Ka Alfred de Zayas, World BEYOND War, September 28, 2023
Haeba "thuto" ea Boikarabello ba ho Sireletsa (R2P) e bolela eng kapa eng[1], joale e sebetsa tlokotsing e etsahetseng ho tloha 2020 rephaboliki ea Armenia ea Artsakh, e tsejoang ka ho fetisisa e le Nagorno Karabakh. Tlhaselo e seng molaong ea Azerbaijan ka 2020, e tsamaeang le litlolo tsa molao tsa ntoa le litlolo tsa molao khahlano le batho, joalo ka ha ho ngotsoe har'a tse ling ke Human Rights Watch.[2], e ile ea ntšetsa pele tlhaselo ea Ottoman khahlanong le Maarmenia[3]. E lokela ho fuputsoa ka nepo ke Lekhotla la Machabeng la Botlokotsebe la Hague ho latela lintlha tsa 5, 6, 7 le 8 tsa Molao oa Roma.[4] Mopresidente oa Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev o lokela ho qosoa le ho qosoa. Ha hoa lokela ho ba le ho hloka kotlo bakeng sa litlōlo tsena tsa molao.
Joalo ka Setsebi sa mehleng se Ikemetseng sa UN, le ka lebaka la boima ba tlhaselo ea Azeri ea Loetse 2023, ke entse tlhahiso ho Mopresidente oa Lekhotla la Litokelo tsa Botho la UN, Moemeli Vaclav Balek, le ho Mokomishinara ea Phahameng oa UN oa Litokelo tsa Botho Volker Turk ho bitsa Session e Khethehileng ea Lekhotla la Litokelo tsa Botho ho emisa ho hatakeloa ho hoholo ha litokelo tsa botho tse entsoeng ke Azerbaijan le ho fana ka thuso ea kapele ea liphallelo ho baahi ba Armenia, bahlaseluoa, har'a lintho tse ling tsa ho thibella le ho thibella ho seng molaong ho bakileng batho ba bolailoeng ke tlala le ho falla ho hoholo. Armenia.
Sebaka sena se lithaba se haufi le Armenia ke se setseng sa metsana ea lilemo tse 3000 ea morabe oa Armenia, e seng e tsejoa ke Bapersia le Bagerike e le Alarodioi, e boletsoeng ke Darius I le Herodotus. 'Muso oa Armenia o ile oa atleha mehleng ea Roma le motse-moholo, Artashat (Artaxata) Nokeng ea Aras haufi le Yerevan ea kajeno. Morena Tiridates III o ile a fetoleloa Bokresteng ke St. Gregory the Illuminator (Krikor) ka 314 mme a theha Bokreste e le bolumeli ba naha. Moemphera oa Byzantium Justinian I o ile a hlophisa bocha Armenia hore e be liprofinse tse ’nè ’me a phetha mosebetsi oa ho fetola naha eo hore e be Segerike ka selemo sa 536.
Lekholong la bo8 la lilemo Armenia e ile ea e-ba tlas'a tšusumetso e ntseng e eketseha ea Maarabia, empa e ile ea boloka boitsebahatso le meetlo ea eona e ikhethang ea Bokreste. Lekholong la bo11 la lilemo Moemphera oa Byzantium Basil II o ile a tima boipuso ba Armenia mme kapele ka mor'a hore Maturkey a Seljuq a hape sebaka seo. Lekholong la bo13 la lilemo Armenia eohle e ile ea oela matsohong a Mamongolia, empa bophelo le thuto ea Maarmenia li ile tsa tsoela pele ho likoloha kerekeng ’me tsa bolokoa matlong a baitlami le metseng ea metse. Ka mor'a ho hapa Constantinople le ho bolaoa ha Moemphera oa ho qetela oa Byzantium, Maottoman a ile a theha puso ea 'ona holim'a Maarmenia, empa a hlompha tokelo ea mopatriareka oa Armenia oa Constantinople. ’Muso oa Russia o ile oa hapa karolo e ’ngoe ea Armenia le Nagorno Karabakh ka 1813, tse ling tse setseng tlas’a joko ea ’Muso oa Ottoman. Ha Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše e qhoma, tlhaselo ea Ottoman khahlanong le Maarmenia le lihlopha tse ling tse nyenyane tsa Bakreste e ile ea qala. Ho hakanngoa hore Maarmenia a ka bang milione le halofo le Bagerike ba ka bang milione ba tsoang Pontos, Smyrna.[5] hammoho le Bakreste ba bang ba ’muso oa Ottoman ba ile ba felisoa, e leng polao ea pele ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo.
