Sehlooho se ikhethang se hlaha ho Phuputso ea June 2014 ea Journal ea Amerika ea Bophelo ba Sechaba. (E fumaneha hape le PDF ea mahala Mona.)
Bangoli, litsebi litabeng tsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba, ba thathamisitsoe ka litlhaloso tsohle tsa thuto: William H. Wiist, DHSc, MPH, MS, Kathy Barker, PhD, Neil Arya, MD, Jon Rohde, MD, Martin Donohoe, MD, Shelley White, PhD, MPH, Pauline Lubens, MPH, Geraldine Gorman, RN, PhD, le Amy Hagopian, PhD.
Lintlha tse ling tsa bohlokoa le litlhaloso:
“Ka 2009 mokhatlo oa Mokhatlo oa Sechaba sa Bophelo ba Amerika (APHA) e amohetse polelo ea leano, 'Boikarabello ba Basebetsi ba Bophelo ba Sechaba, Liithuti, le Barekisi ba Amanang le Khohlano ea Ntoa le Ntoa. ' . . . Ha a arabela leano la APHA, ka 2011, sehlopha se sebetsang ho Teaching the Primary Prevention of War, se neng se kenyelletsa bangoli ba sengolo sena, se ile sa hola. . . . ”
“Ho tloha ha Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše e lala, ho bile le lintoa tse 248 libakeng tse 153 ho pota lefatše. United States e ile ea qala tšebetso ea sesole sa 201 mose ho maoatle lipakeng tsa Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše le 2001, mme ho tloha ka nako eo, tse ling, ho kenyeletsoa Afghanistan le Iraq. Lekholong la bo20 la lilemo, batho ba limilione tse 190 ba shoeleng ba ka amana ka kotloloho le ka tsela e sa tobang le ntoa - ho feta lilemong tse makholo a mane tse fetileng. ”
Lintlha tsena, tse ngotsoeng ka mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe ho sehlooho sena, li na le thuso ho feta neng kapa neng ha ho tobane le tloaelo ea hajoale ea thuto United States ea ho phatlalatsa ntoa ea ntoa. Ka ho hlophisa lintoa tse ngata hape e le lintho tse ling, ho fokotsa palo ea batho ba shoang, le ho nka lefu e le boholo ba baahi ba lefatše ho fapana le ba baahi ba lehae kapa e le lipalo tse felletseng, bangoli ba fapaneng ba lekile ho re ntoa e ea fela. Ho joalo, ntoa e ka fela ebile e lokela ho nyamela, empa hoo ho ka etsahala ha feela re fumana drive le lisebelisoa tsa ho e etsa hore e etsahale.
“Ho phehisanoa ka karolo ea batho ba shoang sechabeng le mekhoa ea ho khetholla lefu e le sechaba, empa lefu la lintoa tsa sechaba ke 85% ho isa ho 90% ea mahlatsipa a bakiloeng ke ntoa, ka baahi ba ka bang 10 ba shoelang mohlabani e mong le e mong ea bolailoeng ntoeng. Palo ea batho ba shoang (haholo-holo e seng ea sechaba) e bakiloeng ke ntoa ea haufinyane ea Iraq ea hanyetsoa, ka likhakanyo tsa 124,000 ho 655,000 ho feta milione, mme qetellong haufinyane ba lula ho halofo ea milione. Baahi ba reretsoe lefu le tlhekefetso ea thobalano likhohlanong tse ling tsa sejoale-joale. Karolo ea 90 lekholong ho ea ho 110% ea bahlaseluoa ba liqhomane tsa fatše tse limilione tse 1960 tse lenngoeng ho tloha ka 70 linaheng tse XNUMX e ne e se baahi. ”
Sena le sona ke sa bohlokoa, e le sehlabelo sa ho loantša ntoa ke hore se lokela ho sebelisoa ho thibela ho hong ho hobe le ho feta, ho thoeng ke morabe. Hase feela hore sesole se hlahisa mahlatsipa ho e-na le ho se thibela, empa phapang e pakeng tsa ntoa le ho bolaea sechaba ke e ntle ka ho fetisisa. Sehlooho sena se tsoela pele ho bua ka liphello tse ling tsa bophelo bo botle ba ntoa, eo ke tla bua ka eona lintlha tse ling tse tobileng:
