Litšenyehelo tsa Ntoa: Kamora Litlhaselo tsa 9/11, Lintoa tsa US li Lahliloe Bonyane Batho ba Limilione tse 37 Lefatšeng Lohle

AMY MOLEMO: Ho se ho fetile lilemo tse 19 ho tloha ha litlhaselo tse hokahaneng tsa World Trade Center, Pentagon le United Airlines Flight 93 li bolaile batho ba ka bang 3,000. Ka 8:46 hoseng ka nako ea Bochabela, sefofane sa pele se ile sa thula tora e ka leboea ea World Trade Center mona New York City. Kajeno, Mopresidente Trump le mokhethoa oa mopresidente oa Democratic, Joe Biden ka bobeli ba tla etela Flight 93 National Memorial haufi le Shanksville, Pennsylvania, ka linako tse fapaneng. Biden o tla boela a hlomphe kamora ho ea moketeng oa sehopotso sa 9/11 New York, eo Motlatsi oa Mopresidente Pence le eena a tla ba teng.

Kajeno, United States e tobane le ts'abo ea mofuta o mong, kaha batho ba fetang 191,000 ba bolailoe ke Covid-19 seoa, le e ncha raporoto merero ea lenane la lefu la Amerika le ka nyolohela ho batho ba ka bang 3,000 ka letsatsi ka Hlakubele. Ho bile le mafu a macha a fetang 1,200 naheng ea Amerika lihoreng tse 24 tse fetileng. Time e rera ho tšoaea ketsahalo ea bohlokoa e atamelang ea 200,000 Covidlefu le amanang le US le sekoaelo se balehang "An American Failure" mme e na le moeli o motšo ka lekhetlo la bobeli feela nalaneng ea ona. Nako ea pele e bile kamora la 9/11.

Sena se tla e le ncha raporoto o fumana seo ho thoeng ke ntoa ea bokhukhuni e etelletsoeng pele ke US e sentse e siile batho ba limilione tse 37 linaheng tse robeli ho tloha ka 2001. The Costs of War Project e Univesithing ea Brown le eona e hakantše batho ba fetang 800,000 [ba shoeleng] lintoeng tse etelletsoeng pele ke US ho tloha ka 2001 ka theko ea $ 6.4 trillion ho balekhetho ba Amerika. Tlaleho e ncha e bitsoa "Ho Theha Baphaphathehi: Phalliso e Bakiloeng ke Lintoa tsa United States tsa" Post-9/11 ".

Bakeng sa lintlha tse ling re kopane le mongoli-'moho le eona, David Vine, moprofesa oa thuto ea batho Univesithing ea Amerika. Buka ea hae e ncha e tsoa khoeling e tlang, e bitsoang United States of War: Nalane ea Lefatše ea Likhohlano tse sa Feleng tsa Amerika, ho tloha Columbus ho ea Naheng ea Islamic. Hape ke mongoli oa Base Nation: Joang US Basotho ba Masole Linaheng Lisele ba Hlakola Amerika le Lefatše.

David Vine, amohela ho Demokrasi Hona Joale! Ho monate ho khutla le rona, leha e le letsatsi le bohloko haholo, sehopotsong sena sa bo19 sa litlhaselo tsa 9/11. O ka bua ka se fumanoeng ke tlaleho ea hau?

DAVIDA Morara: Ehlile. Kea leboha, Amy, ka ho ba le nna. Ho monate ho khutla.

Liphetho tsa tlaleho ea rona li hlile lia botsa - United States e ntse e loana lintoa khafetsa, joalo ka ha u boletse, bakeng sa lilemo tse 19. Re ntse re sheba hore na litlamorao tsa lintoa tsena li bile kae. Lits'enyehelo tsa Morero oa Ntoa li ntse li etsa sena ka lilemo tse ka bang leshome. Re ne re batla ho sheba ka kotloloho hore na ke batho ba bakae ba balehileng mahaeng a bona ka lebaka la lintoa tsena. Ha e le hantle, re fumane hore ha ho motho ea neng a itšoenye ka ho fuputsa hore na ke batho ba bakae ba balehileng mahaeng a bona ke lintoa tse teng hona joale, bonyane linaha tse 24 tseo United States e kentseng letsoho ho tsona.