Mahlomola a Maarmenia, haholo-holo baahi ba Nagorno Karabakh, ha aa ka a fela ka ho timela ha 'Muso oa Ottoman, hobane Soviet Union ea bofetoheli e ile ea kenyelletsa Nagorno Karabakh ho Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan, ho sa tsotellehe boipelaetso bo amohelehang ba Maarmenia. . Likōpo tse pheta-phetoang tsa hore tokelo ea bona ea ho ipusa ea ho ba karolo ea karolo e setseng ea Armenia li qheleloe ka thoko ke babusi ba Soviet Union. Ke feela ka mor’a ho putlama ha Soviet Union ka 1991 moo Armenia e ileng ea ipusa ’me Nagorno Karabakh ka ho tšoanang a phatlalatsa boipuso.
Ona e ka be e bile nako ea hore Machaba a Kopaneng a kenelle le ho hlophisa referenda ea boikhethelo le ho thusa ho kopana hape ha Maarmenia kaofela. Empa che, lichaba tsa machaba le Machaba a Kopaneng li ile tsa boela tsa hlōleha Maarmenia ka ho se etse bonnete ba hore linaha tse latelang tsa Soviet Union li tla ba le meeli e utloahalang, e tšoarellang e loketseng khotso le tšireletseho bakeng sa bohle. Ka 'nete, ka lebaka le tšoanang le la Azerbaijan e ileng ea kopa boipuso 'me ea ipusa ho Soviet Union, kahoo le baahi ba Armenia ba neng ba phela ka bomalimabe tlas'a puso ea Azeri ba ne ba e-na le tokelo ea ho ipusa ho Azerbaijan. Ka sebele, haeba molao-motheo oa ho iketsetsa qeto o sebetsa ho bohle, o tlameha ho sebetsa le likarolong. Empa batho ba Nagorno Karabakh ba ile ba haneloa tokelo ena, ’me ho ne ho se motho lefatšeng ea neng a bonahala a tsotella.
Ho phatloha ho hlophisitsoeng ha libomo tsa Stepanakert le litsi tse ling tsa sechaba Nagorno Karabakh nakong ea ntoa ea 2020 ho bakile likotsi tse ngata haholo le tšenyo e kholo meahong ea litšebeletso. Ba boholong Nagorno Karabakh ba ile ba tlameha ho inehela. Nako e ka tlaase ho lilemo tse tharo hamorao tšepo ea bona ea ho ipusa e ile ea fela.
Litlhaselo tsa Azerbaijani khahlanong le baahi ba Nagorno Karabakh li etsa tlolo e mpe ea sehlooho sa 2(4) sa Charter ea Machaba a Kopaneng, e thibelang tšebeliso ea matla. Ho feta moo, ho bile le litlolo tse tebileng tsa 1949 Geneva Red Cross Conventions le 1977 Protocols. Hape, ha ho motho ea kileng a qosoa ka litlōlo tsena tsa molao, 'me ha ho bonahale eka ho tla ba le motho, ntle le haeba sechaba sa machaba se phahamisa lentsoe ka khalefo.
Thibelo ea lijo le phepelo ke Azerbaijan, ho seha korinta ea Lachin ka sebele e oela ka har'a Tumellano ea Polao e Sehlōhō ea 1948, e thibelang ho sehlooho sa eona sa II c "Ho kenya ka boomo maemo a bophelo a lekantsoeng ho tlisa timetso ea 'mele. e feletse kapa e sa fella.”[6] Ka hona, mokha ofe kapa ofe oa mmuso o ka fetisetsa taba ho Lekhotla la Machabeng la Toka ho latela temana ea IX ea Tumellano, e hlalosang "Likhohlano lipakeng tsa Mekha e Konterakang tse amanang le tlhaloso, ts'ebeliso kapa phethahatso ea Tumellano ea hajoale, ho kenyeletsoa le tse amanang le boikarabello. ea Naha bakeng sa polao ea morabe kapa bakeng sa liketso tse ling tse thathamisitsoeng ho Article III, e tla romelloa Lekhotleng la Machaba la Toka ka kopo ea mokha ofe kapa ofe oa tsekisano.
