Matla a Phase ea Phapang ea ho Timetsoa ha Batho

(Ena ke karolo ea 26 ea World Beyond War hatisitsoeng pampiring o mosoeu Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Tšireletso: E Ntle ho Ntoa. Tsoela pele e fetileng | latelang karolo.)

Libetsa tsa ho timetsoa ha batho ba bangata ke maikutlo a khothatsang ka matla ho Ntoa ea Ntoa, ho matlafatsa ho ata ha eona le ho netefatsa hore lintoa tse etsoang teng li na le monyetla oa ho timetsa lefatše. Libetsa tsa nyutlelie, lik'hemik'hale le likokoana-hloko li tsebahala ka bokhoni ba tsona ba ho bolaea le ho bolaea batho ba bangata, ho felisa metse eohle le libaka tsohle tse nang le tšenyo e ke keng ea hlalosoa.

Nuclear Weapons

Hona joale ho na le lilekane tse thibelang libetsa tsa likokoana-hloko le tsa lik'hemik'hale empa ha ho na tumellano e thibelang libetsa tsa nyutlelie. The 1970 Tumellano ea ho se ts'oellehe (NPT) e fana ka hore libetsa tse hlano tse tsebahalang tsa nyutlelie li re- US, Russia, UK, France le China- ba lokela ho etsa boiteko bo botle ba tumelo bakeng sa ho felisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie, ha ba bang bohle ba saenneng NPT ba itlama ho se fumane libetsa tsa nyutlelie. Ke linaha tse tharo feela tse hanneng ho kenela NPT- India, Pakistan le Israel — mme ba ile ba fumana lisebelisoa tsa nyutlelie. Korea Leboea, e itšetlehileng ka tumellano ea NPT bakeng sa theknoloji ea "khotso" ea nyutlelie, e tsoile selekaneng e sebelisa theknoloji ea eona ea "khotso" ho nts'etsapele lisebelisoa tsa fishene bakeng sa matla a nyutlelie ho etsa libomo tsa nyutlelie.^note9 Ha e le hantle, semela se seng le se seng sa matla a nyutlelie ke fektheri ea libomo.

Ntoa e loantšanang le se bitsoang "likhaello" tsa libetsa tsa nyutlelie li tla bolaea ba limilione, li baka mariha a nyutlelie 'me li tlise khaello ea lijo lefatšeng ka bophara e neng e tla fella ka tlala ea limilione. Tsamaiso eohle ea ts'ireletso ea nyutlelie e thehiloe motheong oa bohata, hobane mekhoa ea k'homphieutha e fana ka maikutlo a hore ke karolo e nyane haholo ea lihlomo tse hlaselitsoeng e ka etsang hore ho thibeloe ha moruo ho pholletsa le lilemo tse leshome-ha e le hantle, kahlolo ea lefu bakeng sa mefuta ea batho. 'Me mokhoa oo hona joale o leng ho oona o lebisa tlhokomelo e khōloanyane ea mokhoa o mong oa ho hlōleha ha thepa kapa puisano e neng e tla lebisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie.

Ho lokolloa ho hoholo ho ka felisa bophelo bohle lefatšeng. Libetsa tsena li senya tšireletso ea bohle hohle.^note10 Le hoja likarolo tse sa tšoaneng tsa taolo ea libetsa tsa nyutlelie pakeng tsa US le pele e ne e le Soviet Union li ile tsa fokotsa palo ea libetsa tsa nyutlelie (56,000 ka nako e le 'ngoe), ho ntse ho le teng 16,300 lefatšeng, ke 1000 feela eo e seng Amerika le Russia.^note11 Ho hobe le ho feta, litumellano tse lumelloa bakeng sa "mehleng ea kajeno," ho ba le tšusumetso e matla ea ho theha moloko o mocha oa libetsa le mekhoa ea tsamaiso, eo linaha tsohle tsa nyutlelie li e etsang. Monster ea nyutlelie ha e e-s'o tlohe; ha e kene le ka morao lehaheng-e hlahella le ho lefella libilione tsa lidolara tse ka sebelisoang hantle hosele kae-kae. Ho tloha ha Tšebeletso ea Tlhahlobo e sa Tloaelehang ea Tlhahlobo e ne e tekenetsoe ka 1998, US e tsometse liteko tsa eona tsa theknoloji e phahameng ea theknoloji ea libetsa tsa nyutlelie, hammoho le liteko tse boima haholo, maoto a 1,000 ka tlas'a setulo sa lehoatata setsing sa testateng se Nevada ka Bophirimela ho Shoshone . Linaheng tsa Amerika li entse liteko tse joalo tsa 28 ho fihlela joale, li hlahisa plutonium le lik'hemik'hale, li sa bake ho etsa ketane, kahoo "ho nyatsa-nyatsa".^note12 Ka sebele, tsamaiso ea Obama e ntse e sebelisa chelete ea liranta tse limilione tse likete tse tharo lilemong tse latelang tse mashome a mararo bakeng sa liindasteri tse ncha tsa libomo le mekhoa ea tsamaiso-lifofane, lifofane tse tsamaeang ka tlas'a lefatše-hammoho le libetsa tsa nyutlelie tse ncha.^note113

