Saliida xurmada leh ee ka daatay Pearl Harbor

By David Swanson, World BEYOND War, November 30, 2022

Stephen Dedalus waxa uu rumaysnaa in muraayadda dilaaca ee adeeguhu ay calaamad fiican u tahay Ireland. Hadii aad magacawdo calaamada Maraykanka, maxay noqon lahayd? Taalada Xoriyadda? Niman nigis gashan oo iskutallaabyada hor yaal McDonald's? Waxaan u maleynayaa inay tani noqon doonto: saliidda ka soo daatay markabka dagaalka ee Pearl Harbor. Markabkan, Arizona, Mid ka mid ah laba ka mid ah oo weli ku sii daadanaya saliidda Pearl Harbor, ayaa halkaas looga tagay dacaayad dagaal, taas oo caddaynaysa in hubka adduunka ugu sarreeya, dhisaha saldhigga ugu sarreeya, kharashka ugu sarreeya ee militariga, iyo kulayliyaha sare uu yahay dhibane aan waxba galabsan. Saliidana waa loo ogolyahay inay sii daadato sabab la mid ah. Waxay caddayn u tahay xumaanta cadawga Maraykanka, xataa haddii cadowgu is beddelo. Dadku way ilmeeyeen oo waxay dareemeen calammo calooshooda ka lulaya goobta quruxda badan ee saliidda, oo loo oggolaaday inay sii wadaan wasakhaynta Badweynta Baasifigga taasoo caddayn u ah sida dhabta ah iyo si dhab ah oo aan u qaadanno dacaayaddayada dagaalka. Dagaalkaasi waa hab weyn taas oo aan ku baabi'inno deggenaanshaha meeraha waxaa laga yaabaa ama laga yaabo in ay lumiyaan xujaajta goobta. Halkan waxaa ah mareegaha dalxiiska ee ku yaal sida loo booqdo daadinta saliidda xurmada leh:

"Si fudud waa mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu xurmada badan Maraykanka. . . . Ka fakar sidaan: waxaad arkaysaa saliid laga yaabo in lagu soo shubay maalin ka hor weerarka oo ay jirto wax run ah oo ku saabsan khibradaas. Sidoo kale way adag tahay in aan la dareemin calaamadda ilinta madow ee dhalaalaya marka si aamusnaan ah loo dul istaago xusuusta - waxay u egtahay in markabka uu weli ka barooranayo weerarka."

"Dadku waxay ka hadlaan sida ay u qurux badan tahay in la arko saliidda oo dhalaalaysa biyaha sare ee biyaha iyo sida ay u xasuusiso nafaha lumay," ayuu yidhi mareeg kale.

"Dadku waxay ugu yeeraan ' ilmada madow ee Arizona. Waxaad arki kartaa saliid kor u kacaysa oogada, samaynta qaansoroobaadyada biyaha dusheeda. Xitaa waxaad urin kartaa alaabta. Heerka hadda, saliiddu way sii qulquli doontaa Arizona 500 oo sano oo kale, haddii markabku aanu gebi ahaanba burburin wixii ka horeeyay.” -warbixin kale.

Haddii aad ku nooshahay meel u dhow Pearl Harbor, waxaa jira shidaal diyaar ah oo Navy US ah oo dhadhan fiican leh oo ku jira biyahaaga cabitaanka. Kama timaado maraakiibta dagaalka, laakiin waxay (iyo masiibooyinka kale ee deegaanka isla goobta) sameeya soo jeedi in laga yaaba in biyaha wasakhaysan ay u arkaan ciidamada Maraykanku in ay yihiin dhammaad la jecel yahay, ama ugu yaraan in caafimaadka bini'aadamku aanu danaynaynin.

Qaar ka mid ah isla dadkii ka digayey khatartaas shidaalka diyaaradeed ee muddada dheer ayaa sidoo kale ka digay khatarta dhimashada weyn ee ka dhalan karta sheekooyinka ay dadku isku sheegaan maalinta Pearl Harbor iyo marka ay booqanayaan macbadka madowga. ilmada quduusnimada dagaalka.

Haddii aad ku nooshahay meel u dhow telefishan ama kombuyuutar, meel kasta oo dhulka ah, waxaad halis ugu jirtaa.

Mid ka mid ah maalmaha ugu barakeysan sanadka ayaa aad u soo dhowaanaya. Diyaar ma u tahay December 7-deeda? Ma xasuusan doontaa macnaha dhabta ah ee Maalinta Pearl Harbor?

Dawladda Maraykanku waxay qorsheysay, u diyaarisay, oo ay dagaal kula jirtay Japan muddo sannado ah, waxayna siyaabo badan hore ugu jirtay dagaal, waxayna sugaysay Japan inay riddo xabbadii ugu horreysay, markii Japan ay weerartay Filibiin iyo Pearl Harbor. Waxa ku lumaya su'aalaha saxda ah yaa ogaa waxa maalmihii ka horreeyay weerarradaas, iyo waxa isku dhafan ee karti-xumada iyo nacaybku u oggolaadeen inay dhacaan, waa xaqiiqda ah in tillaabooyin waaweyn oo aan muran lahayn loo qaaday dagaal laakiin aan midna loo qaadin dhinaca nabadda. . Waxayna ahayd tillaabo fudud oo lagu nabadayn karo.

Xudunta Aasiya ee xilligii Obama-Trump-Biden waxay lahayd horudhac sannadihii ka horreeyay WWII, iyadoo Mareykanka iyo Japan ay dhisteen joogitaankooda ciidan ee Badweynta Baasifigga. Maraykanku waxa uu Shiinaha ka caawinayey dagaalka ka dhanka ah Japan, waxana uu xannibay Japan si uu uga qaado agabka muhiimka ah ka hor weerarka Japan ee ciidamada Maraykanka iyo dhulalka Imbaraadooriyadda. Milatari-nimada Maraykanku kama sii daayo Japan mas'uuliyadda ciidannimadeeda, ama lidkeeda, laakiin khuraafaadka dadka aan waxba galabsan ee sida naxdinta leh u weeraray buluugga maaha wax run ah marka loo eego khuraafaadka dagaalka si loo badbaadiyo Yuhuudda.

Ka hor Pearl Harbor, Maraykanku wuxuu abuuray qabyo-qoraalka, wuxuuna arkay iska caabin weyn oo qabyo ah, oo waxay xidheen iska caabin qabyo ah xabsiyada halkaas oo ay isla markiiba bilaabeen ololayaal aan rabshad lahayn si ay u kala saaraan - hoggaamiyeyaasha horumarinta, ururada, iyo xeeladaha kuwaas oo noqon doona dhaqdhaqaaqa Xuquuqda Madaniga ah, dhaqdhaqaaq dhashay ka hor Pearl Harbor.

Marka aan dadka weydiiyo inay marmarsiiyo ka dhigtaan WWII, had iyo jeer waxay yiraahdaan "Hitler," laakiin haddii dagaalka Yurub uu ahaa mid si sahlan loo qiil qaadan karo, maxay tahay sababta Mareykanka uusan mar hore ugu biirin? Waa maxay sababta ay dadweynaha Maraykanku si weyn uga soo horjeedaan gelitaanka Maraykanka ee dagaalka ilaa ka dib December 7, 1941? Waa maxay sababta dagaalka lagula jiro Jarmalka ee loo malaynayo in la soo galay waa in lagu muujiyaa dagaal difaac ah iyada oo loo marayo caqli-galnimada murugsan ee Japan ay ridday tallaalkii ugu horreeyay, sidaas (si kastaba ha ahaatee) samaynta (-awaalka) saliibiga si loo soo afjaro Holocaust ee Yurub su'aal ah isdifaacid? Jarmalku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay dagaal ka dhan ah Maraykanka, isagoo rajaynaya in Japan ay ka caawiso Jarmalka halganka ka dhanka ah Midowga Soofiyeeti. Laakiin Jarmalku ma weerarin Maraykanka.

Winston Churchill waxa uu rabay in Maraykanku galo WWII, sidii uu u rabay in Maraykanku galo WWI. The Lusitania Waxaa Jarmalku soo weeraray digniin la'aan, intii lagu jiray WWI, waxa naloo sheegay buugaagta qoraalka ee Maraykanka, inkastoo Jarmalku si dhab ah u daabacay digniino wargeysyada New York iyo wargeysyada Maraykanka. Digniinahan waxa lagu daabacay dhanka xayaysiisyada shiraaca Lusitania waxaana u saxeexay safaaradda Jarmalka.[i] Wargeysyada ayaa qoray maqaallo ku saabsan digniinaha. Shirkadda Cunard ayaa wax laga waydiiyay digniinaha. Kabtankii hore ee Lusitania mar hore ayuu shaqada ka tagay - waxaa la sheegay in ay sabab u tahay walbahaarka badda ee Jarmalku uu si cad ugu dhawaaqay aag dagaal. Dhanka kale Winston Churchill ayaa warqad u qoray Guddoomiyaha Guddiga Ganacsiga ee Britain, "Waxa ugu muhiimsan in la soo jiito maraakiib dhexdhexaad ah xeebahayada annaga oo rajaynayna gaar ahaan inaan Mareykanka la wadaagno Jarmalka."[ii] Waxay ahayd amarkiisa in ilaalinta millatariga Ingiriiska ee caadiga ah aan la siinin Lusitania, inkastoo Cunard uu sheegay in ay ku xisaabtamayso ilaalintaas. Taas oo ah Lusitania isagoo sitay hub iyo ciidan si uu Ingiriiska ugu caawiyo dagaalka Jarmalka ayaa Jarmalku iyo goobjoogayaal kale sheegeen, run bayna ahayd. Dejinta Lusitania wuxuu ahaa fal aad u xun oo dil wadareed ah, laakiin ma ahayn wax la yaab leh oo weerar xun oo ka dhan ah wanaagga saafiga ah.

1930-naadkii

Bishii Sebtembar 1932-kii, Colonel Jack Jouett, oo ahaa duuliye Mareykan ah, ayaa bilaabay inuu 80 cadets wax ku baro dugsi cusub oo duullimaad ciidan oo ku yaal Shiinaha.[iii] Hadda ka hor, dagaal ayaa hawada ku jiray. Janaayo 17, 1934, Eleanor Roosevelt wuxuu sameeyay khudbad: "Qof kasta oo u maleynaya, waa inuu u maleynayaa dagaalka xiga inuu yahay ismiidaamin. Intee in le'eg ayaynu nahay doqonnimo dilaa ah oo aan baran karno taariikhda oo aan ku noolaan karno waxa aan ku nool nahay, oo aan u oggolaanno sabab la mid ah inay mar kale ina soo mariyaan wax la mid ah."[iv] Markii Madaxweyne Franklin Roosevelt uu booqday Pearl Harbor bishii Luulyo 28, 1934, General Kunishiga Tanaka wuxuu ku qoray Xayeysiinta Japan, oo ka soo horjeeda dhisidda maraakiibta Maraykanka iyo abuurista saldhigyo dheeraad ah oo ku yaal Alaska iyo Jasiiradaha Aleutian: "Dabeecadda caynkaas ah ayaa naga dhigaysa shaki badan. Waxay naga dhigeysaa inaan u maleyneyno in qas weyn si ulakac ah loogu dhiirigelinayo Pacific. Tani aad ayaa looga qoomameynayaa.”[v]

Bishii Oktoobar 1934, George Seldes ayaa qoray Harper's Magazine: "Waa wadajir ah in dowladaha aysan u dagaalamin dagaalka laakiin dagaalka". Seldes ayaa weydiisatay sarkaal ka tirsan Ciidamada Badda:
"Miyaad aqbali kartaa wadada badda ee aad diyaarinayso si aad ula dagaallanto ciidamo gaar ah?"
Ninkii wuxuu ku jawaabay "Haa."
"Miyaad u maleyneysaa in ay dagaal kula jiraan ciidamada badda ee Ingiriiska?"
"Sida iska cad, maya."
"Miyaad u maleyneysaa in dagaal lala galo Japan?"
"Haa."[vi]

1935 Smedley Butler, laba sano ka dib markii uu fashiliyay afgambi ka dhan ah Roosevelt, iyo afar sano ka dib markii maxkamad la soo taagay si uu uga sheekeeyo dhacdo uu Benito Mussolini ku jiiray gabar baabuurkiisa wadata.[vii], oo la daabacay si loo gaaro guul aad u weyn buug gaaban oo la yiraahdo Dagaal Waa Joog.[viii] Wuxuu qoray:

"Kalfadhiyo kasta oo Congresska ah ayaa su'aasha ah ee dheellitirka badda ee kale. Qaar ka mid ah jilbaha kuraasta ma qayliyo "Waxaan u baahannahay dagaal badan oo aan kula dagaalanno qarankan ama qaranka '. Oh, maya. Ugu horreyntii, waxay u ogolaadeen in loo aqoonsado in Maraykanku uu ku qabsaday awood badeed. Ku dhawaad ​​maalin kasta, jacaylkan ayaa kuu sheegi doona, gawaarida weyn ee cadowgu u maleynayo inay si lama filaan ah u garaaci doonaan ayna baabi'inayaan dadkayaga 125,000,000. Waa sidaa oo kale. Kadibna waxay bilaabaan inay u ooyaan badda. Maxay? Si loola dagaalamo cadowga? Oh, maya, maya. Oh, maya. Ujeedooyinka difaaca oo kaliya. Kadibna, dhacdo ahaan, waxay ku dhawaaqayaan waxqabadka Pacificka. Difaaca. Uh, huh.

