By Setsebi ea Khotso e Cheka, December 2, 2022
Tlhahlobo ena e akaretsa le ho bonahatsa lipatlisiso tse latelang: Saulich, C., & Werthes, S. (2020). Ho hlahloba menyetla ea khotso ea lehae: Maano a ho boloka khotso nakong ea ntoa. Kaho ya kgotso, 8 (1), 32-53.
Lintlha tsa Puo
- Boteng ba mekhatlo e nang le khotso, libaka tsa khotso (ZoPs), le lichaba tse seng tsa ntoa li bonts'a hore sechaba se na le likhetho le boikhethelo esita le maemong a pharalletseng a pefo ea nakong ea ntoa, hore ho na le mekhoa e se nang mabifi ea ts'ireletso, le hore ha ho letho le ka qojoang mabapi le ho huleloa. ho kena mekhoeng ea pefo ho sa tsotellehe tšusumetso e matla.
- Ho hlokomela "menyetla ea khotso ea lehae" ho senola boteng ba batšoantšisi ba lehae-ka ntle ho baetsi ba litlokotsebe kapa bahlaseluoa feela-ka mekhoa e mecha ea ho thibela likhohlano, e ntlafatsang letoto la mehato ea ho thibela likhohlano e fumanehang.
- Batšoantšisi ba ka ntle ba thibelo ea likhohlano ba ka rua molemo tlhokomelisong e kholo ea sechaba se seng sa ntoa kapa li-ZoP tse libakeng tse anngoeng ke ntoa ka ho etsa bonnete ba hore "ha ba etse kotsi" mererong ena ka boitshunyako ba bona, bo ka 'nang ba tlosa kapa ba fokolisa bokhoni ba lehae.
- Maano a ka sehloohong a sebelisoang ke lichaba tseo e seng tsa ntoa a ka tsebisa maano a ho thibela likhohlano, joalo ka ho matlafatsa boitsebahatso ba nako ea ntoa, ho sebelisana le batho ba hlometseng, kapa ho aha sechaba hore se itšetlehe ka bokhoni ba sona ba ho thibela kapa ho hana ho kenya letsoho likhohlanong tsa ntoa.
- Ho phatlalatsa tsebo ea lichaba tse atlehileng tseo e seng tsa ntoa sebakeng se pharaletseng ho ka thusa ho theheng khotso ka mor'a likhohlano ka ho khothaletsa nts'etsopele ea lichaba tse ling tse se nang ntoa, ho etsa hore sebaka seo ka kakaretso se khone ho mamella likhohlano.
Tlhahisoleseding ea Bohlokoa bakeng sa Mokhoa oa ho Tsebisae
- Leha ho ntse ho buisanoa ka lichaba tseo e seng tsa ntoa molemong oa libaka tsa ntoa tse mafolofolo, boemo ba hajoale ba lipolotiki United States bo fana ka maikutlo a hore maAmerika a Amerika a lokela ho ela hloko maano a lichaba tse sa loaneng boitekong ba rona ba ho thibela likhohlano - haholoholo ho aha le ho ts'ehetsa likamano ho pholletsa le naha. polarized identities le ho matlafatsa mabitso a fapaneng a hanang pefo.
Summary
Leha ho na le keketseho ea morao-rao ea thahasello ea kaho ea khotso ea lehae, batšehetsi ba machabeng ba lula ba ipolokela mekhatlo ea bona ho theheng le ho rala lits'ebetso tsena. Batšoantšisi ba lehae ba atisa ho nkoa e le "baamoheli" kapa "bajalefa" ba maano a machaba, ho e-na le ho ba baemeli ba ikemetseng ba ho haha khotso ka bobona. Christina Saulich le Sascha Werthes ba lakatsa ho hlahloba seo ba se bitsang "menyetla ea khotso ea lehae,” a bontša hore lichaba le mekhatlo e teng lefatšeng ka bophara e hanang ho kenella likhohlanong tse mabifi, esita le tse li potolohileng hang-hang, ntle le tšusumetso e tsoang ka ntle. Bangoli ba thahasella ho hlahloba hore na tlhokomelo e kholo hakae ho menyetla ea lehae ea khotso, haholo-holo lichaba tseo e seng tsa ntoa, e ka tsebisa mekhoa e mecha ea ho thibela likhohlano.