Monahano o tloaelehileng oa Sesole sa Ntoa o re libetsa tsa nyutlelie li thibela ntoa - thuto eo ho thoeng ke ea "Tšenyo e tiisitsoeng ka bobeli" ("MAD"). Le hoja e le nnete hore ha e e-s'o sebelisetsoe ho tloha 1945, ha ho utloahale ho fihlela qeto ea hore MAD e bile lebaka. Joalokaha Daniel Ellsberg o bontšitse, mopresidente e mong le e mong oa US ho tloha Truman o sebelisitse libetsa tsa nyutlelie e le kotsing ho lichaba tse ling ho ba lumella ho lumella US hore e fumane tsela ea eona. Ho feta moo, lithuto tse joalo li thehiloe tumelong e tsitsitseng ea ho ba le moelelo oa baeta-pele ba lipolotiki maemong a thata, bakeng sa nako eohle e tlang. MAD ha e tiise hore ts'ireletso ea libetsa tsena tse sehlōhō kapa sesole sa sechaba se phoso se nahana hore se ntse se hlaseloa kapa se hlasetsoeng pele ho moo. Ha e le hantle, mefuta e meng ea tsamaiso ea ntoa ea nyutlelie e entsoe le ho hahoa bakeng sa morero oa ho qetela-ea Li-missile tsa likoloi (e sneaks tlas'a radar) le Ho Senya Misalele, tlhaselo e potlakileng, missile e thehiloeng pele. Lipuisano tse tebileng li ile tsa etsahala nakong ea Cold War ka ho lakatsa ha "Ntoa e Khōlō e Khōlō," eo US e neng e tla qalisa tlhaselo ea nyutlelie ho Soviet Union e le ho thibela matla a eona a ho hlahisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie ka ho felisa taelo le taolo, ho qala le Kremlin. Bahlahlobisisi ba bang ba ile ba ngola ka "ho hlōla" ntoa ea nyutlelie eo ho eona ho tla bolaoa batho ba limilione tse mashome feela, hoo e batlang e le baahi bohle.^note14 Libetsa tsa nyutlelie li itšoara ka boitšoaro bo bobe le bohlanya.

Esita le haeba li sa sebelisoe ka boomo, ho 'nile ha e-ba le liketsahalo tse ngata moo libetsa tsa nyutlelie li tsamaisoang teng lifofaneng li phatlohile fatše, ka lehlohonolo feela li hlahisa plutonium tse ling fatše, empa li sa tsamaee.^note15 Ka 2007, lihlomo tse tšeletseng tsa US tse nang le lintoa tsa nyutlelie li ne li phalla ka mokhoa o fosahetseng ho tloha North Dakota ho ea Louisiana le libomo tsa nyutlelie tse lahlehileng li sa fumanehe ka lihora tsa 36.^note16 Ho 'nile ha e-ba le litlaleho tsa botahoa le ts'ebetso e mpe ea servicemen tse kenngoa li-silos tse ka tlas'a lefatše tse ikarabellang bakeng sa ho qalisa lihlomo tsa nyutlelie tsa US tse nang le moriri oa hlooho' me li supa metse ea Russia.^note17 US le Russia li na le lihlomo tsa nyutlelie tse likete tse amoheletsoeng 'me li itokiselitse ho lekanngoa. Setefane sa leholimo sa boemo ba leholimo sa Norway se ile sa tloha-ho feta Russia 'me se batla se nkiloe bakeng sa tlhaselo e tlang ho fihlela motsotsong oa ho qetela ha ho ne ho thibetsoe chaos.^note18note19