"Baasifiga waa badweyn weyn. Waxaan ku leenahay xeeb aad u wanaagsan Badweynta Baasifigga. Dhaqdhaqaaqyadu ma ka baxsan doonaan xeebta, laba ama saddex boqol oo mayl? Oh, maya. Dhaqdhaqaaqyadu waxay ahaan doonaan laba kun, haa, laga yaabee xataa soddon iyo shan boqol oo mayl, xeebta. Jabbaan, oo ah dadka hanka weyn, dabcan aad bay ugu farxi doonaan si ka baxsan hadalka si ay u arkaan maraakiibta Mareykanka oo aad ugu dhow xeebaha Nippon. Xitaa sida ay ugu faraxsan yihiin dadka deggan California waa inay si qoto dheer u fahmaan, ceeryaamo subaxdii, maraakiibta Japan ee ku ciyaaraya ciyaaraha dagaalka ee Los Angeles. "

Bishii Maarso 1935, Roosevelt wuxuu siiyay Wake Island Ciidanka Badda Mareykanka wuxuuna siiyay Pan Am Airways ogolaansho si ay u dhisto dhabbaha ay ka duulaan Wake Island, Island Midway, iyo Guam. Taliyeyaasha ciidamada Japan ayaa ku dhawaaqay in ay dhibsadeen oo ay khatar u arkeen dhabbaha ay diyaaraduhu ku ordaan. Sidoo kale dadka u ololeeya nabadda ee Maraykanka. Bisha soo socota, Roosevelt wuxuu qorsheeyay ciyaaro dagaal iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyo u dhow Jasiiradaha Aleutian iyo Island Midway. Bishii xigtay, dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha nabada ayaa socod ku marayay New York iyaga oo u ololeynaya saaxiibtinimada Japan. Norman Thomas waxa uu qoray 1935: “Ninkii Mars ka yimid ee arkay sida raggu u dhibtooday dagaalkii ugu dambeeyay iyo sida waallida ah ee ay ugu diyaar garoobayaan dagaalka soo socda, oo ay og yihiin in uu ka sii xumaan doono, ayaa soo gebogebeeyay in uu eegayo kuwa diiddan. magangelyo waalan."

Maajo 18, 1935, toban kun ayaa socod ku maray waddada Fifth Avenue ee New York iyaga oo wata boorar iyo calaamado ka soo horjeeda dhisidda dagaalka Japan. Muuqaallo la mid ah ayaa marar badan lagu soo noqnoqday muddadan.[ix] Dadku waxay sameeyeen kiis nabadeed, halka dawladdu ay u hubaysay dagaal, waxay dhistay saldhigyo dagaal, waxay ku celcelinaysay dagaalka Pacific, waxayna ku dhaqmi jireen madow iyo gabaad weerarrada cirka ah si ay dadka ugu diyaariyaan dagaal. Ciidamada badda ee Maraykanka ayaa horumariyay qorshahooda dagaal ee ka dhanka ah Japan. Bishii Maarso 8, 1939, nooca qorshayaashan ayaa lagu tilmaamay "dagaal weerar ah oo muddo dheer ah" kaas oo burburin doona milatariga oo khalkhal gelin doona nolosha dhaqaalaha Japan.

Milateriga Maraykanka ayaa xitaa qorsheeyey in Japan weerar ku qaado Hawaii, kaas oo ay u maleeyeen in laga yaabo in uu ka bilaabo qabsashada jasiiradda Ni'ihau, taas oo ay duullimaadyadu ka duuli doonaan si ay u weeraraan jasiiradaha kale. Ciidanka Cirka ee US Army Lt. Col. Gerald Brant waxa uu u dhawaaday qoyska Robinson, kuwaas oo lahaan jiray Ni'ihau ilaa haddana haysta. Waxa uu ka codsaday in ay jaziiradda oo dhan jeexjeex ku xaaqaan shabag, si ay uga dhigaan mid aan waxtar u lahayn diyaaradaha. Intii u dhaxaysay 1933 iyo 1937, saddex nin oo Ni'ihau ah ayaa gooyay jeexjeexyada jeexjeexyada ay jiidaan baqlo ama fardo qabyo ah. Sida ay soo baxday, Japanese-ku wax qorshe ah uma lahayn isticmaalka Ni'ihau, laakiin markii diyaarad Japan ah oo qayb ka ahayd weerarkii Pearl Harbor ay si degdeg ah u degtay, waxay ku degtay Ni'ihau inkastoo dhammaan dadaallada baqlaha iyo fardaha.

Bishii Luulyo 21, 1936, dhammaan wargeysyada ka soo baxa Tokyo waxay lahaayeen cinwaan isku mid ah: dawladda Maraykanku waxay Shiinaha amaahinaysay 100 milyan yuan oo ay ku iibsanayso hubka Maraykanka.[X] Bishii Ogosto 5, 1937, dawladda Japan ayaa ku dhawaaqday in ay dhibsatay in 182 diyaaradood oo Maraykan ah, oo mid kasta oo ay la socdaan laba makaanik, ay diyaarado ku duulaan Shiinaha.[xi]

Qaar ka mid ah saraakiisha Mareykanka iyo Japan, iyo sidoo kale dad badan oo u dhaqdhaqaaqa nabadda, ayaa ka shaqeeyay nabadda iyo saaxiibtinimada sannadahan, iyaga oo gadaal ka riixaya dhisidda dagaalka. Tusaalooyinka qaar ayaa ah at this link.

1940

Bishii Noofambar 1940-kii, Roosevelt waxa uu Shiinaha ku amaahiyay boqol milyan oo doollar si uu ula dagaallamo Japan, ka dib markii uu la tashaday Ingiriiska, xoghayihii maaliyadda ee Maraykanka Henry Morgenthau waxa uu sameeyay qorshe uu ku dirayo bambaanooyinka Shiinaha ah oo ay la socdaan shaqaale Maraykan ah si ay ugu adeegsadaan duqaynta Tokyo iyo magaalooyinka kale ee Japan. Diseembar 21, 1940, Wasiirkii Maaliyadda Shiinaha Soong iyo Colonel Claire Chennault, oo ah duuliye ka fadhiistay Ciidanka Mareykanka oo u shaqeynayay Shiinaha oo ku boorinayay inay adeegsadaan duuliyeyaasha Mareykanka si ay u duqeeyaan Tokyo tan iyo ugu yaraan 1937, ayaa ku kulmay qolka cuntada ee Morgenthau si loo qorsheeyo dab-damiska Japan. Morgenthau wuxuu sheegay inuu heli karo ragga laga sii daayo shaqada ciidamada cirka ee Mareykanka haddii Shiinuhu uu siiyo $1,000 bishii. Soong wuu aqbalay.[xii]

1939-1940kii, ciidamada badda ee Maraykanku waxay ka dhisteen saldhigyo cusub oo Baasifiga ah oo ku yaal Midway, Johnston, Palmyra, Wake, Guam, Samoa, iyo Hawaii.[xiii]

Bishii Sebtembar, 1940, Japan, Jarmalka, iyo Talyaanigu waxay saxiixeen heshiis ay midba midka kale ka caawinayo dagaalka. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in Maraykanku uu dagaal kula jiro mid iyaga ka mid ah, waxay u badan tahay inay la dagaallamaan saddexdaas.

Oktoobar 7, 1940, agaasimaha Xafiiska Sirdoonka Badda ee Maraykanka Qaybta Bariga Aasiya Arthur McCollum ayaa qoray qoraal.[xiv] Waxa uu ka walwalay khataraha mustaqbalka ee Axis ee maraakiibta Ingiriiska, Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, iyo awoodda xulafada si ay u go'doomiyaan Yurub. Waxa uu mala-awaal ka bixiyey weerar mustaqbalka aragtiyeed ee Axis oo lagu qaadayo Maraykanka. Waxa uu rumaysnaa in tallaabo adag ay horseedi karto "burburkii hore ee Japan." Wuxuu ku taliyay dagaal lala galo Japan:

“Iyadoo . . . Ma jirto wax yar oo uu Maraykanku samayn karo si uu isla markiiba dib ugu soo celiyo xaaladda Yurub, Maraykanku wuxuu awood u leeyahay inuu si wax ku ool ah u baabi'iyo ficilka gardarada ah ee Japan, oo uu sameeyo iyada oo aan la dhimin kaalmada alaabta Maraykanka ee Great Britain.

“. . . Badweynta Baasifigga Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa boos difaac oo aad u xooggan iyo ciidammada badda iyo badda ee badda wakhtigan xaadirka ah oo awood u leh hawl-galka weerar ee masaafo dheer. Waxa jira arrimo kale oo gaar ah oo wakhtigan xaadirka ah si xooggan inoogu hiilinaya, sida:

1. Jasiiradaha Filibiin waxaa weli haysta Mareykanka.
2. Saaxiibtinimada iyo suurtogalka ah ee dawladda xulafada ah ee gacanta ku haysa Hindida Bari ee Nederland.
3. Ingriisku wali waxay haystaan ​​Hong Kong iyo Singapore wayna noo roon yihiin.
4. Ciidamada Shiinaha ee muhiimka ah ayaa weli ku sugan garoonka Shiinaha ee ka dhanka ah Japan.
5. Ciidan yar oo Maraykan ah oo awood u leh inay si dhab ah ugu hanjabaan waddooyinka saadka koonfureed ee Japan ee horey ugu sugnaa tiyaatarka hawlgalka.
6. Ciidan badan oo badda Nederlaan ah ayaa ku sugan bariga kuwaas oo qiimo yeelan lahaa haddii ay xulafada la yihiin Maraykanka

"Tixgelinta arrimaha hore waxay keenaysaa gabagabada in tallaabo degdeg ah oo dagaal badda ah oo ka dhan ah Japan ee Maraykanku ay Japan ka dhigi doonto mid aan awood u lahayn inay wax caawimo ah u fidiso Jarmalka iyo Talyaaniga weerarkooda England iyo in Japan lafteeda ay la kulmi doonto xaalad. Ciidankeeda badda waxaa lagu qasbi karaa in ay ku dagaalamaan shuruudo aan wanaagsanayn ama ay aqbalaan in si cadaalad ah uu hore u burburo dalka iyada oo loo marayo xoogga xannibaadda. Ku dhawaaqida degdega ah iyo hore ee dagaalka ka dib marka la galo qabanqaabada ku habboon England iyo Holland, waxay noqon doontaa mid waxtar leh oo keeni karta burburkii hore ee Japan oo sidaas awgeed baabi'inta cadawgeena ee nabadda ka hor inta aan Jarmalka iyo Talyaanigu nagu dhufan si wax ku ool ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, baabi'inta Japan waa hubaal inay xoojiso mowqifka Britain ee ka dhanka ah Jarmalka iyo Talyaaniga, marka lagu daro, ficilka noocaas ah wuxuu kordhin doonaa kalsoonida iyo taageerada dhammaan quruumaha u janjeera inay nala saaxiibaan.

