Ho Koaheloa ha Sesole le Botho ho Atolosa Libaka tsa Pefo.

By Setsebi ea Khotso e Cheka, June 24, 2022

Tlhahlobo ena e akaretsa le ho bonahatsa lipatlisiso tse latelang: McCormack, K., & Gilbert, E. (2022). The geopolitics of militarism and humanitarianism. Tsoelo-pele ho Geography ea Batho, 46 (1), 179-197. https://doi.org/10.1177/03091325211032267

Lintlha tsa Puo

• Masole le liphallelo, haholo-holo thuso ea botho ea Bophirimela, li hlahisa le ho lokafatsa pefo ea lipolotiki libakeng tse fapaneng le litekanyong tse fapaneng tse fetang ka nģ'ane ho libaka tse nang le likhohlano kapa libaka tsa ntoa.
• "Maiteko a liphallelo a atisa ho ba teng, 'me ka linako tse ling a sebetsa hammoho le lebotho la sesole la setso," 'me kahoo a atolosa libaka tsa ntoa ka ho fetela ho "libaka tsa lehae le tsa malapeng tseo hangata li ke keng tsa fihleloa ke sesole."
• Bosole le liphallelo li sebetsa ka kutloano libakeng tse kang “ntoa le khotso; kaho le ntshetsopele; ho kenyeletswa le ho qhelela ka thoko; [le] kotsi le tšireletso”

Litlhahiso tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa ho Itloaetsa ho Tsebisa

• Maikutlo a bocha a ho aha khotso le botho a tlameha ho kenyelletsa ho felisa maikutlo a khethollo ea morabe le sesole, ho seng joalo boiteko bona bo ke ke ba haelloa ke merero ea bona ea nako e telele ea phetoho empa ka mafolofolo ba ts'ehetsa tsamaiso e senyang. Tsela e eang pele ke lenaneo la khotso le se nang bokoloni, la basali, le khahlanong le khethollo ea morabe.

Summary

Mathata a botho le likhohlano tse mabifi li etsahala sebakeng se hokahaneng, se nang le mahlakore a mangata. Batšoantšisi ba liphallelo ka tloaelo ba filoe mosebetsi oa ho fana ka thuso ea thepa le thepa ho batho ba hlokang thuso. Liketso tseo tsa ho pholosa bophelo le ho fokotsa mahlomola ka lebaka la likoluoa ​​li etsahala tlas'a taelo ea botho ea ho se nke lehlakore. Killian McCormack le Emily Gilbert ba phephetsa mohopolo oa hore botho ke boikitlaetso ba ho se nke lehlakore 'me ho e-na le hoo, sepheo sa bona ke ho senola "libaka tse mabifi tse hlahisoang ka liphallelo tsa sesole." Ka ho eketsa lense ea libaka, bangoli ba bontša kamoo ntoa le liphallelo, haholo-holo tsa Botho tsa Bophirima, li hlahisa le ho lokafatsa pefo ea lipolotiki libakeng tse fapaneng le litekanyong tse fapaneng tse fetelang ho feta libaka tse thehiloeng likhohlanong kapa mabaleng a ntoa.

Humanitarianism e “tsahetse ho batho bao ho nahanoang hore ke batho ba bokahohleng, ba theiloeng pokellong ea litloaelo tsa thuso le tlhokomelo tse susumetsoang ke takatso ea ho se nke lehlakore ea ho ‘etsa se molemo’ le qenehelo ea bopolotiki bakeng sa mahlomola a ba bang.”

Sesole "Hase feela ka sesole, empa ho tloaeleha le ho tloaeleha ha likhohlano le ntoa ka har'a sechaba, ka litsela tse senyang tsamaiso ea lipolotiki, ho nkoa ka litekanyetso le mekhoa ea boitšoaro le ho fetela ho seo ka tloaelo se nkoang e le libaka tsa sechaba."

