Ke Paul Fitzgerald le Elizabeth Gould, World BEYOND War, October 6, 2020
Conor Tobin's la 9 Pherekhong 2020 Nalane ea Lipuisano[1] sehlooho se reng: Khopolo-taba ea 'Sefi sa Afghan': Zbigniew Brzezinski le Afghanistan[2] boiteko ba ho "hlakola mohopolo oa hore Mopresidente Jimmy Carter, ka khothaletso ea Moeletsi oa Ts'ireletso ea Naha Zbigniew Brzezinski, o thusitse Mujahedin ea Afghanistan ka boomo ho hohela Soviet Union ho hlasela Afghanistan ka 1979." Joalokaha Todd Greentree a lumela tlhahlobisong ea hae ea la 17 Phupu 2020 ea sengoloa sa Tobin, litepisi li phahame hobane "mohopolo" ha o belaelle lefa la Mopresidente Carter feela, empa le boits'oaro, botumo le "boits'oaro ba boits'oaro ba United States nakong ea Ntoa ea Mantsoe le ho feta."[3]
Selo sa konokono mo kgannyeng ya se Tobin a se bitsang “thesis ya Sefi sa Afghan,” ke mokwaladikgang wa Mofora e bong Vincent Jauvert yo o itsegeng thata ka January 1998 New Observer hlahlobeloa le Brzezinski moo a ithorisang ka lenaneo la lekunutu le qalileng ke eena le Mopresidente Carter likhoeli tse tšeletseng pele ho tlhaselo ea Soviet "e bileng le phello ea ho hohela Marussia sefing sa Afghanistan…" "Ho latela nalane ea semmuso ea nalane, CIA e thusa Mujahideen e qalile ka 1980, ke hore, kamora hore sesole sa Soviet se hlasele Afghanistan, ka la 24 Tšitoe 1979. Empa 'nete, e lebetsoeng ka lekunutu ho fihlela joale, e fapane ka ho felletseng. ” Brzezinski o tlalehiloe a rialo. “Ka 'nete, e bile ka la 3 Phupu 1979 ha Mopresidente Carter a saena taelo ea pele ea thuso ea lekunutu ho bahanyetsi ba puso e tšehetsang Soviet Union Kabul. Letsatsing lona leo, ke ile ka ngolla mopresidente lengolo moo ke ileng ka mo hlalosetsa hore ka maikutlo a ka thuso ena e tla hlohlelletsa sesole sa Soviet. ”[4]
Leha e le hore lenaneo la lekunutu le ne le se le senotsoe ke molaoli oa mehleng oa CIA oa lefapha la Ts'ebetso ea Bochabela bo Hare le Asia Boroa Dr. Charles Cogan le Motsamaisi oa mehleng oa CIA Robert Gates mme ba ile ba hlokomolohuoa haholo, ho amoheloa ha Brzezinski ho tlisa tlhokomeliso maikutlo a fosahetseng ka sepheo sa Soviet ho Afghanistan hoo bo-rahistori ba bangata ba ka tlohelang ba sa hlalosehe. Ho tloha motsotsong oo puisano ea Brzezinski e hlahang ka 1998 ho bile le boiteko bo fetelletseng ka letsohong le letšehali le tokelo ea ho latola bonnete ba eona e le boikhohomoso bo sa sebetseng, tlhaloso e fosahetseng ea seo a neng a se bolela, kapa phetolelo e mpe ho tloha Sefora ho ea Senyesemane. Ho amoheloa ha Brzezinski ho utloahala haholo ho ba kenang ka hare ho CIA, Charles Cogan o ile a bona ho hlokahala hore ba tsoe bakeng sa puisano ea Seboka sa Cambridge sa buka ea rona mabapi le Afghanistan (Nalane e sa Bonahaleng: Pale ea Afoldistan ea Untold)[5] ka 2009 ho bolela hore leha maikutlo a rona a hore Masoviet a ne a le leqe ho hlasela e ne e le 'nete, Brzezinski New Observer puisano e ne e tlameha ho ba phoso.
Tobin o holisa tletlebo ena ka ho tletleba ka hore puisano ea Mafora e sentse nalane ea nalane hoo e bileng motheo oa ho paka boteng ba morero oa ho hohela Moscow ho "Leraba la Afghan." Eaba o tsoela pele ho ngola hore kaha Brzezinski o tiisa hore puisano eo e ne e le botekgeniki eseng puisano empa e qotsitsoe ho tloha puisano 'me ha ho mohla e kileng ea amoheloa ka sebopeho seo e hlahileng ka sona 'me hore kaha Brzezinski o 'nile a e latola khafetsa ka makhetlo a mangata— “thuto ena ea' leraba 'ha e na motheo o mokaalo.”[6] Joale Tobin o tsoela pele ho qotsa litokomane tsa semmuso ho paka "Liketso tsa Brzezinski ka 1979 li bonts'a boiteko bo matla ba ho khelosa [khatiso e ekelitsoe] Moscow ho kena lipakeng… Ka kakaretso, sesole sa Soviet ha sea ka sa batloa kapa sa batloa ke tsamaiso ea Carter mme lenaneo le patiloeng le qalileng lehlabuleng la 1979 ha lea lekana ho lefisa Carter le Brzezinski ka ho leka ka matla ho tšoasa Moscow ho ' Leraba la Afghan. '”
Joale see se senola eng mabapi le ts'ebetso ea lekunutu ea mmuso oa Amerika e nkileng likhoeli tse tšeletseng pele ho tlhaselo ea Soviet ka December 1979 mme e sa ithorise ka Brzezinski ho fihlela ka Pherekhong ea 1998?
Ho akaretsa tletlebo ea Tobin; Ho ithorisa ha Brzezinski ka ho hohela Masoviet ka "leraba la Afghanistan" ha ho na motheo oa letho. Brzezinski ho boletse ntho e 'ngoe empa eng-Ha ho hlake, empa eng kapa eng eo a e buileng, ha ho na nalane ea nalane ea eona mme ho ne ho sa lekana ho hohela Masoviet ho kena Afghanistan hobane eena le Carter ba ne ba sa batle hore Masoviet a hlasele leha ho le joalo hobane e ka beha meketjana le lipuisano tsa SALT II kotsing. Joale ho na le moferefere ofe?
Khopolo ea Tobin ea hore Mopresidente oa United States le CIA ea hae le ka mohla ba ke ke ba ikemisetsa ho matlafatsa Cold War bohareng ba tikoloho e mabifi joalo, ho ka senola ho eketsehileng ka leeme la Conor Tobin ho feta kutloisiso ea hae ea hore na leano la ntoa la Brzezinski le ne le le joang . Ho bala sengoloa sa hae ke ho feta ka khalase o shebileng o ea bokahohleng bo bong moo (ho hlalosa ka molao TE Lawrence) lintlha li nkeloang sebaka ke litoro tsa motšehare 'me litoro li etsa ka mahlo a bulehileng. Ho latela boiphihlelo ba rona le Afghanistan le batho ba entseng hore e etsahale, "tšebeletso ea bohlokoa ea nalane ea setsoalle ea Tobin" (joalo ka ha e qotsitsoe tlhahlobisong ea Todd Greentree) ha e na thuso historing ho hang.
Ha u hetla morao ho seo Brzezinski a se lumetseng ka 1998 ha e hloke tumello e phahameng ea lekunutu ho netefatsa. Sepheo se seholo sa papali se ts'oanang le leraba la Afghan se ne se tsebahala ka nako ea tlhaselo ho mang kapa mang ea nang le kutloisiso ea nalane ea boleng ba leano la sebaka seo.
MS Agwani wa Sekolo sa Jawaharlal Nehru sa Dithuto tsa Boditšhabatšhaba o buile se se ntsi mo kgatisong ya Diphalane Quarterly Journal ya Diphalane-Sedimonthole 1980 a nopola dintlha di le mmalwa tse di thatafatsang tse di tshegetsang tharabololo ya serai sa Afghan: “Tshwetso ya rona go tswa mo go se se umakilweng fa godimo e gabedi. Taba ea mantlha, Soviet Union e ne e kene lerabeng le neng le chehiloe ke lira tsa eona. Bakeng sa ketso ea eona ea sesole ha ea ka ea e fa monyetla ho latela ts'ireletso ea Soviet eo e neng e sa e thabele tlas'a mebuso e fetileng. Ho fapana le moo, e ka ama litšebelisano tsa eona le Lefatše la Boraro ka kakaretso mme haholoholo linaha tsa Mamoseleme. Taba ea bobeli, karabelo e matla ea Maamerika ho kenelleng ha Soviet e ke ke ea nkuoa e le bopaki ba kameho ea 'nete ea Washington mabapi le pheletso ea Afghanistan. Ho hlile hoa khoneha ho pheha khang ea hore lithahasello tsa eona tsa bohlokoa Koung li tla ntlafatsoa hamolemo ke pherekano e atolositsoeng ea Soviet le Afghanistan kaha ba morao ba ka sebelisoa ho leleka Masoviet a tsoang sebakeng seo. Liketsahalo tsa Afghanistan le tsona li bonahala li thusitse hore United States e ekelletse sesole sa eona ka hare le haufi le Kou ntle le ho hlahisa boipelaetso bo tebileng ho tsoa mebusong ea litereke. "[7]
Nako le nako ha ho botsoa lipotso ka lilemo tse ka bang mashome a mabeli kamora hore sengoloa sa Nouvel Observateur se hlahe ho fihlela lefung la hae ka 2017, karabo ea Brzezinski mabapi le ho nepahala ha phetolelo hangata e ne e fapana ho tloha ho amoheloeng ho ea ho hana ho isa kae kae e lokelang ho hlahisa lipotso mabapi le ho itšetleha haholo maikutlo. Leha ho le joalo Conor Tobin o ile a khetha ho qotsa feela puisano ea 2010 le Paul Jay oa Real News Network [8] moo Brzezinski a ileng a e latola, ho hlahisa taba ea hae. Puisanong ena ea 2006 le moetsi oa lifilimi Samira Goetschel[9] o re ke "phetolelo e lokolohileng haholo", empa ha e le hantle o lumela hore lenaneo la lekunutu "mohlomong le ile la kholisa Masoviet le ho feta hore ba etse seo ba neng ba rerile ho se etsa." Brzezinski o fositse lebaka la hae le lelelele la ho ikemela (le arolelanoang le li-neoconservatives) hore ho tloha Masoviet a ne a ntse a le mothating oa ho nanabela Afghanistan joalo ka karolo ea leano le hloahloa la ho fihlella hegemony Asia Boroa-bophirima le linaha tse hlahisang oli tsa Gulf, [10] (boemo bo hannoeng ke Mongoli oa Naha Cyrus Vance) taba ea hore e kanna eaba o hlohlelletsa tlhaselo e ne e se na bohlokoa ba letho.
