Ke David Vine, Patterson Deppen le Leah Bolger, World BEYOND War, September 20, 2021
Kakaretso e hlohonolofalitsoeng
Leha ho tlositsoe mabotho a sesole sa US le mabotho a Afghanistan, United States e ntse e tsoela pele ho boloka mabotho a sesole a ka bang 750 kantle ho naha linaheng tse 80 le likoloneng. Libaka tsena li bitsa chelete e ngata ka litsela tse 'maloa: licheleteng, lipolotiking, sechabeng le tikolohong. Libaka tsa US linaheng tse ling hangata li baka tsitsipano ea lipolotiki, li ts'ehetsa mebuso e se nang demokrasi, hape e sebetsa e le sesebelisoa sa ho hira lihlopha tsa bahlabani tse khahlano le boteng ba US le mebuso boteng ba eona bo matlafatsa. Maemong a mang, metheo ea kantle ho naha e ntse e sebelisoa mme e nolofalelitse United States ho qala le ho phethisa lintoa tse bohloko, ho kenyeletsoa tse Afghanistan, Iraq, Yemen, Somalia le Libya. Hohle lipolotiking esita le ka har'a sesole sa US ho ntse ho na le kananelo e ntseng e hola ea hore metheo e mengata ea mose ho maoatle e ka be e koetsoe mashome a lilemo a fetileng, empa inertia ea tsamaiso le lithahasello tse fosahetseng tsa lipolotiki li li bolokile li butsoe.
Har'a "Tlhahlobo ea Boemo ba Lefatše" e tsoelang pele, tsamaiso ea Biden e na le monyetla oa nalane ea ho koala makholo a mabotho a sesole a sa hlokahaleng kantle ho naha le ho ntlafatsa ts'ireletseho ea naha le ea machabeng.
Pentagon, ho tloha Selemong sa Lichelete sa 2018, e hlotsoe ho phatlalatsa lenane la eona la selemo le selemo la metheo ea Amerika kantle ho naha. Ho ea kamoo re tsebang, khuts'oane ena e fana ka tlaleho e felletseng ea sechaba ea metheo ea US le mabotho a sesole lefats'eng ka bophara. Lethathamo le 'mapa o kenyellelitsoeng tlalehong ena li bonts'a mathata a mangata a amanang le metheo ena ea mose ho maoatle, ho fana ka sesebelisoa se ka thusang baetsi ba melao ho rera ho koaloa ka potlako ho hlokahalang.
Lintlha tse mabapi le libaka tsa sesole sa US mose ho maoatle
• Ho na le libaka tsa mabotho a sesole sa US tse ka bang 750 kantle ho naha linaheng tse 80 le likoloneng tse ling.
• United States e na le metheo e mengata ho feta makhetlo a mararo kantle ho naha (750) joalo ka boemeli ba Amerika, boemeli ba bona le boromuoa lefatšeng ka bophara (276).
• Le ha ho na le lits'ebetso tse ka bang halofo ho feta qetellong ea Cold War, metheo ea Amerika e hasane ho ea fihla linaheng le likoloning tse fetang habeli (ho tloha 40 ho isa 80) ka nako e le 'ngoe, le libaka tse kholo tsa Middle East, Asia Bochabela , dikarolo tsa Yuropa le Afrika.
• United States bonyane e na le metheo ea kantle ho naha makhetlo a mararo ho feta linaha tse ling kaofela ha li kopane.
• Lits'ebeletso tsa US kantle ho naha li lefella balekhetho lekhetho le hakanyetsoang ho $ 55 billion selemo se seng le se seng.
• Ho aha meralo ea motheo ea sesole kantle ho naha ho jelletse lekhetho bonyane $ 70 billion ho tloha 2000, mme e ka feta $ 100 billion ka botlalo.
• Mabaka a kantle ho naha a thusitse United States ho qala lintoa le lits'ebetso tse ling tsa ntoa bonyane linaheng tse 25 ho tloha 2001.
• Lisebelisoa tsa US li fumaneha bonyane linaheng le likoloneng tse 38 tseo e seng tsa demokrasi.
Bothata ba libaka tsa sesole sa US kantle ho naha
Nakong ea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše le matsatsing a pele a Cold War, United States e ile ea aha mokhoa o neng o e-s'o ka o e-ba teng oa libaka tsa sesole linaheng tse ling. Lilemo tse mashome a mararo kamora ho fela ha Cold War, ho ntse ho na le libaka tsa motheo tsa 119 Jeremane le tse ling tse 119 Japane, ho latela Pentagon. Korea Boroa ho na le tse 73. Libaka tse ling tsa US li na le polanete ho tloha Aruba ho ea Australia, Kenya ho ea Qatar, Romania ho ea Singapore le ho feta.
Re hakanya hore United States hajoale e boloka libaka tsa motheo tse ka bang 750 linaheng tse 80 le linaheng tse ling tsa linaha tse ling. Khakanyo ena e tsoa ho seo re lumelang hore ke lenane le felletseng la mabotho a sesole sa US kantle ho naha a fumanehang (bona Sehlomathiso). Pakeng tsa lilemo tsa lichelete 1976 le 2018, Pentagon e phatlalalitse lethathamo la selemo le selemo la metheo e neng e tsebahala ka liphoso le liphoso tsa eona; ho tloha 2018, Pentagon e hlotsoe ho hlahisa lenane. Re thehile lethathamo la rona ho potoloha tlaleho ea 2018, David Vine's 2021 lenane le fumanehang phatlalatsa la metheo kantle ho naha, le litaba tse tšepahalang le litlaleho tse ling.
Hohle lipolotiking esita le ka har'a sesole sa US ho ntse ho tsebahala hore metheo e mengata ea Amerika kantle ho naha e tlameha ebe e koetse mashome a lilemo a fetileng. "Ke nahana hore re na le litšebeletso tsa motheo haholo mose ho maoatle," ofisiri e phahameng ka ho fetesisa sesoleng sa Amerika, Motsamaisi ea Kopaneng oa Basebetsi Mark Milley, o lumetse nakong ea lipolelo tsa sechaba ka December 2020. "Na e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tsona [metheo] e hlile e hlokahala bakeng sa tšireletso ea United States? ” Milley o ile a kopa "ho sheba ka thata, ka thata" mabopong a kantle ho naha, a hlokomela hore a mangata "a tsoa moo Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše e felileng." 2
Ho beha mabatooa a sesole sa US a 750 kantle ho naha, ho na le libaka tsa sesole tse fetang makhetlo a mararo ho feta baemeli ba US, baemeli le boromuoa lefats'eng ka bophara - 276.3 Mme e na le makhetlo a fetang makhetlo a mararo palo ea metheo ea mose ho maoatle e ts'oeroeng ke tse ling kaofela. mabotho a kopaneng. Ho tlalehoa hore United Kingdom e na le libaka tsa litsi tsa kantle ho naha tse 145.
