Ha US e Romella Bajaki ho pota, Ken Burns o re o tlo bua 'nete ka Polao e Sehlōhō.

Ka David Swanson, World BEYOND War, September 16, 2022

Na motsotso ona, ha United States e romella bajaki hoo e ka bang eka ke litšila tsa nyutlelie, ke nako e loketseng ea hore Ken Burns le PBS ba re ba tla bua 'nete ka US le Polao e Sehlōhō? Ba boletse joalo ka Vietnam le bona. (Mona ke maikutlo a ka a tsoakaneng haholo.)

Ha e le hantle, ke na le tšepo ea ho ithuta lintho tse ncha ho Burns le k'hamphani, 'me ha ke ipolele hore ke tseba ntho e' ngoe le e 'ngoe, empa seo ke se tsebang, sena ke seo ke neng ke tla se etsa hore filimi ea hae ea morao-rao e kenyelle haeba ke ne ke e-na le matla (empa ke tla makala haeba e etsa):

(E qotsitsoe ho Ho siea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše.)

 Haeba u ne u ka mamela batho ba lokafatsang WWII kajeno, 'me u sebelisa WWII ho lokafatsa lilemo tse 75 tse latelang tsa lintoa le litokisetso tsa ntoa, ntho ea pele eo u ka lebellang ho e fumana ha u bala ka seo WWII e neng e le sona e ne e tla ba ntoa e susumetsoang ke tlhoko ea ho pholosa Bajode polaong ea batho ba bangata. Ho ne ho tla ba le linepe tsa khale tsa lits'oants'o ha Malome Sam a supile ka monoana, a re, "Ke batla hore u boloke Bajuda!"

Ebile, mebuso ea Amerika le ea Borithane e nkile lilemo tse ngata matšolong a maholo a phatlalatso ea ho aha tšehetso ea ntoa empa ha ho mohla e kileng ea bua ka ho pholosa Bajude.[I] Mme re tseba ho lekana ka lipuisano tsa kahare tsa mmuso ho tseba hore ho pholosa Bajude (kapa motho e mong le e mong) e ne e se tšusumetso ea lekunutu e patiloeng ho sechaba se seng sa bochaba (mme haeba ho ne ho le joalo, seo se ka be se bile ntoeng e kholo ea ntoa ea demokrasi?). Kahoo, hang-hang re tobane le bothata ba hore tokafatso e tsebahalang haholo bakeng sa WWII ha ea qaptjoa ho fihlela kamora WWII.

Leano la tsa bojaki la US, le entsoe haholo ke li-eugenicists tsa bo-antisemite ba kang Harry Laughlin - mehloli ea bona ea ts'usumetso ho li-eugenicists tsa Manazi - e ile ea thibela ho amoheloa ha Bajode United States pele le nakong ea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše.[Ii]

Leano la Jeremane ea Bonazi ka lilemo e ne e le ho phehella ho lelekoa ha Bajode, eseng polao ea bona. Mebuso ea lefats'e e ile ea tšoara likopano tsa sechaba ho buisana ka hore na ke mang ea tla amohela Bajode, mme mebuso eo - ka mabaka a pepenene le a se nang lihlong a khahlanong le tumelo ea bochaba - a hana ho amohela liphofu tsa Manazi tsa kamoso. Hitler o ile a phatlalatsa ho hana hona joalo ka tumellano le leeme la hae le khothatso ea ho e matlafatsa.

Naheng ea Évian-les-Baines, Fora, ka Phupu 1938, ho ile ha etsoa boiteko ba pele ba machabeng, kapa bonyane ba boiketsiso, ho fokotsa ntho e atileng haholo lilemong tse mashome a morao tjena: koluoa ​​ea baphaphathehi. Bothata e ne e le tšoaro ea Manazi ea Bajude. Baemeli ba linaha tse 32 le mekhatlo e 63, hammoho le baqolotsi ba litaba ba ka bang 200 ba neng ba bua ka ketsahalo eo, ba ne ba tseba hantle takatso ea Manazi ea ho leleka Bajude bohle ho tsoa Jeremane le Austria, hape ba tseba hore pheletso e neng e ba emetse haeba ba sa lelekoe e kanna ea eba lefu. Qeto ea seboka e ne e le ho tlohella Bajode hore ba be le pheletso. (Ke Costa Rica feela le Rephabliki ea Dominican feela e ekelitseng palo ea bona ea bojaki.)