Ha a se a fane ka se boleloang ke mantsoe a nepahetseng a Brzezinski, Tobin o beha molato ho hola le ho amoheloeng ha sengoloa sa Afghan ka ho its'epahalla "botumo" ba Brzezinski boo a tsoelang pele ho bo lahla ka ho qotsa "memos ea kamora ho hlasela ea Brzezinski" senola kameho, eseng monyetla, e leng leshano la hore sepheo sa hae ke ho hlohlelletsa tlhaselo. ”[11] Empa ho lahla sepheo se tsebahalang sa Brzezinski sa ho senya likamano tsa US / Soviet ka linako tsohle ke ho hloloheloa raison d'être ea mosebetsi oa Brzezinski pele ho putlama ha Soviet Union. Ho amohela ho hana ha hae ka sefahleho ho hlokomoloha karolo ea hae ea ho tlisa lenaneo la kamora 'Vietnam la neoconservative (e tsejoang ka hore ke Sehlopha B) ho White House a sa bue ka monyetla oa ho fetolela ruri leano la Amerika la kantle ho naha ho ea ka maikutlo a hae a khahlano le Russia ka ho hlohlelletsa Masoviet mohatong o mong le o mong.
Anne Hessing Cahn, eo hona joale e leng Seithuti sa Bolulo ho University American ea neng a sebetsa joalo ka Chief of the Social Impact Staff ho Setsi sa Taolo ea Lihlomo le Ts'ireletso ho tloha ka 1977-81 le Mothusi ea Khethehileng ho isa ho Motlatsi oa Mongoli oa Ts'ireletso 1980-81, o ne a bua sena ka botumo ba Brzezinski bukeng ea hae ea 1998, Ho bolaea Dente: “Ha Mopresidente Carter a bitsa Zbigniew Brzezinski e le moeletsi oa hae oa ts'ireletso ea naha, ho ile ha khethoa esale pele hore kopano ea Soviet Union e ne e le linakong tse thata. Pele ho ile ha tla tlhahiso ea taolo ea libetsa e hlasetsoeng hampe ka Hlakubele 1977, e tlohileng ho Tumellano ea Vladivostok[12] 'me e ile ea pepesetsoa boralitaba pele e hlahisoa ho Masoviet. Ka Mmesa Carter o ne a hatella balekane ba NATO ho nchafatsa, a batla boitlamo bo tiileng ho litho tsohle tsa NATO ho qala ho eketsa likhakanyo tsa bona tsa ts'ireletso ka liperesente tse 3 ka selemo. Lehlabuleng la 1977 Memorandamo ea 10 ea Tlhatlhobo ea Mopresidente ea Carter[13]e re re be le 'bokhoni ba ho hlōla' haeba ho ka ba le ntoa, ka mantsoe a mang a neng a tšoana le a sehlopha sa B. ” [14]
Pele selemo se qala ho sebetsa Carter o ne a se a ntse a supile Masoviet makhetlo a mangata hore o ne a khelosa batsamaisi tšebelisanong le likhohlano mme Masoviet a ne a mametse. Atereseng e neng e ngotsoe ke Brzezinski 'me e fanoe Univesithing ea Wake Forest ka la 17 Hlakubele 1978, "Carter o ile a tiisa ts'ehetso ea Amerika bakeng sa SALT le taolo ea libetsa, [empa] molumo o ne o fapane haholo le selemo pejana. Joale o se a kenyelelitse bohle ba tšoanelehang ba ratoang ke Senator Jackson le JCS… Ha e le détente — lentsoe le e-so ka le boleloa atereseng eo — tšebelisano le Soviet Union e ne e khona ho fihlela sepheo se le seng. 'Empa haeba ba sa bontše ho ithiba mananeong a limisaele le mabothong a mang kapa kholisong ea mabotho a Soviet kapa a boemeli linaheng tse ling le lik'honthinenteng, ts'ehetso e tsebahalang United States bakeng sa tšebelisano e joalo le Masoviet e tla fela.' ”
Masoviet a ile a fumana molaetsa atereseng ea Carter 'me hang-hang a arabela bukeng ea baphatlalatsi ba TAAS News Agency a re: "' Lipheo tsa Soviet kantle ho naha 'li ne li sothehile e le lebaka la ho nyolla peiso ea libetsa.'” [15]
Kopanong ea Nobel ka Cold War nakong ea hoetla ka 1995, Moeletsi oa Lithuto tsa Ts'ireletso ea Harvard / MIT, Dr. Carol Saivetz o buile ka tloaelo ea ho se tsotelle bohlokoa ba mohopolo oa Brzezinski molemong oa ho etsa liqeto tsa Cold War le hore hobaneng ho lebisitse ho joalo. ho se utloisisane hoa mantlha ha sepheo sa lehlakore ka leng. "Seo ke ithutileng sona matsatsing a mmaloa a fetileng e ne e le hore mohopolo-ntlha eo rona Bophirima re neng re ngola ka leano la kantle ho naha la Soviet re neng re e nka e le lebaka le utloahalang… Ho isa bohōleng bo itseng, pono ea mohopolo-pono ea lefatše ea maikutlo, ha re e bitsitse-e nkile karolo ea bohlokoa… Hore na Zbig o ne a tsoa Poland kapa a tsoa sebakeng se seng, o ne a na le pono ea lefats'e, mme o ne a tloaetse ho toloka liketsahalo ha li ntse li hlaha leseling la tsona. Ho isa bohōleng bo itseng, tšabo ea hae e ile ea e-ba boprofeta bo tla phethahala. O ne a batla mefuta e itseng ea boits'oaro, 'me o ile ae bona — ka nepo kapa ka tsela e fosahetseng. ”[16]
Ho utloisisa hore na "tšabo" ea Brzezinski e ile ea fetoha boprofeta ba ho iphelisa joang ho utloisisa hore na mohala oa hae o thata khahlano le Masoviet naheng ea Afghanistan o qholotse litholoana tseo a neng a li batla joang mme a amoheloa joalo ka leano la kantle ho naha la Amerika ho latela sepheo sa neoconervative sa Team B; "Ho senya maikutlo le ho khutlisetsa maano a kantle ho naha a Amerika maemong a mabifi ho feta a Soviet Union."[17]
Le ha ka kakaretso e sa nkuoe e le motho ea sa tsotelleng ebile a hanana le ho hokahanya sepheo sa Isiraele Palestina le sepheo sa Amerika, mokhoa oa Brzezinski oa ho theha boprofeta ba ho itšebelletsa le sepheo sa mokhatlo oa neoconservative oa ho fetisetsa US maemong a thata khahlanong le Soviet Union e fumane sepheo se le seng Afghanistan . Mokhoa oa bona o arolelanoeng joalo ka bahlabani ba Cold ba ile ba bokana ho hlasela mekhabiso le SALT II kae kapa kae moo ho ka khonehang ha ba ntse ba senya metheo ea likamano life kapa life tse sebetsang le Masoviet. Puisanong eo re e entseng le mohoebi oa SALT II Paul Warnke, o tiisitse tumelo ea hae hore Masoviet a ka be a sa hlasela Afghanistan ho tloha ha Mopresidente Carter a ne a ke ke a ba le lehloeo la Brzezinski le maikutlo a bora a Team B mabapi le boithabiso le ho nyenyefatsa boits'epo ba Soviet. hore SALT II e tla tiisoa.[18] Brzezinski o ile a bona tlhaselo ea Soviet e le netefatso e kholo ea polelo ea hae ea hore Amerika e khothalelitse mabifi a Soviet ka leano la kantle ho naha la bofokoli le neng le lokafatsa boemo ba hae bo thata kahare ho tsamaiso ea Carter. Empa o ne a ka tseka qoso joang bakeng sa liketso tsa Soviet ha a ne a nkile karolo ea bohlokoa hakana ho qholotsa maemo ao ba arabileng ho ona?[19]
Moeletsi oa Mopresidente Dwight D. Eisenhower oa mahlale George B. Kistiakowsky le molaoli oa mehleng oa CIA, Herbert Scoville o arabile potso eo ho Boston Globe Op-ed likhoeli tse peli kamora ketsahalo eo. "Ha e le hantle, e bile liketso tsa Mopresidente tse reretsoeng ho khahlisa bahanyetsi ba hae ba thata ba lipolotiki hae tse ileng tsa senya botsitso bo mabusong a Soviet ... Mabaka a ileng a khutsisa mantsoe a batsamaisi ba Kremlin a ile a hlaha ka lebaka la ho fela ha selekane sa SALT II le ho hoholoha ho khahlano le Soviet ha maano a Carter. Boemo ba hae bo ntseng bo eketseha ba ho amohela maikutlo a Moeletsi oa Ts'ireletso ea Naha Zbigniew Brzezinski bo ile ba lebisa ho lebelletsoeng ho busa United States ke bo-hawk bakeng sa lilemo tse ngata tse tlang… ”[20]
Ho sengoloa sa April 1981 koranteng ea Borithane The Round Table, mongoli Dev Murarka o senola hore Masoviet a hanne ho kenella sesoleng ka makhetlo a leshome le metso e meraro kamora ho botsoa ke mmuso oa Afghanistan oa Nur Mohammed Taraki le Hafizullah Amin - ho tseba ho kenella sesoleng ho tla fana ka lira tsa bona ka seo ba neng ba ntse ba se batla. Ke ka kopo ea leshome le metso e mene feela moo Masoviet a ileng a ikobela "ha ho ne ho amoheloa litaba Moscow hore Amin o entse tumellano le le leng la lihlopha tse hanyetsanang." Murarka o re "Ho hlahlobisisa maemo a qeto ea Soviet ea ho kenella ho tiisa lintho tse peli. Ea pele, ke hore qeto ha ea nkuoa ka lepotlapotla ntle le ho nahaneloa hantle. Taba ea bobeli, hore ho kenella e ne e se sephetho se reriloeng esale pele sa ho nka karolo ho hoholo ha Soviet ho Afghanistan. E ka be e ile ea qojoa maemong a fapaneng. ”[21]
Empa ho fapana le ho qojoa, maemo a tlhaselo ea Soviet a ile a khothaletsoa ke mohato o patehileng o nkiloeng ke Carter, Brzezinski le CIA ka kotloloho le ka liforomo tsa boemeli Saudi Arabia, Pakistan le Egypt ho netefatsa hore ho kenella ha Soviet ha ho qojoe empa ho khothatsoa.