Litsenyehelo tsa ho aha, ho sebetsa le ho boloka mabotho a sesole sa US kantle ho naha li hakanyetsoa ho $ 55 billion selemo se seng le se seng (selemo sa lichelete sa 2021) .6 Ho beha mabotho le basebeletsi ba sechaba litsing tse kantle ho naha ho theko e boima haholo ho feta ho li boloka metheong ea malapeng: $ 10,000- $ 40,000 ho feta Karolelano ea litšenyehelo tsa basebetsi ba emeng kantle ho naha e tsamaisa litefiso tsohle tsa metheo ea mose ho maoatle ho isa ho $ 7 billion kapa ho feta.
Mabapi le tšebeliso ea lichelete tsa kaho ea sesole feela - lichelete tse abetsoeng ho aha le ho holisa metheo mose ho maoatle - mmuso oa Amerika o sebelisitse lipakeng tsa $ 70 billion le $ 182 billion lipakeng tsa lilemo tsa lichelete 2000 le 2021. Mefuta ea tšebeliso ea chelete e pharalletse haholo hobane Congress e abetse $ 132 billion lilemong tsena bakeng sa sesole kaho ho "libaka tse sa tsejoeng" lefatšeng ka bophara, ntle le $ 34 bilione e sebelisitsoeng mose ho maoatle. Tloaelo ena ea bajete e etsa hore ho be thata ho lekola hore na tšebeliso ea chelete e hlophisitsoeng e sebelisitse bokae ho aha le ho holisa metheo mose ho maoatle. Khakanyo e bolokiloeng ea liperesente tse 15 e ka fana ka $ 20 limilione tse likete tse eketsehileng, leha bongata ba "libaka tse sa tsejoeng" e ka ba mose ho maoatle. Liranta tse limilione tse likete tse 16 tsa liranta li hlahile ho likhakanyo tsa lichelete tsa "maemo a tšohanyetso"
Ntle le litjeo tsa bona tsa lichelete, hape ka mokhoa o fapaneng, lits'oants'o tsa kantle ho naha li nyenyefatsa ts'ireletso ka mekhoa e mengata. Boteng ba metheo ea Amerika mose ho maoatle hangata bo baka tsitsipano ea lipolotiki, bo baka lehloeo le atileng United States, hape e sebetsa e le sesebelisoa sa ho thaotha lihlopha tsa bahlabani joalo ka al Qaeda.
Lits'ebeletso tsa kantle ho naha le tsona li nolofalelitse United States ho nka karolo lintoeng tse ngata tse mabifi tse khethiloeng, ho tloha lintoeng tsa Vietnam le Asia Boroa-bochabela ho isa ho lilemo tse 20 tsa "ntoa e sa feleng" ho tloha ha 2001 e hlasela Afghanistan. Ho tloha 1980, metheo ea Amerika e Middle East e kholo e sebelisitsoe bonyane makhetlo a 25 ho qala lintoa kapa liketso tse ling tsa ntoa bonyane linaheng tsa 15 tikolohong eo feela. Ho tloha 2001, sesole sa US se kentse letsoho ntoeng bonyane linaheng tse 25 lefatšeng ka bophara
Le ha ba bang ba boletse ho tloha ka Cold War hore metheo ea mose ho maoatle e thusa ho jala demokrasi, hangata ho fapana le hona. Lisebelisoa tsa US li fumaneha bonyane linaheng tse 19 tsa bompoli, linaha tse robeli tsa bompoli, le likolone tse 11 (bona Sehlomathiso). Maemong ana, metheo ea US e fana ka tšehetso ea de facto bakeng sa mebuso e se nang demokrasi mme hangata e hatella joalo ka e busang Turkey, Niger, Honduras le linaha tsa Persian Gulf. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, metheo ea likolone tse setseng tsa US - "libaka" tsa Amerika tsa Puerto Rico, Guam, Commonwealth ea Lihlekehleke tsa Mariana Leboea, American Samoa le Lihlekehleke tsa Virgin tsa US - li thusitse ho ntšetsa pele likamano tsa bona tsa bokoloni le linaha tse ling tsa United States le ho ba baahi ba sehlopha sa bobeli sa boahi ba Amerika.12
Joalo ka ha kholomo ea "Tšenyo e totileng ea Tikoloho" ho Tafole ea 1 ea Sehlomathiso e bonts'a, libaka tse ngata tsa motheo kantle ho naha li na le rekoto ea ho senya libaka tsa lehae ka ho lutla ho chefo, likotsi, ho lahla litšila tse kotsi, kaho ea motheo, le koetliso e amanang le lisebelisoa tse kotsi. Libakeng tsena tsa mose ho maoatle, Pentagon ka kakaretso ha e boloke litekanyetso tsa tikoloho tsa US mme e sebetsa khafetsa tlasa Tumellano ea Mabotho e lumellang sesole ho qoba melao ea tikoloho e amohelang naha.13
Ka lebaka la tšenyo e joalo ea tikoloho feela le taba e bonolo ea sesole se kantle se hapileng naha e ikemetseng, ha ho makatse hore libaka tsa kantle ho naha li baka khanyetso hoo e ka bang kae kapa kae moo li fumanoang teng (sheba kholomo ea "Protest" Lenaneng la 1). Likotsi tse bolaeang le litlolo tsa molao tse etsoang ke masole a Amerika lits'ebetsong tsa mose ho maoatle, ho kenyeletsoa lipeto le lipolao, hangata ntle le toka ea lehae kapa boikarabello, le tsona li baka boipelaetso bo utloisisehang le ho senya botumo ba United States.
Ho thathamisa metheo
Pentagon haesale e hloleha ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e lekaneng bakeng sa Congress le sechaba ho lekola metheo ea mose ho maoatle le mabotho a sesole - karolo e kholo ea leano la kantle ho naha la US. Mekhoa ea hajoale ea bolebeli ha ea lekana bakeng sa Congress le sechaba ho sebelisa taolo e nepahetseng ea sechaba holim'a methati ea sesole le mesebetsi ea mose ho maoatle. Mohlala, ha masole a mane a hlokahala ntoeng Niger ka 2017, litho tse ngata tsa Congress li ile tsa makatsoa ke ho tseba hore ho ne ho na le masole a ka bang 1,000 14 naheng eo. 15 Boemo bo sa feleng ba liofisiri tsa sesole bo bonahala e le hore haeba setsi sa mose ho maoatle se le teng, se tlameha ho ba molemo. Hangata Congress e qobella sesole ho sekaseka kapa ho bonts'a melemo ea ts'ireletso ea naha ea metheo kantle ho naha.
Ho qala bonyane 1976, Congress e ile ea qala ho hloka hore Pentagon e hlahise tlaleho ea selemo le selemo ea "metheo ea sesole, lits'ebetso le lits'ebeletso," ho kenyeletsoa palo le boholo ba tsona. 16 Ho fihlela Selemong sa Lichelete sa 2018, Pentagon e hlahisitse le ho phatlalatsa tlaleho ea selemo ho ho latela molao oa Amerika. . Empa lipatlisiso li bonts'a hore hona joale ho na le lits'ebetso tse ka bang 17 tsa boholo bo fapaneng kontinenteng; ofisiri e le 'ngoe ea sesole e ananetse ho kenngoa ha 18 ka 40
Ho ka etsahala hore Pentagon ha e tsebe palo ea 'nete ea lits'ebetso kantle ho naha. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanelang, thuto ea morao-rao e tšehelitsoeng ka lichelete ke Sesole sa US ea metheo ea Amerika e its'etlehile lenaneng la metheo ea David Vine ea 2015, eseng lenane la Pentagon.