Ka nako e tšoanang, taba e lokela ho fetisetsoa Lekhotleng la Machaba la Botlokotsebe ka lebaka la komisi e hlakileng ea "Crime of aggression" tlas'a tlhaloso ea Statute of Rome le Kampala. Lekhotla la Machaba la Tlōlo ea Molao le lokela ho batlisisa lintlha le ho qosa Mopresidente oa Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev feela empa hape le balekane ba hae Baku, 'me, ha e le hantle, Mopresidente oa Turkey Recep Erdogan.
Nagorno Karabakh ke nyeoe ea khale ea ho haneloa ka leeme tokelo ea boikhethelo, e tšehelitsoeng ka thata ho Charter ea UN (lihlooho, 1, 55, Khaolo ea XI, Khaolo ea XII) le Selekaneng sa Machaba sa Litokelo tsa Baahi le Lipolotiki, sehlooho sa 1 se hlalosang:
“1. Batho bohle ba na le tokelo ea ho iketsetsa liqeto. Ka lebaka la tokelo eo ba khetha ka bolokolohi boemo ba bona ba lipolotiki 'me ka bolokolohi ba phehella tsoelo-pele ea bona ea moruo, ea sechaba le ea setso.
- Lichaba tsohle, ka sepheo sa tsona, li ka lahla leruo la tsona la tlhaho le matlotlo ka bolokolohi ntle le ho khesa boitlamo bofe kapa bofe bo hlahang ka lebaka la tšebelisano ea machaba ea moruo, e theiloeng holim'a molao-motheo oa ho thusana, le molao oa machaba. Le ka mohla batho ba se ke ba amohuoa mokhoa oa bona oa ho iphelisa.
- Linaha tse Kopanelang Selekaneng sa hajoale, ho kenyeletsoa le tse nang le boikarabello ba tsamaiso ea Libaka tse sa Ipusang le tse Tšepahalang, li tla khothaletsa phethahatso ea tokelo ea ho itaola, 'me li tla hlompha tokelo eo, tumellanong le lipehelo tsa Tumellano ea Machaba a Kopaneng.”[7]
Boemo ba Nagorno Karabakh ha bo fapane le boemo ba Maalbania Kosovars tlas'a Slobodan Milosevic.[8] Ke eng e lokelang ho tla pele? Botšepehi ba libaka kapa tokelo ea ho iketsetsa qeto? Serapa sa 80 sa Maikutlo a Boeletsi a Lekhotla la Machabeng la Toka kahlolong ea Kosovo ea la 22 Phupu 2010 ka ho hlaka e fane ka pele ho tokelo ea ho itaola.[9].
Ke ho se be le maikutlo a ho qetela, ho hloka kelello ho hoholo le ho hloka boikarabello ba botlokotsebe ho loana khahlanong le ts'ebeliso ea tokelo ea ho itaola ke baahi ba Armenia ba Nagorno Karabakh. Joalo ka ha ke ile ka etsa khang tlalehong eaka ea 2014 ho General Assembly[10], hase tokelo ea ho itaola e bakang lintoa empa ke ho latola ka ho hloka toka. Ka hona, ke nako ea ho lemoha hore ho phethahala ha tokelo ea ho iketsetsa qeto ke leano la ho thibela likhohlano le hore ho hatelloa ha boikemelo ho baka tšokelo ho khotso le ts'ireletso ea machaba ka sepheo sa sehlooho sa 39 sa Charter ea Machaba a Kopaneng. Ka February 2018, ke buile ka pel'a Paramente ea Europe ka taba ena, ka pel'a bahlomphehi ba bangata ba Rephabliki ea Artsakh.