Moemeli oa Australia TW White o itse, ntle le ho botsa batho ba matsoalloa a Australia: "kaha ha re na bothata ba morabe, ha re lakatse ho kenya o mong."[Iii]

Mohatelli oa Dominican Republic o ne a nka Bajode e le ba lakatsehang ka morabe, e le ho tlisang bosoasoi naheng e nang le batho ba bangata ba litloholo tsa Afrika. Mobu o ne o behelletsoe ka thoko bakeng sa Bajode ba 100,000, empa ke ba fokolang ba 1,000 ba kileng ba fihla.[Iv]

Hitler o ne a boletse ha Seboka sa Évian se ne se hlahisoa: "Ke ts'epa feela mme ke lebelle hore lefats'e le leng, le nang le kutloelo-bohloko e tebileng bakeng sa linokoane tsena [Bajode], bonyane le tla fana ka seatla se bulehileng ka ho lekana ho fetola kutloelo-bohloko ena hore e be thuso e sebetsang. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, re ikemiselitse ho fa linokoane tsena tsohle matsohong a batho bohle bao ke ba tsotellang, esita le likepeng tse majabajaba. ”[V]

Kamora kopano, ka Pulungoana 1938, Hitler o ile a eketsa tlhaselo ea hae ho Bajude ka Kristallnacht kapa Crystal Night - merusu e hlophisitsoeng ke mmuso bosiu, e senya le ho chesa mabenkele a Bajuda le lisynagoge, nakong eo batho ba 25,000 ba ileng ba isoa likampong tsa mahloriso. Ha a bua ka la 30 Pherekhong 1939, Hitler o ile a tseka lebaka la liketso tsa hae ho tsoa sephethong sa Kopano ea Évian:

“Ke ntho e hlabisang lihlong ho bona kamoo lefats'e lohle la demokrasi le hlahisang kutloelo-bohloko ho batho ba futsanehileng ba hlokofalitsoeng ba Bajode, empa le lula le le pelo e thata 'me le sa mamele ha ho tluoa ho ba thuseng - e leng ka lebaka la maikutlo a lona, ​​mosebetsi o totobetseng . Likhang tse hlahisoang e le mabaka a ho se ba thuse li hlile li bua bakeng sa rona Majeremane le Mataliana. Etsoe sena ke seo ba se buang:

“1. 'Rona,' ke demokrasi, 'ha re boemong ba ho amohela Bajode.' Leha ho le joalo mebusong ena ha ho na batho ba leshome ho ea fihla kilomitereng eo. Ha Jeremane, le baahi ba eona ba 135 ho ea kilomitara ea sekwere, e tlameha ho ba le sebaka bakeng sa bona!

“2. Baa re tiisetsa: Re ke ke ra li nka ntle le hore Jeremane e ikemisetse ho ba fa chelete e itseng eo ba ka eang le eona e le bajaki. ”^[vi]

Ka bomalimabe, bothata ba Évian e ne e se ho hloka tsebo ka morero oa Manazi, empa e le ho hloleha ho etelletsa pele ho e thibela. Sena e ile ea lula e le bothata nakong ea ntoa. E ne e le bothata bo fumanoang ho bo-ralipolotiki le ho sechaba ka kakaretso.