Mme re fumane hore, ka kakaretso, bonyane batho ba limilione tse 37 ba tlohile mahaeng a bona lintoeng tse robeli feela tse mabifi tseo United States e li qalileng kapa ho nka karolo ho tloha ka 2001. Ke Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Somalia, Yemen, Libya, Syria le Philippines. Mme ke tekanyetso e hlokolosi haholo. Re fumane hore kakaretso e ka ba limilione tse 48 ho isa ho tse 59.

Mme ke nahana hore re tlameha ho ema hanyane lipalo tsena, hobane re - ka litsela tse ngata, maphelo a rona a khangoa ke lipalo, Covid, ka lintho tse ngata tseo ho leng bohlokoa ho li latela ka bongata, empa ho koahela kelello ea motho ka seo - ke batho ba limilione tse 37 feela ba balehileng mahaeng a bona ho thata, ehlile, mme ke nahana hore ho hloka boiteko bo matla, ka nnete bo nketselitseng.

Limilione tse mashome a mararo a metso e supileng, ho e beha nalaneng ea nalane, ke batho ba bangata ba fallisitsoeng ke ntoa efe kapa efe ho tloha bonyane qalong ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, ntle le Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše. Mme haeba mokhoa oa rona o moholo oa ho boloka mekhoa e metle o nepahetse, khakanyo ea limilione tse 48 ho isa ho tse 59, e ka bapisoa le ho fallisoa hoo motho a ileng a ho bona Ntoeng ea II ea Lefatše. Mokhoa o mong oa ho leka ho koahela kelello ea motho ka palo e tlase ea limilione tse 37 feela, limilione tse 37 e ka ba boholo ba naha ea California. Nahana feela naha eohle ea California e nyamela, ba tlameha ho baleha malapeng a bona. E ka ba boholo ba Canada eohle, kapa Texas le Virginia li kopane.

AMY MOLEMO: Bakeng sa ba lekaneng ba nang le lehlohonolo la ho ba le matlo nakong ea seoa sena, ke nahana hore batho ba ananela haholo - ke bolela, lentsoe "baphaphathehi" le qhekelloa hohle, empa hore na ho bolelang ho fallisoa. A na u ka bua ka hore na hobaneng linaha tseo tse robeli? Hona na u ka e hokahanya le lintoa tsa Amerika kantle ho naha?

DAVIDA Morara: Ehlile. Hape, re ne re batla ho tsepamisa mohopolo lintoeng tse mabifi ka ho fetesisa tseo United States e kileng ea kenella ho tsona, lintoa tseo United States e tsetetseng chelete ka ho teba ho tsona, hape, mali, bophelo ba sesole sa US, 'me, ka katoloso, maphelo a anngoeng, litho tsa lelapa la sesole sa US le ba bang. Re ne re batla ho sheba ka kotloloho lintoa tseo United States e li qalileng, ka hona ntoa e fetang ea Afghanistan le Pakistan, ea Iraq, ehlile; lintoa tseo United States li seng li eketsehile haholo, Libya le Syria, Libya hammoho le - le Syria, hammoho le balekane ba Europe le ba bang; 'me joale lintoa tseo United States e nkile karolo ho tsona haholo, ka litsela tse kenyeletsang ho fana ka baeletsi ba lebaleng la ntoa, ho fana ka mafura, libetsa le ba bang, Yemen, Somalia le Philippines.

Ntoeng e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lintoa tsena re fumane batho ba limilione ba balehileng mahaeng a bona. Mme kannete, ke nahana, ua tseba, re tlameha ho amohela hore ho fallisoa, tlhoko ea ho baleha lehae la motho, ho balehela bophelo ba hae, ke - ka litsela tse ngata, ha ho na mokhoa oa ho bala hore na hoo ho bolelang ho motho a le mong, a le mong lelapa, sechaba se le seng, empa re ile ra bona ho le bohlokoa ho sheba ho fallisoa ha batho ka bongata ho bakiloeng ke lintoa tsena.

Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela, ha re re United States ke eona feela e molato bakeng sa boemo bona ba phalliso. Ho hlakile hore ho na le batšoantšisi ba bang, mebuso e meng, bahlabani ba bang, ba bohlokoa boikarabellong boo ba nang le bona bakeng sa ho fallisoa lintoeng tsena: Assad ho la Syria, mabotho a Sunni le a Shia a Iraq, Ma-taliban, ehlile, al-Qaeda, Islamic State, ba bang. Lilekane tsa Amerika, ho kenyeletsoa Borithane, le tsona li na le boikarabello.