"Lama rumaysna in xaaladda hadda jirta ee ra'yiga siyaasadeed ee dawladda Maraykanku ay awood u leedahay in ay ku dhawaaqdo dagaal ka dhan ah Japan iyada oo aan wax badan laga qaban; waxaana suurtogal ah in ficilka xooggan ee dhinacayaga laga yaabo inuu u horseedo Jabbaan inay beddelaan hab-dhaqankooda. Sidaa darteed, waxaa la soo jeedinayaa tallaabadan soo socota:

1. La samee qorshe ku saabsan isticmaalka saldhigyada Ingiriiska ee Pacific, gaar ahaan Singapore.
2. Samee Holland kula heshiiyey isticmaalka tas-hiilaadka aasaasiga ah iyo ka helida saadka gudaha Hindiya Bari ee Holland.
3. Sii dhammaan gargaarka suurtagalka ah dawladda Shiinaha ee Chiang-Kai-Shek.
4. U dir qayb ka mid ah maraakiibta safarka ee fog-fog ee Bariga, Filibiin, ama Singapore.
5. U dir laba qaybood oo badda hoostiisa ah xagga Bari.
6. Ku hay xoogga ugu weyn ee maraakiibta Mareykanka hadda gudaha Baasifigga ee agagaarka jasiiradaha Hawaii.
7. Ku adkaysta in Nederlaanku diido inay bixiyaan dalabaadka Japan ee tanaasulaad dhaqaale oo aan munaasib ahayn, gaar ahaan saliidda.
8. In si buuxda loo xayiro dhammaan ganacsiga Maraykanka ee Japan, iyadoo lala kaashanayo cunaqabatayn la mid ah oo ay ku soo rogtay Boqortooyada Ingiriiska.

"Haddii taas macnaheedu yahay Japan waxaa loo horseedi karaa in ay sameyso ficil dagaal, si aad ah ayey u fiican tahay. Dhammaan dhacdooyinka waa inaan si buuxda ugu diyaargarownaa inaan aqbalno khatarta dagaalka."

Sida laga soo xigtay taariikhyahanka ciidamada Mareykanka ee Conrad Crane, "Akhris dhow [xusuusta sare] waxay muujineysaa in talooyinka ay ahayd inay joojiyaan oo ay ku jiraan Japan, iyada oo si fiican loogu diyaarinayo Maraykanka khilaafka mustaqbalka ee Pacific. Waxaa jira hadal aan leexleexad lahayn oo sheegaya in fal dagaal oo Japan ah uu fududayn doono in la helo taageerada dadweynaha ee ficillada ka dhanka ah Japan, laakiin ujeeddada dukumeentigu ma ahayn in la hubiyo in dhacdadaas dhacday. "[xv]

Muranka u dhexeeya fasiraadaha qoraalkan iyo dukumentiyada la midka ah waa mid daahsoon. Qofna ma rumaysna in qoraalka aan kor ku soo xusnay looga dan lahaa in laga wada xaajoodo nabadda ama hub ka dhigista ama in la dhiso sharciga sharciga ee rabshadaha. Qaar waxay u maleynayaan in ujeedadu ahayd in la bilaabo dagaal laakiin ay awoodaan inay ku eedeeyaan Japan. Qaar kale waxay u maleynayaan in ujeedadu ay ahayd in loo diyaar garoobo dagaal si uu u bilaabo, oo loo qaado tillaabooyin si aad u wanaagsan u kicin kara Japan si uu mid u bilaabo, laakiin waxaa laga yaabaa in - waxay ahayd wax macquul ah - waxay ka cabsiineysaa Japan siyaabaha militariga. Doodda kala duwan ayaa daaqadda Overton u rogtay dalool furaha ah. Waa dood sidoo kale la leexiyay in diiradda la saaro in mid ka mid ah siddeedda talooyinka ee kor ku xusan - kan ku saabsan ilaalinta maraakiibta Hawaii - waxay qayb ka ahayd qorshe xun oo lagu heli karo maraakiib badan oo lagu burburiyo weerar culus (ma aha qorshe gaar ah oo lagu guuleysto). , maadaama laba markab oo keliya ay si joogto ah u burbureen).

Ma aha oo kaliya hal dhibic - oo muhiim u ah ama la'aanteed qorshahan - laakiin dhammaan siddeedii talo ee lagu soo jeediyay qoraalka ama ugu yaraan tillaabooyin iyaga la mid ah ayaa la raacay. Tallaabooyinkan waxaa loola dan lahaa si ula kac ah ama si kama' ah (farqiga u dhexeeya waa mid ganaax ah) in la bilaabo dagaal, waxayna u muuqdaan inay shaqeeyeen. Ka shaqaynta talooyinka, si kadis ah ama yaanay ahayn, waxay bilaabantay Oktoobar 8, 1940, isla maalintii xigtay ka dib markii qoraalka la qoray. Taariikhdaas, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda ee Mareykanka ayaa u sheegtay dadka Mareykanka inay ka guuraan Bariga Aasiya. Sidoo kale taariikhdaas, Madaxweyne Roosevelt wuxuu amar ku bixiyay in markabka lagu hayo Hawaii. Admiral James O. Richardson ayaa markii danbe qoray in uu si adag uga soo horjeestay soo jeedinta iyo ujeedada laga leeyahay. "Hooyo ama hadhow," ayuu Roosevelt ka soo xigtay isagoo leh, "Japaanku waxay samayn doonaan fal cad oo ka dhan ah Maraykanka, qarankuna wuxuu diyaar u yahay inuu galo dagaalka."[xvi]

Horraantii 1941kii

Richardson waa laga xayuubiyay shaqadiisa Febraayo 1, 1941, markaa laga yaabee inuu been ka sheegay Roosevelt sidii shaqaale hore oo xanaaqsan. Ama laga yaabee in laga soo baxo waajibaadka noocaas ah ee Pacific-ga waagaas waxay ahayd tallaabo caan ah oo ay qaadeen kuwa arki kara waxa soo socda. Admiral Chester Nimitz wuu diiday inuu amro Markabka Baasifigga. Wiilkiisa, Chester Nimitz Jr. ayaa markii dambe u sheegay Channel-ka Taariikhda in fikirka aabbihii uu ahaa sidan soo socota: “Waxay ila tahay in Jabbaanku ay nagu soo weerari doonaan weerar lama filaan ah. Waxa dalka ka dhici doonta in cid kasta oo badda ka amar-qaadanaysa laga gilgilo, waxaana lagu bedelayaa dad magac ku leh xeebaha, aniguna waxaan rabaa in aan xeebta joogo oo aan badda ku jirin marka ay taasi dhacdo”.[xvii]

Horraantii 1941-kii, saraakiisha ciidamada Mareykanka iyo Ingiriiska ayaa kulmay si ay u qorsheeyaan istiraatijiyadoodii ay ku jabin lahaayeen Jarmalka kadibna Japan, mar uu Mareykanku dagaalka ku jiray. Bishii Abriil, Madaxweyne Roosevelt waxa uu bilaabay in maraakiibta Maraykanku ay ku wargeliyaan millatariga Ingiriiska meelaha ay yaaliin doonyaha U-doomaha iyo dayuuradaha Jarmalka. Dabadeed waxa uu bilaabay in uu ogolaado shixnadaha saadka ee askarta Ingiriiska ee waqooyiga Afrika. Jarmalku wuxuu ku eedeeyay Roosevelt "in uu ku dadaalayo wax walba oo uu awood u leeyahay si uu u kiciyo shilal isaga oo ujeedadiisu tahay in dadka Maraykanka laga dhigo dagaalka."[xviii]

Bishii Janaayo 1941, Xayeysiinta Japan Waxay ku muujisay sida ay uga xun tahay dhismaha ciidamada Maraykanka ee Pearl Harbor ee tifaftirka, safiirka Maraykanka ee Japan wuxuu ku qoray xusuus-qorkiisa: "Waxaa jira hadallo badan oo magaalada ku wareegsan oo saameynaya in Japanese-ka, haddii ay dhacdo nasasho Mareykanka, ayaa qorsheynaya inuu si lama filaan ah ugu baxo weerar ballaaran oo lagu qaado Pearl Harbor. Dabcan dowladeyda ayaan ku wargeliyay.”[xix] Febraayo 5, 1941, Rear Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner ayaa u diray Xoghayaha Wargeyska Henry Stimson si uu uga digo suurogalnimada weerar la yaab leh oo ka dhacay Pearl Harbor.

Bishii Abriil 28, 1941, Churchill wuxuu u qoray dardaaran qarsoodi ah golihiisa dagaalka: "Waxaa laga yaabaa in loo qaato si hubaal ah in gelitaanka Japan ee dagaalka ay raaci doonto gelitaanka degdega ah ee Maraykanka ee dhinacayaga." Bishii Maajo 24, 1941-kii New York Times ayaa lagu sheegay tababarrada Mareykanka uu siiyo ciidamada cirka Shiinaha, iyo bixinta “diyaaradaha dagaalka iyo duqeymaha badan” ee Shiinaha ay siiyeen Mareykanka iyo Ingiriiska. "Qaraxyada Magaalooyinka Japan waa la filayaa" akhri ciwaan hoose.[xx] 31-kii Maajo, 1941, Shirkii Ka Baxa Mareykanka ee Dagaalkii Kowaad, William Henry Chamberlin wuxuu digniin culus siiyay: “Wadarta qaadacaadda dhaqaale ee Japan, joojinta shixnadaha shiidaalka tusaale ahaan, waxay Japan ku riixi lahayd hubka Axis. Dagaal dhaqaale wuxuu hordhac u noqon lahaa dagaalka badda iyo militariga. ”[xxi]

Bishii Luulyo 7, 1941, ciidamada Mareykanka qabsaday Iceland.