NPT 1970 e ne e lokela ho fela ka 1995, 'me e ile ea atolosoa ka nako e sa lekanyetsoang ka nako eo, le tokisetso ea likopano tsa ho hlahloba selemo tse hlano le likopano tse hlophisitsoeng pakeng tsa tsona. E le ho fumana tumellano bakeng sa katoloso ea NPT, mebuso e tšepisitse hore e tla tšoara seboka sa ho buisana ka Sireletsa sa Maemo a Ntle a ho Timetsa Maemo Bochabela bo Hare. Nakong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea likopano tsa selemo tse hlano tsa ho hlahloba, ho ile ha fanoa ka litšepiso tse ncha, tse kang ho ikemisetsa ka ho feletseng ho felisoa ha libetsa tsa nyutlelie, le bakeng sa "mehato" e fapaneng e lokelang ho nkoa bakeng sa lefats'e le sa lefelloeng la nyutlelie. hlomphuoa.^note20 A Kopano ea Mefuta ea Litlhapi tsa Nyutlelie, e ngotsoeng ke sechaba se nang le bo-rasaense, babuelli ba molao le litsebi tse ling e amoheletsoe ke Machaba a Kopaneng^note21 e leng se fane ka "litokomane tsohle li tla thibeloa ho ts'oanela ho ts'oanela kapa ho kenya letsoho 'nts'etsopong, tlhahlobo, tlhahiso, ho bokella, ho fetisetsa, ho sebelisa le ts'ebetso ea ho sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie.'" E ile ea fana ka mehato eohle e neng e tla hlokahala ho senya lihlomo le lisebelisoa tsa ho lebela tlasa taolo ea machaba e tiisitsoeng^note22

Ho senyeha ha Masole a Sechaba le libetsa tse ngata tse seng tsa nyutlelie, ha ho le e 'ngoe ea mehato e reriloeng ho likopano tse ngata tsa tlhahlobo ea NPT e amohetsoeng. Ho latela bohato ba bohlokoa ke Sefapano se Sefubelu sa Machaba ho tsebahatsa liphello tse kotsi tsa liphallelo tsa libetsa tsa nyutlelie, letšolo le lecha la ho buisana le tumellano e bonolo ntle le ho kenya letsoho libetsa tsa nyutlelie e ile ea qaloa Oslo ho 2013, ka lipuisano tse latelang ho Nayarit, Mexico le Vienna ka 2014.^note23 Ho na le nako ea ho bula lipuisano tsena ka mor'a kopano ea Phuputso ea 2015 NPT, sehopotsong sa 70th sa timetso e tšabehang ea Hiroshima le Nagasaki. Sebokeng sa Vienna, mmuso oa Austria o ile oa phatlalatsa pledge ea ho sebetsa ka thibelo ea lihlomo tsa nyutlelie, e hlalosoang e le "ho nka mehato e sebetsang ea ho tlatsa lekhalo la molao la thibelo le ho felisoa ha libetsa tsa nyutlelie" le "ho sebelisana le bohle ba amehang ho finyella sena pakane. "^note24 Ho phaella moo, Vatican e ile ea bua sebokeng sena 'me ka lekhetlo la pele sa phatlalatsa hore tšireletso ea nyutlelie ke boitšoaro bo bobe' me libetsa li lokela ho thibeloa.^note25 Selekane sa thibelo se ke ke sa hatella feela libetsa tsa nyutlelie, empa mebusong e lutseng tlas'a likhele tsa nyutlelie tsa US, linaheng tsa NATO tse itšetlehileng ka libetsa tsa nyutlelie bakeng sa "ho thibela" hammoho le linaha tse kang Australia, Japane le South Korea.^note26 Ho phaella moo, liofisi tsa US ka libomo tsa nyutlelie tsa 400 linaheng tsa NATO, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, Jeremane le Turkey, le bona ba tla qobelloa hore ba tlohele "litokisetso tsa bona tsa nyutlelie" le ho saena tumellano ea thibelo.^note27

