Borithane.
Ho makatsang ke hore lehlabuleng la 1942, ntoa ea Soviet khahlanong le Manazi e ile ea fumana phatlalatso e ntle joalo mecheng ea litaba United States, hoo bongata bo matla bo ileng ba amohela ho buloa ha ntoa ea bobeli ea Amerika le Borithane hanghang. Likoloi tsa Amerika li ne li e-na le lithutara tse ngata tse neng li bala "Second Front Hona Joale." Empa mebuso ea Amerika le ea Borithane e hlokomolohile tlhoko eo. Ka nako eo, Masoviet a ile a lula a sutumetsa Manazi.[xiii]
Haeba u ithutile ka WWII lifiliming tsa Hollywood le moetlo o tummeng oa Amerika, u ka be u sa tsebe hore boholo ba ntoa e khahlano le Manazi e entsoe ke Masoviet, hore haeba ntoa e ne e na le mohapi ea hloahloa ruri e ne e le Soviet Union. Hape u ne u ke ke ua tseba hore palo e kholo ea Bajude e ile ea pholoha hobane ba ile ba fallela ka bochabela ka har'a Soviet Union pele ho WWII kapa ba baleha bochabela kahare ho Soviet Union ha Manazi a hlasela. Ka 1943, ka litšenyehelo tse kholo mahlakore ka bobeli, Marussia a ile a sutumetsa Majeremane ho leba Jeremane, a ntse a sena thuso e matla ho tsoa bophirima. Ka Pherekhong 1943, Tehran, Roosevelt le Churchill ba ts'episitse Stalin tlhaselo ea Fora selemong se latelang, mme Stalin o ts'episitse ho loana le Japane hang ha Jeremane e hloloa. Empa, mabotho a Selekane a ile a fihla Normandy ho fihlela ka la 6 Phuptjane, 1944. Ka nako eo, Masoviet a ne a se a hapile boholo ba Europe Bohareng. United States le Borithane ba ne ba thabetse Masoviet ho bolaea le ho shoa ka lilemo tse ngata, empa a sa batle hore Masoviet a fihle Berlin le ho phatlalatsa tlholo a le mong.
Lichaba tse tharo li lumellane hore boinehelo bohle bo tlameha ho ba bo felletseng mme bo tlameha ho etsoa ho bona ba bararo hammoho. Leha ho le joalo, Italy, Greece, Fora, le libakeng tse ling United States le Borithane li ile tsa khaola Russia hoo e batlang e le ka ho felletseng, ea thibela makomonisi, ea koalla bahanyetsi ba letsohong le letšehali ho Manazi, mme ea boela ea beha mebuso e lokileng eo ka mohlala, Mataliana a neng a e bitsa "bosholu ntle Mussolini. ”[xiv] Kamora ntoa, lilemong tsa bo-1950, United States, ho “Operation Gladio,” e ne e tla "siea" lihloela le likhukhuni le masabole linaheng tse fapaneng tsa Europe ho itšireletsa tšusumetsong efe kapa efe ea bokomonisi.