Bishii Luulyo, 1941-kii, Guddiga Wadajirka ah ee Ciidanka-Ciidanka Badda ayaa ansixiyay qorshe la yiraahdo JB 355 si loo qarxiyo Japan. Shirkad hore ayaa iibsan doonta diyaarado Maraykan ah si ay u duuliyaan tabaruceyaal Maraykan ah. Roosevelt ayaa ansixiyay, khabiirkiisa Shiinaha Lauchlin Currie, ereyada Nicholson Baker, "waxay ku xidheen Madame Chiang Kai-Shek iyo Claire Chennault warqad si caddaalad ah uga baryaysa in ay soo dhexgalaan basaasiinta Japan." Kooxda 1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) ee Ciidanka Cirka ee Shiinaha, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Flying Tigers, ayaa horay u sii waday qoritaanka iyo tababarka isla markiiba, waxaa la siiyay Shiinaha ka hor Pearl Harbor, oo markii ugu horeysay waxay arkeen dagaal December 20, 1941.[xxii]

Bishii Luulyo 9, 1941, Madaxweyne Roosevelt wuxuu waydiistay saraakiisha ugu sareysa ciidamada Mareykanka inay dejiyaan qorshe dagaal oo ka dhan ah Jarmalka iyo xulafadiisa iyo Japan. Waraaqdiisii ​​uu sidaas ku sameeyay waxaa si buuxda loogu soo xigtay warbixin wareed 4-tii December, 1941-kii - taasoo ahayd markii ugu horreysay oo dadweynaha Mareykanka ay wax ka maqlaan. Hoos ka eeg December 4, 1941

Bishii Luulyo 24, 1941, Madaxweyne Roosevelt wuxuu yiri, "Haddii aan gooynno saliidda, [Japanese] waxay u badan tahay inay hoos ugu dhaadhacdo Bariga Hindiya sanad ka hor, waxaadna yeelan lahayd dagaal. Aad bay lama huraan u ahayd marka laga eego aragtidayada is-difaaca ah si aan uga hortagno dagaal ka bilaabma Koonfurta Baasifigga. Markaa siyaasadeena arrimaha dibadda waxa ay isku dayaysay in aynu joojino dagaal halkaasi ka qarxa.”[xxiii] Saxafiyiinta ayaa ogaaday in Roosevelt uu yiri "wuxuu ahaa" halkii uu "waa yahay." Maalintii xigtay, Roosevelt wuxuu soo saaray amar fulineed oo lagu xayirayo hantida Japan. Maraykanka iyo Britain ayaa ka jaray saliida iyo biraha qashinka ah ee Japan. Radhabinod Pal, oo ah sharci-yaqaan Hindi ah oo ka tirsanaa maxkamadda dambiyada dagaalka dagaalka ka dib, ayaa cunaqabateyntan u arkay khatar daandaansi la saadaalin karo oo ku wajahan Japan.[xxiv]

Bishii Agoosto 7, 1941, Japan Time Advertiser ayaa qoray: "Ugu horreyntii waxaa jiray abuurid shucuur ah oo Singapore ah, oo si xoog leh u xoojiyay ciidamada Britishka iyo Boqortooyada. Diyaaradan ayaa waxaa la dhisey muraayad weyn oo lala xiriiriyay saldhigyo Maraykan ah si ay u sameeyaan meel fara badan oo laga soo galo koonfur galbeed iyo galbeedka oo ka yimaada Filibiin iyada oo loo marayo Malaya iyo Burma, iyadoo xiriirku uu jabiyay kali-taliska Thailand. Hadda waxaa la soo jeediyay in lagu daro dariiqyada ku yaal xeryaha, taas oo u socota Rangoon. "[xxv]

Bishii Ogosto 12, 1941, Roosevelt wuxuu si qarsoodi ah ula kulmay Churchill ee Newfoundland (isaga oo iska indhatiraya codsigii Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Japan ee shir) wuxuuna sameeyay Axdiga Atlantic, kaas oo qeexaya dagaalka ujeeddadiisu tahay dagaal aan Maraykanku weli si rasmi ah u ahayn. in. Churchill ayaa ka codsaday Roosevelt inuu si degdeg ah ugu biiro dagaalka, laakiin wuu diiday. Kulankaan qarsoodiga ah ka dib, 18-kii Ogosto^th, Churchill ayaa dib ugula kulmay golihiisa wasiirada 10 Downing Street ee London. Churchill ayaa u sheegay golihiisa wasiirada, sida laga soo xigtay daqiiqadaha: “Madaxwaynaha [Mareykanku] wuxuu sheegay inuu dagaal qaadi doono laakiin uusan ku dhawaaqin, iyo inuu noqon doono mid sii kicin kara. Haddii Jarmalku aanu jeclayn, waxay weerari karaan ciidamada Maraykanka. Wax walba waxay ahayd in la sameeyo si loo qasbo 'dhacdo' keeni karta dagaal."[xxvi]

Churchill ka dib (Janaayo 1942) wuxuu ka hadlay Aqalka Baarlamaanka: "Waxay ahayd siyaasadda Golaha Wasiirrada kharash kasta si looga fogaado isku-duubnida Japan ilaa aan hubinno in Maraykanku sidoo kale ku hawlan yahay. . . Dhanka kale suurtogalnimada, tan iyo shirkii Atlantic ee aan arrimahan kala hadlay Madaxweyne Roosevelt, in United Slates, xitaa haddii aan la isku weerarin, ay ku soo galaan dagaalka Bariga Fog, sidaas darteedna guushii ugu dambeysay ayaa la xaqiijiyay, waxa ay u muuqatay in ay meesha ka saartay qaar ka mid ah welwelka, rajadaasna ma aysan beenin dhacdooyinka."

Daacaayad Ingiriis ayaa sidoo kale ku dooday ilaa ugu yaraan 1938 si ay u isticmaalaan Japan si ay u keenaan Maraykanka dagaalka.[xxvii] Shirkii Atlantic ee Ogosto 12, 1941, Roosevelt wuxuu u xaqiijiyay Churchill in Maraykanku uu keeni doono cadaadis dhaqaale si uu u qaado Japan.[xxviii] Toddobaad gudihiis, dhab ahaantii, Guddiga Difaaca Dhaqaalaha wuxuu bilaabay cunaqabatayn dhaqaale.[xxix] Bishii Sebtembar 3, 1941, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda ee Maraykanku waxay u dirtay Japan dalab ah inay aqbasho mabda'a "aan carqaladayn xaaladda Pacific", taas oo macnaheedu yahay joojinta u beddelashada gumeysiga Yurub ee gumeysiga Japan.[xxx] Bishii Sebtembar 1941 saxaafadda Japan ayaa ka careysiisay in Maraykanku uu bilawday maraakiibta shidaalka ee Japan horay u gaadhay. Japan, wargeysyadeeda ayaa sheegay, in dhimashada gaabis ah ay ka timid "dagaal dhaqaale."[xxxi] Bishii Sebtembar, 1941, Roosevelt wuxuu ku dhawaaqay siyaasad "toogga aragga" ee ku wajahan maraakiibta Jarmalka ama Talyaaniga ee ku sugan biyaha Maraykanka.

GOLAHA IIBKA DAGAALKA

Oktoobar 27, 1941, Roosevelt ayaa khudbad jeediyay[xxxii]:

“Shan bilood ka hor caawa waxaan u sheegay dadka Mareykanka inay jirto xaalad degdeg ah oo aan xadidneyn. Wixii intaa ka dambeeyay wax badan ayaa dhacay. Ciidankeena iyo ciidamadeena badda waxay si ku meel gaar ah ugu sugan yihiin Iceland iyagoo difaacaya Hemisphere Galbeed. Hitler waxa uu weerar ku qaaday maraakiibta mara meelaha ku dhow Ameerika ee waqooyiga iyo koonfurta Atlantic. Maraakiib ganacsi oo badan oo Maraykanku leeyahay ayaa ku degtay badda sare. Hal burburiye oo Maraykan ah ayaa la weeraray bishii Sebtembar afartii. Burburiyaha kale ayaa la weeraray oo wuxuu ku dhacay Oktoobar toddoba iyo tobnaad. Kow iyo toban nin oo geesiyaal ah oo daacad u ahaa ciidamadeena badda ayaa Naasigu dilay. Waxaan rabnay inaan ka fogaanno toogasho. Balse rasaasta ayaa bilaabatay. Waxaana taariikhdu xustay cidda ridday xabbadii ugu horreysay. Mustaqbalka fog, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa kaliya ee muhiim noqon doona waa cidda riday rasaastii ugu dambeysay. Ameerika waa la weeraray. The USS Kearny kaliya maaha markab ciidan badeed. Waxay iska leedahay nin, naag iyo ilmo kasta oo qarankan ah. Illinois, Alabama, California, North Carolina, Ohio, Louisiana, Texas, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Arkansas, New York, Virginia - kuwani waa gobolada ay ka soo jeedaan dadkii dhintay iyo kuwa dhaawacmay. Kearny. Torpedo-ka Hitler waxa lagu hagayay qof kasta oo Maraykan ah haddii uu ku nool yahay xeebaheenna badda iyo haddii uu ku nool yahay dalka ugu hooseeya ee qaranka, kana fog badaha oo ka fog qoryaha iyo taangiyada guutooyinka socda ee doonaya in ay noqdaan kuwa adduunka ka adkaanaya. Ujeedada weerarka Hitler waxay ahayd inuu dadka Maraykanka ka cabsi geliyo badaha sare - si uu noogu qasbo in aanu samayno gariir. Tani maaha markii ugu horeysay ee uu si khaldan u xukumo ruuxa Maraykanka. Ruuxaasi hadda wuu kacay.

Markabku wuxuu degay Sebtembar 4-teedii wuxuu ahaa Greer. Madaxa howlgallada ciidamada badda Mareykanka Harold Stark ayaa ka hor sheegay guddiga arrimaha badda ee golaha senetka in Greer Waxa ay daba socotay markab Jarmal ah oo ay ku wareejinaysay diyaarad Ingiriis ah, taas oo hoos u dhigtay eedaymaha qoto dheer ee markabka hoostiisa iyada oo aan lagu guulaysan. Kadib saacado ay daba socdeen Greer, badda hoosteeda ayaa rogtay oo rasaas ku riday.

Markabku wuxuu degay 17-kii Oktoobar, ee Kearny, waxay ahayd ku celiskii Greer. Waxaa laga yaabaa inay si qarsoodi ah u lahaan jirtay ruux kasta oo Maraykan ah iyo wixii la mid ah, laakiin ma ahayn mid aan waxba galabsan. Waxay ka qaybqaadanaysay dagaal uusan Maraykanku si rasmi ah u gelin, in shacabka Maraykanku si weyn uga soo horjeesteen in la galo, balse uu madaxweynaha Maraykanku aad u hamuun qabay. Madaxweynahaas oo hadalkiisa sii wata ayaa yiri:

"Haddii siyaasadeena qaranku ay gacanta ku hayso cabsida rasaasta, markaa dhammaan maraakiibtayada iyo kuwa Jamhuuriyadeena walaalaha ah waa in lagu xidhaa dekedaha guriga. Ciidankeena baddu waa in ay si xushmad leh-u-daba-joog ah uga dambeeyaan khad kasta oo uu Hitler ku xukumi karo bad kasta oo ah nooca uu isagu leeyahay ee aagga dagaal ee uu isagu leeyahay. Dabiici ahaan waanu diidnay taladaas maan-galnimada iyo cayda ah. Waxaan u diidnay danteena gaarka ah, sababtoo ah ixtiraamkeenna nafteena, sababtoo ah, ugu badan, iimaankeena wanaagsan. Xorriyadda baddu hadda, sidii ay weligeed ahaan jirtay, waa siyaasadda aasaasiga ah ee dawladdaada iyo taydaba”.