Khuts'oane ena ke karolo ea boiteko ba ho eketsa ponaletso le ho nolofalletsa ho hlokomela mesebetsi ea Pentagon le tšebeliso ea chelete, ho kenya letsoho boitekong bo matla ba ho felisa tšebeliso e mpe ea sesole le ho koala likheo tse mpe tsa metheo ea Amerika kantle ho naha. Palo e kholo ea metheo le lekunutu le ho hloka ponaletso ha marang-rang a mantlha li etsa hore lenane le felletseng le se khonehe; Ho hloleha ha Pentagon haufinyane ho lokolla Tlaleho ea Sebopeho sa Base ho etsa hore lenane le nepahetseng le be thata le ho feta lilemong tse fetileng. Joalokaha ho boletsoe kaholimo, mokhoa oa rona o itšetleha ka Tlaleho ea Sebopeho sa Base sa 2018 le mehloli e tšepahalang e ka sehloohong le ea bobeli; tsena li hlophisitsoe ho David Vine's 2021 sete ya data ho “Mabotho a Sesole a US Linaheng Tse Ling, 1776-2021.”
"Base" ke eng?
Mohato oa pele oa ho theha lethathamo la metheo kantle ho naha ke ho hlalosa hore na "motheo" ke eng. Litlhaloso qetellong li lipolotiki ebile hangata li na le maikutlo a lipolotiki. Khafetsa mmuso oa Pentagon le US, hammoho le linaha tse amohelang linaha, li batla ho hlahisa boteng ba US e le "eseng setsi sa US" ho qoba maikutlo a hore United States e hatella borena ba naha e amohelang (eo, ehlile e leng) . Ho qoba liphehisano tsena ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang, re sebelisa Pentagon's Fiscal Year 2018 Base Structure Report (BSR) le lentsoe la eona "base site" e le qalo ea lethathamo la rona. Ts'ebeliso ea lentsoe lena e bolela hore maemong a mang ho hlongoa hangata ho thoeng ke setsi se le seng, joalo ka Aviano Air Base naheng ea Italy, ha e le hantle e na le libaka tse ngata tsa mantlha - ho Aviano, bonyane tse robeli. Ho bala sebaka se seng le se seng sa marang-rang hoa utloahala hobane libaka tse nang le lebitso le le leng hangata li libakeng tse arohaneng. Mohlala, libaka tsa Aviano tse robeli li libakeng tse fapaneng tsa masepala oa Aviano. Ka kakaretso, setsha se seng le se seng sa marang-rang se bonts'a kabo e khethiloeng ea kopano ea lichelete tsa balekhetho. Sena se hlalosa hore na hobaneng mabitso kapa libaka tse ling tsa mantlha li hlaha makhetlo a 'maloa lenaneng le qaqileng le hokahantsoeng ho Sehlomathiso.
Libaka li na le boholo bo boholo ho tloha mehahong e boholo ba toropo e nang le mashome a likete a masole le litho tsa malapa ho isa lits'ebetsong tse nyane tsa radar le leihlo, mabala a lifofane a drone, esita le mabitla a 'maloa a sesole. Pentagon ea BSR e re e na le "meaho e meholo" e 30 kantle ho naha. Ba bang ba kanna ba fana ka maikutlo a hore palo ea rona ea libaka tsa mantlha tsa 750 kantle ho naha ke pheteletso ea boholo ba meralo ea motheo ea kantle ho naha ea US. Leha ho le joalo, khatiso e ntle ea BSR e bonts'a hore Pentagon e hlalosa "nyane" e le e nang le boleng bo tlalehiloeng ba ho fihlela ho $ 1.015 billion.21 Ho feta moo, ho kenyeletsoa le libaka tse nyane haholo tsa motheo li hlakola lits'ebetso tse sa kenyellelitsoeng lenaneng la rona ka lebaka la lekunutu le potileng metheo e mengata. kantle ho naha. Kahoo, re hlalosa kakaretso ea "hoo e ka bang 750" e le khakanyo e ntlehali.
Re kenyelletsa metheo ea likolone (libaka) tsa Amerika palong ea metheo kantle ho naha hobane libaka tsena ha li na kenyelletso e felletseng ea demokrasi ho la United States. Pentagon e boetse e khetholla libaka tsena e le "mose ho maoatle." (Washington, DC ha e na litokelo tse felletseng tsa demokrasi, empa ka ha ke motse-moholo oa naha, re nahana hore metheo ea Washington e malapeng.)
Tlhokomeliso: 'Mapa ona oa 2020 o bonts'a metheo e ka bang 800 ea US lefats'eng ka bophara. Ka lebaka la ho koaloa ha haufinyane, ho kenyeletsoa le Afghanistan, re lekantse le ho ntlafatsa khakanyo ea rona ho ea tlase ho 750 bakeng sa bokhutšoanyane bona.
Ho koala metheo
Ho koala metheo ea mose ho maoatle ho bonolo lipolotiking ha ho bapisoa le ho koala mechini ea lapeng. Ho fapana le ts'ebetso ea Base Realignment le Closed bakeng sa lits'ebeletso United States, Congress ha e hloke ho nka karolo ho koaloeng mose ho maoatle. Bapresidente George HW Bush, Bill Clinton, le George W. Bush ba koetse makholo a libaka tse sa hlokahaleng Europe le Asia lilemong tsa bo-1990 le 2000. Tsamaiso ea Trump e koetse metheo e meng Afghanistan, Iraq le Syria. Mopresidente Biden o qalile hantle ka ho tlosa mabotho a Amerika ho tloha metheong e Afghanistan. Likhakanyo tsa rona tse fetileng, haufinyane tjena ka 2020, e ne e le hore United States e ts'oere metheo e 800 kantle ho naha (bona 'Mapa oa 1). Ka lebaka la ho koaloa ha morao tjena, re se re lekantse le ho ntlafatsa ho ea ho 750.
Mopresidente Biden o phatlalalitse "Tlhatlhobo ea Boemo ba Lefatše" e tsoelang pele mme o itlamme tsamaiso ea hae ho netefatsa hore thomello ea mabotho a sesole sa US lefats'eng ka bophara "e hokahane ka nepo le leano la rona la kantle ho naha le lintho tse tlang pele tsa ts'ireletso ea naha." 22 Kahoo, tsamaiso ea Biden e na le nalane ea nalane monyetla oa ho koala makholo a makholo a sesole a sa hlokahaleng kantle ho naha le ho ntlafatsa ts'ireletseho ea naha le ea machabeng nakong eo. Ho fapana le ho tlohella ha hae makote le mabotho ho tsoa ho Mopresidente oa mehleng Donald Trump le boiteko ba hae ba ho otla Jeremane ka ho tlosa meaho moo, Mopresidente Biden a ka koala metheo ka hloko le ka boikarabello, a khothatsa balekane ha a ntse a boloka chelete e ngata ea lekhetho.