| Menyetla ea lehae ea khotso: “lihlopha tsa lehae, sechaba, kapa mekhatlo e atlehileng le ka boomo fokotsa pefo kapa ho tsoa likhohlanong tikolohong ea bona ka lebaka la moetlo oa bona le/kapa mekhoa e ikhethileng ea taolo ea likhohlano. ”
Lichaba tseo e seng tsa ntoa: "lichaba tse har'a libaka tsa ntoa tse atlehileng ho qoba likhohlano le ho haptjoa ke mokha o mong kapa o mong oa mekha e loanang." Libaka tsa khotso: "Baahi ba lehae ba tšoaroe har'a likhohlano tsa nako e telele le tse mabifi [tse] ipolelang hore ke sechaba sa khotso kapa sebaka sa habo bona e le sebaka sa khotso sa lehae (ZoP)" ka sepheo sa mantlha sa ho sireletsa litho tsa sechaba pefong. Hancock, L., & Mitchell, C. (2007). Libaka tsa khotso. Bloomfield, CT: Phatlalatso ea Kumarian. Mekhatlo e nang le khotso: Mekhatlo [e] lebisitseng setso sa [bona] le tsoelo-pele ea setso hore e be le khotso” ’me e na le “likhopolo, boitšoaro, litsamaiso tsa boitšoaro le mekhatlo ea setso e nyenyefatsang pefo le ho khothalletsa khotso.” Kemp, G. (2004). Khopolo ea lichaba tse nang le khotso. Ho G. Kemp & DP Fry (Eds.), Ho boloka khotso: Tharollo ea likhohlano le mekhatlo e nang le khotso lefatšeng ka bophara. London: Routledge. |
Bangoli ba qala ka ho hlalosa likarolo tse tharo tse fapaneng tsa menyetla ea lehae bakeng sa khotso. Mekhatlo e nang le khotso e kenyelletsa liphetoho tsa nako e telele tsa setso tse lebisang khotsong, ho fapana le lichaba tseo e seng tsa ntoa le libaka tsa khotso, e leng likarabelo tsa hang-hang ho khohlano e mabifi e sebetsang. Mekhatlo e nang le khotso “e rata ho etsa liqeto ho itšetlehile ka tumellano” le ho amohela “litloaelo tsa setso le maikutlo a lefatše [ao] ka ho feletseng a hanang pefo (ea ’mele) le ho khothalletsa boitšoaro ba khotso.” Ha ba kenelle pefong e kopanetsoeng ka hare kapa kantle, ha ba na mapolesa kapa sesole, 'me ba na le pefo e fokolang ea batho. Litsebi tse ithutang ka mekhatlo e nang le khotso li boetse li hlokomela hore lichaba lia fetoha ho latela litlhoko tsa litho tsa tsona, ho bolelang hore lichaba tseo pele li neng li se na khotso li ka ba joalo ka ho etsa liqeto ka mafolo-folo le ho hlaolela litloaelo le litekanyetso tse ncha.
Libaka tsa khotso (ZoPs) li thehiloe mohopolong oa sehalalelo, moo libaka kapa lihlopha tse itseng li nkuoang e le sebaka se sireletsehileng pefong. Maemong a mangata, li-ZoP ke sechaba se tlamelletsoeng libakeng tse phatlalalitsoeng nakong ea likhohlano tsa libetsa kapa ts'ebetso e latelang ea khotso, empa ka linako tse ling li hokahane le lihlopha tse itseng tsa batho (joaloka bana). Litsebi tse ithutang ZoPs li hlokometse lintlha tse ba thusitseng hore li atlehe, ho akarelletsa le “momahano e matla ea ka hare, boetapele bo kopanetsoeng, tšoaro e se nang leeme ea mekha e loanang, [ ] litloaelo tse tloaelehileng,” meeli e hlakileng, khaello ea tšokelo ho batho ba ka ntle, le khaello ea thepa ea bohlokoa ka hare ho ZoP. (seo se ka susumetsang litlhaselo). Batho ba bang hangata ba phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho ts'ehetsa libaka tsa khotso, haholo-holo ka temoso ea kapele kapa boiteko ba ho aha bokhoni ba lehae.