“Khomishene ea Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo ho Batho ba Ikemetseng ka Bophelo e bontšitse hore ntoa e ama bophelo ba bana, e lebisa ho falliseng le ho falleng, 'me e fokotsa tlhahiso ea temo. Ho shoa ha bana le bakhachane, sekhahla sa ente, litholoana tsa tlhaho, le boleng ba metsi le bohloeki li mpe le ho feta libakeng tsa likhohlano. Ntoa e kentse letsoho ho thibela pheliso ea pholio, e ka thusa ho ata ha HIV / AIDS, mme ea fokotsa ho fumaneha ha litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle. Ntle le moo, liqhomane tsa fatše li baka litlamorao tsa kelello le phedisano, hape li beha ts'okelo ts'ireletsong ea lijo ka ho etsa mobu oa temo o sena thuso. . . .
"Hoo e ka bang libetsa tsa nyutlelie tse 17,300 ha joale li sebelisoa bonyane linaheng tse 9 (ho kenyeletsoa le lintoa tsa ts'ebetso tsa US le Russia tse 4300, tseo bongata ba tsona li ka tsebisoang le ho fihlela sepheo sa bona nakong ea metsotso e 45). Le ha ho ka qalisoa lerumo ka phoso ho ka lebisa tlokotsing e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea bophelo bo botle ba sechaba historing e tlalehiloeng.
“Leha ho na le litlamorao tse ngata tsa bophelo bo botle ba ntoa, ha ho na chelete ea lithuso e tsoang ho Litsi tsa Taolo le Thibelo ea Mafu kapa ho Mekhatlo ea Naha ea Bophelo e ikemiselitseng ho thibela ntoa, mme likolo tse ngata tsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba ha li kenyeletse thibelo ea ntoa ntoeng. kharikhulamo. ”
Hona joale, Mono Ke lekhalo le leholo sechabeng sa heso leo ke betang babali ba bangata hore ha ba le elelloe, leha e ne e le mabaka a utloahalang le bohlokoa bo totobetseng! Hobaneng ha litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba li lokela ho sebetsa ho thibela ntoa? Bangoli baa hlalosa:
“Litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba li tšoaneleha ka mokhoa o ikhethileng bakeng sa ho nka karolo thibelong ea ntoa motheong oa tsebo ea bona ea mafu a seoa; ho khetholla kotsi le lintho tse sireletsang; Ho rala, ho nts'etsapele, ho lekola le ho lekola maano a thibelo; tsamaiso ea mananeo le litšebeletso; tlhahlobo ea leano le nts'etsopele; tlhahlobo ea tikoloho le pheko; le bobuelli ba tsa bophelo bo botle. Basebetsi ba bang ba bophelo bo botle ba sechaba ba na le tsebo ea litlamorao tsa ntoa ho tloha ha ba pepesetsoa likhohlano tse mabifi kapa ke ho sebetsa le bakuli le sechaba maemong a ntoa. Bophelo bo botle ba sechaba bo boetse bo fana ka moelelo o tšoanang moo lithuto tse ngata li ikemiselitseng ho bokana ho theha lilekane bakeng sa thibelo ea ntoa. Hangata lentsoe la bophelo bo botle ba sechaba le utluoa e le matla a ho thusa sechaba. Ka ho bokella khafetsa le ho lekola lits'oants'o tsa bophelo bo botle bophelo ba sechaba bo ka fana ka litemoso tsa pejana tsa kotsi ea likhohlano tse mabifi. Bophelo bo botle ba sechaba le bona bo ka hlalosa litlamorao tsa ntoa, ba theha puisano ka lintoa le lichelete tsa bona. . . le ho pepesa sesole se atisang ho lebisa ntoeng le se hlohlelletsang moea oa sechaba oa ntoa. ”
Hoo e batlang e le ntoa. Ke eng?
