Ke David Vine, la 9 Loetse 2020
From Thupelo ea Tlaleho ea Patlisiso
Lintoa tseo 'muso oa Amerika o li loanneng haesale ho tloha ka litlhaselo tsa la 11 Loetse 2001, li qobelletse batho ba limilione tse 37 - mme mohlomong ba limilione tse 59 - ho tsoa malapeng a bona, ho latela tlaleho e sa tsoa lokolloa ho tsoa Univesithing ea Amerika le Litšenyehelo tsa Morero oa Ntoa ea Univesithi ea Brown.
Ho fihlela joale, ha ho motho ea tsebang hore na lintoa li fallile batho ba bakae. Ho joalo, MaAmerika a mangata ha a tsebe hore ts'ebetso ea ntoa ea US ha ea etsahala feela Afghanistan, Iraq le Syria, empa le ho eona Lichaba tse ling tse 21 esale Mopresidente George W. Bush a phatlalatsa ntoa ea lefats'e ea bokhukhuni.
Pentagon, Lefapha la Naha kapa karolo efe kapa efe ea mmuso oa Amerika ha li so ka li latela ho fallisoa hona. Litsebi le mekhatlo ea machabeng, joalo ka mokhatlo oa Machaba a Kopaneng oa baphaphathehi, UNHCR, ba fane ka lintlha tse mabapi le baphaphathehi le batho ba balehileng mahae ka hare ho naha (IDPs) bakeng sa linaha ka bonngoe ntoeng. Empa tlhaiso-leseling ena e fana ka lintlha tsa nako-ka-nako ho fapana le palo ea batho ba balehileng mahaeng a bona ho tloha ha lintoa li qala.
Palo ea pele ea mofuta oa eona, American University's Tleliniki ea Sechaba ea Anthropology ka likhakanyo o lekanyetsa hore lintoa tse robeli tse mabifi ka ho fetesisa tseo sesole sa US se li qalileng kapa ho nka karolo ho tsona ho tloha 2001 - Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Pakistan, Philippines, Somalia, Syria le Yemen - li hlahisitse baphaphathehi ba limilione tse 8 le ba batlang setšabelo le ba limilione tse 29 ba balehileng mahaeng a bona. batho.
Ho hakanngoa hore batho ba balehileng mahaeng a bona ba limilione tse 37 ba feta ba fallisitsoeng ke ntoa kapa koluoa ho tloha bonyane ka 1900, ntle le Ntoeng ea Bobeli ea Lefatše, ha batho ba limilione tse 30 ho isa ho tse 64 kapa ho feta ba baleha malapeng a bona. Limilione tse mashome a mararo a metso e supileng li feta ba balehileng mahaeng a bona nakong ea Ntoa ea I ea Lefatše (e ka bang limilione tse 10), karohano ea India le Pakistan (limilione tse 14) le ntoa ea Amerika Vietnam (limilione tse 13).
Ho tlosa batho ba limilione tse 37 ke e lekanang ho tlosa hoo e ka bang baahi bohle ba setereke sa California kapa batho bohle ba Texas le Virginia ba kopane. Palo e batla e lekana le ea baahi ba Canada. Lintoa tsa kamora '9/11 tsa United States li nkile karolo e hlokomolohuoeng ho hlohlelletsa baphaphathehi ba habeli le batho ba balehileng mahaeng a bona kahare ho lefats'e lipakeng tsa 2010 le 2019, ho tloha Limilione tse 41 ho isa ho 79.5 limilione tse.
Ba limilione ba balehile literaeke tsa moea, libomo, mollo oa libetsa, ho hlasela matlo, litlhaselo tsa drone, lintoa tsa lithunya le peto. Batho ba phonyohile tšenyeho ea matlo a bona, tikoloho, lipetlele, likolo, mesebetsi le mehloli ea lijo le metsi ea lehae. Ba balehile ho lelekoa ka likhoka, litšokelo tsa lefu le tlhoekiso e kholo ea merabe e hlasetsoeng ke lintoa tsa Amerika ho la Afghanistan le Iraq haholo.
Mmuso oa Amerika ha o ikarabelle feela bakeng sa ho fallisa batho ba limilione tse 37; masole a Taliban, a sesole sa Sunni le a Shia, Al-Qaida, sehlopha sa Islamic State le mebuso e meng, bahlabani le batšoantšisi le bona ba na le boikarabello.