Empa United States e nkile karolo e kholo ho loaneng ntoa, ho thoeng ntoa le ho ntšetseng pele ntoa lilemong tse 19 tse fetileng. Mme joalo ka ha o bontšitse, sena se sentse balekhetho ba US, baahi ba US, baahi ba US ka litsela tse ling, ho kenyeletsoa le $ 6.4 trillion - mme ke trillion ka T, $ 6.4 trillion - eo Litšenyehelo tsa Morero oa Ntoa li hakantsoeng hore United States e sebelisitse kapa e tlamehile. 'Me kakaretso eo e ntse e eketseha ka letsatsi.

AMY MOLEMO: Mme David Vine, palo ea baphaphathehi bao US e ba amohelang lintoeng tsena, ke ho fallisoa ha bona ha Amerika ho bakang?

DAVIDA Morara: Ee, mme re ka sheba mollo o Lesbos oo u buileng ka ona pejana, o fallisitseng batho ba ka bang 13,000, kampo ea baphaphathehi e Lesbos e sentsoeng ka botlalo. Mme ke ts'epa hore batho ba shebang mello California le Oregon le Washington ba ka utloela baphaphathehi ba Lesbos le baphaphathehi bohloko ho feta Middle East, haholoholo, moo mollo - ha e le hantle, mollo o le mong o moholo o ntseng o tuka ho tloha ka Mphalane 2001, ha US e qala Ntoa ea eona Afghanistan.

AMY MOLEMO: Ke ne ke batla ho ea ho Mopresidente Trump pejana bekeng ena ho bolella baqolotsi ba litaba ba boholong ba Pentagon hore ha ba mo rate hobane o batla ho ntša Amerika lintoeng tse sa feleng tse thusang baetsi ba libetsa.

PRESIDENTE PUSELETSOE TS'ELISO: Biden o ile a romela mesebetsi ea rona ka likepe, a bula meeli ea rona mme a romela bacha ba rona ho loana lintoeng tsena tsa bohlanya, tse sa feleng. Ke le leng la mabaka a etsang hore sesole - ha ke re sesole se nthatile. Masole a teng. Batho ba phahameng ka ho fetisisa Pentagon mohlomong ha ba joalo, hobane ha ba batle ho etsa letho haese ho loana lintoa e le hore lik'hamphani tsohle tse ntle tse etsang libomo le ho etsa lifofane le ho etsa hore ntho e ngoe le e ngoe e lule e thabile. Empa re tsoa lintoeng tse sa feleng.

AMY MOLEMO: Ho utloahala hanyane joalo, haeba Howard Zinn a ne a phela, o ne a tla re'ng. Empa ho nyatsa ha Trump moaho oa sesole le indasteri ho hanana le rekoto ea hae ea ho hlokomela keketseho ena ea nalane ea tšebeliso ea chelete ea ntoa, ho budget ea ts'ireletso, tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa sesole, ho rekisa libetsa kantle ho naha. Haufinyane Politico e bitsitse Trump "booster-in-chief ea borakonteraka ba ts'ireletso." Selemong se fetileng, Trump o ile a feta Congress hore a rekise libetsa tse libilione tsa lidolara tse 8 ho Saudi Arabia le United Arab Emirates. Pejana selemong sena, tsamaiso ea hae e ile ea laela hore ho fetoleloe bocha selekane sa lihlomo sa mehleng ea Cold War molemong oa ho bula tsela bakeng sa thekiso ea drone ho ea ho mebuso eo pele e neng e thibetsoe ho reka joalo. O ka arabela seo a se buileng?

DAVIDA Morara: Ka litsela tse ngata, seo Trump a se boletseng se ruile haholo. Ho joalo, o nepile hore baetsi ba libetsa ba ruile molemo o moholo, ho mashome a libilione tsa lidolara, ntle le bo-rakonteraka ba bang ba meralo ea motheo, lik'hamphani tse etsang metheo ea sesole e seng e le Middle East. Empa, ua tseba, Trump, kannete, joalo ka ha Politico a boletse, ke booster-in-chief. O okametse mme o sutumelletse lichelete tsa sesole tse fetang tse neng li le sehlohlolong sa Cold War.