“Sesole ke katoloso ea ka boomo ea sepheo sa sesole le mabaka a ho theha setso, lipolotiki le moruo oa bophelo ba sechaba e le hore ntoa le boitokisetso ba ntoa li be tloaelehileng, 'me nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea litsi tse matla tsa sesole li beoe pele. Sesole ke ho itšetleha haholo ka matla a matla a sesole le ts'okelo ea matla e le mokhoa o nepahetseng oa ho phehella lipheo tsa leano likamanong tse thata tsa machabeng. E tlotlisa bahlabani, e ts'epahalla sesole ka matla joalo ka mofani oa mantlha oa tokoloho le polokeho, hape e hlompha boits'oaro le boits'oaro ba sesole joalo ka ha bo kaholimo ho nyatso. Sesole se hlohlelletsa sechaba ho amohela likhopolo tsa sesole, boits'oaro, litšōmo le puo e le ea sona. Liphuputso li bonts'a hore sesole se amana hantle le boikoetliso, bochaba, tumelo, lerato la naha, le botho ba bolaoli, hape li amana hampe le ho hlompha tokoloho ea sechaba, mamello ea bahanyetsi, melao-motheo ea demokrasi, kutloelo-bohloko le boiketlo ho ba nang le mathata le ba futsanehileng, le thuso ea kantle ho naha. bakeng sa lichaba tse futsanehileng. Sesole se etelletsa pele lithahasello tse ling tsa sechaba, ho kenyeletsoa bophelo bo botle, se khahlisa sesole. ”
Hona na United States e utloa bohloko ka eona?
“Sesole se kenelletse likarolong tse ngata tsa bophelo United States, 'me ho tloha ha sesole se tlosoa, se etsa hore sechaba se hloke litlhoko tse fokolang ntle le litšenyehelo tsa chelete ea balekhetho. Tlhaloso ea eona, boholo le se boleloang e se e sa bonahale ho karolo e kholo ea baahi, ka kananelo e nyane ea litšenyehelo tsa batho kapa setšoantšo se fosahetseng se ts'oeroeng ke linaha tse ling. Sesole se 'nile sa bitsoa' lefu la kelello, 'e leng se etsang hore se khone ho kenella lipakeng tsa sechaba. . . .
“United States e ikarabella bakeng sa karolo ea 41 lekholong ea tšebeliso ea chelete ea sesole. Lits'enyehelo tse latelang tse kholo ka ho fetisisa ke China, tse ikarabellang bakeng sa 8.2%; Russia, 4.1%; le United Kingdom le Fora, ka bobeli ke 3.6%. . . . Haeba sesole kaofela. . . Litsenyehelo li kenyelelitsoe, ts'ebeliso ea selemo le selemo ea [US] e fihla ho $ 1 trillion. . . . Ho latela tlaleho ea sebopeho sa motheo sa selemo sa lichelete sa DOD, 'DOD e tsamaisa thepa ea lefats'e ea lits'ebeletso tse fetang 2012 libakeng tse fetang 555,000, e koahelang lihekthere tse fetang limilione tse 5,000.' United States e boloka libaka tsa sesole kapa libaka tsa sesole tse 28 ho isa ho tse 700 linaheng tse fetang 1000. . . .
“Ka 2011 United States e bile boemong ba pele ho rekiseng libetsa lefatšeng ka bophara, e leng 78% (liranta tse limilione tse likete tse 66). Russia e bile ea bobeli ka $ 4.8 billion. . . .
