Sesole sa Thuso ea Sesole se Sireletsa Maemo a Litokelo tsa Botho Libakeng tsa Khethollo

From Setsebi ea Khotso e Cheka, July 25, 2020

Tlhatlhobo ena e akaretsa mme e bonts'a lipatlisiso tse latelang: Sullivan, P., Blanken, L., & Rice, I. (2020). Ho hlomella khotso: Thuso ea ts'ireletso ea kantle ho naha le maemo a litokelo tsa botho linaheng tse kamorao ho ntoa. Ts'ireletso le Khotso ea Moruo, 31 (2). 177-200. DOI: 10.1080 / 10242694.2018.1558388

Lintlha tsa Puo

Linaheng tsa kamorao ho ntoa:

• Liphetisetso tsa libetsa le thuso ea sesole tse tsoang linaheng tse ling (ka kakaretso li bitsoa thuso ea ts'ireletso ea kantle ho naha) li amahanngoa le maemo a mabe a litokelo tsa botho, ho kenyelletsa ho hatakeloa ha litokelo tsa nnete tsa toka joalo ka tlhokofatso, polao e fetelletseng ea toka, ho nyamela, ho kenngoa teronkong le lipolao tsa bohloeki.
• Thuso ea Nts'etsopele ea Molao (ODA), e hlalosoang ka bophara e le thuso e seng ea sesole, e amana le maemo a ntlafalitsoeng a litokelo tsa botho.
• Likhetho tse fokolang tse fumanehang ho baetapele ba naha nakong ea phetoho ea kamorao ho ntoa li thusa ho hlalosa hore na hobaneng lithuso tsa ts'ireletso ea kantle li lebisa liphellong tse mpe tsa litokelo tsa botho - e leng ho nolofalletsa baetapele ho khetha matsete ho mabotho a tšireletso ho feta matsete ho pharalletseng sechaba Thepa e le mokhoa oa ho fumana matla, e etsang hore khatello ea bohanyetsi e be teng.

Summary

Thuso ea kantle ho linaha tsa ka mor'a lintoa ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea boikopanong ba lefats'e ho khothaletsa khotso maemong a joalo. Ho latela lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao tse entsoeng ke Patricia Sullivan, Leo Blanken, le Ian Rice, mofuta oa litaba tsa lithuso. Ba pheha khang eo thuso ea ts'ireletso ea kantle ho naha e hokahane le khatello ea 'muso linaheng tsa kamorao ho ntoa. Thuso e seng ea sesole, kapa Thuso ea Nts'etsopele ea 'Muso (ODA), e bonahala e na le litlamorao tse fapaneng - e tsamaellanang hantle le ts'ireletso ea litokelo tsa botho. Kahoo, mofuta oa lithuso tsa kantle ho naha o na le tšusumetso e matla ho "boleng ba khotso" linaheng tsa kamora ntoa.

Thuso ea ts'ireletso ea kantle ho naha: "Tlhahiso ea libetsa, lisebelisoa tsa sesole, chelete, koetliso ea sesole, kapa thepa e 'ngoe e hahang matla ho tsa sesole sa' muso oa kantle ho naha."

Bangoli ba fumana liphetho tsena ka ho sekaseka liketsahalo tse 171 moo ntoa e mabifi e ileng ea fela ho tloha ka 1956 ho isa ho la 2012. Mabaka ana a ithutoa e le likarolo tsa selemo sa naha lilemong tse leshome kamora ho fela ha ntoa ea libetsa pakeng tsa mmuso le mokhatlo oa bohanyetsi o hlometseng ka hare ho naha. Ba etsa tlhahlobo ea khatello ea mmuso ka lintlha tsa Tšireletso ea Litokelo tsa Botho tse lekanyang ho hatakeloa ha litokelo tsa 'mele tse joalo ka tlhokofatso, polao e se nang toka, ho nyamela, ho kenngoa teronkong le lipolao tse sehlotsoeng, le tlolo ea molao. Sekala se tloha ho3.13 ho isa ho +4.69, moo litekanyetso tse phahameng li emelang ts'ireletso ea litokelo tsa botho. Bakeng sa sampole e kentsoeng lethathamong, tekanyo e tloha ho 2.85 ho isa ho +1.58. Lethathamo lena le boetse le nahanela boteng ba matla a ho boloka khotso, sehlahisoa se matla sa lapeng le lintho tse ling tse amehang.

Meetso ea bohlokoa ea bohlokoa e kenyelletsa data ho ODA, e fumanehang habonolo, le thuso ea ts'ireletso, eo ho leng thata ho e fumana. Linaha tse ngata ha li lokolle tlhahisoleseling mabapi le thuso ea sesole 'me ka sebele ha e ea hlophiseha ka mokhoa o lekaneng ho tiisa hore e kenyellelitsoe lethathamong. Leha ho le joalo, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) e hlahisa database e lekanyang bophahamo ba lihlahisoa tsa lefats'e ka bophara, tseo bangoli ba li sebelisitseng bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsena. Ba hlokomelisa hore mokhoa ona oa ho lekanya thuso ea ts'ireletso o kanna oa nyenyefatsa palo ea nnete ea khoebo ea sesole lipakeng tsa linaha.