Ntle le moo, tlhatlhobo ea Tobin ke taba ea hore mang kapa mang ea lekileng ho sebetsa le Brzezinski Carter White House — joalo ka ha ho pakiloe ke mohokahanyi oa SALT II Paul Warnke le Motsamaisi oa CIA oa Carter, Stansfield Turner — ba ne ba mo tseba e le moahi oa naha ea Poland le mohopolo o khannoang.[22] Le haeba New Observer puisano e ne e le sieo e ne e ke ke ea fetola boima ba bopaki ba hore kantle le phephetso ea Brzezinski le Carter le phephetso e totobetseng, Masoviet a ne a ke ke a utloa ho hlokahala hore a tšele moeli ebe o hlasela Afghanistan.
Ho sengoloa sa la 8 Pherekhong 1972 ho New Yorker Magazine, se bitsitsoeng Litlhahiso: Ho Thabo ho Tšabo,[23] Senatorator J. William Fulbright o hlalositse sistimi ea neoconservative ea ho theha ntoa e sa feleng e neng e ntse e thibela Amerika ho la Vietnam. "Ntho e makatsang e le kannete ka thuto ena ea kelello ea Cold War ke phetiso e sa utloahaleng ea moroalo oa bopaki bo tsoang ho ba qosang ho ba ba botsang… Cold Warriors, sebakeng sa hore ba bolele hore na ba tseba joang hore Vietnam ke karolo ea leano bakeng sa Khoebo ea lefats'e, ka hona ho sebelisitsoe maemo a puisano ea sechaba hore a tsebe ho batla hore basomi ba pake hore ho ne ho se joalo. Haeba babelaeli ba ne ba sa khone ntoa e tlameha ho tsoela pele — ho e felisa e ne e tla bea bophelo ba sechaba kotsing. ”
Fulbright o ile a hlokomela hore Cold Warriors ea Washington e neng e sa tsotelle letho e fetotse mohopolo oa ho loana ntoa ka ho phethela, "Re fihla sehlohlolong: ntoa ke tsela e bohlale le e hlaphohetsoeng ho fihlela nyeoe ea khotso e netefatsoa tlasa melao e sa khoneheng ea bopaki - kapa ho fihlela sera sea inehela. Batho ba nang le kahlolo e molemo ba ke ke ba sebetsana le bona motheong ona. ”
Empa "banna" bana le sistimi ea bona e ne e le likhopolo; eseng ka mabaka le boikemisetso ba bona ba ho ntšetsa pele thomo ea bona ea ho hlola Bokomonisi ba Soviet bo ile ba mpefala le ho feta ha tahlehelo ea semmuso ea Ntoa ea Vietnam ka 1975. Ka lebaka la Brzezinski, leano la Amerika le neng le potile tsamaiso ea Carter ho la Afghanistan, SALT, détente le Soviet Union li ne li lula kantle ho naha Sebaka sa se neng se fetile bakeng sa ho etsa maano a setso sa boemeli ho Nixon le Ford ha a ntse a inehela tšusumetsong e chefo ea neoconservative ea Team B e neng e fumana taolo ka nako eo.
Tobin o hlokomoloha kopano ena e hlakileng ea nalane ea litsebi tsa maikutlo tse tšoanang. O tsitlella ho itšetleha ka rekoto ea semmuso hore a fihle liqetong tsa hae empa o iphapanya hore na rekoto eo e entsoe joang ke Brzezinski mme e susumetsoa ke lequloana la Washington la ba-neoconservatives ho fana ka boprofeta ba bona ba ho itšebeletsa. Ebe o khetha lintlha tse tšehetsang mohopolo oa hae o khahlano le Afghan ha a ntse a hlokomoloha leruo la bopaki bo tsoang ho ba neng ba hanyetsa boiteko ba Brzezinski ba ho laola pale le ho qhelela ka thoko maikutlo a hanyetsanang.
Ho ea ka liphuputso tse ngata Brzezinski o fetotse karolo ea moeletsi oa ts'ireletso ea naha ho feta kamoo a neng a rerile kateng. Kopanong ea moralo le Mopresidente Carter sehlekehlekeng sa St. Simon le pele a kena White House o ile a laola taolo ea melao ka ho fokotsa phihlello ho mopresidente ho fihlela likomiting tse peli (Komiti ea Tlhahlobo ea Leano PRC, le Komiti e Khethehileng ea Bohokahanyi SCC). Eaba o fetisetsa matla a Carter ho fetisetsa CIA ho SCC eo e neng e le molulasetulo oa eona. Kopanong ea pele ea kabinete kamora ho qala ho sebetsa Carter o phatlalalitse hore o phahamisa moeletsi oa ts'ireletso ea naha maemong a kabinete mme senotlolo sa Brzezinski sa ho ipata se phethehile. Ho ea ka rasaense oa lipolotiki ebile e le sengoli David J. Rothkopf, "E ne e le seteraeke sa pele sa taolo ea taolo ea pele. Sistimi ena e ne e fa Brzezinski boikarabello ba litaba tsa bohlokoahali le tse hlokolosi. ” [24]
Ho ea ka phuputso e 'ngoe ea thuto,[25] ka lilemo tse 'ne Brzezinski o ne a lula a nka khato ntle le tsebo kapa tumello ea mopresidente; e ile ea amohela puisano e rometsoeng ho White House ho tsoa lefats'eng ka bophara mme ka hloko ea khetha feela melaetsa eo bakeng sa mopresidente ho e bona e lumellanang le mohopolo oa hae. Komiti ea hae e Kopaneng ea Bohokahanyi, SCC e ne e le ts'ebetso ea setofo e neng e sebetsa molemong oa hae feela mme e hanela tlhaiso-leseling le phihlello ho ba ka mo hanyetsang, ho kenyelletsa Mongoli oa Naha Cyrus Vance le Motsamaisi oa CIA Stansfield Turner. Ha e le setho sa kabinete o ne a lula ofising ea White House ka lehlakoreng le leng la kamohelo ea baeti ho tsoa Ofising ea Oval mme a kopana khafetsa le Mopresidente, ba bolokang lirekoto ka tlung ba emisa ho boloka likopano.[26] Ka tumellano le Mopresidente Carter, o ne a tla ngola mefuta e meraro ea maqephe a likopano tsena le efe kapa efe ebe o li isa ho mopresidente ka seqo.[27] O sebelisitse matla ana a ikhethileng ho itlhahisa e le 'muelli oa mantlha oa tsamaiso le mokoallo lipakeng tsa White House le baeletsi ba bang ba mopresidente mme a ba a fihla ho theha mongoli oa boralitaba hore a fetisetse liqeto tsa hae tsa leano ka kotloloho ho Mainstream Media.
O ne a boetse a le tlalehong e le motho a le mong ea thehang kamano le Chaena ka Mots'eanong oa 1978 ka mokhoa o khahlano le Soviet o neng o le khahlano le leano la US ka nako eo ha a ne a tsebahala ka ho khelosa mopresidente ka litaba tse mahlonoko ho buella maemo a hae ka bohata.[28]
Joale see se ile sa sebetsa joang Afghanistan?