"Ka 2011-2012, likhamphani tse holimo-7 tsa libetsa le litšebeletso tsa Amerika li kentse lidolara tse limilione tse likete tse 9.8 ho matšolo a likhetho tsa mmuso. Mekhatlo e mehlano ho tse leshome tse holimo-limo [tsa sesole] tsa lifofane lefatšeng (10 US, 3 UK le Europe) li sebelisitse $ 2 milione ho qeka mmuso oa Amerika ka 53.. . .
“Mohloli o ka sehloohong oa bacha ba thaothang ke tsamaiso ea sekolo sa sechaba sa Amerika, moo ho thaothang ho shebaneng le bacha ba mahaeng le ba futsanehileng, mme ka hona e theha moralo o sebetsang oa bofuma o sa bonahaleng ho malapa a maemo a holimo le a maemo a holimo. . . . Ka ho hanana le ho saena hoa United States ho Selekane sa boikhethelo mabapi le ho nka karolo ha bana tumellanong ea tumellano ea likhohlano, sesole se thaotha bana likolong tse phahameng tsa sechaba, 'me ha se tsebise baithuti kapa batsoali ka tokelo ea bona ea ho thibela tlhahisoleseling ea lehae. Batri ea Ts'ebetso ea Sesole e nang le Boiphihlelo e fuoa likolo tse phahameng tsa sechaba e le teko ea boits'oaro 'me e ea qobelloa likolong tse ngata tse phahameng, ka tlhaiso-leseling ea baithuti ea ho fetisetsa sesoleng, ntle le Maryland moo lekhotla la ketsa-molao la mmuso le laetseng hore likolo li se hlole li fetisetsa pele tlhahisoleseding. ”
Batsamaisi ba bophelo bo botle ba sechaba ba boetse ba llela tradeoffs ka mefuta ea lipatlisiso United States e kenyang chelete:
Lisebelisoa tse sebelisoang ke sesole. . . lipatlisiso, tlhahiso le lits'ebeletso li khelosa boiphihlelo ba batho hole le litlhoko tse ling tsa sechaba. DOD ke mofani oa lichelete o moholo ka ho fetisisa oa lipatlisiso le nts'etsopele ho mmuso oa koporasi. Mekhatlo ea Naha ea Bophelo, Setsi sa Naha sa Saense, le Litsi tsa Taolo le Thibelo ea Mafu li fana ka chelete e ngata haholo mananeong a kang 'BioDefense.' . . . Ho haella ha mehloli e meng ea lichelete ho etsa hore bafuputsi ba bang ba phehelle lichelete tsa sesole kapa tsa ts'ireletso, 'me tse ling li felloe ke tšusumetso ea sesole. Yunivesithi e 'ngoe e hlahelletseng United Kingdom haufinyane e phatlalalitse hore e tla emisa matsete a eona a limilione tse 1.2 ho. . . khamphani e etsang likarolo tsa li-drones tse bolaeang tsa Amerika hobane e itse khoebo eo ha e na 'boikarabello sechabeng.' ”
Le mehleng ea Mopresidente Eisenhower, sesole se ne se atile: "Tšusumetso e felletseng - ea moruo, ea lipolotiki, le ea moea - e utloahala toropong e ngoe le e ngoe, ntlong e ngoe le e ngoe ea mmuso, ofising e ngoe le e ngoe ea mmuso oa koporasi." Lefu lena le hasane:
“Boitšoaro ba sesole le mekhoa ea bona e atolohetse le ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetsong ea molao le toka. . . .
“Ka ho khothaletsa tharollo ea sesole mathateng a lipolotiki le ho bonts'a sesole se ke keng sa qojoa, hangata sesole se susumetsa litaba tse phatlalatsoang ke litaba, tse etsang hore sechaba se amohele ntoa kapa cheseho ea ntoa. . . . ”
Bangoli ba hlalosa mananeo a qalileng ho sebetsana le thibelo ea ntoa ho tsoa ponong ea bophelo bo botle ba sechaba, 'me ba etsa qeto ka likarolo tsa se lokelang ho etsoa. Hlahlobeng.