Ho hlahisa matla a sebaka sa ho kopana ha botho le sesole sehloohong sena sa theory, bangoli ba phehella mela e mehlano ea lipatlisiso. Taba ea pele, ba hlahloba hore na thuso ea botho e laola ntoa le likhohlano joang. Ka mohlala, Molao oa Machaba oa Thuso ea Botho (IHL), o bonahala o fokotsa liphello tsa ntoa tse thehiloeng menahanong e akaretsang ea boitšoaro e hlokang tšireletso ea bao e seng bahlabani. Leha ho le joalo, bonneteng, likamano tse sa leka-lekaneng tsa matla a lefatše li etsa qeto ea hore na “ke mang ea ka pholosoang le hore na ke mang ea ka pholosang.” IHL e boetse e nka hore melao-motheo ea "tekanyo" mabapi le hore na ntoa e loanoa joang kapa "phapang" lipakeng tsa baahi le bahlabani e etsa hore ntoa e be ea botho le ho feta, athe ha e le hantle tsena li tiisa lefu le itseng libakeng tse itseng tse ipapisitseng le likamano tsa matla tsa bokolone le tsa capitalist. Joale mekhoa ea liphallelo e hlahisa mefuta e mecha ea pefo ka ho fetola litaba tsa sechaba le tsa lipolotiki tse amanang le libaka tse kang meeli, lichankana, kapa likampo tsa baphaphathehi litaba tsa tšireletso.

Ea bobeli, bangoli ba hlahloba hore na ho kenella ha sesole ho hlalosoa joang e le lintoa tsa botho. E hlalositsoe ho molao-motheo oa Boikarabello ba ho Sireletsa (R2P), litšebetso tsa sesole li na le mabaka a utloahalang ho sireletsa baahi ho tsoa 'musong oa bona. Ho kenella ha sesole le lintoa ka lebitso la botho ke meaho ea Bophirima e ipapisitseng le matla a naha ea Bophirima le a lipolotiki ho feta linaha tseo e seng tsa Bophirima (haholo-holo linaha tse ngata tsa Mamoseleme). Boikemisetso ba sesole sa botho ke oxymoron ka hore baahi ba bolaoe ka boikaketsi ba ho sireletsa bophelo. Libaka tsa pefo li atoloselitsoe likamanong tsa bong (mohlala, mohopolo oa ho lokolla basali pusong ea Taliban naheng ea Afghanistan) kapa ho itšetleha ka thuso ea botho ho bakoang ke likoluoa ​​​​tsa botho tse bakiloeng ke ntoa (mohlala, ho thibella Gaza).

Ntlha ea boraro, bangoli ba buisana ka hore na mabotho a sesole a sebelisoa joang ho sebetsana le likoluoa ​​​​tsa batho 'me kahoo a fetole libaka tsa liketso tsa botho hore e be libaka tsa tšireletso. Mabotho a sesole a atisa ho fana ka ts'ehetso ea lisebelisoa bakeng sa mefuta e fapaneng ea likoluoa ​​​​(mohlala, ho qhoma ha mafu, ho falla ha batho, likoluoa ​​​​tsa tikoloho), ka linako tse ling pele ho ts'epo, e bakang ts'ireletso ea indasteri ea lithuso (bona hape Setsebi ea Khotso e Cheka Sehlooho se Lik'hamphani tse Ikemetseng le tsa Tšireletso ea Sesole li Senya Boiteko ba ho Aha Khotso) le litsela tsa ho falla. Sebopeho sa bokolone sa Bophirimela sa taolo le ho qheleloa ka thoko sea hlokomeleha ha ho tluoa tabeng ea "ts'ireletso" ea bafalli le baphaphathehi bao "ka bobeli e leng bafo ba lokelang ho pholosoa, le ba thibeloang ho tsamaea."

Ea bone, puisanong ea bona ea mekhoa ea liphallelo e amohetsoeng ke sesole, bangoli ba bonts'a hore na merero ea sesole sa borena e hokahane joang le libaka tse kang litšebetso tsa bongaka, merero ea meralo ea motheo, nts'etsopele ea nts'etsopele ea moruo oa Bophirima le botala ba sesole. Sena se ile sa hlokomeleha mekhoeng ea timetso le nts'etsopele libakeng tse kang Palestine, Afghanistan Guatemala le Iraq. Maemong 'ohle, "mehato ea liphallelo e atisa ho ba teng, 'me ka linako tse ling, sesole sa setso,"' me ka tsela eo e atolosa libaka tsa ntoa ka ho fetela "libaka tsa lehae le tsa malapeng tseo hangata li ke keng tsa finyelloa ke sesole."