Ka mabaka a ikhethileng a le mong, litho tsa Congress li lokela ho ts'ehetsa ho koala lits'ebetso mose ho maoatle ho khutlisa likete tsa basebetsi le ba lelapa - le meputso ea bona - literekeng le liprofinseng tsa bona. Ho na le rekoto e nang le bokhoni bo fetelletseng ba ho khutlisa mabotho le malapa litsing tsa malapeng. 23
Tsamaiso ea Biden e lokela ho ela hloko litlhoko tse ntseng li hola hohle lipolotiking ho koala metheo ea mose ho maoatle le ho latela leano la ho theola sesole sa US kantle ho naha, ho tlisa mabotho hae, le ho aha maemo le lilekane tsa naha.
sehlomathiso
| Tafole ea 1. Linaha tse nang le Mabotho a Sesole a US (database e felletseng Mona) | ||||||
| Lebitso la Naha | Kakaretso ea # ea Sites Base | Mofuta oa Mmuso | Basebetsi Est. | Chelete ea Kaho ea Sesole (FY2000-19) | Boipelaetso | Tšenyo e Kholo ea Tikoloho |
| AMERICAN SAMOA | 1 | Kolone ea Amerika | 309 | $ Limilione tse 19.5 | Che | E |
| ARUBA | 1 | Kolone ea Dutch | 225 | $ Limilione tse 27.124 | E | Che |
| SECHABA SE HLOHONOLO | 1 | Kolone ea Borithane | 800 | $ Limilione tse 2.2 | Che | E |
| AUSTRALIA | 7 | Demokrasi e felletseng | 1,736 | $ Limilione tse 116 | E | E |
| BAHAMS, THE | 6 | Demokrasi e felletseng | 56 | $ Limilione tse 31.1 | Che | E |
| BAHRAIN | 12 | Bolaoli | 4,603 | $ Limilione tse 732.3 | Che | E |
| BELGIUM | 11 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 1,869 | $ Limilione tse 430.1 | E | E |
| Botswana | 1 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 16 | RETS'ELISITSOE | Che | Che |
| BULGARIA | 4 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 2,500 | $ Limilione tse 80.2 | Che | Che |
| Burkina Faso | 1 | Bolaoli | 16 | RETS'ELISITSOE | E | Che |
| Fetola | 1 | Bolaoli | 15 | RETS'ELISITSOE | E | Che |
| CAMEROON | 2 | Bolaoli | 10 | RETS'ELISITSOE | E | Che |
| CANADA | 3 | Demokrasi e felletseng | 161 | RETS'ELISITSOE | E | E |
| Chad | 1 | Bolaoli | 20 | RETS'ELISITSOE | E | Che |
| CHILE | 1 | Demokrasi e felletseng | 35 | RETS'ELISITSOE | Che | Che |
| COLOMBIA | 1 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 84 | $ Limilione tse 43 | E | Che |
| Costa Rica | 1 | Demokrasi e felletseng | 16 | RETS'ELISITSOE | E | Che |
| CUBA | 1 | Bolaoli25 | 1,004 | $ Limilione tse 538 | E | E |
| CURAÇAO | 1 | Demokrasi e felletseng26 | 225 | $ Limilione tse 27.1 | Che | Che |
| Cyprase | 1 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 10 | RETS'ELISITSOE | E | Che |
| DIEGO GARCIA | 2 | Kolone ea Borithane | 3,000 | $ Limilione tse 210.4 | E | E |
| Djibouti | 2 | Bolaoli | 126 | $ Limilione tse 480.5 | Che | E |
| EGEPETA | 1 | Bolaoli | 259 | RETS'ELISITSOE | Che | Che |
| EL SALVADOR | 1 | Puso ea lebasetere | 70 | $ Limilione tse 22.7 | Che | Che |
| ESTONIA | 1 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 17 | $ Limilione tse 60.8 | Che | Che |
| GABON | 1 | Bolaoli | 10 | RETS'ELISITSOE | Che | Che |
| GEORGIA | 1 | Puso ea lebasetere | 29 | RETS'ELISITSOE | Che | Che |
| JEREMANE | 119 | Demokrasi e felletseng | 46,562 | $ Limilione tse likete 5.8 | E | E |
| GHANA | 1 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 19 | RETS'ELISITSOE | E | Che |
| GREECE | 8 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 446 | $ Limilione tse 179.1 | E | E |
| GREENLAND | 1 | Kolone ea Denmark | 147 | $ Limilione tse 168.9 | E | E |
| GUAM | 54 | Kolone ea Amerika | 11,295 | $ Limilione tse likete 2 | E | E |
| Honduras | 2 | Puso ea lebasetere | 371 | $ Limilione tse 39.1 | E | E |
| HUNGARY | 2 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 82 | $ Limilione tse 55.4 | Che | Che |
| Iceland | 2 | Demokrasi e felletseng | 3 | $ Limilione tse 51.5 | E | Che |
| Iraq | 6 | Bolaoli | 2,500 | $ Limilione tse 895.4 | E | E |
| IRELAND | 1 | Demokrasi e felletseng | 8 | RETS'ELISITSOE | E | Che |
| ISERAELE | 6 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 127 | RETS'ELISITSOE | Che | Che |
| ITALY | 44 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 14,756 | $ Limilione tse likete 1.7 | E | E |
| JAPANE | 119 | Demokrasi e felletseng | 63,690 | $ Limilione tse likete 2.1 | E | E |
| JOHNSTON ATOLL | 1 | Kolone ea Amerika | 0 | RETS'ELISITSOE | Che | E |
| JORDAN | 2 | Bolaoli | 211 | $ Limilione tse 255 | E | Che |
| KENYA | 3 | Puso ea lebasetere | 59 | RETS'ELISITSOE | E | Che |
| KOREA, REPUBLIC EA | 76 | Demokrasi e felletseng | 28,503 | $ Limilione tse likete 2.3 | E | E |
| KOSOVO | 1 | Demokrasi e fosahetseng * | 18 | RETS'ELISITSOE | Che | E |
| kuwait | 10 | Bolaoli | 2,054 | $ Limilione tse 156 | E | E |
| LATVIA | 1 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 14 | $ Limilione tse 14.6 | Che | Che |
| LUXEMBOURG | 1 | Demokrasi e felletseng | 21 | $ Limilione tse 67.4 | Che | Che |
| Mali | 1 | Bolaoli | 20 | RETS'ELISITSOE | E | Che |
| LITABA TSA MARSHALL | 12 | Demokrasi e felletseng * | 96 | $ Limilione tse 230.3 | E | E |
| NETHERLANDS | 6 | Demokrasi e felletseng | 641 | $ Limilione tse 11.4 | E | E |
| Niger | 8 | Bolaoli | 21 | $ Limilione tse 50 | E | Che |
| N. MARIANA LIEKETSE | 5 | Kolone ea Amerika | 45 | $ Limilione tse likete 2.1 | E | E |