Maemo a bileng teng a bofuma, phetoho ea tikoloho e bakiloeng ke ho futhumala ha lefatše le pefo e 'ngoe li kentse letsoho ho khanneng batho malapeng a bona. Leha ho le joalo, lintoa tse robeli thutong ea AU ke tseo mmuso oa Amerika o nang le boikarabello ba ho li qala, bakeng sa ho nyoloha e le mohlabani ea ka sehloohong kapa ho fehla, ka literaeke tsa drone, boeletsi ba lebala la ntoa, tšehetso ea thepa, thekiso ea libetsa le thuso e 'ngoe.
Ka ho toba, e Tleliniki ea Sechaba ea Anthropology e hakanya ho fallisoa ha:
- MaAfghan a limilione tse 5.3 (a emelang 26% ea baahi ba pele ho ntoa) ho tloha ha ntoa ea US e qala Afghanistan ka 2001;
- Ma-Pakistan a limilione tse 3.7 (3% ea baahi ba pele ho ntoa) ho tloha ha tlhaselo ea Amerika ea Afghanistan ka 2001 kapele e ile ea fetoha ntoa e le 'ngoe e neng e tšela moeli ho ea leboea-bophirima ho Pakistan;
- Mafilipino a 1.7 (2%) ho tloha ha sesole sa US se kenella mmusong oa Philippines ntoeng ea sona ea lilemo tse mashome le Abu Sayyaf le lihlopha tse ling tsa marabele ka 2002;
- Basomali ba 4.2 milione (46%) ho tloha ha mabotho a Amerika a qala ho ts'ehetsa mmuso o tsebahalang oa UN oa Somalia o loantšang Mokhatlo oa Makhotla a Islamic (ICU) ho 2002 mme, kamora 2006, mapheo a sesole a ikarotseng a ICU Al Shabaab;
- Limilione tse 4.4 tsa Yemenis (24%) ho tloha ha mmuso oa Amerika o qala ho bolaea batho ba thoeng ke likhukhuni ka 2002 mme o ts'ehetse ntoa e etelletsoeng pele ke Saudi Arabia khahlano le mokhatlo oa Houthi ho tloha 2015;
- Ma-Iraqi a limilione tse 9.2 (37%) ho tloha nakong ea tlhaselo le phutuho e etelletsoeng pele ke US ke 2003 le ntoa ea kamora 2014 le sehlopha sa Islamic State;
- MaLibya a limilione tse 1.2 (19%) ho tloha ha mebuso ea Amerika le ea Europe e kenella moferefereng oa 2011 khahlano le Moammar Gadhafi o hlohlelletsang ntoa ea lehae e tsoelang pele;
- Basyria ba limilione tse 7.1 (37%) ho tloha ha mmuso oa Amerika o qala ho loana le Islamic State ka 2014.
Baphaphathehi ba bangata ba tsoang lintoeng tse ithutoang ba balehetse linaheng tsa boahelani tse Middle East, haholo Turkey, Jordan le Lebanon. Ba ka bang milione e le 'ngoe ba fihlile Jeremane; makholo a likete a ile a balehela linaheng tse ling tsa Europe hammoho le United States. Boholo ba Mafilipino, Libyans le Yemenis ba balehile mahaeng a bona.
Kliniki ea Sechaba ea Anthropology e sebelisitse tlhaiso-leseling e tšepahalang ea machabeng e fumanehang, ho tsoa ho UNHCR, e Setsi sa Ts'ebetso ea Tsamaiso ea kahare, e Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Bojaki le Ofisi ea Machaba a Kopaneng ea Tšebelisano ea Litaba tsa Botho. Ha ho fanoa ka lipotso mabapi le ho nepahala ha tlhaiso-leseling ea libaka tsa ntoa, mokhoa oa ho bala e ne e le o tloahelehileng.
Lipalo-palo tsa baphaphathehi le ba batlang setšabelo ha bonolo li ka ba 1.5 ho isa ho makhetlo a 2 ho feta se fumanoeng, ho fana ka batho ba limilione tse 41 ho isa ho tse 45 ba balehileng mahaeng a bona. Basyria ba limilione tse 7.1 ba balehileng mahaeng a bona ba emela feela ba tlohileng mahaeng a bona liprofinseng tse hlano tsa Syria moo mabotho a US a nang le ona loana le ho sebetsa ho tloha 2014 le qalo ea ntoa ea Amerika khahlano le Naha ea Islamic ho la Syria.