Qetellong, lichaba tse seng tsa ntoa li tšoana hantle le tsa ZoP ka hore li hlaha ka lebaka la likhohlano tse mabifi 'me li lakatsa ho boloka boipuso ba tsona ho tsoa ho batšoantšisi ba hlometseng ka mahlakoreng 'ohle, empa mohlomong ba na le pragmatic haholoanyane maikutlong a bona, ba sa hatelle boitsebahatso le litloaelo tsa pacifist. . Theho ea boitsebiso bo fapaneng ntle le boitsebahatso bo thehang khohlano e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hlaha le tlhokomelo ea lichaba tse sa loanang le ho thusa ho matlafatsa bonngoe ba ka hare le ho emela sechaba se eme ka thōko ho khohlano. Boitsebahatso bona bo ka sehloohong bo ipapisitse le "metheo e tloaelehileng, liphihlelo, melao-motheo le maemo a nalane e le likhokahano tsa maano tse tloaelehileng le tsa tlhaho sechabeng empa e se karolo ea boitsebahatso ba mekha e loanang." Baahi bao e seng ntoa ba boetse ba boloka litšebeletso tsa sechaba ka hare ho naha, ba sebelisa maano a ikhethileng a ts'ireletso (joalo ka lithibelo tsa libetsa), ba nts'etsapele boetapele bo nkang karolo, bo kenyellelitseng, le bo arabelang, le mekhatlo ea ho etsa liqeto, le "ho sebelisana ka mafolofolo le bohle ba loanang," ho kenyeletsoa ka lipuisano le lihlopha tse hlometseng. , ha ba ntse ba tiisa boipuso ba bona ho bona. Ho feta moo, boithuto bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ehetso ea mokha oa boraro e kanna ea ba ea bohlokoa ho sechaba se seng sa ntoa joalo ka ZoPs (leha bangoli ba lumela hore phapang ena le tse ling lipakeng tsa ZoPs le lichaba tse seng tsa ntoa e kanna ea feteletsoa, kaha ho na le ho kopana ho hoholo lipakeng maemo a sebele a bobeli).
Ho ba teng ha menyetla ena ea khotso ea lehae ho bontša hore sechaba se na le likhetho le mekhatlo leha e le maemong a pharaletseng a pefo ea ntoa, hore ho na le mekhoa e se nang mabifi ea ts'ireletso, le hore, leha ho na le matla a polarization ea ntoa, ha ho letho le ke keng la qojoa mabapi le ho huleloa. mekhoeng ea pefo.
Qetellong, bangoli ba botsa: Litlhaloso tse tsoang ho menyetla ea khotso ea lehae, haholo-holo lichaba tseo e seng tsa ntoa, li ka tsebisa leano le ts'ebetso ea ho thibela likhohlano-haholo-holo ha mekhoa e holimo-tlaase ea ho thibela likhohlano e sebelisoang ke mekhatlo ea machaba e atisa ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho sa tsotellehe mekhoa ea naha le ho hloloheloa. kapa ho fokotsa bokhoni ba lehae? Bangoli ba hloaea lithuto tse 'ne bakeng sa boiteko bo pharaletseng ba ho thibela likhohlano. Taba ea pele, ho shebisisa ka botebo menyetla ea khotso ea lehae ho senola boteng ba batšoantšisi ba lehae—ho feta baetsi ba litlokotsebe feela kapa bahlaseluoa—ka mekhoa e mecha ea ho thibela likhohlano le ho ntlafatsa letoto la mehato ea ho thibela likhohlano eo ho nahanoang hore e ka khonahala. Ea bobeli, baetsi ba thibelo ea likhohlano ba kantle ba ka rua molemo tlhokomelisong ea bona ea sechaba se seng sa ntoa kapa li-ZoP tse libakeng tse anngoeng ke ntoa ka ho etsa bonnete ba hore "ha ba etse kotsi" mererong ena ka ho kenella ha bona, ho ka senyang kapa ho fokolisa bokhoni ba lehae. Ea boraro, maqheka a ka sehloohong a sebelisoang ke lichaba tseo e seng tsa ntoa a ka tsebahatsa maano a sebele a thibelo, a kang ho matlafatsa boitsebiso bo kopanetsoeng bo hanang le ho feta boitsebahatso ba nako ea ntoa, “ho matlafatsa bonngoe ba sechaba le ho thusa ho fetisa maikutlo a bona a ho se loane ka ntle”; ho sebelisana ka matla le batšoantšisi ba hlometseng; kapa ho etsa hore sechaba se itšetlehe ka bokhoni ba sona ho thibela kapa ho hana ho kenya letsoho likhohlanong tsa libetsa. Ntlha ea bone, ho phatlalatsa tsebo ea lichaba tse atlehileng tseo e seng tsa ntoa sebakeng se pharaletseng ho ka thusa ho theheng khotso ka mor'a likhohlano ka ho khothalletsa tsoelo-pele ea lichaba tse ling tseo e seng tsa ntoa, ho etsa hore sebaka seo ka kakaretso se khone ho mamella likhohlano.