| Norway | 7 | Demokrasi e felletseng | 167 | $ Limilione tse 24.1 | E | Che |
| Oman | 6 | Bolaoli | 25 | $ Limilione tse 39.2 | Che | E |
| PALAU, Rephabliki ea | 3 | Demokrasi e felletseng * | 12 | RETS'ELISITSOE | Che | Che |
| Panama | 11 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 35 | RETS'ELISITSOE | Che | Che |
| PERU | 2 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 51 | RETS'ELISITSOE | Che | Che |
| PHILIPPINES | 8 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 155 | RETS'ELISITSOE | E | Che |
| POLAND | 4 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 226 | $ Limilione tse 395.4 | Che | Che |
| Portugal | 21 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 256 | $ Limilione tse 87.2 | Che | E |
| PUERTO RICO | 34 | Kolone ea Amerika | 13,571 | $ Limilione tse 788.8 | E | E |
| Qatar | 3 | Bolaoli | 501 | $ Limilione tse 559.5 | Che | E |
| ROMANIA | 6 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 165 | $ Limilione tse 363.7 | Che | Che |
| SAUDI ARABIA | 11 | Bolaoli | 693 | RETS'ELISITSOE | Che | E |
| Senegal | 1 | Puso ea lebasetere | 15 | RETS'ELISITSOE | Che | Che |
| SINGAPORE | 2 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 374 | RETS'ELISITSOE | Che | Che |
| SLOVAKIA | 2 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 12 | $ Limilione tse 118.7 | Che | Che |
| SOMALIA | 5 | Puso ea lebasetere * | 71 | RETS'ELISITSOE | E | Che |
| SPAIN | 4 | Demokrasi e felletseng | 3,353 | $ Limilione tse 292.2 | Che | E |
| Suriname | 2 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 2 | RETS'ELISITSOE | Che | Che |
| SYRIA | 4 | Bolaoli | 900 | RETS'ELISITSOE | E | Che |
| THAILAND | 1 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 115 | RETS'ELISITSOE | Che | Che |
| Tunisia | 1 | Demokrasi e fokolang | 26 | RETS'ELISITSOE | Che | Che |
| KALAKUNI | 13 | Puso ea lebasetere | 1,758 | $ Limilione tse 63.8 | E | E |
| UGANDA | 1 | Puso ea lebasetere | 14 | RETS'ELISITSOE | Che | Che |
| United Arab Emirates | 3 | Bolaoli | 215 | $ Limilione tse 35.4 | Che | E |
| UNITED KINGDOM | 25 | Demokrasi e felletseng | 10,770 | $ Limilione tse likete 1.9 | E | E |
| VIRGIN ISLANDS, US | 6 | Kolone ea Amerika | 787 | $ Limilione tse 72.3 | Che | E |
| SEhlekehleke se Tsohang | 1 | Kolone ea Amerika | 5 | $ Limilione tse 70.1 | Che | E |
Lintlha tse ho Tafole ea 1
Libaka tsa mantlha: Tlaleho ea Pentagon ea 2018 Base Structure Report e hlalosa "site" ea mantlha e le "sebaka se ikhethileng se nang le liphutheloana tsa mobu kapa lisebelisoa tse abetsoeng […] ke hore, kapa e ne e le ea eona, e hiriselitsoeng, kapa ka tlasa taolo ea DoD Karolo lebitsong la United States. ”27
Mofuta oa mmuso: Mefuta ea mmuso oa naha e hlalosoa e le "demokrasi e felletseng," "demokrasi e fosahetseng," "puso e tsoakaneng" kapa "bompoli." Tsena li hlophisitsoe ho tsoa ho "Economist Index" ea Economist Intelligence Unit ea 2020 ntle le ha ho supiloe ka tsela e ngoe ka asterisk (litemana tse ka fumanoang ho database e felletseng).
Lithuso tsa Kaho ea Sesole: Lipalo tsena li lokela ho nkuoa e le bonyane. Lintlha li tsoa litokomaneng tsa semmuso tsa lichelete tsa Pentagon tse isitsoeng ho Congress bakeng sa kaho ea sesole. Kakaretso ha e kenyeletse tlatsetso ea lichelete lintoeng tsa ntoa ("ts'ebetso ea kantle ho naha kantle ho naha"), likhakanyo tsa lichelete tse hlophisitsoeng, le mehloli e meng ea lichelete eo ka linako tse ling e sa tsebisoang Congress (mohlala, ha sesole se sebelisa chelete e abetsoeng morero o le mong bakeng sa kaho ea sesole .28 Karolo e kholo ea chelete ea kaho ea sesole ea selemo le selemo e ea "libakeng tse sa tsejoeng," ho etsa hore ho be thata le ho feta ho tseba hore na mmuso oa Amerika o tsetela bokae litsing tsa sesole kantle ho naha.
Likhakanyo tsa basebetsi: Likhakanyo tsena li kenyelletsa mabotho a sebetsang ka thata, balebeli ba naha le masole a bolokiloeng, le baahi ba Pentagon. Likhakanyo li nkuoe ho Setsi sa Ts'ireletso ea Manpower (se ntlafalitsoeng ka la 31 Hlakubele 2021; le la 30 Phuptjane, 2021 bakeng sa Australia), ntle le haeba ho boleloa ka hosele ka asterisk (litemana tse ka fumanoang ka har'a database e felletseng). Babali ba lokela ho hlokomela hore sesole khafetsa se fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e fosahetseng ea basebetsi ho pata sebopeho le boholo ba lits'ebetso.
Likhakanyo tsa mobu (li fumaneha ka pokellong ea datha kaofela): Tsena li tsoa Tlalehong ea Pentagon ea 2018 Base Structure Report (BSR) mme e thathamisitsoe ka lihekthere. BSR e fana ka likhakanyo tse sa phethoang mme libaka tseo tsa mantlha tse sa kenyellelitsoeng li ngotsoe "tse sa tsejoeng."
Boipelaetso ba morao-rao / bo tsoelang pele: Sena se bolela ketsahalo ea boipelaetso bofe kapa bofe bo boholo, ekaba mmuso, batho, kapa mokhatlo. Ke boipelaetso bo totobetseng bo khahlano le metheo ea sesole sa US kapa sesole sa US ka kakaretso se tšoailoeng "e." Naha ka 'ngoe e tšoailoeng "e" e pakoa ebile e ts'ehetsoa ke litlaleho tse peli tsa boralitaba ho tloha ka 2018. Linaha tseo ho sa fumanoeng boipelaetso ba tsona haufinyane kapa tse ntseng li tsoela pele li tšoailoe "che."