Mme ke nahana hore re tlameha ho botsa: Ke lira life tseo United States li tobaneng le tsona kajeno tse hlokang tekanyetso ea sesole ea boholo bona? Na United States e hloka ho sebelisa chelete e fetang limilione tse likete tse 740 ka selemo ho itšireletsa? Na re ka be re sebelisa chelete ee ka litsela tse betere ho itšireletsa? Hona le litlhoko life, tse matla, tse makatsang, tse hatellang, litlhoko tsa batho, tse hlokomolohuoang hobane re tšollela mashome a libilione, makholo a libilione tsa lidolara mochining ona oa ntoa selemo le selemo?

Mme ke nahana Covid, ehlile, e supa sena, e se tiisa, ho feta neng kapa neng. United States e ne e sa itokisetsa lefu la seoa. Hona ha se karolo e nyane hobane United States e ntse e tšollela chelete mochineng ona oa ntoa ha e ntse e hlokomoloha litlhoko tsa batho United States le lefats'e ka bophara - litlhoko tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo, boitokisetso ba seoa, matlo a theko e tlase, tikoloho. Chelete ena eo esale re e tšela mochini oa ntoa, ehlile, e kanna eaba e ne e sebetsana le ho futhumala ha lefatše hoo motho a ho bonang, ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa mollong oo motho ao bonang ho pholletsa le Lebopo la Bophirimela, hara litlhoko tse ling tse ngata tse hatellang tseo lefatše le nang le tsona. lifahleho kajeno.

AMY MOLEMO: Ena ke taba e makatsang eo u boletseng ka eona, David Vine: Sesole sa US se loanne ntoa, se kene ntoeng kapa se futuhetse linaha tse ling ka lilemo tsohle ntle le tse 11 tsa ho ba teng.

DAVIDA Morara: Ee ho joalo. Lilemong tse fetileng tsa ntoa tsa 19, batho ba bangata ba bona e le ntho e ikhethang, ebile hoa makatsa hore ebe batho ba kenang kolecheng kajeno kapa batho ba bangata ba ngoliselitseng sesole sa US kajeno ba ke ke ba bona letsatsi la bophelo ba bona kapa ba ke ke ba hopola letsatsi ea bophelo ba bona ha United States e ne e se ntoeng.

Ebile, hona ke ntho e tloaelehileng nalaneng ea Amerika. Le Congressional Research Service e bonts'a sena selemo le selemo ho raporoto hore o ka fumana inthaneteng. Ha se nna feela, leha ke na le lenane la lintoa, le atolohang lenaneng la Ts'ebetso ea Patlisiso ea DRM. Tsena ke lintoa le mefuta e meng ea ntoa eo United States e keneng ho eona ho tloha boipusong. Ebile, ka 95% ea lilemo nalaneng ea US, kaofela haese lilemo tse 11 nalaneng ea US, United States e nkile karolo mofuteng o mong oa ntoa kapa ntoa e ngoe.

Mme motho o hloka ho sheba mokhoa ona oa nako e telele, mokhoa ona oa nako e telele o fetelang ka nqane ho ntoa, eo ho thoeng ke ntoa ea bokhukhuni eo George W. Bush a e qalileng ka 2001, ho utloisisa hore na hobaneng ha United States e tšetse haholo chelete lintoeng tsena le hore na hobaneng litlamorao tsa lintoa tsena e bile tse tšabehang haholo ho batho ba amehang.

AMY MOLEMO: David Vine, o tlaleha bukeng ea hau e tlang, United States of War: Nalane ea Lefatše ea Likhohlano tse sa Feleng tsa Amerika, ho tloha Columbus ho ea Naheng ea Islamic, hore metheo ea Amerika kantle ho naha e nolofalletsa ntoa linaheng tse 24: qotsa, “Liketekete tsa mabotho a sesole sa US linaheng tse ka bang 100 le libakeng tse ling - tse fetang halofo ea tsona li hahiloe ho tloha ka 2001 - li thusitse ho nka karolo ha mabotho a sesole sa US lintoeng le litsing tse ling tsa ntoa bonyane lichabeng tse 24 ho tloha ha tsamaiso ea George W. Bush e qala ntoa ea eona ea bokhukhuni, ”seo ho thoeng ke sona, ka mor'a litlhaselo tsa la 11 Loetse 2001.

DAVIDA Morara: Ka 'nete. United States hajoale e na le metheo ea sesole e ka bang 800 linaheng tse ka bang 80 le libakeng tse ling. Sena ke metheo ho feta sechaba sefe kapa sefe nalaneng ea lefats'e. United States e na le metheo e meholo le ho feta kamoo u boletseng ka teng. Nakong ea lintoa tsa Iraq le Afghanistan, ho ne ho na le metheo e fetang ea 2,000 kantle ho naha.