Tobin o hana mohopolo oa hore Brzezinski o tla eletsa Carter hore a ts'ehetse ka mafolofolo leano le ka behang SALT le denteente kotsing, ea beha lets'oao la hae la likhetho le ho sokela Iran, Pakistan le Kou ea Persia ho kenella nakong e tlang ea Soviet - hobane ho Tobin "ha e kholoe. ”[29]
E le bopaki ba ts'ehetso ea hae ea tumelo ea Brzezinski mabapi le litabatabelo tsa nako e telele tsa Soviet tsa ho hlasela Middle East ka Afghanistan, Tobin o supa kamoo Brzezinski a "hopotsitseng Carter ka 'khatello ea moetlo oa Russia ka boroa, mme a mo tsebisa ka kotloloho ka tlhahiso ea Molotov ho Hitler ho elella bofelong ba 1940 hore Manazi a amohela lipolelo tsa Soviet tsa botumo tikolohong e ka boroa ho Batum le Baku. '”Empa Tobin o sitoa ho bolela hore seo Brzezinski a se hlahisitseng mopresidente e le bopaki ba merero ea Soviet ho Afghanistan e ne e le tlhaloso e fosahetseng e tsebahalang[30] ea seo Hitler le Letona la Litaba tsa Kantle ho Naha Joachim von Ribbentropp ne a entse tlhahiso ho Molotov-le seo Molotov a ileng a se hana. Ka mantsoe a mang, se fapaneng haholo le seo Brzezinski a se buileng ho Carter — leha ho le joalo Tobin o hlokomoloha taba ena.
Ho tloha ha Afghanistan e phatlalatsa boipuso ho tsoa Borithane ka 1919 ho fihlela "marxist coup" ea 1978 sepheo se seholo sa leano la kantle ho naha la Soviet e ne e le ho boloka likamano tse mosa empa li le hloko le Afghanistan, ha li ntse li boloka lithahasello tsa Soviet.[31] Ho nka karolo ha US ho ne ho lula ho le tlase haholo ha US e emeloa ke balekane Pakistan le Iran tikolohong eo. Lilemong tsa bo-1970 US e ne e nka naha e se e ntse e le kahara matla a Soviet ka ha defacto e saenetse tokisetsong eo qalong ea Cold War. [32] Joalokaha litsebi tse peli tsa nako e telele tsa Amerika ho Afghanistan li hlalositse hantle ka 1981, "Ts'usumetso ea Soviet e ne e le matla empa e sa tšose ho fihlela 1978."[33] Ho fapana le polelo ea Brzezinski ea boqapi bo botle ba Soviet, Mongoli oa Naha Cyrus Vance ha a ka a bona bopaki ba letsoho la Moscow ho 78ng ea mmuso o fetileng empa ho na le bopaki bo bongata bo netefatsang hore phetohelo e ba maketse.[34] Ebile ho bonahala moetapele oa phetohelo Hafizullah Amin a tšaba hore Masoviet a ka be a ile a mo emisa ha ba ka fumana morero oo. Selig Harrison oa ngola, "Maikutlo a akaretsang a siiloeng ke bopaki bo fumanehang ke e 'ngoe ea karabelo e ntlafalitsoeng ea Soviet maemong a sa lebelloang… Hamorao, KGB' e ile ea tseba hore litaelo tsa Amin mabapi le merusu e ne e kenyelletsa thibelo e matla ea ho tsebisa Marussia ka liketso tse reriloeng. '”[35]
Moscow e nkile Hafizullah Amin a hokahana le CIA mme ea mo bitsa "'bourgeois ea maemo a tlase le bochaba bo fetelletseng ba Pashtu… ea nang le litabatabelo tse se nang meeli tsa lipolotiki le takatso ea matla,' eo a neng a tla 'inamela ho eng kapa eng ebe o etsa tlolo ea molao efe kapa efe ho e phetha.' ”[36] Ho tloha ka Mots'eanong 1978 Masoviet a ne a theha leano la ho mo tlosa le ho mo nkela sebaka 'me ka lehlabula la 1979 a ikopanya le litho tsa mehleng tseo e neng e se tsa bokomonisi tsa mmuso oa King le Mohammed Daoud ho aha "mmuso o seng oa bokomonisi, kapa oa kopanelo ho atleha Puso ea Taraki-Amin, ”ha a ntse a boloka boemeli ba boemeli ba Amerika d'affaires Bruce Amstutz a tsebile ka botlalo.[37]
Ho ba bang ba nang le boiphihlelo ba bona liketsahalong tse mabapi le tlhaselo ea Soviet, ha ho na pelaelo hore Brzezinski o ne a batla ho nyolla litheko bakeng sa Masoviet a Afghanistan mme esale a e etsa bonyane ho tloha ka Mmesa 1978 ka thuso ea Machaena. Nakong ea thomo ea nalane ea Brzezinski ea ho ea China kamora libeke tse seng kae kamora ho nka puso ea Marxist Afghanistan, o ile a hlahisa taba ea tšehetso ea China ho loants'a phetohelo ea Marxist ea morao tjena. [38]
E le ho tšehetsa khopolo ea hae ea hore Brzezinski o ne a sa hlohlelletse tlhaselo ea Soviet, Tobin o qotsa memo e tsoang ho motsamaisi oa NSC oa Litaba tsa Asia Boroa, Thomas Thornton ka la 3 Mots'eanong 1978 ha a tlaleha hore "CIA e ne e sa ikemisetsa ho nka khato e poteletseng"[39] ka nako eo mme a lemosa ka la 14 Phupu, hore "ho se khothatso ea semmuso" e fuoang "ba rerang bofetoheli".[40] Ketsahalo ea 'nete eo Thornton a buang ka eona e mabapi le ho ikopanya le molaoli oa bobeli ea phahameng ka ho fetisisa oa sesole sa Afghanistan ea ileng a batlisisa moemeli oa boemeli ba United States Bruce Amstutz mabapi le hore na US e tla ts'ehetsa ho liha "puso ea Marxist" e sa tsoa hlongoa ea Nur Mohammed Taraki le Hafizullah Amin.
Joale Tobin o qotsa tlhokomeliso ea Thornton ho Brzezinski hore sephetho sa "ho thusa ... e kanna ea ba memo ea ho nka karolo ho hoholo ha Soviet Union," mme o eketsa ka hore Brzezinski o ngotse "ee" ka thoko ho marang-rang.
Tobin o nka temoso e tsoang ho Thornton ke bopaki bo bong ba hore Brzezinski o ne a nyahamisa ketso e tsosang takatso ka ho tšoaea "e" tlhokomelong ea hae. Empa seo Brzezinski a neng a se bolela ka ho ngola ka thoko ho leqephe ke khopolo ea mang kapa mang, haholo-holo ka lebaka la khohlano e bohloko ea leano la hae mabapi le taba ea ho tsitsisa puso le moemeli ea tlang oa US Adolph Dubs ea fihlileng ka Phupu hape.