Tšenyo e kholo ea tikoloho: Sehlopha sena se bolela tšilafalo ea moea, tšilafalo ea mobu, tšilafalo ea metsi, tšilafalo ea lerata, le / kapa limela le liphoofolo tse kotsing ea bophelo bo tlameletsoeng boteng ba setsi sa sesole sa US. Libaka tsa sesole, ntle le mekhelo e sa tloaelehang, li senya tikoloho ka lebaka la polokelo ea tsona le ts'ebeliso ea khafetsa ea lisebelisoa tse kotsi, lik'hemik'hale tse chefo, libetsa tse kotsi, le lintho tse ling tse kotsi. ka hona, re nahana hore setsi sefe kapa sefe se seholo se bakile tšenyo e itseng tikolohong. Sebaka se tšoailoeng "che" ha se bolele hore setsi ha sea baka tšenyo ea tikoloho empa hore ha ho litokomane tse ka fumanoang kapa hore tšenyo e nahanoa e fokola.
lumela hore baa fokola
Lihlopha tse latelang le batho ka bomong, bao e leng karolo ea Coalition Base ea Overseas Base le Closing Coalition, ba thusitsoe ho nahanang, ho etsa lipatlisiso le ho ngola bakeng sa tlaleho ena: Letšolo la Khotso, Ts'ireletso le Ts'ireletso e Tloaelehileng; Codepink; Lekhotla la Lefatše le ka Phelang; Selekane sa Leano la Kantle ho Naha; Setsi sa Lithuto tsa Leano / Leano la Kantle ho Naha ho Focus; Andrew Bacevich; Medea Benjamin; John Feffer; Sam Fraser; Joseph Gerson; Barry Klein; Mofumahali Jessica Rosenblum; Lora Lumpe; Katherine Lutz; David Swanson; John Tierney; Allan Vogel; le Lawrence Wilkerson.
Mokhatlo oa Overseas Base Realignment le Closed Coalition (OBRACC) ke sehlopha se pharaletseng sa bahlahlobisisi ba sesole, litsebi, babuelli le litsebi tse ling tsa sesole tse tsoang hohle lipolotiking tse tšehetsang ho koala mabotho a sesole sa US mose ho maoatle. Bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling e batsi, bona www.overseasbases.net.
David Vine ke Moprofesa oa Anthropology Univesithing ea Amerika e Washington, DC. David ke sengoli sa libuka tse tharo tse buang ka metheo ea sesole le ntoa, ho kenyeletsoa le United States of War e sa tsoa lokolloa: A Global History of America's Endlic Conflicts, ho tloha Columbus ho ea Islamic State (University of California Press, 2020), eo e neng e le makgaolakgang bakeng sa Moputso oa 2020 LA Times Book bakeng sa Nalane. Libuka tsa pele ho David ke Base Nation: Kamoo Mabotho a Sesole a Amerika kantle ho Naha a Kotsi Amerika le Lefatše (Metropolitan Books / Henry Holt, 2015) le Island of Shame: Nalane ea Sephiri ea Sesole sa US ho Diego Garcia (Princeton University Press, 2009). David ke setho sa Overseas Base Realignment and Closing Coalition.
Patterson Deppen ke mofuputsi oa World BEYOND War, moo a bokelletseng lenane lena le felletseng la libaka tsa sesole sa US mose ho maoatle. O sebeletsa ho boto ea baphatlalatsi ho E-International Relations moo e leng mohlophisi oa li-essay tsa baithuti. Mongolo oa hae o hlahile ho E-International Relations, Tom Dispatch, le The Progressive. Sengoloa sa hae sa morao-rao ho TomDispatch, "America as a Base Nation Revisited," se fana ka maikutlo a libaka tsa sesole sa US mose ho maoatle le boteng ba bona ba borena ba lefats'e kajeno. O amohetse beng ba hae nts'etsopele le polokeho ho tsoa Univesithing ea Bristol. Ke setho sa Overseas Base Realignment and Closing Coalition.
Leah Bolger o tlohetse mosebetsi ka 2000 ho tsoa Sesoleng sa Metsing sa US boemong ba Molaoli kamora lilemo tse 20 tsa ts'ebeletso e sebetsang. O ile a khethoa e le mosali oa pele oa Mopresidente oa Veterans For Peace (VFP) ka 2012, mme ka 2013 o ile a khethoa hore a hlahise Thuto ea Khotso ea Khotso ea Ava Helen le Linus Pauling Univesithing ea Oregon State. O sebeletsa e le Mopresidente oa World BEYOND War, mokhatlo oa machaba o inehetseng ho feliseng ntoa. Leah ke setho sa Overseas Base Realignment and Closing Coalition.
World BEYOND War ke mokhatlo oa lefatše o se nang pefo oa ho felisa ntoa le ho theha khotso e nang le toka le e tsitsitseng. World BEYOND War e thehiloe ka la 1 Pherekhongst, 2014, ha batšehetsi-'moho David Hartsough le David Swanson ba qala ho theha mokhatlo oa lefats'e ho felisa setheo sa ntoa ka boyona, eseng "ntoa ea letsatsi" feela. Haeba ntoa e tla felisoa, e tlameha ho tlosoa tafoleng e le khetho e ntle. Joalo ka ha ho se na ntho e kang “bokhoba bo botle” kapa bo hlokahalang, ha ho na ntho e bitsoang "ntoa e ntle" kapa e hlokahalang. Litsi tsena ka bobeli lia nyonyeha ebile ha ho mohla li amohelehang, ho sa tsotelehe maemo. Kahoo, haeba re sa khone ho sebelisa ntoa ho rarolla likhohlano tsa machabeng, re ka etsa eng? Ho fumana mokhoa oa ho fetohela ts'ebetsong ea ts'ireletso ea lefats'e e tšehelitsoeng ke molao oa machabeng, dipuisano, tšebelisano 'moho le litokelo tsa botho, le ho sireletsa lintho tseo ka liketso tse se nang pefo ho fapana le ts'oso ea pefo, ke pelo ea WBW. Mosebetsi oa rona o kenyelletsa thuto e felisang litšōmo, joalo ka "Ntoa ke ea tlhaho" kapa "Re 'nile ra ba le ntoa," mme e bonts'a batho eseng feela hore ntoa e lokela ho felisoa, empa hape le hore e ka ba joalo. Mosebetsi oa rona o kenyelletsa mefuta eohle ea bosholu bo se nang mabifi bo tsamaisang lefatše ho ea felisa lintoa tsohle.
Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe:
1 Lefapha la Ts'ireletso la United States. "Tlaleho ea Sebopeho sa Base-Selemo sa Lichelete sa 2018 Baseline: Kakaretso ea Lintlha tsa Thepa ea Thepa ea Thepa." Ofisi ea Motlatsi oa Mongoli oa Ts'ireletso bakeng sa Sustainment, 2018.
https://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/BSI/BEI_Library.html;see also Vine, David. “Lists of U.S. Military Bases Abroad, 1776–2021.” American University Digital Research Archive, 2021.https://doi.org/10.17606/7em4-hb13.