Tlhaiso e Rutoang
Leha ho ntse ho buisanoa ka lichaba tseo e seng tsa ntoa molemong oa libaka tsa ntoa tse mafolofolo, boemo ba hajoale ba lipolotiki United States bo fana ka maikutlo a hore maAmerika a Amerika a lokela ho ela hloko maano a lichaba tse sa loaneng boitekong ba rona ba ho thibela likhohlano. Haholo-holo, ka ho phahama ha polarization le mabifi a feteletseng ho la US, e mong le e mong oa rona o lokela ho botsa: Ho ka hlokahala eng ho etsa? my sechaba se khona ho mamella linako tsa pefo? Ho ipapisitsoe le tlhahlobo ena ea menyetla ea khotso ea lehae, ho tla mehopolo e seng mekae.
Taba ea pele, ke habohlokoa hore batho ba hlokomele hore ba na le boikhethelo—hore ba na le mekhoa e meng eo ba ka khethang ho e etsa—esita le maemong a likhohlano tse mabifi moo ho ka ’nang ha bonahala eka ba na le ho fokolang haholo. Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore boikutlo ba boitlamo e ne e le e 'ngoe ea litšobotsi tsa bohlokoa tse ileng tsa khetholla batho ba ileng ba pholosa Bajuda nakong ea Polao e Sehlōhō ho ba sa kang ba etsa letho kapa ba entseng kotsi. Thuto ea Kristin Renwick Monroe ea bapholosi ba Madache, bashebelli ba ka thōko, le basebetsi-’moho le Bonazi. Ho utloa matla a ka bang teng ke mohato oa pele oa bohlokoa oa ho nka khato—le ho hanela pefo haholo-holo.
Ea bobeli, litho tsa sechaba li tlameha ho tsebahatsa boitsebiso bo hlakileng, bo tebileng bo hanang le ho fetisa boitsebiso ba polarized ba khohlano e mabifi ha ba ntse ba hula litloaelo kapa histori e nang le moelelo ho sechaba seo-boitsebahatso bo ka kopanyang sechaba ha se ntse se phatlalatsa ho hana khohlano e mabifi ka boeona. Hore na sena e ka ba sets'oants'o sa toropo ka bophara (joalo ka ha ho bile joalo ka Tuzla ea litso tse fapaneng nakong ea Ntoa ea Bosnia) kapa lebitso la bolumeli le ka felisang likarohano tsa lipolotiki kapa mofuta o mong oa boitsebahatso ho ka ipapisa le boholo ba sechaba sena le hore na sebaka sena se teng. boitsebiso bo teng.
Taba ea boraro, ho lokela ho nahanoa ka botebo ho nts'etsapele liqeto tse kenyeletsang, tse arabelang, le mekhatlo ea boetapele ka har'a sechaba e tla fumana tšepo le ho rekoa ke litho tse fapaneng tsa sechaba.
Qetellong, litho tsa sechaba li lokela ho nahana ka mokhoa o hlakileng ka marang-rang a bona a neng a le teng pele le libaka tsa bona tsa phihlello ho mekha e loanang/batšoantšisi ba hlometseng e le hore ba ka ikopanya le bona, ba hlakise boipuso ba bona ho tsoa mahlakoreng ka bobeli - empa hape ba matlafatse likamano tsa bona le boitsebahatso bo boholo litšebelisanong tsa bona. le batšoantšisi bana ba hlometseng.
Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore boholo ba lintlha tsena li itšetlehile ka ho aha likamano-kaho ea likamano tse tsoelang pele har'a litho tse fapa-fapaneng tsa sechaba e le hore boitsebiso bo tšoanang (bo fapanyetsang boitsebiso bo fapaneng) bo ikutloe e le ba 'nete le hore batho ba arolelana maikutlo a bonngoe ha ba etsa liqeto. Ho feta moo, ha likamano li ntse li le matla ka har'a mela e fapaneng ea boitsebiso, ho tla ba le libaka tse ngata tsa ho fihlella ho batšoantšisi ba hlometseng ka mahlakoreng 'ohle a likhohlano. Ho lipatlisiso tse ling, e bonahalang e le germane mona, Ashutosh Varshney o hlokomela bohlokoa ba eseng feela kaho ea likamano tsa nakoana empa "mefuta e kopanetsoeng ea ho kopanela" ho pholletsa le boitsebahatso ba polarized-le hore na mokhoa ona oa ho ikopanya le mekhatlo e fapaneng ke eng e ka etsang hore sechaba se khone ho mamella pefo ka ho khetheha. . Leha e le ketso e nyane joalo ka ha e ka utloahala, ka hona, ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetesisa eo mang kapa mang oa rona a ka e etsang hajoale ho thibela pefo ea lipolotiki US e kanna ea ba ho holisa marang-rang a rona le ho hlaolela maikutlo le mefuta e meng ea mefuta-futa metseng ea rona ea bolumeli, likolo tsa rona, libaka tsa rona tsa mosebetsi, mekhatlo ea rona ea basebetsi, mekhatlo ea rona ea lipapali, metse ea rona ea boithaopo. Joale, haeba ho ka hlokahala ho kenya tšebetsong likamano tsena tse fapa-fapaneng ha ho tobane le pefo, li tla ba teng.
Lipotso li phahamisitsoe
- Batšoantšisi ba machaba ba kaho ea khotso ba ka fana ka ts'ehetso joang ho lichaba tseo e seng tsa ntoa le menyetla e meng ea lehae ea khotso, ha e kōptjoa, ntle le ho theha litšepe tse ka qetellang li fokolisa boiteko boo?
- Ke menyetla efe eo u ka e khethang sechabeng sa heno sa ho haha likamano ho pholletsa le boitsebahatso ba polarized le ho hlaolela boitsebiso bo fapaneng bo hanang pefo le ho felisa likarohano?
Ho bala ho tsoelang pele
Anderson, MB, & Wallace, M. (2013). Ho tsoa ntoeng: Maano a ho thibela likhohlano tse mabifi. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Bahatisi. https://mars.gmu.edu/bitstream/handle/1920/12809/Anderson.Opting%20CC%20Lic.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y
McWilliams, A. (2022). Mokhoa oa ho theha likamano lipakeng tsa liphapang. Psychology kajeno. E tlisitsoe ka la 9 Pulungoana 2022, ho tloha https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/your-awesome-career/202207/how-build-relationships-across-differences
Varshney, A. (2001). Khohlano ea merabe le mekhatlo ea sechaba. Lipolotiki tsa Lefatše, 53, 362-398. https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/sib/egm/paper/Ashutosh%20Varshney.pdf
Monroe, KR (2011). Melao ea boitšoaro mehleng ea bokhukhuni le polao ea morabe: Boitšoaro le khetho ea boitšoaro. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691151434/ethics-in-an-age-of-terror-and-genocide
Setsebi ea Khotso e Cheka. (2022). Taba e khethehileng: Mekhoa e se nang mabifi ea ts'ireletso. E tlisitsoe ka la 16 Pulungoana 2022, ho tloha https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/special-issue-nonviolent-approaches-to-security/
Khotso Science Digest. (2019). Libaka tsa Afrika Bophirimela tsa khotso le matsapa a ho aha khotso. E tlisitsoe ka la 16 Pulungoana 2022, ho tloha https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/west-african-zones-of-peace-and-local-peacebuilding-initiatives/
mekhatlo
Lipuisano ka Kamoreng ea Bolulo: https://livingroomconversations.org/
Phekola PDX: https://cure-pdx.org
Mantsoe a bohlokoa: metse e seng ea lintoa, libaka tsa khotso, mekhatlo e nang le khotso, ho thibela pefo, ho thibela likhohlano, ho haha khotso sebakeng sa heno.