Libetsa tsa Lik'hemik'hale le Likokoana-hloko

Libetsa tsa likokoana-hloko li na le chefo ea tlhaho e bolaeang e kang Ebola, typhus, sekholopane, le tse ling tse fetotsoeng ka laborateng tse nang le matla a mangata haholo kahoo ha ho na antidote. Tšebeliso ea bona e ka qala seoa se sa laoloang lefatšeng ka bophara. Ka lebaka leo, ke habohlokoa ho boloka litumellano tse teng tse se e ntse e le karolo ea Alternative Security System. The Kopano khahlanong le thibeliso ea tsoelo-pele, tlhahiso le polokelo ea likokoana-hloko tsa likokoana-hloko (Biological) le liqhomane tsa toxin le ho timetsoa ha tsona e ile ea buloa bakeng sa ho saena 1972 'me ea qala ho sebetsa ka 1975 ka tlase ho Machaba a Kopaneng. E thibela baemeli ba 170 hore ba se ba fumane kapa ba hlaolele kapa ba bokelle libetsa tsena. Leha ho le joalo, ha e na mokhoa oa ho netefatsa 'me o hloka ho matlafatsoa ke puso e matla ea ho hlahloba phephetso (ke hore,' Muso leha e le ofe o ka phephetsa e mong ea lumellaneng esale pele hore a hlahlojoe.)

The Kopano ea Thibeliso ea Ntšetso-pele, Phatlalatso, Likhetho le Tšebeliso ea Liqhomane Tsa Lik'hemik'hale le Ts'ebetso ea tsona E thibela nts'etsopele, tlhahiso, ho bokella, ho boloka, ho boloka, ho fetisa kapa ho sebelisa libetsa tsa lik'hemik'hale. Linaha tse saenneng li lumetse ho senya pokello efe kapa efe ea libetsa tsa lik'hemik'hale tseo ba ka li tšoereng le lisebelisoa life kapa life tse li hlahisitseng, hammoho le libetsa life kapa life tsa lik'hemik'hale tseo ba li lahlileng naheng ea linaha tse ling nakong e fetileng le ho theha phephetso ea ho netefatsa puso bakeng sa lik'hemik'hale tse itseng tse chefo li-precursors tsa bona… ho etsa bonnete ba hore lik'hemik'hale tse joalo li sebelisoa feela molemong oa ha li thibetsoe. Kopano e qalile ho sebetsa ka la 29 Mmesa 1997. Le ha lefatše le bokelletsoe ka bongata haholo, tšenyo e felletseng e ntse e le sepheo se hole.^note28 Selekane sena se ile sa atleha ho kenngoa ts'ebetsong ka 2014 ha Syria e ntse e fetola libetsa tsa eona tsa libetsa tsa lik'hemik'hale.

(Tsoela pele e fetileng | latelang karolo.)

Re batla ho utloa ho uena! (Ka kōpo arolelana litlhaloso tse ka tlase)

Sena se lebisitse joang o ho nahana ka tsela e fapaneng ka mekhoa e meng ea ntoa?

U ka eketsa eng, kapa ho fetoha, kapa ho botsa lipotso ka see?

U ka etsa'ng ho thusa batho ba bangata hore ba utloisise ka mekhoa ena ea ntoa?

U ka nka bohato joang ho etsa hore mokhoa ona o fapane ntoeng?

Ka kopo arolelana boitsebiso boo haholo!

Litlhaloso tse amanang

Sheba lintlha tse ling tse amanang le “Tšireletso ea Sesole”

Sheba tafole e feletseng ea litaba bakeng sa Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Tšireletso: E Ntle ho Ntoa