Dooddan istish-haadiga ahi waxay ku xidhan tahay in la iska yeelyeelo maraakiib aan waxba galabsan oo aan dagaalka ka qaybqaadanneen la soo weeraray, qofka sharaftiisana ay ku xidhan tahay in maraakiib dagaal loo diro badaha aduunka. Waa dadaal hufan oo lagu qoslo in lagu maroorsado dadweynaha, taas oo Roosevelt runtii ay ahayd in uu bixiyo royalties-yada dacaayadaha WWI. Hadda waxaan u nimid sheegashada ah in Madaxwaynuhu uu u maleeyay in uu kiiskiisa dagaal ku soo afjari doono. Waa kiis ku salaysan xaqiiqo been abuur ah oo Ingiriis ah, taas oo ka dhigaysa aragti ahaan suurtogal ah in Roosevelt dhab ahaantii rumaystay waxa uu yidhi:

"Hitler waxa uu inta badan ka mudaaharaaday in qorshihiisa qabsashadiisa aanay ku fidin badweynta Atlantic. Laakin ciidamadiisii ​​iyo kuwii soo weerarayba waxay caddeeyeen si kale. Sidaas oo kale nakhshadeynta nidaamka cusub ee adduunka. Tusaale ahaan, waxa aan gacanta ku hayaa khariidad sir ah oo ay ku samaysay Jarmalka oo ay samaysay dawladii Hitler - oo ay sameeyeen qorshayaasha nidaamka cusub ee aduunka. Waa khariidadda Koonfurta Ameerika iyo qayb ka mid ah Ameerikada dhexe, sida uu Hitler u soo jeediyay in dib loo habeeyo. Maanta meeshan waxaa jira afar iyo toban waddan oo kala duwan. Khubarada juquraafi ee Berlin, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay si naxariis darro ah u baabi'iyeen dhammaan xadadka xuduudaha ee jira; waxayna Koonfurta Ameerika u qaybiyeen shan dawladood oo vassal ah, oo qaarada oo dhan hoos geeyey xukunkooda. Oo waxay sidoo kale u habeeyeen in dhulka mid ka mid ah dawladaha cusub ee puppet ay ka mid yihiin Jamhuuriyadda Panama iyo khadka nolosheenna weyn - Panama Canal. Kaasi waa qorshihiisa. Weligeed dhaqan geli mayso. Khariidaddani waxay caddaynaysaa naqshadda Nazi-ga kaliya maaha ka dhanka ah Koonfurta Ameerika laakiin ka dhanka ah Maraykanka laftiisa. "

Roosevelt waxa uu tafatiray hadalkan si uu meesha uga saaro caddaynta dhabnimada khariidada. Wuxuu diiday inuu maabka tuso warbaahinta iyo dadweynaha. Ma uusan sheegin halka ay khariidadu ka timid, sida uu ugu xidhay Hitler, ama sida ay u muujisay naqshad ka dhan ah Maraykanka, ama - arrinkaas - sida laga yaabo in mid ka mid ah uu u gooyay Latin America oo aan lagu darin Panama.

Markii uu noqday Ra'iisul Wasaaraha 1940-kii, Churchill wuxuu sameeyay hay'ad la yiraahdo Isku-dubbaridka Amniga Ingiriiska (BSC) iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in la isticmaalo khiyaano wasakh ah oo lagama maarmaanka ah si uu Maraykanku u galo dagaalka. BSC waxaa ka baxay saddex dabaq oo ka mid ah Xarunta Rockefeller Center ee New York oo uu lahaa nin Canadian ah oo lagu magacaabo William Stephenson - moodeelka James Bond, sida uu sheegay Ian Fleming. Waxay maamushay idaacad u gaar ah, WRUL, iyo wakaalad saxafada, Wakaalada Wararka ee Overseas News Agency (ONA). Boqolaalka ama kumaankunka shaqaalaha BSC, oo uu markii danbe ku jiray Roald Dahl, waxay ku mashquulsanaayeen inay been abuur u diraan warbaahinta Maraykanka, iyagoo abuuraya xiddigiyayaal si ay u saadaaliyaan dhimashada Hitler, iyo abuurista warar been abuur ah oo ku saabsan hub cusub oo British ah. Roosevelt wuxuu si fiican uga warqabay shaqada BSC, si la mid ah FBI-da.

Sida laga soo xigtay William Boyd, sheeko-yaqaan ah oo baadhay wakaaladda, "BSC waxay soo saartay ciyaar cajiib ah oo loo yaqaan 'Vik' - ' madadaalo cusub oo soo jiidasho leh oo loogu talagalay dadka jecel dimuqraadiyadda '. Kooxaha ciyaartoyda Vik ee USA oo dhan waxay keeneen dhibco iyadoo ku xiran heerka xishoodka iyo xanaaqa ay sababeen taageerayaasha Nazi-ga. Ciyaartoyda ayaa lagu booriyay in ay sameeyaan cadaadisyo yaryar oo isdaba joog ah - wicitaanno 'lambar khaldan' ah oo joogto ah habeenkii; Jiir dhintay oo lagu tuuray haamo biyo ah; dalbashada hadiyado dhib badan in la keeno, lacag caddaan ah oo la geeyo, ciwaannada la beegsanayo; xajinta taayirada baabuurta; shaqaaleysiinta fannaaniinta waddooyinka si ay ugu ciyaaraan 'God Save the King' oo ka baxsan guryaha Naasiyiinta, iyo wixii la mid ah."[xxxiii]

Ivar Bryce, oo ahaa Walter Lippman seeddigiis iyo saaxiibkii Ian Fleming, wuxuu u shaqeeyay BSC, 1975-kii wuxuu daabacay xusuus-qor uu ku sheegayo inuu halkaas ku soo saaray qabyo-qoraalka ugu horreeya ee khariidadda Nazi-ga ah ee Roosevelt, kaas oo uu markaa ansixiyay Stephenson iyo loo diyaariyey in ay dawladda Maraykanku ku hesho sheeko been abuur ah oo ku saabsan halka ay ka timid.[xxxiv] Haddii FBI iyo/ama Roosevelt ay khiyaamada ku jireen ma cadda. Dhammaan waxyaalihii cajiibka ahaa ee ay jiidayeen wakiillada "caqliga" sannadihii la soo dhaafay, tani waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu guulaha badan, haddana ugu yar ee la buun buuniyay, sida Ingiriisku u malaynayo inuu yahay xulafada Maraykanka. Akhristayaasha buugaagta iyo daawadayaasha filimada Maraykanka ayaa hadhow hantidooda u tuuri doona inay u bogaan James Bond, xitaa haddii qaabkiisa nolosha dhabta ah uu isku dayay inuu ku khiyaaneeyo dagaalka ugu xun ee abid dunida la arko.

Dabcan, Jarmalku waxa uu la daalaa dhacayey dagaal hor leh oo uu la galay Midowgii Soofiyeeti, kuma uu dhiiran in uu ku duulo Ingiriiska. La wareegidda Koonfurta Ameerika ma dhacayso. Ma jiraan wax diiwaan ah oo ku saabsan khariidadda xishoodka ah oo waligeed ka soo baxay Jarmalka, iyo mala-awaalka ah in si uun ay u jiri karto hooska runta waxay u muuqataa mid si gaar ah u cidhiidhiday macnaha qaybta xigta ee hadalka Roosevelt, kaas oo uu ku andacoonayo inuu haysto dukumeenti kale sidoo kale waligiis qofna ma tusin oo laga yaabo in aan waligiis jirin, oo nuxurka ku jira xitaa aan macquul ahayn:

“Dawladdaadu waxay gacanta ku haysaa dukumeenti kale oo ay ku samaysay Jarmalka oo ay samaysay dawladdii Hitler. Waa qorshe faahfaahsan, kaas oo, sababo cad awgood, Naasiyiintu ma jeclayn oo ma rabaan inay shaaciyaan weli, laakiin taas oo ay diyaar u yihiin inay ku soo rogaan - wax yar ka dib - adduun la xukumo - haddii Hitler ku guuleysto. Waa qorshe lagu baabi'inayo dhammaan diimaha jira - Protestant, Catholic, Mohammedan, Hindu, Buddhist, iyo Yuhuudda si isku mid ah. Hantida kaniisadaha oo dhan waxaa la wareegi doona Reich iyo boombalaasheeda. Iskutallaabta iyo dhammaan calaamadaha kale ee diinta waa mamnuuc. Wadaaddada waa in weligood lagu aamuso iyada oo lagu xukumayo ciqaabta kaamamka ciqaabta, halkaas oo xitaa hadda rag badan oo aan cabsi lahayn lagu jirdilo sababtoo ah waxay Ilaah ka sarreeyaan Hitler. Meesha kaniisadaha ilbaxnimadayada, waa in la sameeyaa Kaniisadda Naasiga Caalamiga ah - kaniisad ay u adeegi doonto af-yaqaannada ay soo dirto Dawladda Naasigu. Meesha Kitaabka Qudduuska ah, ereyada Mein Kampf ayaa lagu soo rogi doonaa oo lagu dhaqan gelin doonaa sida Qora Quduuska ah. Oo meeshii iskutallaabta Masiixa waxaa lagu dhejin doonaa laba calaamad - swastika iyo seef qaawan. Ilaaha Dhiiga iyo Birta leh ayaa buuxin doona booska Ilaaha Jacaylka iyo Naxariista. Aan si fiican uga fiirsado hadalkaas aan caawa sheegay.

Baahnayn in la sheego, tani kuma salaysnayn xaqiiqda; Diinta waxa si bareer ah loogu dhaqmi jiray dalalkii Naasigu xukumayey, xaaladaha qaarkood oo dib loo soo celiyey ka dib markii ay Soofiyeedku soo rogeen diin-laawayaashii, iyo billadaha uu Naasigu siin jiray taageerayaashooda ugu waaweyn ayaa loo qaabeeyey sida iskutallaabta. Laakin garoonka in lagu galo dagaal jacayl iyo naxariis ayaa ahaa taabasho wacan. Maalintii xigtay, wariye ayaa codsaday inuu arko khariidadda Roosevelt waana la diiday. Ilaa hadda inta aan ogahay, qofna xitaa ma codsan inuu arko dukumeentigan kale. Waxaa suurtogal ah in dadku ay fahmeen in tani aysan ahayn sheegashada dhabta ah ee ah in ay haystaan ​​dukumeenti dhab ah, laakiin halkii ay ka ilaalin lahaayeen diinta quduuska ah ee sharka - maaha wax lagu waydiiyo shaki ama halis. Roosevelt oo hadalkiisa sii wata ayaa yidhi:

"Xaqiiqooyinkan naxdinta leh ee aan kuu sheegay qorshaha hadda iyo mustaqbalka ee Hitler ayaa dabcan si kulul loo diidi doonaa caawa iyo berrito saxaafadda la xakameeyey iyo raadiyaha Axis Powers. Qaar ka mid ah dadka Maraykanka ah - oo aan badnayn - waxay sii wadi doonaan inay ku adkaystaan ​​​​in qorshayaasha Hitler aanay u baahnayn in ay naga welwelaan - iyo in aynaan nafteena ka welwelin wax kasta oo ka baxsan qoryaha qoryaha ee xeebahayaga. Mudaaharaadyada muwaadiniintan Maraykanka ah - oo tiro yar - ayaa, sida caadiga ah, lagu sacab tumayn doonaa saxaafadda iyo raadiyaha Axis inta lagu guda jiro maalmaha soo socda, si looga dhaadhiciyo caalamka in badi dadka Maraykanku ay ka soo horjeedaan sida saxda ah ee loo doortay. Dawlada, iyo xaqiiqadu waxay sugayaan kaliya inay ku boodaan gaadhiga guutada Hitler marka ay sidan timaado. Ujeedada dadka Mareykanka ah ma ahan meesha laga hadlayo."

Maya, ujeedku wuxuu u muuqdaa inuu ahaa in dadka lagu soo koobo laba arrimood oo dagaal la galiyo.

Xaqiiqdu waxay tahay in dacaayadaha Nazi ay sii wadaan quusta si ay ula qabsadaan weedhahan go'doonsan ee caddaynaya kala qaybsanaanta Maraykanka. Naasigu waxay sameeyeen liis u gaar ah oo ah geesiyaal Maraykan ah oo casri ah. Waa, nasiib wanaag, liis gaaban. Waan ku faraxsanahay inuusan magacayga ku jirin. Dhammaanteen Americans, dhammaan fikradaha, waxaan wajahaynaa doorashada u dhexeeya nooca adduunka aan rabno in ay ku noolaadaan iyo nooca dunida ay Hitler iyo guutooyinkiisu ay nagu soo rogi doonaan. Midkeenna midna ma doonayo inuu dhulka hoostiisa ku dul noolaado oo uu mugdi guud ugu noolaado sida bar raaxo leh. Socodka hore ee Hitler iyo Hitlerismka waa la joojin karaa - waana la joojin doonaa. Aad u fudud oo aad u badheedh ah - waxaa naloo ballan qaaday in aan jiidhno seerkayaga burburinta Hitlerism. Markaan gacan ka geysannay inaan joojino habaarkii Hitler waxaan gacan ka geysan doonnaa inaan dhidibbada u taagno nabad cusub taasoo siin doonta dadka wanaagsan meel kasta oo ay joogaan fursad wanaagsan oo ay ku noolaadaan oo ay ku barwaaqoobaan ammaan iyo xorriyad iyo iimaan. Maalin kasta oo ay dhaafto waxaan soo saareynaa oo aan siinaa hub badan oo aan siinno ragga ku dagaalamaya furimaha dagaalka. Taasi waa hawshayada koowaad. Waana rabitaanka qaranka in hubkan muhiimka ah ee nooc kasta leh aan lagu xidhin dekedaha Maraykanka oo aan loo dirin gunta hoose ee badda. Waa rabitaanka qaranka in Ameerika uu keeno alaabta. Anagoo si cad u diidan dardaarankaas, maraakiibteena waa la quusiyay, badmaaxiintayadiina waa la laayay”.