Qalong e neng e reretsoe letsatsi la pele la kopano ea Roosevelt le Churchill le Stalin Yalta, US le Borithane li ile tsa hlasela toropo ea Dresden, tsa senya meaho ea eona le litšoantšo tsa eona le baahi ba eona, ho bonahala e le mokhoa oa ho sokela Russia.[xv] Joale United States e ile ea theha le ho sebelisa metseng ea Japane libomo tsa nyutlelie, qeto e neng e susumetsoa ke karolo ea takatso ea ho bona Japane e inehela ho United States feela, ntle le Soviet Union le takatso ea ho sokela Soviet Union.[xvi]
Hang-hang ha Jeremane e inehela, Winston Churchill o ile a etsa tlhahiso ea ho sebelisa mabotho a Manazi hammoho le mabotho a kopaneng ho hlasela Soviet Union, sechaba se neng se sa tsoa etsa mosebetsi o mongata oa ho hlola Manazi.[xvii] Ena e ne e se tlhahiso ea kantle ho cuff. US le Borithane ba ne ba batlile le ho fihlella boinehelo bo sa lekanyetsoang ba Majeremane, ba ne ba bolokile mabotho a Jeremane a hlometse a bile a itokisitse, mme ba hlalositse balaoli ba Majeremane ka lithuto tseo ba ithutileng tsona ho hloleha ha bona khahlanong le Marussia. Ho hlasela Marussia pejana ho moo e ne e le mohopolo o buelletsoeng ke General George Patton, le ke Admiral Karl Donitz ea nkang sebaka sa Hitler, re sa bue ka Allen Dulles le OSS. Dulles o ile a etsa khotso e arohaneng le Jeremane Italy ho felisa Marussia, mme a qala ho senya demokrasi Europe hanghang le ho matlafatsa Manazi a mehleng a Jeremane, le ho ba kenya sesoleng sa US ho tsepamisa maikutlo ntoeng khahlanong le Russia.[xviii]
Ha mabotho a US le Soviet a qala ho kopana Jeremane, ba ne ba e-s'o bolelloe hore ba ntoeng. Empa kelellong ea Winston Churchill ba ne ba le joalo. Ha a khone ho qala ntoa e chesang, eena le Truman le ba bang ba ile ba qala e batang. United States e ile ea sebetsa ho netefatsa hore lik'hamphani tsa Jeremane Bophirima li tla aha bocha ka potlako empa li sa lefe litefo tsa ntoa tse kolotiloeng ke Soviet Union. Ha Masoviet a ne a ikemiselitse ho ikhula linaheng tse kang Finland, tlhoko ea bona ea ho batla moferefere lipakeng tsa Russia le Europe e ile ea thatafala ha Ntoa ea Mantsoe e ntse e hola mme e kenyelletsa "dipuisano tsa nyutlelie" tsa oxymoronic. Ntoa ea Cold e ne e le tsoelo-pele e soabisang, empa e kanna ea ba mpe le ho feta. Le ha e ne e le eona feela e nang le libetsa tsa nyutlelie, mmuso oa Amerika, o etelletsoeng pele ke Truman, o ile oa etsa meralo ea ntoa e mabifi ea nyutlelie ho Soviet Union, mme ea qala ho hlahisa le ho bokella libetsa tsa nyutlelie le B-29 ho li tlisa. Pele libomo tsa nyutlelie tse 300 li lakatsa, bo-rasaense ba Amerika ka lekunutu ba ile ba fa Soviet Union liphiri tsa bomo - mohato o kanna oa fihlela seo bo-rasaense ba itseng ba se rerile, ho emisa polao ea batho ba bangata ka seteraeke.[xix] Bo-rasaense kajeno ba tseba ho hongata ka litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa ho liha libomo tsa nyutlelie tse 300, tse kenyeletsang mariha a nyutlelie lefatšeng ka bophara le tlala ea batho ba bangata.
Lehloeo, libetsa tsa nyutlelie, litokisetso tsa ntoa, mabotho a Jeremane, li ntse li le teng, 'me joale li na le libetsa Europe Bochabela ho fihla moeling oa Russia. Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše e ne e le tšenyo e makatsang ka mokhoa o makatsang, leha ho bile le karolo eo e e phethiloeng ke Soviet Union ha ea ka ea baka tšenyo e kaalo kapa ea senya maikutlo a khahlano le Soviet ho Washington. Ho timetsoa ha Soviet Union hamorao le ho felisoa ha bokomonisi ho bile le phello e tšoanang ho bora bo metseng ka metso le bo ruisang Russia.
Excerpted ho tloha Ho siea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše.
Koetliso ea libeke tse tšeletseng inthaneteng ka taba ena e qala kajeno.
o re:
[I] FRASER, “Taba e felletseng ea Tlaleho ea Khoebo le Chelete: Loetse 30, 1933, Moq. 137, No. 3562, ”https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/commercial-financial-chronicle-1339/september-30-1933-518572/fulltext
[Ii] Nicholson Baker, Mosi oa Batho: Qaleho ea Pheletso ea Tsoelo-pele. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, leq. 32.