Notes:
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons (khutlela sehloohong se seholo)
10. Sheba tlaleho ea Mokhatlo oa Khotso oa Khotso ea Nobel International Matichere oa Thibelo ea Ntoa ea Nyutlelie "Nuclear Famine: Batho ba libilione ba kotsing" (khutlela sehloohong se seholo)
11. ibid (khutlela sehloohong se seholo)
12. ibid (khutlela sehloohong se seholo)
13. http://nnsa.energy.gov/mediaroom/pressreleases/pollux120612 (khutlela sehloohong se seholo)
14. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/us/us-ramping-up-major-renewal-in-nuclear-arms.html?_r=0 (khutlela sehloohong se seholo)
15. http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub585.pdf (khutlela sehloohong se seholo)
16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_nuclear_accidents (khutlela sehloohong se seholo)
17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_States_Air_Force_nuclear_weapons_a sephiri (khutlela sehloohong se seholo)
18. http://cdn.defenseone.com/defenseone/interstitial.html?v=2.1.1&rf=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseone.com%2Fideas%2F2014%2F11%2Flast-thing-us-needs-are-mobile-nuclear-missiles%2F98828%2F (khutlela sehloohong se seholo)
19. http://cdn.defenseone.com/defenseone/interstitial.html?v=2.1.1&rf=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseone.com%2Fideas%2F2014%2F11%2Flast-thing-us-needs-are-mobile-nuclear-missiles%2F98828%2F (khutlela sehloohong se seholo)
20. Bona hape, Eric Schlosser, Molao le Taolo: Nuclear Weapons, Tlokotsi ea Damasiko, le Illusion of Safety; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Petrov (khutlela sehloohong se seholo)
21. http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2005_04/LookingBack (khutlela sehloohong se seholo)
22. http://www.inesap.org/book/securing-our-survival (khutlela sehloohong se seholo)
23. Linaha tse nang le libetsa tsa nyutlelie li tla tlameha ho senya lihlahisoa tsa tsona tsa nyutlelie ka lihlopha tse ngata. Mekhahlelo ena e mehlano e ne e tla ntlafatsa ka tsela e latelang: ho nka litsebo tsa nyutlelie, ho tlosa libetsa ho tlosoa, ho tlosa lintoa tsa nyutlelie ho tloha likoloing tsa tsona tsa likoloi, ho thibela lihlomo, ho tlosa le ho senya 'maramo' le ho kenya lintho tse fokolang tlas'a taolo ea machaba. Tlas'a kopano ea mohlala, likoloi tsa ho tsamaisa li ne li tla lokela ho senngoa kapa ho fetoloa ho e seng matla a nyutlelie. Ho phaella moo, NWC e tla thibela tlhahiso ea libetsa-lintho tse ka sebelisoang ka mokhoa o fokolang. The States Parties e ne e tla boela e theha Mokhatlo oa Thibelo ea Nuclear Weapons e neng e tla fuoa boikarabello, ho netefatsa ho latela, ho etsa liqeto le ho fana ka seboka sa lipuisano le ts'ebelisano har'a Linaha tsohle tsa Naha. Mokhatlo o ne o tla ba le Seboka sa Litho tsa Puso, Lekhotla le Phahameng le Lefapha la Ts'ebetso. Ho tla ba le liphatlalatso ho tsoa ho Linaheng tsohle tsa Machaba mabapi le libetsa tsa nyutlelie, lisebelisoa, lisebelisoa le likoloi tsa lipalangoang tseo li nang le tsona kapa ho li laola hammoho le libaka tsa tsona. "Tlhaloso: Ka tlasa mohlala oa 2007 model NWC," States Parties e tla tlameha ho nka mehato ea molao ho fana ka ts'ebetso ea batho ba etsang tlōlo ea molao le tšireletso bakeng sa batho ba tlaleha tlōlo ea Tumellano. Linaha li tla boela li hlokehe ho theha bolaoli ba naha bo ikarabellang mesebetsing ea sechaba ho phethahatsa ts'ebetso Tumellano e ne e tla sebelisa litokelo le boikarabelo eseng feela ho linaheng tse kopanetsoeng empa le ho batho ka bomong le mekhatlo ea molao. Likhohlano tsa molao khahlanong le Tumellano li ne li ka fetisetsoa ho ICJ [Lekhotla la Machaba la Machaba] ka tumello ea tumellano ea States Parties. Lefapha le tla boela le be le matla a ho kopa maikutlo a tsoang ho ICJ ka lebaka la qabang ea molao. Kopano e ne e tla boela e lokisetse letoto la likarabo tse fuoeng mangolo ho bopaki ba ho se mamele ho qala ka lipuisano, ho hlakisa le ho buisana. Haeba ho hlokahala, linyeoe li ka fetisetsoa Kopanong e Akaretsang ea Machaba a Kopaneng le Lekhotla la Tšireletso. "[Mohloli: Nuclear Threat Initiative, http://www.nti.org/treaties-and-regimes/proposed-nuclear-weapons-convention-nwc/ ] (khutlela sehloohong se seholo)
24. www.icanw.org (khutlela sehloohong se seholo)
25. https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/rebecca-johnson/austrian-pledge-to-ban-nuclear-weapons (khutlela sehloohong se seholo)
26. http://www.paxchristi.net/sites/default/files/nuclearweaponstimeforabolitionfinal.pdf (khutlela sehloohong se seholo)
27. https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2012_06/NATO_Sticks_With_Nuclear_Policy (khutlela sehloohong se seholo)
28. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_sharing (khutlela sehloohong se seholo)