Ea bohlano, bangoli ba bontša kamano pakeng tsa thuso ea botho le nts'etsopele ea libetsa. Mekhoa ea ntoa ka tlhaho e amana le lipuo tsa botho. Litheknoloji tse ling tsa libetsa tse kang li-drones li nkoa e le tsa botho. Ho bolaea ka liteishene tsa lifofane—e leng tloaelo eo haholo-holo ea Bophirimela—ho nkoa e le botho le “ho buuoa,” athe tšebeliso ea lithipa tse khōlō e nkoa e le e hlokang botho le e “hlabang.” Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, libetsa tse sa bolaeeng li 'nile tsa etsoa ka mokhoa oa ho thusa batho. Libetsa tsena li sebelisa boqapi ba theknoloji le lipuisano tsa botho ho atolosa libaka tsa pefo litabeng tsa lehae le tsa machaba (mohlala, tšebeliso ea li-taser kapa khase e tahang ke mapolesa le mabotho a tšireletso a ikemetseng).

Pampiri ena e bonts'a ho ts'oaroa ha botho ba Bophirima le sesole ka lilense tsa sebaka le sekala. Bosole le liphallelo li sebetsa ka kutloano libakeng tse kang “ntoa le khotso; kaho le ntshetsopele; ho kenyeletswa le ho qhelela ka thoko; [le] kotsi le tšireletso”

Tlhaiso e Rutoang

Sengoliloeng sena se phethela ka hore khokahano ea sesole sa botho "ha e na karolo e nyane e ikarabellang bakeng sa ho tšoarella ha ntoa ho pholletsa le nako le sebaka, e le 'ea sa feleng' le 'hohle'. Bosole bo atileng bo amoheloa ke mekhatlo ea khotso, batšehetsi ba lichelete ba khotso le ts'ireletso, mekhatlo ea sechaba, le mekhatlo ea machaba e seng ea mmuso (INGOs). Leha ho le joalo, boemo bo sa tsejoeng hakaalo bo kenyelletsa kamoo batšoantšisi bana ba sebetsanang le mesebetsi ea bona e le karolo ea morero oa litaba tsa Bophirima oa botho le kaho ea khotso eo hangata e itšetlehileng ka eona. tokelo ya sebopeho se sesoeu le tsoelopele neocolonialism. Ha ho nahanoa ka maemo a ho se lekane ha likamano tsa matla a lefats'e, kamano ea botho le sesole mohlomong ke 'nete e sa thabiseng e ke keng ea rarolloa ntle le ho hlahloba maikutlo a mang a mantlha.

Moaho o mosoeu tokelo: "Tsamaiso ea puso ea makhooa e thehang le ho boloka litumelo tse etsang hore melemo le bofokoli ba hona joale ba morabe bo bonahale bo tloaelehile. Sistimi e kenyelletsa likhothatso tse matla tsa ho boloka tokelo ea ba basoeu le litlamorao tsa eona, le litlamorao tse matla tse mpe tsa ho leka ho sitisa tokelo ea ba basoeu kapa ho fokotsa litlamorao tsa eona ka litsela tse nang le moelelo. Tsamaiso ena e kenyelletsa lipontšo tsa ka hare le tsa ka ntle maemong a motho ka mong, batho, setso le mekhatlo. ”

Sehlopha sa Bafani ba Khotso le Tšireletso (2022). Letoto la ho Ithuta "Decolonizing Peace and Security Philanthropy" [handout].

Neocolonialism: “Tloaelo ea ho sebelisa moruo, ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše, imperialism ea setso, le thuso ea maemo ho susumetsa naha ho e-na le mekhoa ea pele ea bokolone ea ho laola sesole ka ho toba kapa ho laola lipolotiki ka tsela e sa tobang.

Neocolonialism. (nd). E tlisitsoe ka la 20 Phuptjane 2022, ho tloha https://dbpedia.org/page/Neocolonialism

Re amohela le ho hlahloba joang libaka tsa pefo tse hlahisoang ke sesole e le tsa bohlokoa tlhokahalong ea mosebetsi oa botho le oa ho aha khotso? Re kenya letsoho joang mosebetsing oa botho le oa ho aha khotso ntle le ho lumella sesole ho tseba maemo a boitlamo le katleho?