"Kea u joetsa feela hore Brzezinski o ne a hlile a loanela leano la Amerika mabapi le Afghanistan ka 1978 le 79 lipakeng tsa moqolotsi oa litaba le setsebi sa Brzezinski le Dubs" Selig Harrison O re boleletse puisanong eo re e entseng ka 1993. "Dubs e ne e le setsebi sa Soviet… a na le mohopolo o tsoetseng pele haholo oa seo a neng a tlo se etsa lipolotiking; e neng e le ho leka ho etsa Amin hore e be Tito - kapa ntho e haufi haholo le Tito - e mo thibele. Mme Brzezinski ehlile o ne a nahana hore hoo e ne e le lefeela… Dubs o emetse leano la ho se batle US hore e kenelle le ho thusa lihlopha tse hanyetsanang hobane o ne a leka ho sebetsana le boetapele ba Bokomonisi ba Afghan le ho e fa thuso ea mantlha le moruo le lintho tse ling tseo e ka e nolofalletsa hore e se ke ea itšetleha haholo ka Soviet Union… Joale Brzezinski o emetse mokhoa o fapaneng, e leng ho re e ne e le karolo ea boprofeta bo itlotsitseng. E ne e le molemo haholo ho batho bao joaloka Brzezinski ba neng ba e-na le khopolo e itseng ea kamano e akaretsang le Soviet Union. ”[41]
Bukeng ea hae le Diego Cordovez Ho tsoa Afghanistan, Harrison o hopola ketelo ea hae le Dubs ka Phato 1978 mme ka likhoeli tse tšeletseng tse latelang khohlano ea hae le Brzezinski e ile ea mo thatafalletsa bophelo le ho ba kotsi haholo ho kenya ts'ebetsong leano la Lefapha la Naha. Brzezinski le Dubs ba ne ba sebetsa ka sepheo sa ho etsa lintho tse fapaneng qetellong ea 1978 le mathoasong a 1979. ” Harrison oa ngola. "Taolo ena ea ts'ebetso ea sekhukhu e thusitse Brzezinski ho nka mehato ea pele ea ho ba le leano le mabifi la ho loants'a Soviet Afghanistan ntle le hore Lefapha la Naha le tsebe haholo ka lona."[42]
Ho ea ka "Post Profile" ea Lefapha la Naha ea 1978 bakeng sa mosebetsi oa moemeli, Afghanistan e ne e nkuoa e le kabelo e thata "ka lebaka la" tse sa lebelloang - mohlomong tse mabifi - lipolotiki tse amang botsitso ba sebaka seo "E le hlooho ea borumuoa, e nang le mekhatlo e robeli e fapaneng, e ka bang 150 Ma-Amerika a semmuso, sebakeng se hole se se nang bophelo bo botle, ”mosebetsi oa moemeli o ne o le kotsi ka ho lekana. Empa ha Moemeli Dubs a ne a hanyetsa ka kotloloho leano la sephiri la kahare la Brzezinski la ts'ireletso e ne e se e le kotsi. Dubs o ne a tseba hantle ho tloha qalong hore lenaneo le tsoelang pele la ts'ebetsong le ka etsa hore Masoviet a hlasele mme a hlalosetse Selig Harrison leano la hae. O ile a hlalosa hore "bolotsana ba United States ke ho boloka keketseho e hlokolosi ea lithuso le likhokahano tse ling ntle le ho qholotsa khatello ea li-Soviet ho Amin mme mohlomong le ho kenella ha sesole."[43]
Ho ea ka mohlahlobi oa mehleng oa CIA Henry Bradsher, Dubs o ile a leka ho lemosa Lefapha la Naha hore ho hloka botsitso ho ka baka tlhaselo ea Soviet. Pele a ea Kabul o ile a khothaletsa batsamaisi ba Carter ho etsa meralo ea tšohanyetso bakeng sa karabelo ea sesole sa Soviet mme nakong ea likhoeli tse 'maloa ba fihlile ba pheta khothaletso eo. Empa Lefapha la Naha le ne le le haufi le Brzezinski, kopo ea Dubs ha ea ka ea nkuoa ka botebo.[44]
Mathoasong a 1979 tšabo le pherekano ea hore na Hafizullah Amin o ne a sebeletsa CIA ka lekunutu, o ne a sentse boemeli ba Amerika, Moemeli Dubs o ile a tobana le molaoli oa hae oa seteishene mme a batla likarabo, empa a bolelloa hore Amin ha a so ka a sebeletsa CIA.[45] Empa menyenyetsi ea hore Amin o ne a hokahana le Lefapha la Bohlale la Pakistan ISI le Mamoseleme a Afghanistan a tšehelitsoeng ke bona, haholo-holo Gulbuddin Hekmatyar ke 'nete haholo.[46] Leha ho na le litšitiso Dubs o ile a phehella ho ntšetsa pele merero ea hae le Hafizullah Amin khahlano le khatello e totobetseng e tsoang ho Brzezinski le NSC ea hae. Harrison oa ngola. "Khabareng, Dubs o ne a tseka ka matla ho boloka likhetho tsa Amerika li butsoe, a kopa hore ho hloka botsitso hoa mmuso ho ka tsosa kenello e tobileng ea Soviet."[47]
Harrison o tsoela pele ho re; "Brzezinski o ile a totobatsa puisanong kamora hore a tlohe White House hore o ne a lula ka har'a melao ea Mopresidente ka nako eo hore a se ke a fana ka thuso e tobileng ho bofetoheli ba Afghanistan [e seng e senotsoe e se 'nete]. Kaha ho ne ho se na taboo ka tšehetso e sa tobang, leha ho le joalo, CIA e ne e khothalelitse Zia Ul-Haq e neng e sa tsoa teoa ho qala lenaneo la eona la ts'ehetso ea sesole bakeng sa marabele. O boletse hore CIA le Pakistani Interservices Intelligence Directorate (ISI) ba sebelisane 'moho ho rala mananeo a koetliso bakeng sa bafetoheli le ho hokahanya lithuso tsa China, Saudi Arabia, Egypt le Kuwaiti tse neng li qala ho kenella. Qalong ea Hlakola 1979, sena tšebelisano-'moho e ile ea e-ba lekunutu ha Washington Post e phatlalatsa [Hlakola 2] tlaleho ea paki e boneng hore bonyane Maafghan a likete tse peli a ne a ntse a koetlisetsoa litsing tsa mehleng tsa Sesole sa Pakistani tse lebetsoeng ke mapolesa a Pakistani. ”[48]
David Newsom, Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs ea neng a kopane le mmuso o mocha oa Afghan lehlabuleng la 1978 o bolelletse Harrison, "Ho tloha qalong, Zbig o ne a e-na le maikutlo a ho thulana le maemo ho feta Vance le bongata ba rona Naheng. O ne a nahana hore re lokela ho etsa ho hong ka sekhukhu ho nyopisa litabatabelo tsa Soviet karolong eo ea lefats'e. Ka linako tse ling ke ne ke se mong ha ke botsa lipotso ka bohlale le ho khoneha ha seo a batlang ho se etsa. ” Mookameli oa CIA, Stansfield Turner, ka mohlala, '"o ne a le hlokolosi ho feta Zbig, hangata a pheha khang ea hore ho na le ho hong ho ke keng ha sebetsa. Zbig o ne a sa tšoenyeha ka ho qholotsa Marussia, joalo ka ha ba bang ba rona re ne re le… ”[49]
Le ha a hlokomela polao e ileng ea latela ea Moemeli Dubs ka la 14 Hlakola matsohong a mapolesa a Afghanistan e le phetoho e kholo ho Brzezinski ho fetisetsa leano la Afghan ho feta khahlanong le Masoviet, Tobin o qoba ka ho felletseng terama e lebisitseng polaong ea Dubs, khohlano ea hae le Brzezinski le tšabo ea hae e pepeneneng ba ile ba tšaba hore ho hlohlelletsa Masoviet ka ho ba hlokisa botsitso ho ka baka tlhaselo.[50]
Mathoasong a selemo sa 1979 meme ea "Vietnam ea Russia" e ne e ntse e potoloha hohle khatisong ea machabeng joalo ka ha bopaki ba ts'ehetso ea China bakeng sa bofetoheli ba Afghanistan bo qala ho hlahella. Sengoloa sa April ka Makasineng ea MacLean ea Canada se tlalehile boteng ba liofisiri tsa sesole sa China le barupeli Pakistan ba koetlisa le ho hlomella "mapolesa a mapheo a letona a Afghan Moslem bakeng sa 'ntoa ea bona e halalelang' khahlano le puso ea Kabul ea morao-rao ea Noor Mohammed Taraki."[51] Sengoloa sa la 5 Mots'eanong ho Washington Post se bitsitsoeng "Afghanistan: Vietnam ea Moscow?" a ea ntlheng eo a re, "khetho ea Masoviet ea ho hula ka botlalo ha e sa fumaneha. Li ntse li le teng. ”[52]
Empa leha a tseka boikarabello ho Mohlokomeli oa Nouvelle sengoloa, qeto ea ho boloka Marussia a lula Afghanistan e kanna eaba e se e fetohile fait accompli eo Brzezinski a ileng a e nka feela. Ka 1996 Ho tsoa ho Shadows, molaoli oa mehleng oa CIA Robert Gates le thuso ea Brzezinski ho NSC ba tiisa hore CIA e ne e le nyeoeng nako e telele pele Masoviet a utloa tlhoko ea ho hlasela. “Tsamaiso ea Carter e ile ea qala ho sheba monyetla oa thuso e patehileng ho marabele a neng a le khahlanong le 'muso oa pro-Soviet, Marxist oa Mopresidente Taraki qalong ea 1979. Ka la 9 Hlakubele 1979, CIA e ile ea romela likhetho tse' maloa tsa ho ipata tse amanang le Afghanistan ho SCC … DO e ile ea tsebisa DDCI Carlucci ho elella qetellong ea Hlakubele hore mmuso oa Pakistan o kanna oa atleha haholoanyane mabapi le ho thusa marabele ho feta kamoo ho neng ho lumeloa pele, a qotsa ho atamela ofisiri e kholo ea Pakistani ho ofisiri ea Setsi. ”[53]
Ntle le lipheo tsa lipolotiki tse amanang le mohopolo oa Brzezinski, polelo ea Gates e senola lebaka le leng hape la sepheo sa ho tšoasa Afghan: Merero ea nako e telele ea barekisi ba lithethefatsi khoebong ea opium le litabatabelo tsa Kakaretso ea Pakistani tse tummeng ka ho etsa leraba la Afghan nnete.
Ka 1989 Lieutenant General Fazle Haq oa Pakistan o ile a itsebahatsa e le ofisiri e kholo ea Pakistani ea neng a susumetsa Brzezinski ho ts'ehetsa bareki ba ISI le ho etsa ts'ebetso ea ho tšehetsa bafetoheli ba ntseng ba tsoela pele. “Ke boleletse Brzezinski hore u itširelelitse Vietnam le Korea; ho molemo o e fumane hantle nakong ena ”o bolelletse ralitaba oa Borithane Christina Lamb puisanong ea buka ea hae, Ho letela Allah.[54]
Ho fapana le ho lokolla Brzezinski ka boikarabello bofe kapa bofe ba ho hohela Masoviet lerabeng la Afghan, kamohelo ea Haq ea 1989 e kopantsoe le ts'enolo ea Gates 1996 e tiisa boikemisetso bo reriloeng ba ho sebelisa ho tsitsisa ho hlohlelletsa Masoviet karabelong ea sesole ebe ba sebelisa karabelo eo ho qholotsa sesole se seholo Ntlafatso eo ho neng ho buuoa ka eona ha Soviet e arabela atereseng ea Carter ea Wake Forest ka Hlakubele 1978. E boetse e hokahanya sepheo sa Fazle Haq le Mopresidente Carter le Brzezinski mme ka ho etsa joalo, e etsa lisebelisoa tse peli tse nang le bokhoni ba ho hasanya lithethefatsi tse seng molaong ka litšenyehelo tsa Carter's "Leano la mmuso la thibelo ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le thekiso ea lithethefatsi."