Halkan Roosevelt wuxuu qirayaa in maraakiibta Maraykanka ee ku degtay Jarmalku ay ku hawlanaayeen taageerada dagaalka ka dhanka ah Jarmalka. Waxa uu u muuqdaa in uu rumaysan yahay in ay aad uga muhiimsan tahay in lagu qanciyo dadweynaha Maraykanka in ay mar hore dagaal ku jirtay halkii ay sii wadi lahayd sheegashada ah in maraakiibta la weeraray ay ahaayeen kuwo aan waxba galabsan.

DHAMAAD 1941

Dabayaaqadii Oktoobar, 1941-kii, basaaska Mareykanka Edgar Mowrer ayaa la hadlay nin ku sugan Manila oo la yiraahdo Ernest Johnson, oo xubin ka ahaa Guddiga Badaha, kaasoo sheegay inuu filayo "Japs-yadu waxay qaadan doonaan Manila ka hor intaanan bixi karin." Markii Mowrer uu yaabay, Johnson wuxuu ku jawaabay "Miyaadan ogayn in markabka Jap ay u dhaqaaqeen dhanka bari, iyadoo loo malaynayo inay weeraraan maraakiibteena Pearl Harbor?"[xxxv]

Bishii Noofambar 3, 1941, safiirkii Mareykanka ee Japan, Joseph Grew, wuxuu isku dayay - ma ahan markii ugu horeysay - inuu wax u sheego dowladdiisa, dawlad aan karti u lahayn inay fahmaan, ama si qarsoodi ah ugu hawlan qorshe dagaal, ama labadaba. , laakiin taas oo hubaal ah in aan xitaa ka fikirin ka shaqaynta nabadda. Grew wuxuu u diray telegram dheer oo uu uga digay Waaxda Arrimaha Dibedda in cunaqabataynta dhaqaale ee uu Maraykanku soo rogay ay ku qasbi karto Japan inay ku kacdo "hara-kiri qaran." Wuxuu qoray: "Colaad hubaysan oo lala galo Mareykanka waxaa laga yaabaa inay la timaado lama filaan khatar ah oo lama filaan ah."[xxxvi]

Buuga 2022 Diblomaasiyiin & Admirals, Dale A. Jenkins dukumentiyada soo noqnoqda, isku dayo quus ah ee Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Japan Fumimaro Konoe si loo helo qof-qof, kulan-hal-hal ah oo lala yeesho FDR si looga xaajoodo nabadda si ay dawladda Japan iyo milatarigu u aqbalaan. Jenkins waxa uu soo xigtay warqad Grew uu ku muujinayo in uu aaminsan yahay in tani ay shaqayn lahayd, haddii Maraykanku uu oggolaado kulanka. Jenkins waxa kale oo uu dukumentiyo ku sheegay in dadka rayidka ah ee Maraykanka (Hull, Stimson, Knowx), oo ka duwan hoggaamiyeyaasha millatariga Maraykanka, ay rumaysnaayeen in dagaal lala galo Japan uu noqon doono mid degdeg ah oo keenaya guul fudud. Jenkins ayaa sidoo kale muujinaysa in Hull ay saameyn ku yeesheen Shiinaha iyo Britain oo ka soo horjeeda wax kasta oo aan ahayn cadaawad dhan iyo cadaadiska Japan.

Bishii Noofambar 6, 1941, Japan waxay soo jeedisay heshiis ay la gasho Maraykanka oo ay ku jiraan qayb ka mid ah Jabbaan ka bixitaanka Shiinaha. Mareykanka ayaa diiday soo jeedinta 14-kii November^th.[xxxvii]

Noofambar 15, 1941, Taliyaha Ciidanka Mareykanka George Marshall ayaa warbaahinta uga warbixiyay wax aynaan xasuusan oo ah “Qorshaha Marshall”. Runtii ma xasuusanno haba yaraatee. "Waxaan diyaarineynaa dagaal weerar ah oo ka dhan ah Japan," ayuu yiri Marshall, isagoo weydiistay saxafiyiinta inay xafidaan sirta, taas oo inta aan ogahay inay si hufan u sameeyeen.[xxxviii] Marshall wuxuu u sheegay Congress-ka 1945 in Maraykanku uu bilaabay heshiisyada Anglo-Dutch-American ee tallaabo midaysan oo ka dhan ah Japan oo uu dhaqan galiyay ka hor Diisambar 7.^th.[xxxix]

Bishii Noofambar 20, 1941, Japan waxay soo jeedisay heshiis cusub oo Maraykanku la galo nabadda iyo iskaashiga labada waddan.[xl]

Noofambar 25, 1941, Xoghayaha Dagaalka Henry Stimson ayaa ku qoray xusuus-qorkiisa inuu la kulmay Xafiiska Oval ee Marshall, Madaxweyne Roosevelt, Xoghayaha Ciidanka Badda Frank Knox, Admiral Harold Stark, iyo Xoghayaha Dawladda Cordell Hull. Roosevelt waxa uu u sheegay in Jabbaan ay u badan tahay in ay dhawaan soo weeraraan, lagana yaabo in Isniinta soo socota, Diisambar 1, 1941. "Su'aashu," Stimson ayaa qoray, "waxa ay ahayd sida aan ugu leexin karno booska ay ku ridaan tallaalka ugu horreeya iyaga oo aan u oggolaan khatar badan. nafteena. Waxay ahayd soo jeedin adag.”

Noofambar 26, 1941, Maraykanku wuxuu sameeyay soo jeedin liddi ku ah soo jeedintii Japan lix maalmood ka hor.[xli] Soo jeedintan, oo mararka qaarkood loo yaqaanno Hull Note, marna Hull Ultimatum, Maraykanku wuxuu u baahday ka bixitaan dhammaystiran oo Japan ah Shiinaha, laakiin ma jiro ka bixitaan Maraykan ah oo Filibiin ah ama meel kale oo Pacific ah. Jabbaanku wuu diiday soo jeedinta. Labada waddan midkoodna, waxa uu u muuqdaa, in aanu dhaqaale fog ku gelin wada-xaajoodyadaas ay u diyaar garoobeen dagaal. Henry Luce ayaa tixraacay Life majaladda July 20, 1942, ee "Shiineyska oo Maraykanku u dhiibay ugu dambayntii keentay Pearl Harbor."[xlii]

"Dhamaadkii Nofembar," sida laga soo xigtay ra'yi ururinta Gallup, 52% dadka Maraykanka ah ayaa u sheegay Gallup ra'yiururinta in Maraykanku uu dagaal la geli doono Japan "mararka qaarkood mustaqbalka dhow."[xliii] Dagaalku lama yaabin in ka badan kala bar dalka, ama dawladda Maraykanka.

Noofambar 27, 1941, Rear Admiral Royal Ingersoll ayaa digniin dagaal u diray Japan afar talis oo ciidamada badda ah. Noofambar 28, Admiral Harold Rainsford Stark ayaa dib u soo diray iyada oo ay la socoto tilmaamihii lagu daray: "Hadii colaaduhu aysan soo celin karin lagama fogaan karo dowliga Mareykanka wuxuu rabnaa in JAPAN uu sameeyo falkii ugu horreeyay."[xliv] Noofambar 28, 1941, ku xigeenka Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr., wuxuu bixiyay awaamiir ah "in la soo rido wax kasta oo aan ku aragno cirka iyo in la qarxiyo wax kasta oo aan ku aragno badda."[xlv] Nofeembar 30, 1941, the Xayeysiiyaha Honolulu ayaa xanbaartay ciwaanka "Japan laga yaabaa in uu weeraro usbuuca dhamaadkiisa."[xlvi] Markay ahayd Disember 2, 1941, kii New York Times ayaa sheegtay in Japan "laga jaray 75 boqolkiiba ganacsigeeda caadiga ah xannibaadda Allied."[xlvii] Qoraal ka kooban 20 bog 4-tii Diseembar, 1941, Xafiiska Sirdoonka Badda ayaa ka digay, "Iyadoo la filayo iskahorimaad furan oo dalkan lala galo, Japan waxay si xooggan uga faa'iideysaneysaa wakaalad kasta oo la heli karo si ay u sugto macluumaadka militariga, badda iyo ganacsiga, iyadoo si gaar ah isha loogu hayo Xeebta Galbeed, Kanaalka Panama, iyo Dhulka Hawaii."[xlviii]

Bishii Disembar 1, 1941, Admiral Harold Stark Admiral Harold Stark, Madaxa Hawlgallada Badda, soo diray radiogram Ku socota Admiral Thomas C. Hart, Taliyaha Guud ee Markabka Asiatic Fleet ee Maraykanka ee fadhigiisu yahay Manila, Filibiin: “MADAXWEYNUHU waxa uu farayaa in waxa soo socda la sameeyo sida ugu dhakhsaha badan ee suurtogalka ah iyo laba maalmood gudahood, haddii ay suurtogal tahay ka dib marka la helo rafcaankan. Axdiga Seddexda maraakib yaryar si loo sameeyo Xigasho XOG-DIFAAC AH oo Ilaali ah. SHURUUDAHA UGU YAR EE LAGU SAMEEYO AQOONSIGA SIDA MAREYKANKA RAGGA AH EE MAREYKANKA uu amrey sarkaalka ciidamada badda iyo in ay ku dhuftaan qori yar iyo hal qori oo mishiinka ah ayaa ku filan. Shaqaalaha FILIPINO waxaa laga yaabaa in lagu shaqaaleysiiyo qiimeynta ugu yar ee ciidamada badda si ay u xaqiijiyaan ujeeddada taasoo ah in ay u kuurgalaan oo ay ka warbixiyaan dhaq-dhaqaaqyada RADIO JAPAN EE BADDA GALBEEDKA SHIINAHA IYO GALIGA SIAM. HAL MARKAB OO LAGU DHEXEEYO HAYNAAN IYO HUE ONE MUUQAAL KA FOOL XEEBTA INDO-CHINA EE U DHAXeysa CAMRANH BAY IYO CAPE ST. JACQUES IYO HAL MUUQAAL KA BAXAY POINTE DE CAMAU. ISTICMAALKA Isabel MADAXWEYNUHU WUXUU U Oggolaaday Saddaxda Markab Mid Ka Mid Ah Balse Uma Ogolaan Doonta Maraakibta Kale Ee Badda. Ka warbixi tillaabooyinka la qaaday si loo fuliyo aragtida MADAXWEYNAHA. ISLA MARKAANA IGU OGAYSII WAXA TABABBARKA SAHINTAYNTA SI JOOGTADA AH LOOGU SAMEEYO BADDA CIIDANKA IYO CIIDANKA BADDA HADDII AY YIHIIN MUUQAALKA DUQA HAWADA AMA MARXUUMKA IYO RA'YIGADA AAD KA HAYSID WAXYAABAHA HALKAAS HOOSE AH. SIRTA SARE.”