Le karolo ea buka ea ka, United States of War, e bontša ke hore ona le mokhoa oa nako e telele. United States esale e ntse e aha mabotho a sesole kantle ho naha ho tloha boipusong, qalong linaheng tsa Maindia a Amerika, ebe e ntse e eketseha kantle ho Amerika Leboea, mme qetellong ea potoloha lefats'e, haholoholo kamora Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše.

Seo ke se bonts'ang ke hore metheo ena ha e ea thusa ntoa feela, ha e ea etsa hore ntoa e khonehe feela, empa e hlile e entse ntoa. E entse ntoa qeto e bonolo haholo ho feta ea baetsi ba liqeto, baetapele, bo-ralipolotiki, baetapele ba likhoebo le ba bang.

Mme re hloka ho qhaqha meralo ea motheo ea ntoa eo United States e e hahileng. Hobaneng ha United States e na le metheo e mengata ea sesole Middle East, hoo e batlang e le naha e ngoe le e ngoe kantle ho Yemen le Iran? Lits'ebeletso tsena, ehlile, li linaheng tse etelletsoeng pele ke mebuso e hlokang demokrasi, e sa phatlalatse demokrasi - hole le eona - maemong a mangata, e thibela ho hasana ha demokrasi, mme e etsa hore lintoa tsena li khonehe, hore - ke nahana hore ho bohlokoa ho thala hape - ntle le ho tlosa batho ba limilione tse 37, bonyane, mohlomong le batho ba ka bang limilione tse 59, lintoa tsena li nkile bophelo ba batho, joalo ka ha Litšenyehelo tsa Morero oa Ntoa li bontšitse, batho ba ka bang 800,000. Hona ke lintoa tse hlano feela - Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya le Yemen - United States e na le - ntoa ea US e nkile bophelo ba batho ba ka bang 800,000.

Empa hape ho na le lefu le sa tobang, lefu le bakiloeng ke ho senngoa ha meralo ea lehae, lits'ebeletso tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo, lipetlele, mehloli ea lijo. Lefu leo ​​kaofela le ka feta batho ba limilione tse 3. Mme ke nahana hore batho ba bangata United States, hape, ke kenyelelitse, ha ba nahane ka tšenyo e felletseng eo lintoa tsena li e bakileng. Ha re so qalelle ho thatela likelello tsa rona ho se bolelang ho ba le boemo bona ba tšenyo maphelong a rona.

AMY MOLEMO: Mohlala, o na le litlamorao tsa masole litsing, joalo ka se etsahetseng Philippines, moo moetapele oa bohatelli, Mopresidente Duterte, a ileng a tšoarela feela lesole la Amerika le fumanoeng le le molato oa ho bolaea mosali ea fetisitsoeng.

DAVIDA Morara: E, ena ke litšenyehelo tse ling tsa ntoa. Re hloka ho sheba litšenyehelo tsa ntoa ho latela - litjeo tsa batho mabapi le lefu le otlolohileng la ntoa, likotsi lintoeng tsena, "lintoa tse tšosang," tse mashome a limilione, empa hape re hloka ho sheba lefu le likotsi tse bakoang letsatsi le letsatsi ho potoloha metheo ea sesole sa US ho potoloha le lefatše. Libaka tsena li na le - ntle le ho nolofalletsa lintoa tseo United States e neng e ntse e li loana, li na le likotsi tse mpe tseo li li bakelang baahi ba lehae, ho kenyeletsoa le Philippines le, joalo ka ha ke boletse, ho potoloha linaha le libaka tsa 80 ho pota lefatše, tshenyo tikolohong ea bona, metseng ea habo bona, ka mekhoa e fapaneng.

AMY MOLEMO: David Vine, ke batla ho u leboha haholo ka ho ba le rona, moprofesa oa thuto ea anthropology Univesithing ea Amerika, mongoli-'moho oa new raporoto mabapi le Morero oa Litšenyehelo tsa Ntoa e nang le sehlooho "Ho Theha Baphaphathehi: Phalliso e Bakiloeng ke Lintoa tsa United States tsa" Post-9/11 ". Buka ea hau e ncha, ea tsoa, United States of War.