Ntoa ea Lefatše ka Bokhukhuni e Atlehile Hakae? Bopaki ba Phello ea Khale

by Setsebi ea Khotso e Cheka, August 24, 2021

Ts'ebetso ena e akaretsa mme e bonts'a lipatlisiso tse latelang: Kattelman, KT (2020). Ho lekola katleho ea Ntoa ea Lefatše ka Bokhukhuni: Makhetlo a likhukhuni a tlhaselo ea bokhukhuni le phello ea morao. Matla a Khohlano e sa Lekaneng, 13(1), 67-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2019.1650384

Tlhatlhobo ena ke ea bobeli letotong la likarolo tse 'ne tse hopolang sehopotso sa bo20 sa la 11 Loetse 2001. Ha ho totobatsoa mosebetsi oa morao-rao oa borutehi ka litlamorao tse bohloko tsa lintoa tsa Amerika ho la Iraq le Afghanistan le Ntoeng ea Lefatše ka Bokhukhuni (GWOT) ka bophara, re ikemiselitse hore letotong lena ho hlahise monahano o matla oa karabelo ea US ho bokhukhuni le ho bula lipuisano ka mekhoa e meng e seng mabifi ea ntoa le pefo ea lipolotiki.

Lintlha tsa ho bua

• Ntoeng ea Lefatše ka Bokhukhuni (GWOT), linaha tsa koporasi tse rometsoeng sesoleng Afghanistan le Iraq li bile le boiphihlelo ba boiphetetso ba bokhukhuni bo tsoang linaheng tse ling khahlano le baahi ba bona joalo ka ho hlaseloa.
• Ho iphetetsa ha litlhaselo tsa bokhukhuni tse tsoang linaheng tse ling tse fumanoeng ke linaha tsa kopanelo ho bontša hore Ntoa ea Lefatše ka Bokhukhuni ha ea ka ea fihlela sepheo sa eona sa mantlha sa ho boloka baahi ba sireletsehile bokhukhuni.

Temoho ea Bohlokoa ea Tloaelo ea ho Tsebisa

• Tumellano e hlahang mabapi le ho hloleha ha Ntoa ea Lefatše ka Bokhukhuni (GWOT) e lokela ho khothaletsa ho lekola bocha leano le leholo la kantle ho naha la US le phetoho ho leano le tsoelang pele la kantle ho naha, le tla etsa ho feta ho boloka baahi ba bolokehile litlhaselong tsa bokhukhuni tsa linaha tse ling.

Summary

Kyle T. Kattelman o batlisisa hore na ketso ea sesole, haholo-holo lieta fatše, e fokolitse makhetlo a litlhaselo tsa bokhukhuni tse tsoang linaheng tse ling ke Al-Qaeda le balekane ba eona khahlano le linaha tsa koporasi nakong ea Ntoa ea Lefatše ea Bokhukhuni (GWOT). O nka mokhoa o ikhethileng oa naha ho lekola hore na ketso ea sesole e atlehile ho fihlela e 'ngoe ea sepheo sa mantlha sa GWOT-ho thibela litlhaselo tsa bokhukhuni khahlanong le baahi ba Amerika le Bophirima ka bophara.

Al-Qaeda e nkile boikarabello bakeng sa tlhaselo ea literene tse 'nè tsa baeti tsa March 2004, Madrid, Spain, le libomo tsa ho ipolaea ka Phuptjane ka la 2005, London, UK Liphuputso tse ling li tiisa hore liketsahalo tsena tse peli e ne e le boiphetetso ba bokhukhuni ba linaha tse ling. Al-Qaeda e ile ea lebisa tlhokomelo ho linaha tsena ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea tsona ea sesole e tsoelang pele ho GWOT. Mehlala ena e 'meli e bonts'a kamoo menehelo ea sesole ho GWOT e ka bang kotsi, e ka bakang tlhaselo ea bokhukhuni e iphetetsang ea linaha tse ling khahlanong le baahi ba naha.

Patlisiso ea Kattelman e shebana le boitshunyako ba sesole, kapa mabotho a fatše, hobane ke "pelo ea boitseko bofe kapa bofe bo atlehileng" mme ho ka etsahala hore ebe li-hegemon tsa demokrasi tsa demokrasi tsa Bophirimela li tla tsoelapele ho li sebelisa, leha ho na le khanyetso ea sechaba, ho fihlela litabatabelo tsa bona tsa lefats'e. Patlisiso e fetileng e boetse e bonts'a bopaki ba litlhaselo tsa boiphetetso maemong a sesole le mesebetsi. Leha ho le joalo, e tloaetse ho shebana le mofuta oa tlhaselo, eseng sehlopha se ikarabellang. Ha re "kopanya" lintlha tse mabapi le litlhaselo tsa bokhukhuni tse tsoang linaheng tse ling, maikutlo a fapaneng, morabe, sechaba kapa tumelo ea lihlopha tsa likhukhuni ha a tsotelloe.