Mid ka mid ah weelasha la siiyay shaqada kore, ah Lanikai, waxaa kabtanka u ahaa nin lagu magacaabo Kemp Tolley, kaas oo markii dambe qoray buug soo bandhigaya caddaynta in FDR ay ugu talagashay maraakiibtan sida sed, rajaynaya in ay soo weeraraan Japan. (The Lanikai waxa uu isku diyaarinayay in uu sameeyo sidii la amray markii Japan ay weerartay Pearl Harbor Rear Admiral Tolley oo hawlgab ah ayaa dhintay 2000. Laga soo bilaabo 1949 ilaa 1952, waxa uu ahaa agaasimaha qaybta sirdoonka ee Kulliyada Shaqaalaha Ciidanka Qalabka Sida ee Norfolk, Virginia. Sannadkii 1992-kii, waxa la galiyay Hoolka Fame ee Ku-xigeenka Difaaca ee Washington. 1993-kii, waxaa lagu sharfay Aqalka Cad ee Rose Garden oo uu madaxweyne Bill Clinton siiyay. Bust bronze ah oo Admiral Tolley ah ayaa laga taagay Akadeemiyada Badda ee Maraykanka si loogu sharfo. Waxaas oo dhan waxaad ka heli kartaa dib loo tiriyey Wikipedia, iyada oo aan la sheegin in Tolley uu waligiis hal kalmad ka sheegay in loo qoondeeyay hawlgal is-miidaamin ah si uu u caawiyo bilawga WWII. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, geeridiisa ku jirta Baltimore Sun iyo Washington Post Labaduba waxay soo sheegaan sheegashihiisa aasaasiga ah iyagoon ku darin hal kelmad oo ku saabsan in xaqiiqadu ay taageersan tahay iyo in kale. Ereyo badan oo ku saabsan su'aashaas, waxaan kula talinayaa buugga Tolley, oo ay daabacday machadka Badda ee Annapolis, Maryland, Cruise of the Lanikai: Kicinta Dagaalka.

December 4, 1941, wargeysyada, oo ay ku jiraan Chicago Tribune, daabacay qorshaha FDR ee ku guuleysiga dagaalka. Waxaan qoray buugaag iyo maqaallo mawduucan ku saabsan sannado badan ka hor intaanan ku turunturoobin tuducan buugga Andrew Cockburn ee 2021, Khasaaraha Dagaalka: "

"[T] Thanks to fiidki ka dhigaya muujinta Edward Snowden inay u muuqdaan kuwo aan waxtar lahayn marka la barbardhigo, faahfaahinta buuxda ee 'Qorshaha Guusha' ayaa ka soo muuqday bogga hore ee go'doominta Chicago Tribune maalmo ka hor weerarkii Japan. Shaki ayaa ku dhacay jeneraal ka tirsan Ciidanka oo lagu eedeeyay in uu la dhacsan yahay Jarmalka. Laakiin TribuneMadaxii xafiiska Washington ee wakhtigaas, Walter Trojan, wuxuu ii sheegay sanado ka hor inay ahayd taliyaha Air Corps, Gen. Henry “Hap” Arnold, kaasoo xogta u gudbiyay senatar adag. Arnold waxa uu rumaysnaa in qorshuhu uu wali aad ugu bakhaylay qaybinta agabka adeeggiisa, sidaas darteedna looga golleeyahay in lagu sumcad-dilo markii uu dhasho.

Shantan sawir ayaa ka kooban Tribune maqaal:

Qorshaha guusha, sida laga soo xigtay halkan, ayaa inta badan ku saabsan Jarmalka: ku hareeraysan 5 milyan oo askari oo Maraykan ah, oo laga yaabo in badan oo kale, oo dagaalamaya ugu yaraan 2 sano. Japan waa labaad, laakiin qorshayaasha waxaa ka mid ah xannibaad iyo duullaan xagga hawada ah. The Tribune xigashooyin buuxa Julaay 9, 1941, warqad ka timid Roosevelt ee kor lagu sheegay. Barnaamijka guusha waxa ka mid ah ujeedooyinka dagaalka Maraykanka ee ah in la taageero Boqortooyada Ingiriiska iyo ka hortagga fidinta Boqortooyada Japan. Erayga "Yuhuud" kuma jiro. Dagaalkii Mareykanka ee Yurub waxaa la qorsheeyay Abriil 1942, sida laga soo xigtay "ilo lagu kalsoonaan karo" Tribune. The Tribune dagaal ka soo horjeeday oo nabadda door biday. Waxay ka difaacday Charles Lindbergh eedeymaha naxariista Nazi, kaas oo uu dhab ahaantii lahaa. Laakin qofna, inta aan sheegi karo, waligeed isma waydiin saxnaanta warbixinta qorshaha Harbor-ka-hor-Pearl ee hawlgalada Maraykanka ee WWII.

Xigasho Si Aad iyo Aad Aan Waxaa qoray Jonathan Marshall: "Bishii Diseembar 5teedii, Taliyayaasha Shaqaalaha Ingiriiska waxay ku wargeliyeen Sir Robert Brooke-Popham, taliyaha Ciidanka Cirka ee Royal ee Malaya, in Maraykanku uu taageero milatari u fidiyay haddii Japan ay weerarto dhulka Ingiriiska ama Nederland East Indies; Ballanqaad isku mid ah ayaa lagu dabaqay haddii Ingiriisku uu fuliyo qorshaha kadiska ah ee MATADOR. Qorshaha dambe waxa uu bixiyay weerar Ingiriis ah oo horudhac ah si uu u qabsado Kra Isthmus haddii ay dhacdo in Japan ka soo horjeedo wax kasta oo qayb ka mid ah Thailand. Maalintii xigtay Capt. John Creighton, u qaybsanaha ciidamada badda ee Maraykanka ee Singapore, cabled Admiral Hart, taliyaha guud ee ciidamada Maraykanka ee Asiatic Fleet, si uu ugu wargaliyo warkan: "Brooke-Popham waxa uu Sabtidii ka helay Waaxda Dagaalka London Quote We have Hadda waxa aanu helnay dammaanad qaadka taageerada hubaysan ee Maraykanka xaaladaha soo socda: a) waxa waajib nagu ah in aanu fulino qorshayaashayada aanu kaga hortagayno soo degista Japs ee Isthmus of Kra ama aanu ka jawaabno duulaanka Nips ee qayb kasta oo kale oo ka mid ah Siam XX b) hadii Indies Dutch-ka la soo weeraro oo annagu u tag difaacooda XX c) haddii Japs ay nagu soo weeraraan Ingiriiska XX Sidaa darteed iyada oo aan la tixraacin London qorshe u dejiso haddii marka hore aad hayso macluumaad wanaagsan oo socdaalka Jap ah oo sii socda iyada oo ujeedadu tahay inay ku degto Kra labaad haddii Nips ay ku xad gudubto qayb ka mid ah Thailand Para Haddii NEI la soo weeraro la geliyo qorshayaal ay ku heshiiyeen Ingiriiska iyo Nederlaan. Xigasho la'aan." Marshall wuxuu soo xigtay: "Dhageysiyada PHA, X, 5082-5083," taasoo la micno ah dhageysiyada Kongareeska ee Weerarkii Pearl Harbor. Macnaha tani waxay u muuqataa mid cad: Ingiriisku wuxuu rumaysnaa in loo xaqiijiyay in Maraykanku ku biiray dagaalka Japan uu weeraray Maraykanka ama haddii Japan ay weerarto Ingiriiska ama haddii Japan ay weerarto Holland ama haddii Ingiriisku weeraray Japan.

Laga bilaabo Diisambar 6, 1941, ma jirin ra'yi ururin laga helay taageerada dadweynaha Maraykanku si ay u galaan dagaalka.[xlix] Laakiin Roosevelt wuxuu horey u dejiyay qabyo-qoraalka, wuxuu dhaqaajiyay Ilaalada Qaranka, wuxuu abuuray ciidan weyn oo laba badood ah, wuxuu ka ganacsan jiray burburiyaasha hore ee Ingiriiska si uu ugu beddelo kiraynta saldhigyadeeda Kariibiyaanka iyo Bermuda, wuxuu siiyay diyaarado iyo tababarayaal iyo duuliyeyaal Shiinaha, lagu soo rogay cunaqabatayn adag oo lagu soo rogay Japan, waxay kula talisay millatariga Maraykanka in dagaal lala galo Japan uu bilaabmay, iyo - 11 maalmood ka hor weerarkii Japan - si qarsoodi ah ayaa loo amray in la sameeyo liiska qof kasta oo Japanese iyo Japanese-American ah oo ku nool Maraykanka. (Hurray tignoolajiyada IBM!)

Diisambar 7, 1941, ka dib weerarkii Japan, Madaxweyne Roosevelt wuxuu ku dhawaaqay dagaal ka dhan ah Japan iyo Jarmalka labadaba, laakiin wuxuu go'aansaday inaysan shaqaynayn oo uu la socday Japan oo keliya. December 8^thCongress-ka ayaa u codeeyay dagaal ka dhan ah Japan, iyadoo Jeanette Rankin ay dhiibtay kaliya wax cod ah.

KHILAAF IYO LA’AAN

Robert Stinnett Maalinta Shilalka: Xaqiiqda ku saabsan FDR iyo Pearl Harbor waa muran ka dhex jira taariikhyahannada, oo ay ku jirto sheegashooyinkeeda ku saabsan aqoonta Mareykanka ee koodka Jabbaan iyo isgaarsiinta Jabbaan ee summadaysan. U malayn maayo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, in mid ka mid ah qodobbada soo socda uu noqon doono mid muran dhaliyay:

1. Xogta aan hore u soo bandhigay ayaa ah mid aad ugu filan in la aqoonsado in Maraykanku aanu ahayn qof aan waxba galabsan oo la weeraray si ka baxsan buluug ama xisbi ku hawlan samaynta dadaal dhan walba ah oo loogu talagalay nabadda iyo xasilloonida.
2. Stinnett waa sax in uu geliyay dadaalka uu ku doonayo inuu ku kala saaro oo uu sameeyo dukumiintiyada dawladda, iyo in aysan jiri karin cudurdaar wanaagsan oo loogu talagalay Hay'adda Amniga Qaranka oo sii wadi doonta in ay sii wado tiro badan oo ka mid ah faragelinta ciidamada badda Japan si qarsoodi ah 1941-kii faylalka Badda ee Maraykanka.[l]

In kasta oo Stinnett uu aaminsan yahay in natiijooyinkiisii ​​ugu muhiimsanaa ay kaliya ka dhigeen xaashida 2000 ee buugiisa, New York Times Dib u eegis uu sameeyay Richard Bernstein ee daboolka adag ee 1999 ayaa lagu xusay sida ciriiriga ah uu u qeexayo su'aalaha weli shakiga ku jiro:[li]

"Taariikhyahanada Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka guud ahaan waxay isku raaceen in Roosevelt uu rumaysnaa in dagaal lala galo Japan uu ahaa lama huraan iyo in uu doonayay in Japan ay riddo tallaalka ugu horreeya. Waxa uu Stinnett sameeyay, isaga oo ka duulaya fikradaas, waxa uu ururinayaa caddaynta dokumentiga ah ee saamaynaysa in Roosevelt, si loo hubiyo in tallaalka ugu horreeya uu yeelan doono saamayn naxdin leh, si ula kac ah uga tago Maraykanka difaac la'aan. . . .

Doodda Stinnett ee ugu xooggan uguna dhibka badan waxay la xiriirtaa mid ka mid ah sharraxaadaha caadiga ah ee ku aaddan guusha Japan ee ilaalinta weerarka soo socda ee Pearl Harbor sir ah: taas oo ah in ciidanka hawl-wadeennada diyaaradaha ee soo saaray ay sii adkeeyeen aamusnaanta raadiyaha saddexdii toddobaad ee ka horreeyay Dec. 7 oo sidaas darteed looga fogaado in la ogaado. Run ahaantii, Stinnett ayaa qoray, Japanese-ku si joogto ah u jebiyeen aamusnaanta raadiyaha xitaa sida Maraykanku, iyaga oo isticmaalaya farsamooyinka raadiyaha raadiyaha, waxay awoodeen inay raacaan maraakiibta Japan markii ay u socdeen Hawaii. . . .

