Nalane e Telele ea Salute ea Manazi le USA

Ka David Swanson, Mphalane 1, 2020

Haeba u batlana le litšoantšo tsa "salute ea Bonazi" webosaeteng u fumana linepe tsa khale tse tsoang Jeremane le linepe tsa morao-rao tse tsoang United States. Empa haeba u batla litšoantšo tsa "salute ea Bellamy" u fumana linepe tse se nang palo tse ntšo le tse tšoeu tsa bana ba US le batho ba baholo ka matsoho a bona a matona a phahamisitsoeng ka thata ka pela bona ho se tla tuma batho ba bangata joalo ka salute ea Manazi. Ho tloha mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1890 ho fihlela ka 1942 United States e ile ea sebelisa salute ea Bellamy ho tsamaisana le mantsoe a ngotsoeng ke Francis Bellamy mme a tsejoa e le Pledge of Allegiance. Ka 1942, Congress ea Amerika e laetse MaAmerika ho e-na le hoo ho beha matsoho lipelong tsa bona ha ba ikana hore ba tla tšepahalla folakha, hore ba se ke ba fosoa ke Manazi.[I]

Setšoantšo sa Jacques-Louis David sa 1784 Kano ea Horatii ho lumeloa hore e qalile feshene e nkileng makholo a lilemo ea ho bontša Baroma ba mehleng ea khale e le sesupo se ts'oanang hantle le tumeliso ea Bellamy kapa Manazi.[Ii]

Tlhahiso ea sethala sa US ea Ben Hur, 'me phetolelo ea filimi ea 1907 e tšoanang, e sebelisitse boitšisinyo bona. Ba e sebelisang lipapaling tse makatsang tsa Amerika tsa nako eo ba ka be ba ile ba tseba salute ea Bellamy le moetlo oa ho bontša "salute ea Roma" lithutong tsa neoclassical. Ho ea kamoo re tsebang, "salute ea Roma" ha ho mohla e kileng ea sebelisoa ke Baroma ba khale.

Ehlile, ke salute e bonolo haholo, ha ho thata ho e nahana; ho na le lintho tse ngata haholo tseo batho ba ka li etsang ka matsoho a bona. Empa ha bahatelli ba Mataliana ba e nka, e ne e sa ka ea pholoha Roma ea khale ebile e ne e sa tsoa qaptjoa. E ne e bonoe ho Ben Hur, le lifiliming tse 'maloa tsa Mataliana tse behiloeng mehleng ea khale, ho kenyeletsoa Cabiria (1914), e ngotsoeng ke Gabriele D'Annunzio.

Ho tloha ka 1919 ho isa ho 1920 D'Annunzio o ile a iketsa mohatelli oa ho hong ho bitsoang Regency ea Italy ea Carnaro, e neng e le boholo ba toropo e nyane. O thehile litloaelo tse ngata tseo haufinyane Mussolini a neng a tla li tšoanela, ho kenyelletsa mmuso oa koporasi, litloaelo tsa sechaba, likhukhuni tse nang le marikhoe a batsho, lipuo tsa mathule, le "salute ea Roma," eo a ka beng a e bone ho Cabiria.

Ka 1923, Manazi a ne a nkile salute ea ho lumelisa Hitler, mohlomong ba etsisa Mataliana. Ka mekhatlo ea bo-fascist ea bo-1930 linaheng tse ling le mebuso e fapaneng lefats'eng ka bophara e ile ea e nka. Hitler ka boeena o phetile semelo sa mehleng ea khale sa Majeremane bakeng sa salute, eo, kamoo re tsebang, ha e sa le 'nete hore tšimoloho ea Roma ea khale kapa halofo ea lintho tse tsoang molomong oa Donald Trump.[Iii] Ka sebele Hitler o ne a tseba ts'ebeliso ea Mussolini ea salute mme o ne a tseba le ts'ebeliso ea Amerika. Hore na khokahano ea Amerika e ne e mo amohetse kapa e sa lumele, ho bonahala e sa mo nyahamise ho amohela salute.