Matsatsi a mahlano ka mor'a Bosiu ba Crystal, Mopresidente Franklin Roosevelt o itse o hopola moemeli oa Jeremane mme maikutlo a sechaba a "maketse haholo". Ha aa ka a sebelisa lentsoe “Bajuda.” Moqolotsi oa litaba o ile a botsa hore na kae kapa kae lefatšeng a ka amohela Bajode ba bangata ba tsoang Jeremane. "Che," ho boletse Roosevelt. Nako ha e so fihle bakeng sa seo. ” Moqolotsi e mong o ile a botsa hore na Roosevelt o tla nolofatsa lithibelo tsa bajaki bakeng sa baphaphathehi ba Bajude. "Seo ha se nahane," mopresidente a araba.[vii] Roosevelt o hanne ho ts'ehetsa bili ea baphaphathehi ea bana ka 1939, e neng e ka lumella Bajude ba 20,000 14 ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse XNUMX ho kena United States, mme ha e so ka e tsoa komiting.[viii]

Le ha ba bangata United States, joalo ka libakeng tse ling, ba lekile ka matla ho pholosa Bajude ho Manazi, ho kenyeletsoa ka ho ithaopela ho ba amohela, maikutlo a mangata a ne a se le bona.

Ka Phupu 1940, Adolf Eichmann, moralo oa mantlha oa polao e sehlōhō, o ne a rerile ho romela Bajode bohle Madagascar, eo joale e neng e le ea Jeremane, Fora e se e hapile. Likepe li tla hloka ho emela feela ho fihlela Borithane, eo joale e neng e bolela Winston Churchill, e emisang thibelo ea bona. Letsatsi leo ha lea ka la fihla.[ix]

Mongoli oa Borithane oa Kantle ho Naha Anthony Eden o kopane ka la 27 Hlakubele 1943, Washington, DC, le Rabi Stephen Wise le Joseph M. Proskauer, 'muelli ea tummeng le Lekhotla le Phahameng la Lekhotla le Phahameng la Naha la New York eo ka nako eo a neng a sebeletsa e le Mopresidente oa American Jewish Committee. Wise le Proskauer ba ile ba etsa tlhahiso ea ho atamela Hitler ho tlosa Bajude. Edene e ile ea lahla khopolo eo e le “ntho e ke keng ea etsahala.”[x] Empa hona letsatsing lona leo, ho latela Lefapha la Naha la Amerika, Eden o ile a bolella Mongoli oa Naha Cordell Hull ho hong ho fapaneng.

“Hull o ile a botsa potso ka Bajude ba 60 kapa 70 ba likete ba Bulgaria mme ba ts'osetsoa pheliso ntle le haeba re ka ba ntša mme, ka potlako, ba hatella Edene bakeng sa karabo bothateng. Edene o ile a araba ka hore bothata bohle ba Bajude ba Europe bo boima haholo mme re lokela ho ba hlokolosi haholo mabapi le ho ithaopela ho ntša Bajude bohle naheng e kang Bulgaria. Haeba re etsa joalo, Bajude ba lefats'e ba tla be ba batla hore le rona re etse litlhahiso tse ts'oanang Poland le Jeremane. Hitler a ka 'na a re thusa ka eng kapa eng e joalo' me ha ho na likepe tse lekaneng le lipalangoang lefatšeng ho li sebetsana. "[xi]

Churchill o ile a lumela. O ile a ngola a re: "Le ha re ne re ka fumana tumello ea ho tlosa Bajode bohle, lipalangoang ka botsona li na le bothata bo tla ba thata ho bo rarolla." Ha ho na thomello le lipalangoang tse lekaneng? Ntoeng ea Dunkirk, Mabrithani a ne a ntšitse banna ba ka bang 340,000 ka matsatsi a robong feela. Sesole sa Lifofane sa US se ne se na le lifofane tse ncha tse likete tse ngata. Nakong ea ntoa e khuts'oane ea ntoa, US le Borithane ba ka be ba ile ba fofa le ho tsamaisa baphaphathehi ba bangata ho ba isa sebakeng se sireletsehileng.[xii]