Ho aha likhopolong tsa pejana tsa ho hlaseloa, sengoli se hlahisa mofuta oa sona o shebaneng le bokhoni le tšusumetso ea ho utloisisa hore na ho romelloa ha sesole sa naha ho na le phello efe khafetsa litlhaselong tsa bokhukhuni. Ntoeng e sa lekanyetsoang, linaha li tla ba le matla a maholo a sesole ho latela mekhatlo ea bokhukhuni eo ba kanna ba e loana, mme linaha le mekhatlo ea likhukhuni li tla ba le maemo a fapaneng a ts'usumetso ea ho hlasela. Ho GWOT, linaha tsa kopanelo li kentse letsoho sesoleng le se seng sesoleng liphethong tse fapaneng. Tšusumetso ea Al-Qaeda ea ho hlasela litho tsa koporasi ho feta United States e fapane. Ka hona, sengoli se nahana hore ha monehelo o moholo oa setho sa kopanelo ho GWOT, ho ka ba bonolo ho feta ho hlaseloa ke likhukhuni tsa linaha tse ling ke Al-Qaeda, hobane ts'ebetso ea eona ea sesole e tla eketsa tšusumetso ea Al-Qaeda ho e hlasela.

Bakeng sa phuputso ena, ho fanoa ka tlhaiso-leseling e tsoang litsing tse fapaneng tsa boitsebiso ba bokhukhuni le menehelo ea mabotho a sesole ho Afghanistan le Iraq lipakeng tsa 1998 le 2003. Haholo-holo, sengoli se hlahloba liketsahalo tsa "ts'ebeliso e seng molaong ea matla le pefo ke sebapali se seng sa mmuso ho fihlella phetoho lipolotiking, moruong, bolumeling kapa sechabeng ka tšabo, ho qobelloa kapa ho tšosoa ”ho thoe ke Al-Qaeda le litho tsa eona. Ho qhelela ka thoko litlhaselo tsa "moea oa 'ho loana" ho tsoa sampoleng, sengoli se hlahlobile liketsahalo "tse ikemetseng ka borabele kapa mefuta e meng ea likhohlano."

Liphuputso li tiisa hore litho tsa kopanelo tse nyehelang mabotho ho la Afghanistan le Iraq ho GWOT li bile le keketseho ea litlhaselo tsa bokhukhuni tse tsoang linaheng tse ling khahlano le baahi ba tsona. Ho feta moo, ha boemo ba monehelo bo phahama, bo lekantsoeng ke palo e felletseng ea masole, leqhubu la litlhaselo tsa bokhukhuni li feta. Sena e bile 'nete bakeng sa linaha tse leshome tsa koporasi tse nang le palo e kholo ka ho fetesisa ea thomello ea masole. Ho linaha tse leshome tse holimo, ho bile le tse 'maloa tse ileng tsa hlaseloa ke likhukhuni tse' maloa kapa tsa se ke tsa e-ba le tsona pele ho thomello ea mabotho empa tsa hlaseloa haholo kamora moo. Ho romeloa sesoleng ho feta makhetlo a mabeli monyetla oa hore naha e ka hlaseloa ke bokhukhuni bo tsoang linaheng tse ling ke Al-Qaeda. Ebile, bakeng sa keketseho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea monehelo oa masole ho bile le keketseho ea 11.7% ho maqhubu a litlhaselo tsa bokhukhuni tsa Al-Qaeda khahlanong le naha e nyehelang. Ho fihla joale, US e ile ea kenya letsoho mabothong a mangata (118,918) mme ea ba le litlhaselo tsa bokhukhuni tsa Al-Qaeda tse fetang linaha tse ling (61). Ho etsa bonnete ba hore data ha e khannoe ke US feela, mongoli o entse liteko tse ling mme a fihlela qeto ea hore ha ho na phetoho e kholo liphellong ka ho tlosoa ha US sampoleng.

Ka mantsoe a mang, ho bile le pherekano, ka mokhoa oa boiphetetso oa likhukhuni tsa linaha tse ling, khahlano le ho romeloa sesoleng ho GWOT. Mefuta ea pefo e bonts'itsoeng phuputsong ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore bokhukhuni bo tsoang linaheng tse ling ha bo itlhahele feela, ke pefo e sehlōhō. Ho e-na le hoo, batšoantšisi ba "nang le kelello" ba ka sebelisa liketso tsa bokhukhuni bo tsoang linaheng tse ling ka leano. Qeto ea naha ea ho nka karolo pefong ea sesole khahlanong le mokhatlo oa bokhukhuni e ka eketsa tšusumetso ea sehlopha sa likhukhuni, ka hona ea lebisa ho iphetetseng ha likhukhuni tsa linaha tse ling khahlanong le baahi ba naha eo. Ka kakaretso, mongoli o phethela ka hore GWOT e ne e sa atleha ho etsa hore baahi ba litho tsa kopanelo ba bolokehe ho bokhukhuni ba machabeng.