Qetellong ea 1977 Dr. David Musto, ngaka ea mafu a kelello ea Yale o ne a amohetse ho khethoa ha Carter ho White House Strategy Council mabapi le Tlhekefetso ea Lithethefatsi. “Lilemong tse peli tse tlang, Musto o ile a fumana hore CIA le mekhatlo e meng ea bohlale e hanela lekhotla leo — leo litho tsa lona li neng li kenyelletsa mongoli oa naha le 'muelli oa molao — phihlello ea tlhaiso-leseling eohle e mabapi le lithethefatsi, leha ho ne ho hlokahala bakeng sa ho etsa leano le lecha. ”
Ha Musto a tsebisa White House ka leshano la CIA ka ho nka karolo ha bona ha a ka a fumana karabo. Empa ha Carter a qala ho fana ka chelete pepeneneng ho likhukhuni tsa mujahideen kamora tlhaselo ea Soviet Musto o boleletse lekhotla. "'[T] katiba re ne re ea Afghanistan ho ea tšehetsa balemi ba opium phetohelong ea bona khahlanong le Masoviet. Na ha rea lokela ho leka ho qoba seo re se entseng Laos? Na ha rea lokela ho leka ho lefa balemi haeba ba felisa tlhahiso ea bona ea opium? Ho ile ha khutsa. ' Ha heroine e tsoang Afghanistan le Pakistan e ntse e kenella Amerika ho fihlela ka 1979, Musto o ile a hlokomela hore palo ea batho ba bolaoang ke lithethefatsi New York City e nyolohile ka karolo ea 77 lekholong. ”[55]
Khauta e bitsoang Golden Triangle e ne e fane ka mohloli oa lekunutu oa lichelete bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea CIA e khahlano le bokomonisi nakong ea Ntoa ea Vietnam. "Ka 1971, liperesente tse 34 tsa masole ohle a Amerika a Vietnam Boroa e ne e le makhoba a heroine - kaofela a fanoa ka lilaboratori tse tsamaisoang ke thepa ea CIA."[56] Ka lebaka la Dr. David Musto, ts'ebeliso ea Haq ea khoebo ea Tribal heroin ho tšehetsa ka sekhukhu mabotho a marabele a Gulbuddin Hekmatyar e ne e se e pepesitsoe, empa ka lebaka la Fazle Haq, Zbigniew Brzezinski le monna ea bitsoang Agha Hassan Abedi le Banka ea Khoebo le Mokoloto oa Machaba, melao ea papali e ne e tla fetoloa ka hare. [57]
Ka 1981, Haq o ne a entse moeli oa Afghan / Pakistan hore e be morekisi ea phahameng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng oa heroine ka liperesente tse 60 tsa heroine ea Amerika e tlang ka lenaneo la hae[58]'me ka 1982 Interpol e ne e thathamisa motsoalle ea sebetsang le Brazinski Fazle Haq e le mohoebi oa machaba oa lithethefatsi.[59]
Kamora Vietnam, Haq o ile a fuoa monyetla oa ho nka monyetla oa phetoho ea nalane khoebong e seng molaong ea lithethefatsi ho tloha Asia Boroa-bochabela le Golden Triangle ho ea Asia Boroa Asia le Golden Crescent, moo e ileng ea sireletsoa ke bohlale ba Pakistani le CIA le moo e atlehang kajeno.[60]
Haq le Abedi mmoho e ile ea fetola khoebo ea lithethefatsi hampe Tlas'a sekoaelo sa ntoa ea Mopresidente Carter e khahlano le Soviet ea Afghanistan e etsang hore ho bolokehe bakeng sa mekhatlo eohle ea bohlale ea lefats'e ho etsa hore mananeo a neng a sebelisoa ka lekunutu ke 'muso. Ke Abedi ea ileng a tlisa motho ea tlohetseng mosebetsi Mopresidente Carter joalo ka monna oa hae oa pele ho netefatsa sefahleho sa mesebetsi e seng molaong ea banka ea hae ha e ntse e tsoela pele ho tšehetsa bokhukhuni ba Mamoseleme ho namela lefatšeng ka bophara.
Ho na le ba bangata ba khethang ho lumela hore ho nka karolo ha Mopresidente Carter le Agha Hassan Abedi e bile litholoana tsa ho hloka tsebo kapa naiveté le hore ka pelong ea hae Mopresidente Carter o ne a leka feela ho ba monna ea lokileng. Empa le tlhatlhobo ea BCCI e senolang kamano e tebileng le selikalikoe sa Carter Democratic Party se ke keng sa hlalosoa ka lebaka la ho hloka tsebo.[61] Leha ho le joalo e ka hlalosoa ka mokhoa o baliloeng oa thetso le ho mopresidente hore ho fihlela kajeno o hana ho araba lipotso life kapa life mabapi le eona.
Ho litho tse ling tsa Carter White House tse sebelisaneng le Brzezinski nakong ea lilemo tse 'ne a le lebiling ho tloha ka 1977 ho isa ho 1981 morero oa hae oa ho hlohlelletsa Marussia ho etsa ho hong Afghanistan o ne o lula o hlakile. Ho ea ka John Helmer Mosebeletsi oa White House ea neng a filoe mosebetsi oa ho fuputsa likhothaletso tse peli tsa Brzezinski ho Carter, Brzezinski o ne a ka beha eng kapa eng kotsing ho nyenyefatsa Masoviet le ts'ebetso ea hae Afghanistan e ne e tsebahala.
“Brzezinski e ne e le lehloeo le feteletseng la Russia ho fihlela qetellong. Seo se lebisitse ho ho hloleha ho hoholo ha nako ea Carter ofising; lehloeo leo Brzezinski a ileng a le ntša le bile le tšusumetso e ntseng e tsoela pele ho ba tlokotsi lefatšeng lohle. ” Helmer o ngotse ho 2017, "Ho Brzezinski o ea tlotlisoa ka ho qala boholo ba maloetse - mokhatlo, lichelete le lihlomo tsa mujahideen basomi ba Mamoseleme ba felisitseng - ka chelete le matsoho a US - ho mabotho a bokhukhuni a Maislamo a sebetsang hole le Afghanistan. le Pakistan, moo Brzezinski a li qalileng teng. ”[62]
Helmer o tsitlella hore Brzezinski o sebelisitse matla a ho thetsa Carter a mo koetliselitseng mohopolo oa Brzezinski ha a ntse a mo foufaletsa litlamorao ho tloha qalong ea bopresidente ba hae. “Ho tloha qalong… likhoeling tse tšeletseng tsa pele tsa 1977, Carter le eena o ile a lemosoa ka ho hlaka ke basebetsi ba hae, ka hare ho White House… bopaki boo likeletso li neng li thehiloe ho bona. ” Leha ho le joalo temoso e ile ea oela litsebeng tsa litsebe tsa Carter ha boikarabello ba liketso tsa Brzezinski bo le mahetleng a hae. Ho ea ka Motsamaisi oa CIA oa Carter Stansfield Turner; “Boikarabello bo boholo ke ba Jimmy Carter ka botlalo. E lokela ho ba Mopresidente ea hlokolang likeletso tsena tse fapaneng. ” [63] Empa ho fihlela kajeno Carter o hana ho sebetsana le karolo ea hae ho theha koluoa eo Afghanistan e seng e le ho eona.
Ka 2015 re ile ra qala ho sebetsa ka litokomane ho qetella re hlakola moea ho tse ling tsa lipotso tse sa rarolloang tse potileng karolo ea Amerika ho Afghanistan mme re hokahane hape le Dr. Charles Cogan bakeng sa lipuisano. Nakoana kamora hore kh'amera e phuthulohe, Cogan o ile a kenella ho re bolella o ne a buile le Brzezinski nakong ea selemo ka 2009 ka selemo sa 1998 New Observer puisano mme a ferekanngoa ke ho tseba hore "theisisi ea sefi ea Afghanistan" joalo ka ha ho boletsoe ke Brzezinski e ne e hlile e nepahetse.[64]
“Ke ile ka buisana le eena. Ona e ne e le mokete oa Samuel Huntington. Brzezinski o ne a le teng moo. Ke ne ke qala ho kopana le eena mme ka ea ho eena ka itlhahisa mme ka re ke lumellana le ntho e ngoe le e ngoe eo o e etsang le eo o e buang ntle le ntho e le 'ngoe. U fane ka lipotso le Nouvel Observateur lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng u re re ile ra monya Masoviet Afghanistan. Ke itse ha ke so utloe kapa ho amohela mohopolo oo mme a re ho nna, 'E kanna eaba o bile le pono ea hau ho Setsi empa re bile le maikutlo a fapaneng le a White House,' mme a tsitlella hore hona ho nepahetse. Mme ke ntse ke… ho hlakile hore ke tsela eo a neng a ikutloa ka eona. Empa ha ke a ka ka tleloa ke moferefere oa seo ha ke ne ke le Chief Near East Asia Boroa nakong ea ntoa ea Afghanistan khahlano le Masoviet.
Qetellong ho bonahala eka Brzezinski o ne a hohetse Masoviet hore a kenelle Vietnam ea bona ka sepheo mme a batla hore mosebetsi-'moho le eena-joalo ka e mong oa liofisiri tse phahameng tsa CIA ho nka karolo mesebetsing e meholohali ea bohlale ba Amerika ho tloha ka WWII - ho e tseba. Brzezinski o sebelitse sistimi ena ho fihlela sepheo sa hae sa mohopolo mme o atlehile ho e boloka e le lekunutu ebile e se tlalehong ea semmuso. O ne a hohetse Masoviet lerabeng la Afghan mme ba ne ba oetse lerabeng.