Ha se motho e mong le e mong ea neng a phathahane haholo ho loana ntoa. Haholo-holo ho tloha bofelong ba 1942 ho ea pele, ba bangata United States le Brithani ba ile ba batla hore ho etsoe ho hong. Ka la 23 Hlakubele 1943, Moarekabishopo oa Canterbury o ile a kopa Ntlo ea Marena ho thusa Bajude ba Europe. Kahoo, mmuso oa Borithane o ile oa etsa tlhahiso ho mmuso oa Amerika seboka se seng sa sechaba moo ho ka buisanoang ka se ka etsoang ho tlosa Bajude lichabeng tse sa jeleng paate. Empa Ofisi ea Borithane ea Kantle ho Naha e ne e tšaba hore Manazi a kanna a sebelisana mererong e joalo leha a so ka a kopuoa ho ngola, a re: “Ho na le monyetla oa hore Majeremane kapa lisathalaete tsa bona li ka fetoha ho tloha leano la pheliso ho ea ho la extrusion, 'me ba ikemisetse joalo ka bona. pele ho ntoa, li ile tsa hlabisa linaha tse ling lihlong ka ho li tšela ka bajaki ba bang. ”[xiii]

Tšoenyeho mona e ne e se ka ho boloka maphelo joalo ka ho qoba lihlong le tšitiso ea ho pholosa maphelo.

Qetellong, ba ileng ba sala ba phela likampong tsa mahloriso ba ile ba lokolloa - leha maemong a mangata e ne e se kapele haholo, eseng joalo ka ntho e ka pele bophelong. Batšoaruoa ba bang ba ile ba bolokoa likampong tsa mahloriso tse tšabehang bonyane ho fihlela ka Loetse 1946. Molaoli George Patton o khothalelitse hore ho se be le motho ea lokelang ho "lumela hore Motho ea Lelekiloeng ke Motho, e seng motho, mme hona ho sebetsa haholo ho Bajude ba tlase ho feta liphoofolo. ” Mopresidente Harry Truman o ile a lumela ka nako eo hore "ho bonahala re tšoara Bajode ka tsela e ts'oanang le ea Manazi, ntle le hore ha re ba bolaee."[xiv]

Ho joalo, le ha seo e ne e se ho fetelletsa litaba, ho se bolaee batho ke ntho ea bohlokoa haholo. United States e ne e na le litšekamelo tsa bo-fascist empa ha ea ka ea ba inehela joalo ka ha Jeremane e entse. Empa hape ho ne ho se na ntoa ea capital-R-Resistance ho pholosa ba sokeloang ke fascism - eseng ka lehlakoreng la mmuso oa US, eseng ka karolo e kholo ea US.

o re:

[I] Ebile, Lefapha la Propaganda la Borithane le nkile qeto ea ho qoba ho bua ka Bajude ha ba bua ka mahlatsipa a Manazi. Bona Walter Laqueuer, Lekunutu le Tšabehang: Ho Hatella 'Nete ka "Tharollo ea Qetello" ea Hitler Boston: Little, Brown, 1980, leq. 91. E qotsitsoe ke Nicholson Baker, Mosi oa Batho: Qaleho ea Pheletso ea Tsoelo-pele. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, leq. 368.

[Ii] Harry Laughlin o pakile ka 1920 ho Komiti ea Ntlo ea Bojaki le Tloaelo ho Lekhotla la United States hore bajaki ba Bajude le Mataliana ba senya sebopeho sa lefutso la peiso. "Ho hloleha ha rona ho hlophisa bajaki ka boleng ba tlhaho ke kotsi e kholo ea naha," Laughlin o ile a lemosa. Molulasetulo oa Komiti Albert Johnson o khethile Laughlin ho ba Moemeli oa Komiti ea Setsebi sa Eugenics. Laughlin o ile a tšehetsa Molao oa Johnson-Reed Immigration Act oa 1924, o neng o thibela bajaki ba tsoang Asia le ho fokotsa bajaki ba tsoang Boroa le Bochabela Europe. Molao ona o thehile litekanyetso ho latela sechaba sa Amerika sa 1890. Ho tloha joale, bajaki ba ne ba ke ke ba hlaha feela Sehlekehlekeng sa Ellis empa ba tla tlameha ho fumana li-visa ho boemeli ba Amerika kantle ho naha. Bona Rachel Gur-Arie, The Embryo Project Encyclopedia, “Harry Hamilton Laughlin (1880-1943),” la 19 Tšitoe 2014, https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/harry-hamilton-laughlin-1880-1943 Hape bona Andrew J. Skerritt, Democrat oa Tallahassee, "'Irresistible Tide' e sheba leano la Amerika la bojaki ka mokhoa o sa fetoheng | Tlhahlobo ea Buka, "Phato 1, 2020, https://www.tallahassee.com/story/life/2020/08/01/irresistible-tide-takes-unflinching-look-americas-immigration-policy/5550977002 Pale ena e koahetsoe ka filimi ea PBS "Phihlelo ea Amerika: Ntoa ea Eugenics," Mphalane 16, 2018, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/eugenics-crusade Bakeng sa kamoo sena se ileng sa susumetsa Manazi, bona Khaolo ea 4 ea Ho siea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše.