Liphetho tsa bona li bonts'a hore thuso ea ts'ireletso ea kantle ho naha e amana le maemo a tlase a ts'ireletso ea litokelo tsa botho, e bakang ho theoha ha kakaretso ea 0.23 palong ea Tšireletso ea Litokelo tsa Botho (tekanyo ea eona e tloha ho -2.85 ho isa ho +1.58). Ho bapisa, haeba naha e thulana le ntoa e nchafalitsoeng e mabifi, lenane la Ts'ireletso ea Litokelo tsa Botho le theola lintlha tse 0.59 ka tekanyo e tšoanang. Papiso ena e fana ka letšoao la botebo ba ho theoha ha lintlha tsa Tšireletso ea Litokelo tsa Botho ka lebaka la thuso ea sesole. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ODA e amahanngoa le litokelo tsa botho tse ntlafalitsoeng. Ha a hlahisa boleng bo boletsoeng esale pele bakeng sa lintlha tse sirelelitsoeng tsa Litokelo tsa Botho linaheng tsa kamorao ho ntoa, ODA "e bonahala e ntlafatsa maemo a litokelo tsa botho lilemong tse leshome kamora ho felisoa hoa ntoa."

Bangoli ba hlalosa phello ea thuso ea sesole ho khatello ea naha ka ho shebisisa likhetho tsa maano tse fumanehang ho baetapele ba naha linaheng tse hlahang likhohlanong tsa sesole. Baetapele bana ba naha ka kakaretso ba na le litsela tse peli tsa ho boloka matla: (1) shebana le ho fumana thepa ea sechaba bakeng sa palo e kholo ea batho-joalo ka ho tsetela lithutong tsa sechaba — kapa (2) ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho fumana thepa ea poraefete bakeng sa palo e tlase ea batho e hlokoang ho hlokomela matla-joalo ka ho tsetela ho mabotho a tšireletso ho ntlafatsa matla a khatello a mmuso. Ha ho fanoa ka lits'itiso tsa lisebelisoa tse tloaelehileng linaheng tsa kamorao ho ntoa, baetapele ba tlameha ho etsa liqeto tse boima mabapi le mokhoa oa ho aba lichelete. Ka mantsoe a mang, thuso ea ts'ireletso ea kantle ho naha e fana ka maikutlo a hore khatello, kapa tsela ea bobeli, e hohela mebuso. Ka bokhutšoanyane, bangoli ba pheha khang ea hore "thuso ea ts'ireletso ea kantle ho naha e fokotsa ts'usumetso ea mmuso ea ho tsetela thepa ea sechaba, e theola litšenyehelo tse tlase tsa khatello, hape e matlafatsa lefapha la ts'ireletso le amanang le mekhatlo e meng ea mmuso."

Bangoli ba supa mehlala ho leano la kantle ho naha la US ho bonts'a ntlha ena. Mohlala, thuso ea ts'ireletso ea US ho ea Korea Boroa kamora Ntoa ea Korea e ile ea tiisa naha e hatellang e ileng ea hatakela litokelo tse ngata tsa batho ho fihlela boipelaetso bo bongata bo kenella 'musong oa demokrasi hamorao. Bangoli ba hokahanya mehlala ena le puisano e kholo ka "boleng ba khotso" linaheng tsa kamora ntoa. Qetellong ea bora ba semolao ke tsela e 'ngoe ea ho hlalosa khotso. Leha ho le joalo, bangoli ba re khatello ea naha ea bohanyetsi, eo thuso ea ts'ireletso e e khothalletsang, haholoholo ka tlhekefetso ea litokelo tsa botho joalo ka "tlhokofatso, lipolao tse seng molaong, ho nyamela le ho kenngoa teronkong ea lipolotiki," ke "boleng ba khotso" bo bobebe leha ho le joalo Qetellong ea ntoa ea lehae.

Tlhaiso e Rutoang

“Khotso ea khotso” e etsahalang kamora ntoa e bohlokoa haholo hobane ho ka ba kotsi haholo hore merusu ea ntoa e iphetole. Ho latela lintlha tse bokelletsoeng ke Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) (bona "Phetoho Khahlano"Ho Bala ho Tsoelang Pele), liperesente tse 60 tsa likhohlano tsohle tse hlometseng li tsoha hape ka mora lilemo tse leshome kamora ho felisoa ha mabifi ka lebaka la" litletlebo tse sa rarolloang "nakong ea kamora ntoa. Sepheo se ikhethileng ho feliseng lintoa, ntle le boitlamo bo hlakileng ho litokelo tsa botho kapa moralo oa hore na naha e ka sebetsana le maemo a tlisoang ke ntoa joang, e ka sebetsa le ho matlafatsa lingongoreho tse teng le maemo a sebopeho a tla baka pefo e eketsehileng .