Ka boiteko bo kopanetsoeng, Peace Direct le balekane ba nkile tse ling tsa lipotso tsena tsa bohlokoa litlalehong tsa bona tse hlahelletseng, Nako ea ho Decolonize Aid 'me Morabe, Matla le Kaho ea Khotso. Ea pele e fumane "khethollo ea merabe e hlophisitsoeng ho pholletsa le makala a pharalletseng a botho, nts'etsopele le kaho ea khotso," athe ea morao-rao e khothaletsa "lefapha la kaho ea khotso ho amohela morero oa ho felisa bokoloni le ho sebetsana le maemo a sa lekanyetsoang a matla a lefats'e." Litlaleho li fana ka maikutlo a matla a ho sebetsana le matla a sa leka-lekaneng pakeng tsa Global North le Global South batšoantšisi tabeng ea ho haha ​​khotso le thuso. Litlhahiso tse ikhethileng bakeng sa lekala la khotso li akaretsoa tafoleng e latelang:

Litlhahiso tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa batšoantšisi ba kaho ea khotso ka Morabe, Matla, le Kaho ea Khotso raporoto

Litlhahiso tse babatsehang, tse fetolang, li ka kenngoa ts'ebetsong ka matla le ho feta haeba baetsi ba khotso, bafani, li-NGO, joalo-joalo, ba nka libaka tse atolositsoeng tsa ntoa tse tšohliloeng sehloohong sena. Bosole le khethollo ea morabe, 'me tabeng ea United States "histori e telele ea ho atolosoa ha moemphera, khethollo ea morabe, le puso ea moruo le ea sesole" (Booker & Ohlbaum, 2021, p. 3) e tlameha ho nkoa e le paradigm e kholoanyane. Maikutlo a bocha a ho aha khotso le botho a tlameha ho kenyelletsa ho felisa maikutlo a khethollo ea morabe le sesole, ho seng joalo boiteko bona bo ke ke ba haelloa ke merero ea bona ea nako e telele ea phetoho empa ka mafolofolo ba ts'ehetsa tsamaiso e senyang. Tsela e eang pele ke leano la khotso, la basali, le khahlanong le khethollo ea morabe (bona, mohlala, Pono ea Khotso ea Bosali or Ho Felisa Khethollo ea Morabe le Sesole ho Leano la US la Litaba tsa Kantle ho Naha). [PH]

Lipotso li phahamisitsoe

• Na makala a kaho ea khotso le a liphallelo a khona ho iphetola ka litsela tse senyehileng, tsa basali, le tse khahlanong le khethollo ea morabe, kapa na ho kenella lipakeng tsa sesole le botho ke tšitiso e ke keng ea hlōloa?

Ho bala ho tsoelang pele

Setsi sa Komiti ea Leano la Machabeng le Metsoalle mabapi le Molao oa Naha. (2021). Ho felisa khethollo ea morabe le sesole leanong la US la kantle ho naha. E khutlisitsoe ka la 18 Phuptjane 2022, ho tloha https://www.fcnl.org/dismantling-racism-and-militarism-us-foreign-policy

Ohlbaum, D. (2022). Ho felisa khethollo ea morabe le sesole leanong la US la kantle ho naha. Puisano e fuide. Komiti ea Metsoalle ea Molao oa Naha. E tlisitsoe ka la 18 Phuptjane 2022, ho tloha https://www.fcnl.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/DRM.DiscussionGuide.10.pdf

Paige, S. (2021). Ke nako ea ho tlosa thuso. Peace Direct, Adeso, Alliance for Peace Building, le Basali ba Mebala ba Tsoela Pele ka Khotso le Tšireletseho. E tlisitsoe ka la 18 Phuptjane 2022, ho tloha https://www.peacedirect.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/PD-Decolonising-Aid_Second-Edition.pdf

Peace Direct, Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict (GPPAC), International Civil Society Action Network (ICAN), le United Network of Young Peacebuilders (UNOY). (2022). Morabe, matla, le ho aha kgotso. Maikutlo le lithuto tsa lipuisano tsa lefats'e. E tlisitsoe ka la 18 Phuptjane 2022, ho tloha https://www.peacedirect.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Race-Power-and-Peacebuilding-report.v5.pdf

White, T., White, A., Gueye, GB, Moges, D., & Gueye, E. (2022). Ho felisa tsoelo-pele ea machaba [Lipampiri tsa Leano ka Basali ba Mebala, Khatiso ea 7]. Basali ba Mebala ba Tlisa Khotso le Tšireletseho. E tlisitsoe ka la 18 Phuptjane 2022, ho tloha

mekhatlo

Basali ba Mebala ba Tsoela Pele Khotso le Tšireletseho: https://www.wcaps.org/
Boikemisetso ba Khotso ea Basali: https://www.feministpeaceinitiative.org/
Peace Direct: https://www.peacedirect.org/

Mantsoe a bohlokoa:  tšireletseho e fokolisang sesole, sesole, khethollo ea morabe, ntoa, khotso

Mokitlane oa lifoto: Marbury Brown