Bakeng sa Brzezinski, ho etsa hore Masoviet a hlasele Afghanistan e ne e le monyetla oa ho fetola tumellano ea Washington ho ea moleng o thata o sa feleng khahlanong le Soviet Union. Ntle le tlhokomelo bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea hae ea ho ipata e le molulasetulo oa SCC, o ne a ka theha maemo a hlokahalang ho qholotsa karabelo ea Soviet ea ho itšireletsa eo a neng a tla e sebelisa joalo ka bopaki ba keketseho e sa feleng ea Soviet mme a sebelisa boralitaba, tseo a neng a li laola, ho tiisa, ka tsela eo ho theha boprofeta bo ikhotsofatsang. Leha ho le joalo, hang ha mokhoa oa hae oa ho feteletsa litaba oa Russophobic le mashano ka tšebetso ea hae ea lekunutu e amoheloa, ba ile ba fumana lehae mekhatlong ea Amerika mme ba ntse ba tsoela pele ho tšoenya litsi tseo ho fihlela kajeno. Leano la Amerika ho tloha ka nako eo le 'nile la sebetsa ho Russophobic haze ea tlholo e hlohlelletsang liketsahalo tsa machabeng ebe e sebelisa merusu. Mme Brzezinski o ile a makala ha a fumana hore ha a khone ho tima ts'ebetso eo.
Ka 2016, selemo pele ho lefu la hae Brzezinski o ile a fana ka tšenolo e tebileng sengoloeng se bitsitsoeng “Ho ea Pusong ea Lefatše Lohle” e lemosang hore “United States e ntse e le mokhatlo o matla ka ho fetisisa lipolotiking, moruong, le sesoleng, empa e fuoe liphetoho tse rarahaneng tsa lipolotiki libakeng tsa libaka, ha e sa le eo matla a moemphera oa lefatše. ” Empa kamora ho bona lilemo tse ngata tsa ho bona mehato e fosahetseng ea Amerika mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea eona ea matla a borena, o ile a hlokomela hore toro ea hae ea phetoho e etelletsoeng pele ke Amerika ho ea lefatseng le lecha e ke ke ea hlola e ba teng. Le ha a ne a sa rate ho sebelisa mebuso ea hae ea borena ho hohela Masoviet ho kena Afghanistan, o ne a sa lebella hore Mmuso oa hae o ratehang oa Amerika o oele lerabeng le le leng mme qetellong a phela nako e telele ho lekana ho utloisisa hore o hapile tlhōlo ea Pyrrhic feela.
Hobaneng ha Conor Tobin a ne a ka felisa bopaki bo tebileng mabapi le karolo eo US ae entseng tlhaselong ea Soviet Union ea 1979 HONA JOALE?
Ka lebaka la se entsoeng tlalehong ea nalane ka boiteko ba Conor Tobin ba ho theola "sengoloa sa Leraba la Afghan" le ho hlakisa botumo ba Zbigniew Brzezinski le Mopresidente Carter linnete tsa taba li lula li hlakile. Ho nyatsa Brzezinski's New Observer puisano ha e lekane bakeng sa mosebetsi oa hae ka lebaka la puisano ea rona ea 2015 le moetapele oa mehleng oa CIA Charles Cogan le sehlopha se matla sa bopaki se hananang ka botlalo mohopolo oa hae o khahlanong le "Afghan Trap".
Na Tobin e ne e le "morutehi a le mong" ea neng a ikemiselitse ho hloekisa botumo ba Brzezinski bakeng sa litloholo tsa hae morerong oa sekolo boiteko ba hae e ka ba ntho e le 'ngoe. Empa ho beha mohopolo oa hae o moqotetsane koranteng e tsebahalang ea lithuto tsa machabeng e le ho nahana bocha ka tlhaselo ea Soviet ea Afghanistan e kopa mohopolo. Empa, maemo a potileng tlhaselo ea Soviet, liketso tsa Mopresidente Carter tse reriloeng esale pele, karabelo ea hae e makatsang ho eona le ho nka karolo ha hae kamora mopresidente le mofani oa lichelete oa CIA Agha Hassan Abedi, ha a nahane hakaalo.
Ho bopaki bohle bo hanelang mohopolo oa Tobin o khahlano le Afghan oa Trap, e fumanehang habonolo ebile e na le bothata ho batsamaisi ba 'nalane ea semmuso' mabapi le karolo eo US e e entseng tlhaselong ea Soviet ea Afghanistan e ntse e le moqolotsi oa litaba Vincent Jauvert oa 1998 Puisano ea Nouvel Observateur. Hore na boiteko bona ba ho hlakola rekoto ke sepheo sa sepheo sa moqoqo oa Conor Tobin ho tla tsebahala. Ho ka etsahala hore sebaka se pakeng tsa joale le lefu la Brzezinski se bontšitse hore nako e ne e nepahetse ea ho hlalosa bocha lipolelo tsa hae tsa phatlalatsa bakeng sa rekoto ea semmuso.
Re bile lehlohonolo hore ebe re atlehile ho fumana boiteko ba Conor Tobin le ho e lokisa ka hohle kamoo re ka khonang. Empa Afghanistan ke mohlala o le mong feela oa moo Maamerika a khelositsoeng teng. Bohle re tlameha ho tseba haholoanyane hore na ts'ebetso ea rona ea popo ea nalane e koetsoe joang ke matla-a neng a tla ba teng ho tloha qalong. Ho bohlokoa hore re ithute ho e khutlisa.
Bertolt Brecht, Ho phahama ho hanyetsoang ha Arturo Ui
"Haeba re ne re ka ithuta ho sheba ho fapana le ho qhekella,
Re ne re tla bona tšabo lipelong tsa farce,
Hoja feela re ne re ka nka bohato ho fapana le ho bua,
Re ne re ke ke ra qetella re qetile esele ea rona.
Ena ke eona ntho e neng e batla e re tseba;
Le se ke la thabela tlhōlo ea hae, banna!
Leha lefats'e le ile la ema la emisa ngoana oa bonyatsi,
Monyane o mo tsoetseng o mofuthu hape. ”
Paul Fitzgerald le Elizabeth Gould ke bangoli ba Nalane e sa Bonahaleng: Pale ea Afoldistan ea Untold, Ho tšela lefela Ntoa ea AfPak sebakeng sa phetoho ea 'Muso oa Amerika 'me The Lentsoe. Etela liwebosaete tsa bona ho nalane e sa bonahaleng 'me boitumelo.
[1] Nalane ea Lipuisano ke koranta ea semmuso ea Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR). Koranta e ipiletsa ho babali ba tsoang lithutong tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa lithuto tsa Amerika, moruo oa machabeng, nalane ea Amerika, lithuto tsa ts'ireletso ea naha, le lithuto tsa Latin-American, Asia, African, Europe le Middle East.
[2] Nalane ea Lipuisano, Buka ea 44, Khatiso ea 2, Mmesa 2020, Maqephe 237-264, https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhz065
E phatlalalitsoe: 09 Januari 2020
[3] H-Diplo Article Review 966 mabapi le Tobin .: Zbigniew Brzezinski le Afghanistan, 1978-1979. ” Tlhahlobo ea Todd Greentree, Univesithi ea Oxford Character Character of War Center
[4] Vincent Jauvert, Puisano le Zbigniew Brzezinski, Le Nouvel Observateur (France), Jan 15-21, 1998, leq. 76 * (Ho na le bonyane likhatiso tse peli tsa makasine ona; ntle le Library ea Congress feela, phetolelo eo e rometsoeng United States e khuts'oane ho feta mofuta oa Sefora, mme puisano ea Brzezinski ha e ea kenyelletsoa ho e khuts'oane).
[5] Paul Fitzgerald le Elizabeth Gould, Nalane e sa Bonahaleng: Pale ea Afoldistan ea Untold, (San Francisco: Libuka tsa City Lights, 2009).
[6] Conor Tobin, Khopolo-taba ea 'Leraba la Afghan': Zbigniew Brzezinski le Afghanistan, 1978--1979 Nalane ea Lipuisano, Buka ea 44, Khatiso ea 2, Mmesa 2020. p. EA-239-TK
https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhz065
[7] MS Agwani, Mohlophisi oa Tlhahlobo, "The Saur Revolution le After," LEKHOTLA LA LEKOTLA LA SEKOLO SA LITHUTO TSA MACHABA JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY (New Delhi, India) Buka ea 19, Nomoro ea 4 (Mphalane-Mots'eanong 1980) p. EA-571-TL
[8] Puisano ea Paul Jay le Zbigniew Brzezinski, Ntoa ea Afghan ea Brzezinski le Grand Chessboard (2/3) 2010 - https://therealnews.com/stories/zbrzezinski1218gpt2
[9] Puisano ea Samira Goetschel le Zbigniew Brzezinski, Ea rona e ikemetseng bin Laden 2006 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVgZyMoycc0&feature=youtu.be&t=728
[10] E HLAHISITSOA KE: Diego Cordovez, Selig S. Harrison, Ho tsoa Afghanistan: Pale ea kahare ea Puseletso ea Soviet (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), leq. 34.
[11] Tobin “Khopolo-taba ea 'Leraba la Afghan': Zbigniew Brzezinski le Afghanistan,” leq. EA-240-TL
[12] Tumellano ea Vladivostok, la 23 ho isa ho la 24 Pulungoana 1974, Mongoli Kakaretso oa Komiti e Kholo ea CPSU LI Brezhnev le Mopresidente oa USA Gerald R. Ford ba buile ka ho qaqileng ka potso ea meeli e tsoelang pele ea libetsa tse hlaselang. https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/treaties/vladivostok.html
| [13] PRM 10 | Tlhatlhobo e Felletseng ea Net Net le Tlhahlobo ea Boemo ba Sesole sa Sesole |
February 18, 1977
[14] Anne Hessing Cahn, Killing Détente: Litokelo li Hlasela CIA (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), leq. 187.