2 Burns, Robert. "Milley o Khothaletsa 'Relook' hape sebakeng se sa feleng sa mose ho maoatle sa mabotho." Associated Press, la 3 Hlakubele 2020. https://apnews.com/article/persian-gulf-tensions-south-korea-united-states-5949185a8cbf2843eac27535a599d022.
3 "Tokafatso ea Bajete ea Khokahanyo-Lefapha la Naha, Ts'ebetso ea Kantle ho Naha le Mananeo a amanang le ona, Selemong sa Lichelete sa 2022." Lefapha la Naha la United States. 2021. ii.
4 Lekunutu le ponaletso e fokolang e potileng metheo ea Amerika e bonts'itsoe ke metheo ea linaha tse ling. Likhakanyo tse fetileng li bontšitse hore masole a mang a lefats'e a ne a na le metheo ea kantle ho naha ea 60-100. Tlaleho e ncha e fana ka maikutlo a hore United Kingdom e na le 145. Bona Miller, Phil. “E senotsoe: Marang-rang a sesole sa UK a mose ho maoatle a kenyelletsa libaka tse 145 linaheng tse 42.” Declassified UK, Pherekhong 20, 2020.
https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-11-24-revealed-the-uk-militarys-overseas-base-network-involves-145-sites-in-42-countries/). As we discuss in our “What Isa Base?” section, the definition of a “base” is also a perennial challenge, making cross-national comparison even more difficult.
5 Bona, mohlala, Jacobs, Frank. “Mebuso e Mehlano ea Lefatše ea Sesole.” BigThink.com, la 10 Phupu, 2017.
http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/the-worlds-five-military-empires;Sharkov, Damien. “Russia’s Military Compared to the U.S.” Newsweek, June 8, 2018.
http://www.newsweek.com/russias-military-compared-us-which-country-has-more-military-bases-across-954328.
6 Lefapha la Ts'ireletso "Tlaleho ea Litšenyehelo tsa mose ho maoatle" (mohlala, Lefapha la Ts'ireletso la US. "Ts'ebetso le
Kakaretso ea Tlhokomelo, Likhakanyo tsa Lichelete tsa Selemo sa Lichelete sa 2021. ” Tlas'a Mongoli oa Ts'ireletso (Comptroller), Hlakola 2020. 186-189), e kentsoeng litokomaneng tsa eona tsa selemo le selemo tsa tekanyetso, e fana ka leseli le lekanyelitsoeng la litšenyehelo mabapi le lits'ebetso ho tse ling empa eseng linaheng tsohle moo sesole se bolokang metheo. Lintlha tsa tlaleho hangata ha li felle ebile ha li eo linaheng tse ngata. Ka lilemo tse fetang leshome, DoD e tlalehile litšenyehelo tsa selemo le selemo lits'ebetsong tsa mose ho maoatle tse ka bang $ 20 billion. David Vine o fana ka tekanyetso e qaqileng haholoanyane ho Sechaba sa Sechaba: Kamoo Mabotho a Sesole a US kantle ho naha a Sokisang Amerika le Lefatše. New York. Libuka tsa Metropolitan, 2015. 195-214. Vine e sebelisitse mokhoa o ts'oanang ho ntlafatsa khakanyo ena ea selemo sa lichelete sa 2019, ntle le litšenyehelo tse ling ho ba hlokolosi le ho feta mabapi le kotsi ea ho bala litšenyehelo habeli. Re ntlafalitse khakanyo eo ea $ 51.5 billion ho fihlela joale re sebelisa Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI Inflation Calculator, https: //www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm.
7 Lostumbo, Michael J, et al. Motheo oa mose ho maoatle oa mabotho a sesole sa Amerika: Tlhatlhobo ea litšenyehelo tsa kamano le melemo ea leano. Santa Monica. RAND Corporation, 2013. xxv.
Re hakanya litšenyehelo tsa basebetsi ka ho nka, hape ka mokhoa o ts'oarellang, motho ka mong a bitsa $ 8 (ba bang ba sebelisa $ 115,000) le mabotho a ka bang 125,000 le basebeletsi ba sechaba ba hona joale mose ho maoatle. Re fumana $ 230,000 khakanyo ea motho ka mong ka ho fetola khakanyo ea $ 115,000 bakeng sa basebetsi ba emeng mose ho maoatle le ka hare ho naha (Blakeley, Katherine. "Basebetsi ba Sesole." Setsi sa Ts'ebetso ea Leano le Bajete, Phato 107,106, 15, https://csbaonline.org/ litlaleho / basebeletsi ba sesole), ba fuoe $ 2017- $ 10,000 ka motho ka litšenyehelo tse ling bakeng sa basebetsi ba mose ho maoatle (bona Lostumbo.Oasseas Basingof Sesole sa Sesole sa US).
Lipalo tse 9 tsa kaho ea sesole bakeng sa tlaleho ena li hlophisitsoe ke Jordan Cheney, American University, ho sebelisoa litokomane tsa selemo le selemo tsa Pentagon tse tlisoang ho Congress bakeng sa kaho ea sesole (mananeo a C-1). Kakaretso ea chelete ea kaho ea sesole kantle ho naha e ntse e phahame ka lebaka la lichelete tse ling tse sebelisitsoeng licheleteng tsa ntoa ("ts'ebetso ea kantle ho naha"). Pakeng tsa lilemo tsa lichelete 2004 le 2011, feela, kaho ea sesole Afghanistan, Iraq le libakeng tse ling tsa ntoa e bile $ 9.4 billion (Belasco, Amy. “Litšenyehelo tsa Iraq, Afghanistan, le Ntoa e 'ngoe ea Lefatše ea Ts'ebetso ea Bokhukhuni Ho tloha ka la 9/11.” Ts'ebeletso ea Patlisiso, Hlakubele 29, 2011. 33). Re sebelisa mokhoa ona oa tšebeliso ea chelete e le motataisi (liranta tse limilione tse likete tse 9.4 tšebelisong ea kaho ea sesole bakeng sa lilemo tsa lichelete 2004-2011 e emetse .85% ea chelete eohle ea sesole ea tšebeliso ea lichelete bakeng sa nako e tšoanang), re hakanya moralo oa tšebeliso ea lichelete oa sesole bakeng sa lilemo tsa lichelete 2001- 2019 ho isa ho $ 16 billion ho tsoa ho Pentagon's $ 1.835 trillion tšebeliso ea chelete ea ntoa (McGarry, Brendan W. le Emily M. Morgenstern. Kakaretso ea rona ha e kenyeletse chelete e eketsehileng ho likhakanyo tsa lichelete le mehloli e meng ea lichelete eo, ka linako tse ling, e sa senoleloang Congress (mohlala, ha sesole se sebelisa chelete e abetsoeng merero ea kaho ea sesole eo e seng ea sesole). Bona Sefate sa morara. Base Nation. Khaolo ea 6, bakeng sa puisano ea lichelete tsa kaho ea sesole.