Mokhoa o sa bolokeheng haholo o ka kenyelletsa ba fallisitsoeng liprofinseng tsohle tsa Syria ho tloha ka 2014 kapa ho tloha ka 2013 ha mmuso oa Amerika o qala ho tšehetsa lihlopha tsa marabele a Syria. Sena se ka nka kakaretso ho ba lipakeng tsa limilione tse 48 le tse limilione tse 59, ho bapisoa le boholo ba phallo ea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše.
Khakanyo ea limilione tse 37 ea tleliniki le eona ea boloka hobane ha e kenyeletse ba limilione ba balehileng mahaeng nakong ea lintoa tse ling tsa kamora 9 le 11 le likhohlano tse amanang le mabotho a Amerika.
Mabotho a ntoa a US, literaeke tsa drones le leihlo, koetliso ea sesole, thekiso ea libetsa le lithuso tse ling tse tšehetsang mmuso li kentse letsoho lintoeng tsa linaha tse kenyeletsang Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Republic of Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia (e hokahantsoeng le ntoa ea Yemen), South Sudan, Tunisia le Uganda. Ka mohlala, Burkina Faso ho ne ho e-na le Ba 560,000 ba balehileng mahaeng ka hare batho mafelong a 2019 hara moferefere o ntseng o hola oa bahlabani.
Tšenyo e bakiloeng ke ho fallisoa ha batho e bile kholo linaheng tsohle tse 24 moo mabotho a US a rometseng teng. Ho lahleheloa ke lehae le sechaba, hara tahlehelo e ngoe, e na le batho ba futsanehileng eseng feela moruong empa hape le kelellong, sechabeng, moetlong le lipolotiking. Litholoana tsa phalliso li atoloha ho amohela sechaba le linaha, tse ka tobanang le meroalo e amohelang baphaphathehi le ba fallisitsoeng kahare, ho kenyeletsoa likhohlano tsa sechaba. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mekhatlo e amohelang baeti hangata e rua molemo ka ho fihla ha batho ba balehileng mahae ka lebaka la phapano e kholo ea sechaba, keketseho ea mesebetsi ea moruo le thuso ea machabeng.
Ho joalo, ho fallisoa ke karolo e le 'ngoe feela ea timetso ea ntoa.
Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Pakistan le Yemen feela, ho hakanyetsoa hore 755,000 ho ea 786,000 baahi le mohlabaniBa shoele ka lebaka la ntoa. Basebetsi ba eketsehileng ba 15,000 ba US le borakonteraka ba hlokahetse lintoeng tsa 9/11. Palo ea batho ba shoeleng ka mahlakore ohle Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Pakistan le Yemen e kanna ea fihla Limilione tse 3-4 kapa ho feta, ho kenyeletsoa ba shoeleng ka lebaka la mafu, tlala le khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng e bakiloeng ke lintoa. Palo ea ba lemetseng le ba sithabetseng maikutlo e fetela ho mashome a limilione.
Qetellong, kotsi e bakiloeng ke ntoa, ho kenyeletsoa le ba limilione tse 37 ho isa ho tse 59 ba balehileng mahaeng a bona, e ke ke ea lekanngoa. Ha ho nomoro, ho sa tsotelehe hore na e kholo hakae, e ka ts'oarang boholo ba tšenyo e bileng teng.
Mehloli ea mantlha: David Vine, United States of War: Nalane ea Lefatše ea Likhohlano tse sa Feleng tsa Amerika, ho tloha Columbus ho ea Islamic State (Oakland: University of California Press, 2020); David Vine, "Lenane la Mabotho a Sesole a US kantle ho Naha, 1776-2020," Univesithi ea Amerika Polokelo ea Boithuto ba Digital; Pehelo ea Sebopeho sa Motheo: Selemo sa Lichelete sa 2018 Baseline; Kakaretso ea Lintlha tsa Thepa ea Thepa ea Real Estate (Washington, DC: Lefapha la Ts'ireletso la US, 2018); Barbara Salazar Torreon le Sofia Plagakis, Mehlala ea Ts'ebeliso ea Sesole sa United States Linaheng Tse Ling, 1798–2018 (Washington, DC: DRM Research Service, 2018).
Tlhokomeliso: Libaka tse ling li nkile karolo ea 2001-2020 feela. Nakong ea lintoa tsa Amerika Afghanistan le Iraq, ho ne ho na le metheo e fetang 2,000 kantle ho naha.