[15] MOSEBETSI OA MOSEBETSI: Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente le Qhoebeshano (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1994 Revised Edition), leq. EA-657-TZ
[16] Dr. Carol Saivetz, Harvard University, "The Intervention in Afghanistan and the Fall of Détente" conference, Lysebu, Norway, Loetse 17-20, 1995 leq. 252-253.
[17] Kahn, Killing Détente: Litokelo li Hlasela CIA, leq. 15.
[18] Puisano, Washington DC, la 17 Hlakola 1993.
[19] Bona KOPANO EA POLITBURO EA KOMITI EA SETSEHALENG EA MOKHATLO OA Bokomonisi OA Soviet Union 17 Hlakubele 1979 https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113260
[20] GB Kistiakowsky, Herbert Scoville, “Mantsoe a Kremlin a lahlehileng,” The Boston Globe , Hlakola 28, 1980, leq. 13.
[21] Dev Murarka, "AFGHANISTAN: PUSELETSO EA RUSSI: TSEBISO EA MOSCOW," LEBEKA LEBAKENG (London, England), No. 282 (APRIL 1981), leq. EA-127-TL.
[22] Puisano le Paul Warnke, Washington, DC, la 17 Hlakola 1993. Admiral Stansfield Turner, Motsamaisi oa mehleng oa Central Intelligence, kopano ea "The Intervention in Afghanistan and the Fall of Détente", Lysebu, Norway Loetse 17-20 p. EA-216-TL
[23] J. William Fulbright, “Re Nahana ka Tšabo e Fetisisang,” New Yorker, Pherekhong 1, 1972 (New York, USA), Pherekhong 8, 1972 Khatiso p. 44-45
[24] David J. RothKopf - Mohlophisi oa Charles Gati, ZBIG: Leano le Statecraft ea Zbigniew Brzezinski (Johns Hopkins University Press 2013), leq. 68.
[25] Erika McLean, Ka Ntle ho Khabinete: Katoloso ea Zbigniew Brzezinski ea Boemo ba Baeletsi ba Ts'ireletso ea Naha, Thesis e Itokiselitse Degree ea Master of the Arts, University of North Texas, Phato 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc84249/
[26] Ibid leq. EA-73-TL
[27] Betty Ke Thabile, Motho ea kantle ho White House: Jimmy Carter, Baeletsi ba hae le ho etsoa ha Leano la Amerika la kantle ho naha (Ithaca, New York: Univesithi ea Cornell, 2009), leq. EA-84-TK
[28] MOSEBETSI OA MOSEBETSI: Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente le Qhoebeshano (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1994 Revised Edition), leq 770.
[29] Tobin “Khopolo-taba ea 'Leraba la Afghan': Zbigniew Brzezinski le Afghanistan,” leq. EA-253-TL
[30] MOSEBETSI OA MOSEBETSI: Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente le Qhoebeshano, (Khatiso e ntlafalitsoeng), leq. 1050. Hlokomela 202. Hamorao Garthoff o hlalosa ketsahalo eo e le "thuto e fosahetseng ea nalane ea Brzezinski ea lipuo tsa Molotov-Hitler ka 1940." (Eo Carter a entseng phoso ea ho e amohela ka sefahleho) p. EA-1057-TL.
[31] Rodric Braithwaite, Afgantsy: Marussia a Afghanistan 1979-89, (Oxford University Press, New York 2011), leq. 29-36.
[32] Dr. Gary Sick, mosebeletsi oa mehleng oa NSC, Iran le setsebi sa Middle East, "The Intervention in Afghanistan and the Fall of Déente", Lysebu, leq. 38.
[33] Nancy Peabody Newell le Richard S. Newell, Ntoa ea Afghanistan, (Cornell University Press 1981), leq. EA-110-111
[34] Rodric Braithwaite, Moferefere, E leq. 41
[35] E HLAHISITSOA KE: Diego Cordovez, Selig S. Harrison, Ho tsoa Afghanistan, leq. 27 Ha a qotsa Alexander Morozov, "Motho oa rona oa Kabul," Nako e Ncha (Moscow), la 24 Loetse 1991, leq. 38.
[36] John K. Cooley Lintoa tse sa halaleleng: Afghanistan, America le Bokhukhuni ba Machabeng, (Pluto Press, London 1999) leq. 12 e qotsa moemeli ea phahameng oa Kremlin Vasily Safronchuk, Afghanistan nakong ea Taraki, Litaba tsa Machabeng, Moscow Pherekhong 1991, maq. 86-87.
[37] MOSEBETSI OA MOSEBETSI: Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente le Qhoebeshano, (Khatiso e ntlafalitsoeng ea 1994), leq. 1003.
[38] MOSEBETSI OA MOSEBETSI: Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente le Qhoebeshano, leq. 773.
[39] Tobin “Khopolo-taba ea 'Leraba la Afghan': Zbigniew Brzezinski le Afghanistan,” leq. EA-240-TL
[40] Ibid leq. EA-241-TK
[41] Puisano le Selig Harrison, Washington, DC, la 18 Hlakola 1993.
[42] Diego Cordovez - Selig Harrison, O Tsoile Afghanistan: Pale ea kahare ea Puseletso ea Soviet (New York, Oxford: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1995), leq. 33.
[43] Ibid.
[44] Henry S. Bradsher, Afghanistan le Soviet Union, Khatiso e Ncha le e Atolositsoeng, (Durham: Duke University Press, 1985), leq. EA-85-86.
[45] Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: Nalane ea Lekunutu ea CIA, Afghanistan le bin Laden, ho tloha tlhaselong ea Soviet ho fihlela la 10 Loetse 2001. (Libuka tsa Penguin, 2005) leq. 47-48.
[46] Puisano ea bangoli le Malawi Abdulaziz Sadiq, (motsoalle ea haufi le motsoalle oa Hafizullah Amin) la 25 Phuptjane 2006.
[47] Diego Cordovez - Selig Harrison, Ho tsoa Afghanistan: Pale ea kahare ea Puseletso ea Soviet, leq. 34.
[48] Cordovez - Harrison, Ho tsoa Afghanistan leq. 34 Ha a qotsa Peter Nieswand, "Guerillas Train in Pakistan to to put Afghan Afghan," Washington Post, la 2 Hlakola 1979, leq. A 23.
[49] Ibid. leq. 33.
[50] Ibid.
[51] Peter Nieswand, "Ke ntoa e halalelang ka ho fetesisa ea Peking," MacLean's, (Toronto, Canada) la 30 Mmesa 1979 leq. 24
[52] Jonathan C. Randal, Washington Post, La 5 Motšeanong 1979 leq. EA-33.
[53] Robert M. Gates, Ho tsoa ho Shadows: Pale ea The Ultimate Insider ea MaPresidente a mahlano le kamoo ba hapileng Cold War (New York, TOUCHSTONE, 1996), leq. 144
[54] Christina Konyana, Ho emela Allah: Ntoa ea Pakistan ea Demokrasi (Viking, 1991), leq. EA-222
[55] MOKHATLO OA MOLIMO: Alfred W. McCoy, Lipolotiki tsa Heroin, CIA Complicity ho Global Drug Trade, (Harper & Row, New York - Khatiso e ntlafalitsoeng le e atolositsoeng, 1991), maq. 436-437 Ha a qotsa New York Times, May 22, 1980.
[56] Alfred W. McCoy, "Bahlaseluoa ba ntoa ea CIA khahlanong le bokomonisi," Boston Globe, La 14 Pulungoana 1996, leq. EA-27
[57] MOKHATLO OA MOLIMO: Alfred W. McCoy, Lipolotiki tsa Heroin, CIA Complicity ho Global Drug Trade, (Khatiso e Atolositsoeng), maq. 452-454
[58] Alfred W. McCoy, "Bahlaseluoa ba ntoa ea CIA khahlanong le bokomonisi," Boston Globe, La 14 Pulungoana 1996, leq. EA-27 https://www.academia.edu/31097157/_Casualties_of_the_CIAs_war_against_communism_Op_ed_in_The_Boston_Globe_Nov_14_1996_p_A_27
[59] Alfred W. McCoy le Alan A. Block (ed.) Ntoa ea Lithethefatsi: Liphuputso ka Phoso ea Leano la Lithethefatsi la US, (Boulder, Colo .: Westview, 1992), leq. EA-342-TK
[60] Catherine Lamour le Michel R. Lamberti, Khokahano ea Machabeng: Opium e tsoang ho balemi ho ea ho Bahlahisi, (Penguin Books, 1974, English Translation) maq. 177-198.
[61] William Safire, "Karolo ea Clifford Litlamong Tsa Banka Ke Feela Tlhahiso ea Leqhoa," Chicago Tribune, July 12, 1991 https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-07-12-9103180856-story.html
[62] John Helmer, "Zbigniew Brzezinski, Svengali oa Bopresidente ba Jimmy Carter o shoele, empa ba khopo ba ntse ba phela." http://johnhelmer.net/zbigniew-brzezinski-the-svengali-of-jimmy-carters-presidency-is-dead-but-the-evil-lives-on/
[63] Samira Goetschel - Private bin Laden ea Rona, 2006. Ka 8:59
[64] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNJsxSkWiI0