Lumeliso ea semmuso ea Liolimpiki le eona e ts'oana haholo le tsena tse ling, leha e sa sebelisoe hangata hobane batho ha ba batle ho shebahala joalo ka Manazi. E ne e sebelisoa haholo lipapaling tsa Liolimpiki tsa Berlin tse 1936, 'me e ne e ferekanya batho ba bangata ka nako eo le haesale hore na ke mang ea lumelisang Liolimpiki le hore na ke mang ea lumelisang Hitler. Li-posters tsa Liolimpiki tsa 1924 li bonts'a salute ka letsoho le batlang le eme hantle. Setšoantšo sa Liolimpiki tsa 1920 se bontša salute e batlang e fapane.

Ho bonahala eka batho ba 'maloa ba ne ba na le mohopolo o tšoanang ka nako e le' ngoe, mohlomong ba susumetsoa ke ba bang. Mme ho bonahala eka Hitler o file mohopolo ona lebitso le lebe, a lebisa ho motho e mong le e mong ho o lahla, ho o fetola, kapa ho o nyenyefatsa ho tloha ka nako eo ho ea pele.

Ho etsa phapang efe? Hitler a ka be a qalile salute eo kantle ho United States. Kapa haeba a ne a ke ke a khona, a ka be a ile a theha salute e 'ngoe e neng e ka se be molemo kapa e mpe ho feta. Ehlile ho joalo. Empa bothata ha se moo letsoho le behoang teng. Bothata ke moetlo o tlamang oa sesole le kutlo e sa boneng, ea bohlanka.

Ho ne ho hlokahala ka tieo Jeremane ea Bonazi ho lumelisa, ho tsamaea le mantsoe a reng, Tlotlisang Hitler! kapa Tlholo ea Sefako! Hape ho ne ho hlokahala ha Pina ea Sechaba kapa Pina ea Mokha oa Manazi e bapaloa. Pina ea sechaba e ne e keteka bophahamo ba Jeremane, machismo le ntoa.[Iv] Pina ea Manazi e ne e keteka lifolakha, Hitler le ntoa.[V]

Ha Francis Bellamy a theha boitlamo ba boitlamo, e ile ea hlahisoa e le karolo ea lenaneo la likolo tse kopantseng bolumeli, lerato la naha, lifolakha, kutlo, moetlo, ntoa, le liqubu le liqubu tsa khethollo.[vi]

Ehlile, mofuta oa boitlamo oa hajoale o fapane hanyane le hodimo mme o baleha tjena: “Ke itlama ho tšepahalla Folakha ea United States of America, le ho Rephabliki eo e emeng ho eona, Sechaba se le seng se tlas'a Molimo, se sa arohaneng, ka tokoloho le toka bakeng sa bohle. ”[vii]

Bochaba, sesole, bolumeli, boikhethelo, le kano ea moetlo ea ho ts'epahalla lesela: hona ke motsoako. Ho beha bana baneng e tlameha ho ba e 'ngoe ea litsela tse mpe ka ho fetesisa tsa ho ba lokisetsa ho hanyetsa bosholu. Ha u se u ikanne hore u tla tšepahalla folakha, u tla etsa joang ha motho e mong a tsoka folakha mme a hooa a re basele ba khopo ba hloka ho bolaoa? Khafetsa ke mololi oa 'muso oa Amerika kapa' muelli oa ntoa oa ntoa ea sa batleng ho u joetsa hore na ba sebelisitse nako e kae ba leka ho ikamoha lerato la bona lohle le kenngoeng ho bona e le bana.