[Iii] Charles Higham, Khoebo le Sera: Ho Pepesoa ha Morero oa Chelete oa Bonazi le Amerika 1933-1949 (Dell Publishing Co, 1983) leq. EA-152-TL
[Iv] MONGOLI OA TSOANG PELE: Jacques R. Pauwels, Khopolo-taba ea Ntoa e Ntle: Amerika Lefatšeng la Bobeli Ntoa (James Lorimer & Company Ltd. 2015, 2002) p. 45.
[V] The New York Times e na le leqephe le mabapi le ho ipiletsa ha Manazi le maikutlo a babali a bontšitsoeng ruri tlasa eona (ha ho litlhahiso tse ling tse lumelletsoeng) tse bolelang hore thuto ha ea ka ea ithutoa hobane Vladimir Putin o ile a ipiletsa Crimea ka 2014. Taba ea hore batho ba Crimea ba ile ba vouta haholo ho khutlela Russia Lebaka le leng ke hore ba ne ba sokeloa ke Manazi-macha, ha ho boleloe kae kapa kae: https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/30/sept-30-1938-hitler-granted-the-sudentenland-by-britain-france-and-italy
[vi] Wikipedia, "Likotsi tsa Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties
[vii] John Moser, Ashbrook, Ashland University, "Melao-motheo e se nang Lenaneo: Senator Robert A. Taft le Leano la Litaba tsa Kantle ho Amerika," Loetse 1, 2001, https://ashbrook.org/publications/dialogue-moser/#12
[viii] Makasine ea Nako, "Litaba tsa Naha: Sehopotso sa Sehopotso," Mantaha oa la 02 Phupu 1951, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,815031,00.html
[ix] Oliver Stone le Peter Kuznick, Nalane e sa tsejoeng ea United States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), leq. EA-96-TL
[x] Oliver Stone le Peter Kuznick, Nalane e sa tsejoeng ea United States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), maq. 97, 102.
[xi] Oliver Stone le Peter Kuznick, Nalane e sa tsejoeng ea United States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), leq. EA-102-TL
[xii] Oliver Stone le Peter Kuznick, Nalane e sa tsejoeng ea United States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), leq. EA-103-TL
[xiii] Oliver Stone le Peter Kuznick, Nalane e sa tsejoeng ea United States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), maq. 104-108.
[xiv] Gaetano Salvamini le Giorgio La Piana, La sorte dell'Italia (1945).
[xv] Brett Wilkins, Litoro tse Tloaelehileng, "Libata le Libomo: Ha re nahana ka Dresden, Hlakola 1945," la 10 Hlakola 2020, https://www.commondreams.org/views/2020/02/10/beasts-and-bombings-reflecting-dresden-february- 1945
[xvi] Bona Khaolo ea 14 ea Ho siea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše.
[xvii] Max Hastings, Lengolo le Leng le le Leng, "Ts'ebetso e ke keng ea nahanoa: Kamoo Churchill a neng a batla ho thaotha masole a Nazi a hlotseng le ho leleka Russia ho tsoa Europe Bochabela," Phato 26, 2009, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1209041/Operation-unthinkable-How- Churchill-o batla-ho hira-hloloa-mabotho a Manazi-a khanna Russia-Bochabela-Europe.html
[xviii] David Talbot, The Devil's Chess Board: Allen Dulles, CIA, le Rise of America's Secret Government, (New York: HarperCollins, 2015).
[xix] Dave Lindorff, "Rethinking Manhattan Project Spies le Cold War, MAD - le lilemo tse 75 tsa ntoa ea nyutlelie - eo boiteko ba bona bo re fileng eona," Phato 1, 2020, https://thiscantbehappening.net/rethinking-manhattan-project- lihloela-le-ntoa-e-batang-ea-bohlanya-le-lilemo tse 75 tsa ntoa ea nyutlelie-hore-boiteko ba bona-bo re file mpho