[Iii] Holocaust Educational Trust, Mantsoe a 70: Bahlaseluoa, Bahatelli, le Baemeli, "Ha re na Bothata ba Morabe," la 27 Pherekhong 2015, http://www.70voices.org.uk/content/day55

[Iv] Lauren Levy, Laeborari e Ntle ea Sejuda, Morero oa Khoebo ea Ts'ebelisano ea Amerika le Isiraele, "Rephabliki ea Dominican e Fana ka Sosua e le Setšabelo sa Baphaphathehi ba Bajude," https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/dominican-republic-as-haven-for-jewish -baphaphathehi Bona hape Jason Margolis, The World, "Dominican Republic e nkile baphaphathehi ba Bajude ba balehang Hitler ha linaha tse 31 li shebile hole," Pulungoana 9, 2018, https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-11-09/ republiki-repaboliki-e nkile-bajude-baphaphathehi-ba balehang-ba otlang-ha-ba-lichaba tse 31-ba shebahala

[V] Ervin Birnbaum, "Evian: Seboka se Thabisang ka ho Fetisisa Linakong Tsohle Historing ea Sejuda," Karolo ea II, http://www.acpr.org.il/nativ/0902-birnbaum-E2.pdf

[vi] Zionism le Israel - Dictionary ea Encyclopedic, "Seboka sa Evian," http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Evian_conference.htm

[vii] Franklin D. Roosevelt, Litokomane tsa Sechaba le Liaterese tsa Franklin D. Roosevelt, (New York: Russell & Russell, 1938-1950) vol. 7, maq. 597-98. E qotsitsoe ke Nicholson Baker, Mosi oa Batho: Qaleho ea Pheletso ea Tsoelo-pele. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, leq. 101.

[viii] E HLAHETSE KE: David S. Wyman Mabota a Lipampiri: Amerika le Qaka ea Baphaphathehi, 1938-1941 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1968), leq. 97. E qotsitsoe ke Nicholson Baker, Mosi oa Batho: Qaleho ea Pheletso ea Tsoelo-pele. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, leq. 116.

[ix] Christopher Browning, Tsela ea ho Polao e Sehlōhō (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), maq. 18-19. E qotsitsoe ke Nicholson Baker, Mosi oa Batho: Qaleho ea Pheletso ea Tsoelo-pele. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, leq. 233.

[x] Lucy S. Dawidowicz, "Bajode ba Amerika le Polao e Sehlōhō," New York Times, April 18, 1982, https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/18/magazine/american-jews-and-the-holocaust.html

[xi] Lefapha la Naha la Amerika, Ofisi ea Rahistori, "Memorantamo oa Moqoqo, ea Monghali Harry L. Hopkins, Mothusi ea Khethehileng oa Mopresidente Roosevelt 55," Hlakubele 27, 1943, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943v03/d23

[xii] Wha e sa hlola e e-ba teng: Lilemong tse makholo a mararo tsa ho ngoloa ha ntoa ea ntoa ea Amerika le Khotso, e hlophisitsoeng ke Lawrence Rosendwald (Library of America, 2016).

[xiii] Phihlelo ea PBS American: "Seboka sa Bermuda," https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/feature/holocaust-bermuda

[xiv] MONGOLI OA TSOANG PELE: Jacques R. Pauwels, Khopolo-taba ea Ntoa e Ntle: Amerika Lefatšeng la Bobeli Ntoa (James Lorimer & Company Ltd. 2015, 2002) p. 36.