Sechaba sa machaba se ke ke sa lumella tlhekefetso ea Azerbaijan khahlanong le batho ba Nagorno Karabakh, hobane seo se ne se tla theha mohlala oa hore botšepehi ba sebaka bo ka theoa ka tšabo ea Naha le matla a libetsa khahlanong le thato ea baahi ba amehang. Ak'u nahane haeba Serbia e ne e ka leka ho tsosolosa puso ea eona holim'a Kosovo ka ho hlasela le ho hlasela Kosovo. Karabelo ea lefatše e ne e tla ba efe?
Ha e le hantle, re bona khalefo e tšoanang, ha Ukraine e leka ho "hlapholla" Donbas kapa Crimea, le hoja libaka tsena li na le baahi ba bangata ba Marussia, ba sa bueng Serussia feela, empa ba ikutloa Serussia 'me ba ikemiselitse ho boloka boitsebiso ba bona le meetlo ea bona. Ke ntho e makatsang ho nahana hore kamora ho loana le baahi ba Russia ba Donbas ho tloha ha Maidan coup d'état e 2014, ho ka ba le monyetla oa ho kenyelletsa libaka tsena Ukraine. Mali a mangata haholo a tšolotsoe ho tloha 2014, 'me molao-motheo oa "karohano ea ho lokisa" o ne o tla sebetsa. Ke ne ke le Crimea le Donbas ka 2004 ke le moemeli oa UN bakeng sa likhetho tsa paramente le tsa mopresidente. Ntle ho pelaelo, bongata bo boholo ba batho bana ke Marussia, bao, ha e le hantle, ba ka beng ba ile ba lula e le baahi ba Ukraine empa bakeng sa boipelaetso ba Maidan bo sa lumellaneng le molao-motheo le ts'usumetso e mpe ea molao ea lehloeo khahlanong le ntho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea Russia e ileng ea latela ho lihuoa. Mopresidente oa Ukraine ea khethiloeng ka demokrasi, Victor Yanukovych. ’Muso oa Ukraine o ile oa tlōla Molao oa 20 oa Selekane sa Machaba sa Litokelo Tsa Baahi le Lipolotiki ha o ne o hlorisa motho ea buang Serussia Ukraine. 'Muso oa Azerbaijan o boetse o tlōtse Molao oa 20 oa ICCPR ka lebaka la ho hlohlelletsa lehloeo ho Maarmenia - ka lilemo tse mashome.
Khopolo e 'ngoe eo ho fihlela joale ho seng motho ea kileng a iteta sefuba ho e phahamisa: Nahana, joalo ka boikoetliso ba kelello, hore mmuso oa nakong e tlang oa Jeremane, o itšetlehileng ka lilemo tse 700 tsa nalane ea Jeremane le ho lula Europe Bochabela-Bohareng, o ne o tla khutlisa ka likhoka liprofinse tsa khale tsa Jeremane. Prussia Bochabela, Pomerania, Silesia, East Brandenburg, tse ileng tsa nkoa ke Poland qetellong ea WWII.[11]. Etsoe, Majeremane a ne a ile a lula le ho lema libaka tsena mathoasong a Mehla e Bohareng, a thehile metse e kang Königsberg (Kaliningrad), Stettin, Danzig, Breslau, joalo-joalo. Re hopola hore qetellong ea Seboka sa Potsdam sa July-August 1945, ho latela ho lihlooho tsa 9 le 13 tsa Potsdam communiqué (e ne e se selekane), ho ile ha phatlalatsoa hore Poland e tla fumana "matšeliso" naheng le hore baahi ba moo ba ne ba tla lelekoa feela - Majeremane a limilione tse leshome a neng a lula liprofinseng tsena, e leng motho ea sehlōhō. ho tebeloa[12] hoo ho ile ha fella ka lefu la batho ba ka bang milione[13]. Ho lelekoa ka kopanelo ha Majeremane a morabe ke Poland 1945-48, haholo hobane e ne e le Majeremane, e ne e le ketso ea botlokotsebe ea khethollo ea morabe, tlolo ea molao khahlano le batho. E ile ea tsamaea le ho lelekoa ha Majeremane a morabe Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, ho ileng ha kopanyelletsa ba lelekiloeng ba limillione tse hlano le ho shoa ha limillione tse eketsehileng. Hole le hole, ho lelekoa hona ha bongata le ho tlatlapuoa ha Majeremane a mangata a se nang molato a tsoang linaheng tsa habo bona e bile tlhoekiso e mpe ka ho fetisisa ea morabe historing ea Europe.[14] Empa, ha e le hantle, na lefatše le ne le tla mamella boiteko leha e le bofe ba Jeremane ba ho “hlapholla” liprofinse tsa eona tse lahlehileng? Na e ne e ke ke ea tlola sehlooho sa 2(4) sa Charter ea Machaba a Kopaneng ka tsela e tšoanang le eo tlhaselo ea Azeri ho Nagorno Karabakh e tlotseng thibelo ea tšebeliso ea matla e teng ho Charter ea Machaba a Kopaneng, kahoo e beha khotso le tšireletseho ea machaba kotsing?