Vine, David.United States of War: Nalane ea Lefatše ea Likhohlano tse sa Feleng tsa Amerika, ho tloha Columbus ho ea Naheng ea Islamic. Oakland. Univesithi ea California Press, 10; Glain, Stephen. "Ha e le hantle e ne e susumetsa Osama bin Laden." Litaba tsa US le World Report, Mots'eanong 2020.248, 3.
http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/stephen-glain/2011/05/03/what-actually-motivated-osama-bin-laden;
Bowman, Bradley L. “Kamora Iraq.” Washington Quarterly, vol. 31, che. 2. 2008. 85.
11 Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Iraq, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Boroa Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Uganda, Yemen. Bona Savell, Stephanie, le 5W Infographics. "'Mapa ona o bontša moo lefats'eng sesole sa US se loantšang bokhukhuni." Makasine ea Smithsonian, Pherekhong 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; Turse, Nick le Sean D. Naylor. "Ho senotsoe: Ts'ebetso e 36 e bitsitsoeng Khoutu ea Sesole sa US Afrika." Litaba tsa Yahoo, la 17 Mmesa, 2019.
12 Bona, mohlala, Morara.Base Nation. Khaolo ea 4. Batho ba American Samoa ba na le maemo a tlase le ho feta a ho ba baahi hobane e se baahi ba Amerika ka tlhaho.
13 Sefate sa morara.Base Nation.138-139.
Volcovici, Valerie. "Maseneta a Amerika a Batla Likarabo ka Boteng ba Amerika ho Niger kamora Ambush." Reuters, la 14 Mphalane 22. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-niger-usa-idUSKBN2017CR1NG.
15 E 'ngoe ea lithuto tse sa tloaelehang tsa K'honkreiti ea metheo ea Amerika le boteng ba hae kantle ho naha e bonts'a hore "hang ha setsi sa Amerika sa mose ho maoatle se thehiloe, se nka bophelo ba sona…. Mesebetsi ea mantlha e ka felloa ke nako, empa mesebetsi e mecha e hlahisoa, eseng feela ka sepheo sa ho boloka moaho o tsoela pele, empa khafetsa ho o holisa. ” Senate ea United States. “Litumellano le Boitlamo ba Ts'ireletso United States Linaheng Tse Ling.” Ho mamela linyeoe ka pela Komiti e Nyane ea Senate mabapi le Litumellano tsa Ts'ireletso le Boitlamo ba United States kantle ho naha ea Komiti ea Likamano tsa Kantle ho Naha. Kopano ea mashome a robong a motso o mong ea pele, Moq. 2, 2017. Patlisiso ea morao-rao e netefalitse tlhahiso ena. Mohl., Glaser, John. “Ho Ikhula Mabakeng a mose ho maoatle: Hobaneng ha Boemo ba Sesole bo Tsoelang Pele bo sa Hlokehe, bo Siiloe ke Nako Ebile bo le Kotsi?” Tlhahlobo ea Leano 816, Setsi sa CATO, Phupu 18, 2017; Johnson, Chalmers. Masoabi a 'Muso: Sesole, Lekunutu le Bofelo ba Rephabliki. New York. Metropolitan, 2004; Sefate sa morara. Base Nation.
16 Molao oa sechaba 94-361, set lao. EA-302.
Khoutu ea 17 ea US, sec. 10, "Litlaleho tsa Thepa ea 'Nete." Pele, bona Khoutu ea 2721 ea US, sec. 10 le Khoutu ea 115 ea US, set lao. EA-10-c. Ha ho hlake hore na Pentagon e phatlalalitse tlaleho eo selemo se seng le se seng lipakeng tsa 138 le 1976, empa litlaleho li ka fumaneha marang-rang ho tloha 2018 mme ho bonahala li fuoe Congress ho feta boholo ba nako ena kaofela.
18 Turse, Nick. "Mabalo, Mabalo, Hohle… Ntle le Tlaleho ea Pentagon." TomDispatch.com, Pherekhong 8, 2019. http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/176513/tomgram%3A_nick_turse%2C_one_down%2C_who_knows_how_many_to_go/#more; Morara.Base Sechaba.3-5; David Vine. "Lethathamo la Mabotho a Sesole a US kantle ho Naha, 1776-2021."
19 Turse, Nick. Sesole sa US se re se na le 'leoto le bobebe' Afrika. Litokomane Tsena li Bontša Boholo ba Marang-rang. ” Ho kenella, la 1 December, 2018. https://theintercept.com/2018/12/01/us-military-says-it-has-a-light-footprint-in-africa-these-documents-show-a- marang-rang-a-base /; Savell, Stephanie, le 5W Infographics. "'Mapa ona o bontša moo lefats'eng sesole sa US se loantšang bokhukhuni." Makasine ea Smithsonian, Pherekhong 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; Phetoho, Nick. "Bohato ba Ntoa ba Amerika ba Afrika Bohlokoa Litokomane tsa Sesole tsa US li Senola Sehlopha sa Lihlopha Tsa Sesole sa Amerika Ho Pharalla K'honthinenteng Eo." TomDispatch.com, la 27 Mmesa, 2017. https://tomdispatch.com/nick-turse-the-us-military-moves-deeper-into-africa/
20 O'Mahony, Angela, Miranda Priebe, Bryan Frederick, Jennifer Kavanagh, Matthew Lane, Trevor Johnston, Thomas S. Szayna, Jakub P. Hlávka, Stephen Watts le Matthew Povlock. “Boteng ba United States le Ketsahalo ea Khohlano.” RAND Mokhatlo. Santa Monica, 2018.
21 Lefapha la Ts'ireletso la United States. "Tlaleho ea Sebopeho sa Motheo-Selemo sa Lichelete sa 2018." 18.
22 Biden, Joseph R. Jr. "Mantsoe a Mopresidente Biden ka Sebaka sa Amerika Lefats'eng." La 4 Hlakola, 2021.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/02/04/remarks-by-president-biden-on-americas-place-in-the-world/.
23 "Bokgoni ba Lisebelisuoa tsa Ts'ireletso." Lefapha la Ts'ireletso la United States. Mphalane 2017,
https://fas.org/man/eprint/infrastructure.pdf.
24 Chelete ea ho aha Aruba le Curaçao e kopantsoe ka chelete ea Pentagon. Re arotse kakaretso le
arotsoe halofo sebakeng ka seng.
Re sebelisa leano la Economist Intelligence la Cuba joalo ka bolaoli, leha setsi sa Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, se ka aroloa e le kolone ea United States ka lebaka la ho se khone ha mmuso oa Cuba ho leleka sesole sa US tlasa tumellano ea tumellano Bahlanka ba US e qobelletsoeng Cuba ka li-25. Bona sefate sa morara United States of War. 1930-23.
26 Chelete ea ho aha Aruba le Curaçao e kopantsoe ka chelete ea Pentagon. Re arotse kakaretso le
arotsoe halofo sebakeng ka seng.
Lefapha la Ts'ireletso 27 United States.Base StructureReport - Selemo sa Lichelete 2018. 4.
28 Bona Sefate sa Morara. Base Nation. Khaolo ea 13.
29 Bakeng sa kakaretso, bona Vine. Base Nation. Khaolo ea 7.