Ts'ebetso ea machabeng e reretsoeng ho felisa ntoa le ho thibela ho phetoa ha ntoa e hlometseng e hloka ho nahana ka moo liketso tsa bona li ka susumetsang liphetho tsena. Joalokaha re ile ra buisana nakong e fetileng Ho ja sekaseka, "Boteng ba Sepolesa sa UN se Kopaneng le Liphephetso tse Sebetsang ho Likarolo tsa Ntoa tsa ka morao ho moo, ”Tharollo ea sesole, ekaba ea sepolesa kapa ea ho boloka khotso, e hlahisa litlamorao tse mpe le ho feta tsa litokelo tsa botho, ha sesole se kenya ts'ebetso ea pefo e tšoanang le mofuta oa polelo ea lipolotiki e amohelehang. Kutloisiso ena e bohlokoa haholo hore na mebuso ea naha, haholo-holo ea linaha tse matla, tse nang le sesole se matla joalo ka US — e amohela thuso ea tsona ea kantle ho naha, haholo-holo hore na ba rata thuso ea sesole kapa e seng sesoleng linaheng tsa kamorao ho ntoa. Sebakeng sa ho khothaletsa khotso le demokrasi, eo thuso ea kantle ho naha e reretsoeng ho e etsa, ho bonahala eka thuso ea ts'ireletso e na le litlamorao tse fapaneng, e khothaletsa khatello ea naha le ho eketsa menyetla ea khahlano ea libetsa. Batho ba bangata ba lemositse ka sesole sa maano a linaha tsa Amerika tse kantle ho naha, ho kenyelletsa le batho kahare ho Lefapha la Ts'ireletso le mekhatlo ea bohlale (bona "Mathata a Leano le Ngolisitsoeng la Molao oa Kantle ho naha bakeng sa Tonakholo ea Bohlale ea Amerika”Ho Tsoelang Pele ho Bala). Ba belaetse hore na ho its'etleha holima tharollo ea sesole le sesole ho ama tsela eo US e bonoang ka eona lefatseng ka bophara. Le ha mehopolo e bohlokoa ho likamano tsa machabeng le maano a kantle ho naha, thuso ea ts'ireletso ea kantle ho naha, e nyenyefatsa lipheo tsa ho theha lefatše le nang le khotso le demokrasi. Sengoloa sena se bonts'a hore ho itšetleha ka thuso ea ts'ireletso joalo ka mokhoa oa lithuso tsa machaba ho mpefatsa liphetho tsa linaha tse amohelang.

Khothaletso e hlakileng ea pholisi ho tsoa sengoloeng sena ke ho eketsa ODA eo eseng ea sesole ho ea linaheng tse tsoang ntoeng. Thuso e seng ea sesole e ka ts'oarisa tšebeliso ea chelete mananeong a boiketlo ba sechaba le / kapa mekhoa ea toka ea phetoho e hlokahalang ho sebetsana le litletlebo tse khothaletsang ntoa pele le tse ka tsoelang pele nakong ea kamora ntoa, ka hona li tlatsetsa ho boleng bo matla ba khotso. Ho tloha hole le ts'episo e fetelletseng ea tšebeliso ea chelete ea sesole le thuso ea ts'ireletso, ka bobeli libakeng tsa maano a mahaeng le kantle ho naha, e ntse e le tsela e ntle ea ho netefatsa khotso e tšoarellang le e tšoarellang. [KC]

Ho bala ho tsoelang pele

PRIO. (2016). Phehisano khahlano. E khutlisoa ka la 6 Phupu 2020, ho tloha https://files.prio.org/publication_files/prio/Gates,%20Nygård,%20Trappeniers%20-%20Conflict%20Recurrence,%20Conflict%20Trends%202-2016.pdf

Kholo ea Mahlale a Khotso. (2020, Phuptjane 26). Boteng ba mapolesa a UN a amanang le boipelaetso bo se nang tlokotsi linaheng tsa kamorao ho ntoa ea lehae. E khutlisoa ka la 8 Phuptjane 2020, ho tloha https://peacesciencedigest.org/presence-of-un-police-associated-with-nonviolent-protests-in-post-civil-countries/

Oakley, D. (2019, Mots'eanong 2). Mathata a leano le matla la sesole la kantle ho naha bakeng sa lefapha la bohlale la America. Ntoa Lithabeng. E khutlisoa ka la 10 Phupu 2020, ho tloha https://warontherocks.com/2019/05/the-problems-of-a-militarized-foreign-policy-for-americas-premier-intelligence-agency/

Suri, J. (2019, Mphalane 17). Ho phahama ha nako e telele le ho oela ka tšohanyetso hoa puisano ea ma-Amerika. Leano la kantle ho naha. E khutlisoa ka la 10 Phupu 2020, ho tloha https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/17/the-long-rise-and-sudden-fall-of-american-diplomacy/

Kholo ea Mahlale a Khotso. (2017, Phato 3). Litokelo tsa litokelo tsa botho tsa metheo ea sesole sa United States. E khutlisoa ka la 21 Phupu 2020, ho tloha https://peacesciencedigest.org/human-rights-implications-foreign-u-s-military-bases/