Ke tlhaloso e utloisang bohloko ka boemo ba boitšoaro ba rona, ho se hlomphe litekanyetso tsa rona tsa botho, hore bongata ba rona re kopanela tlōlong ea molao ea ho khutsa le ho iphapanyetsa bahlaseluoa ba Armenia ba Azerbaijan.[15].
Re bona taba ea khale moo molao-motheo oa machaba oa Boikarabello ba ho Sireletsa o tlamehang ho sebetsa. Empa ke mang ea tla e kopa Sebokeng se Akaretsang sa Machaba a Kopaneng? Ke mang ea tla batla boikarabello ho tsoa Azerbaijan?
[1] Litemana tsa 138 le 139 tsa Qeto ea Kopano e Akaretsang 60/1 ea la 24 Mphalane 2005.
[2]https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/12/11/azerbaijan-unlawful-strikes-nagorno-karabakh
https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/03/19/azerbaijan-armenian-pows-abused-custody
[3] Alfred de Zayas, Polao e Sehlōhō Khahlanong le Maarmenia le Bohlokoa ba Kopano ea Polao ea Moloko oa 1948, Haigazian University Press, Beirut, 2010
Tribunal Permanent des Peuples, Le Crime de Silence. Le Genocide des Arméniens, Flammarion, Paris 1984.
[4] https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf
[5] Tessa Hofmann (mohl.), Polao ea Genoid ea Bagerike ba Ottoman, Aristide Caratzas, New York, 2011.
[6]
https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf
[7] https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights
[8] A. de Zayas "Tokelo ea Naha ea Lehae, Tlhoekiso ea Merabe le Lekhotla la Machaba la Botlokotsebe bakeng sa Yugoslavia ea Pele" Forum ea Molao oa Botlokotsebe, Moq.6, maq. 257-314.
[9] https://www.icj-cij.org/case/141
[10] A/69/272
[11] Alfred de Zayas, Nemesis e Potsdam, Routledge 1977. De Zayas, Phetetso e Tšabehang, Macmillan, 1994.
De Zayas "Molao oa Machaba le Phetisetso ea Boipheliso ba Sechaba", Harvard International Law Journal, vol. 16, maq. 207-259.
[12] Victor Gollancz, Melao ea Rōna e Kotsing, London 1946, Gollancz, Jeremane e Lefifi ka ho Fetisisa, London 1947.
[13] Lipalopalo Bundesamt, Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste, Wiesbaden, 1957.
Kurt Böhme, Gesucht Wird, Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Munich, 1965.
Tlaleho ea Komisi e Kopaneng ea Liphallelo ea Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Sefapano se Sefubelu, 1941-46, Geneva, 1948.
Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, Dokumentation der Vertreibung, Bonn, 1953 (meqolo e 8).
Das Schweizerische Rote Kreuz – Eine Sondernummer des deutschen Flüchtlingsproblems, Nr. 11/12, Bern, 1949.
[14] A. de Zayas, 50 Lintlha tse mabapi le ho lelekoa ha Majeremane, Inspiration, London 2012.
[15] Bona puisano ea ka ea BBC ka Nagorno Karabakh, la 28 Loetse 2023, ho qala ka motsotso oa 8:50. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w172z0758gyvzw4