Batho ba bang ba etelang United States ba tsoa linaheng tse ling ba maketse ha ba bona bana ba eme, ba sebelisa salute e fetotsoeng ea matsoho, mme ba pheta kano ea botšepehi ho "sechaba se tlas'a Molimo." Ho bonahala eka phetoho ea boemo ba letsoho ha e ea atleha ho ba thibela ho shebahala joalo ka Manazi.[viii]

Tumeliso ea Manazi ha ea tlohelloa feela Jeremane; e thibetsoe. Le ha ka linako tse ling lifolakha le lipina tsa Manazi li ka fumanoa likopanong tsa khethollo ea morabe United States, li hanetsoe Jeremane, moo ka linako tse ling Manazi a Manazi a phahamisang folakha ea Confederate States of America e le mokhoa oa molao oa ho hlahisa ntlha e tšoanang.

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Excerpted ho tloha Ho siea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše.

Bekeng e tlang thupelo ea inthanete e qala ka sehlooho sa ho siea WWII morao:

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[I] Erin Blakemore, Makasine ea Smithsonian, "Melao e mabapi le ho bua le folakha ea Amerika e ile ea hlaha hobane ha ho motho ea neng a batla ho shebahala joalo ka Manazi," Phato 12, 2016, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/rules-about-how-to- aterese-rona-folakha-e hlahile-hobane-ha ho na motho ea neng a batla ho shebahala joaloka-nazi-180960100

[Ii] Jessie Guy-Ryan, Atlas Obscura, “Kamoo Tumeliso ea Manazi e Ileng ea Fetoha Ketso e Khopisang ka ho Fetisisa Lefatšeng: Hitler o qapile metso ea Jeremane bakeng sa tumeliso-empa nalane ea eona e ne e se e tletse bomenemene,” la 12 Hlakubele 2016, https: //www.atlasobscura .com / articles / ketso-ea-salute-ea-lefatše-e ileng ea khopisa ka ho fetesisa

[Iii] Puo ea Hitler: 1941-1944 (New York: Libuka tsa Enigma, 2000), https://www.nationalists.org/pdf/hitler/hitlers-table-talk-roper.pdf  leqephe la 179

[Iv] Wikipedia, "Deutschlandlied," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandlied

[V] Wikipedia, "Horst-Wessel-Lied," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied

[vi] Motsoalle oa Bacha, 65 (1892): 446–447. E hatisitsoe hape ka Scot M. Guenter, Folakha ea Amerika, 1777-1924: Litloaelo tsa Setso (Cranbury, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson Press, 1990). Ho qotsitsoe ke Litaba tsa Nalane: Khosi ea Patlisiso ea Amerika ho Webosaete, Univesithi ea George Mason, "'Naha e le' Ngoe! Puo e le 'Ngoe! Folakha e le 'Ngoe!' Tlhahiso ea Tloaelo ea Amerika, "http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5762

[vii] Khoutu ea US, Sehlooho 4, Khaolo ea 1, Karolo ea 4, https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title4/chapter1&edition=prelim

[viii] “Lethathamo la linaha tsohle moo bana ba itlamang ho tšepahalla folakha khafetsa le ka ba khutšoanyane haholo, 'me ha le kenyeletse linaha tse ruileng tsa Bophirimela ntle le United States. Ha linaha tse ling li hlapanya ho lichaba (Singapore) kapa bahatelli (Korea Leboea), nka fumana naha e le 'ngoe ntle le United States moo mang kapa mang a reng bana ba lula ba itlama ho tšepahalla folakha: Mexico. Mme ke tseba linaha tse ling tse peli tse nang le boitlamo ba ho ts'epahalla folakha, leha ho bonahala e le hore ha e e sebelise khafetsa joalo ka United States. Ka bobeli ke linaha tse tlas'a tšusumetso e matla ea Amerika, 'me maemong ka bobeli boitlamo bo batla bo le bocha. Philippines e bile le boitlamo ba botšepehi ho tloha ka 1996, le Korea Boroa ho tloha ka 1972, empa boitlamo ba eona ba hona joale ho tloha ka 2007. ” Ho tsoa ho David Swanson, Ho folisa mokhelo: Ke eng se phoso ka tsela eo re nahanang ka eona ka United States? Re ka Etsa'ng ka Hona? (David Swanson, 2018).