Tlhaiso e Rutoang

Leha ho na le sepheo se patisaneng sa patlisiso ena mabapi le thomello ea sesole le kameho ea eona ho setheo se le seng sa bokhukhuni, liphetho li ka ruta leano la kantle ho naha la US ka bophara. Patlisiso ena e tiisa boteng ba litlamorao tse mpe tsa ho kenella ha sesole ntoeng e khahlano le bokhukhuni bo fetelletseng. Haeba sepheo ke ho boloka baahi ba bolokehile, joalo ka GWOT, patlisiso ena e bonts'a kamoo ho kenella sesoleng ho ka bang kotsi. Ho feta moo, GWOT e na le litšenyehelo tse fetang $ 6 trillion, le batho ba fetang 800,000 ba shoele ka lebaka leo, ho kenyeletsoa le baahi ba 335,000, ho ea ka Litšenyehelo tsa Morero oa Ntoa. Ha re hopotse sena, baetsi ba maano a kantle ho naha a US ba lokela ho nahana hape ka ho its'epahalla ha bona sesoleng. Empa, bomalimabe, leano le tloaelehileng la kantle ho naha le tiisa ho ts'epahalla sesole joalo ka "tharollo" ea litšokelo tsa kantle ho naha, ho supa tlhoko ea hore US e nahane ka ho amohela leano le tsoelang pele la kantle ho naha.

Ka har'a leano le tloaelehileng la kantle ho naha la US, tharollo ea maano e hatisang ketso ea sesole e teng. Mohlala o mong o joalo ke leano le kenang la sesole le nang le likarolo tse 'ne ho sebetsana le bokhukhuni bo tsoang linaheng tse ling. Pele ho tsohle, leano lena le khothaletsa ho thibela ho hlaha ha mokhatlo oa bokhukhuni pele. Ho matlafatsa bokhoni ba sesole le ntlafatso ea lekala la ts'ireletso ho ka baka ho hloloa hoa hang-hang ha mokhatlo oa bokhukhuni empa ho ke ke ha thibela sehlopha ho ithaopela hape nakong e tlang. Taba ea bobeli, leano la nako e telele le le fapaneng la melao le lokela ho sebelisoa, ho kenyeletsoa likarolo tsa sesole le tseo e seng tsa sesole, joalo ka botsitso kamora lintoa le nts'etsopele. Taba ea boraro, ho nka khato ea sesole e lokela ho ba khetho ea hoqetela. Kamora nako, mekha eohle e amehang e lokela ho kenyelletsoa lipuisanong ho felisa pefo le lintoa.

Leha e rorisoa, tharollo ea maano a kaholimo e ntse e hloka hore sesole se phethe karolo e itseng-mme ha e nke ka botebo taba ea hore sesole se ka eketsa, ho e-na le ho fokotsa, ts'oaetso ea motho ea ho hlasela. Joalokaha ba bang ba phehile khang, esita le mehato e hlophisitsoeng hantle ea sesole sa US e ka baka ho mpefatsa boemo. Phuputso ena le tumellano e hlahang mabapi le ho hloleha ha GWOT e lokela ho hlohlelletsa ho lekola bocha moralo o pharalletseng oa leano la kantle ho naha la US. Ho fetoha ho feta leano le tloaelehileng la kantle ho naha, leano le tsoelang pele la kantle ho naha le ka kenyelletsa boikarabello bakeng sa ho nka liqeto tse mpe tsa kantle ho naha, ho ananela lilekane le litumellano tsa lefats'e, ho loants'a sesole, ho tiisa khokahano lipakeng tsa leano la lapeng le kantle ho naha, le ho fokotsa bajete ea sesole. Ho kenya ts'ebetsong liphuputso tsa patlisiso ena ho ka bolela ho qoba sesole ho khahlano le likhukhuni tsa machabeng. Sebakeng sa ho ts'osa le ho hatella litšokelo tsa bokhukhuni tsa linaha tse ling e le lebaka la ts'ireletso ea sesole, mmuso oa Amerika o lokela ho nahana ka litšokelo tse teng tsa ts'ireletso mme o nahane ka hore na litšokelo tseo li bapala karolo efe ho hlaheng ha bokhukhuni ba machabeng. Maemong a mang, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe liphuputsong tse kaholimo, mehato ea sesole khahlano le bokhukhuni ba linaha tse ling e ka eketsa ts'oaetso ea baahi. Ho fokotsa ho se lekane ha lefatše, ho fokotsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo, le ho thibela thuso ho mebuso e etsang tlolo ea litokelo tsa botho ka matla ho ka etsa ho feta ho sireletsa Maamerika bokhukhuni ba linaha tse ling ho feta kamoo sesole se ka kenang. [KH]

Ho bala ho tsoelang pele

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Mantsoe a bohlokoa: Ntoa ea Lefatše ka Bokhukhuni; bokhukhuni ba machabeng; Al-Qaeda; khahlanong le bokhukhuni; Iraq; Afghanistan