"Waa suurtogal in Stinnett uu ku saxan yahay arrintan; waxa hubaal ah in walxaha uu soo saaray ay tahay in taariikhyahano kale dib u eegaan. Haddana jiritaanka sirdoonku ma caddaynayo in sirdoonku uu galay gacmihii saxda ahaa ama in si degdeg ah oo sax ah loo fasiri lahaa.

"Gaddis Smith, oo ah taariikhyahan ka tirsan jaamacadda Yale, ayaa arrintan ka hadlay ee ku saabsan guul-darrida ka dhanka ah Filibiin ee ka dhanka ah weerarka Japan, inkastoo ay jireen macluumaad badan oo muujinaya in weerarkan uu soo socdo. Qofna, xitaa Stinnett, ma rumaysna in ay jirtay hakin ulakac ah oo macluumaadka taliyaha Mareykanka ee Filibiin, Douglas MacArthur. Macluumaadka la hayo ayaa ahaa sabab uun looma isticmaalin.

“Buuggeeda 1962-kii, Pearl Harbor: Digniin iyo Go'aan, Taariikhyahan Roberta Wohlstetter waxay isticmaashay ereyga static si ay u aqoonsato jahawareerka, iswaafaqla'aanta, hubaal la'aanta guud ee saamaysay ururinta sirdoonka dagaalka ka hor. In kasta oo Stinnett uu u maleynayo in macluumaadka ugu badan ee hadda u muuqda inay muhiim yihiin ay si degdeg ah u heli lahaayeen wakhtigaas, aragtida Wohlstetter ayaa ah in ay jirtay cadaymo aad u weyn oo caddayn ah, kumanaan dukumentiyo ah maalin kasta, iyo in xafiisyada sirdoonka ee aan shaqaynin iyo kuwa ka badanba laga yaabo in aysan si fudud u dhicin. si sax ah ayey u fasirteen waqtigaas."

Karti la'aan mise xumaan? Doodii caadiga ahayd. Dowladda Mareykanka miyay ku guuldareysatay inay ogaato xogta dhabta ah ee weerarka soo socda, sababtoo ah ma awoodo ama ma aysan dooneynin inay ogaadaan, ama ma aysan rabin in qaybo ka mid ah dowladda ay ogaadaan. Waa su'aal aad u xiiso badan, waana wax aad u fudud in la dhayalsado karti-darrada, iyo dhammaan aad u qancisa in la dhayalsado xumaanta. Laakiin su'aal kama taagna in dawladda Maraykanku ay garanaysay tilmaamaha guud ee weerarka soo socda oo ay si badheedh ah u dhaqmaysay sannado badan siyaabo suurtagal ah.

FILMIINKA

Sida buugga dib u eegista kor ku xusan, isla su'aasha ku saabsan faahfaahinta oggaanshaha hore iyo la'aanta su'aal kasta oo ku saabsan tilmaamaha guud ee ay khusayso Filibiin sida Pearl Harbor.

Dhab ahaantii, kiiska fal ula kac ah oo khiyaano qaran ah ayaa u fududaan lahayd taariikhyahanadu inay ku qiyaasaan ku saabsan Filibiin marka loo eego Hawaii, haddii ay sidaas u janjeeraan. "Pearl Harbor" waa gacan gaaban oo yaab leh. Saacado ka dib weerarkii Pearl Harbor - isla maalintaas laakiin farsamo ahaan December 8^th Khadka caalamiga ah awgiis, oo lix saacadood dib u dhac ku yimid cimiladu - Jabbaanku waxay weerar ku qaadeen ciidamada Maraykanka ee ku sugan dhulka Maraykanka ee Filibiin, iyagoo si buuxda u filayey inay si adag uga gudbaan, iyadoo la yaabban aanay noqon doonin arrin. Dhab ahaantii, Douglas MacArthur waxa la soo wacay 3:40 am wakhtiga Filibiin isaga oo uga digaya weerarka Pearl Harbor iyo baahida loo qabo in loo diyaar garoobo. Sagaalkii saacadood ee u dhexeeyey telifoonkaas iyo weerarkii Filibiin, MacArthur waxba ma samayn. Waxa uu ka tagay diyaaradihii Maraykanka oo saf ku jira oo sugaya, sidii maraakiibtu ku sugnaa Pearl Harbor. Natiijadii ka dhalatay weerarka lagu qaaday Filibiin waxay ahayd, sida ay sheegeen militariga Mareykanka, si la mid ah kii Hawaii. Maraykanka ayaa lumiyay 18 ka mid ah 35 B-17s iyo 90 diyaaradood oo kale, iyo qaar kaloo badan oo waxyeelo soo gaartay.[lii] Taas bedelkeeda, Pearl Harbor, inkastoo khuraafaadka ah in siddeed maraakiib dagaal la quusiyay, xaqiiqadu waxay tahay in aan midna lagu quusin karin deked gacmeed, laba ayaa laga dhigay mid aan shaqaynayn, lixna waa la dayactiray oo sii waday inay la dagaallamaan WWII.[liii]

Maanta oo kale 7 December^th / 8^th - iyadoo ku xiran booska khadka Taariikhda Caalamiga ah - Japan waxay weerartay gumeysigii Mareykanka ee Filibiin iyo Guam, oo lagu daray dhulalka Mareykanka ee Hawaii, Midway, iyo Wake, iyo sidoo kale gumeysigii Ingiriiska ee Malaya, Singapore, Honk Kong, iyo qaran madax banaan ee Thailand. Iyadoo weerarka Hawaii uu ahaa weerar hal mar ah oo dib-u-gurasho ah, meelo kale, Japan ayaa soo weerartay si isdaba-joog ah, xaaladaha qaarkoodna waa ay soo weerareen oo ay qabsadeen. Ku dhicista gacanta Japan toddobaadyada soo socda waxay noqon doontaa Filibiin, Guam, Wake, Malaya, Singapore, Hong Kong, iyo cidhifka galbeed ee Alaska. Dalka Filibiin, 16 milyan oo muwaadiniin Maraykan ah ayaa ku hoos dhacay gumaysigii arxan darada ahaa ee Japan. Kahor intaanay samaynin, qabsashadii Maraykanku waxa ay dhex galisay dad asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Japan, si la mid ah sidii lagu samayn jiray Maraykanka.[liv]

Isla markiiba weerarrada ka dib, warbaahinta Maraykanku ma ay ogayn in ay ahayd in lagu tilmaamo dhammaantood iyaga oo wata "Pearl Harbor", taas beddelkeedna waxay adeegsadeen magacyo iyo tilmaamo kala duwan. Qoraal qabyo ah oo khudbadiisa "maalintii sumcad xumada", Roosevelt wuxuu tixraacay Hawaii iyo Filibiin labadaba. In uu 2019 Sida loo Qari Boqortooyada, Daniel Immerwahr ayaa ku dooday in Roosevelt uu sameeyay dadaal kasta oo uu ku muujinayo weerarrada lagu qaaday Mareykanka. Halka dadka Filibiin iyo Guam ay dhab ahaantii ahaayeen muwaadiniin Boqortooyada Mareykanka, waxay ahaayeen dad khaldan. Filibiin guud ahaan waxa loo arkayay in aan ku filnayn in ay u caddahay dawladnimo iyo in ay waddo madax-bannaani suurtagal ah. Hawaii way ka sii cadayd, iyo sidoo kale ka dhawaa, iyo musharrax suurtagal ah ee dawladnimada mustaqbalka. Roosevelt wuxuu ugu dambeyntii doortay inuu Filibiin ka reebo qeybtaas khudbadiisa, isagoo ku celiyay hal shay oo liis dambe ah oo ay ku jiraan gumeysigii Ingiriiska, iyo inuu ku tilmaamo weerarrada inay ka dhaceen "Jasiiradda Mareykanka ee Oahu" - jasiirad ah oo Maraykanku leeyahay. waa, dabcan, ilaa maantadan la joogo dad badan oo Hawaii u dhashay ayaa ku muransan. Diirada waxaa lagu haayay Pearl Harbor ilaa iyo markaas, xitaa kuwa ay xiiseeyeen khaladka ama shirqoolka ka dambeeya weerarada.[lv]

KUSOO KORDHA MARKII HORE

Ma adka in laga fikiro waxyaalihii si ka duwan loo samayn karayey sannadihii iyo bilihii ka horreeyey gelitaanka Maraykanka ee WWII, ama xitaa horseedda dhimbilihii ugu horreeyay ee dagaalka Aasiya ama Yurub. Xitaa way fududahay in la qeexo waxyaalihii si ka duwan loo samayn karay haddii qofku dib ugu noqdo wax yar oo hore. Dawlad kasta iyo ciidan kasta oo ku lug leh arrimahaas si ka duwan ayay wax u qaban kareen, mid walbana isagaa masuul ka ah gumaadkiisa. Laakiin waxaan rabaa in aan sheego waxyaabo ay dawladda Maraykanku samayn lahayd si ka duwan sidii hore, sababtoo ah waxaan isku dayayaa in aan ka hortago fikradda ah in dawladda Maraykanka lagu qasbay dagaal iyada oo aan raalli ka ahayn oo ay dad kale doortaan.

Maraykanku waxa uu William Jennings Bryan u dooran karayey madaxweynaha William McKinley oo uu ku beddelay madaxweyne ku xigeenkiisii, Teddy Roosevelt. Bryan wuxuu u ololeeyay ka soo horjeeda boqortooyadii, McKinley wuu taageersanaa. Dad badan, arrimo kale ayaa wakhtigaas u muuqday kuwo muhiim ah; ma cadda inay lahaan lahaayeen.

Teddy Roosevelt waxba ma samayn kala badh. Taasi waxay u socotay dagaal, Imperialism, iyo rumaysashadiisii ​​​​hore ee lagu xusay aragtiyaha ku saabsan "jinsiga" Aryan. TR waxa ay taageertay xadgudubka iyo xitaa dilka loo geystay dadka u dhashay Maraykanka, soogalootiga Shiinaha, Cubans, Filipinos, iyo Aasiyaanka iyo Bartamaha Ameerika ee ku dhawaad ​​nooc kasta. Waxa uu rumaysnaa kaliya caddaanka awood u leh in ay is-xukunto (taas oo war xun u ahayd Cubans markii ay xoreyaashooda Maraykanku ogaadeen qaar ka mid ah inay madow yihiin). Wuxuu sameeyay bandhiga Filibiin ee bandhigga St. Louis World's Fair oo uu ku tilmaamayo inay yihiin dad duur-joog ah oo ragga cadaanka ah ay ku dhaqmi karaan.[lvi] Waxa uu ka shaqeeyay in muhaajiriinta Shiinaha ah laga ilaaliyo Maraykanka.

Buugga James Bradley ee 2009, The Imperial Cruise: Taariikhda Qarsoon ee Boqortooyada iyo Dagaalka, ayaa ka sheekeynaya sheekada soo socota.[lvii] Waxaan ka tagayaa qaybo ka mid ah buugga oo shaki laga qabay iyaga.

1614kii Japan waxay ka goysay reer galbeedka, taasoo keentay nabad iyo barwaaqo qarniyo iyo ubax faneedka iyo dhaqanka Japan. Sannadkii 1853kii ciidamada badda ee Maraykanku waxay ku qasbeen Japan inay u furto baayacmushtarka Maraykanka, adeegayaasha, iyo militariga. Taariikhaha Maraykanku waxay ugu yeedhaan Commodore Matthew Perry safarradii uu ku tagay Japan "diblomaasiyadeed" in kasta oo ay isticmaaleen maraakiib dagaal oo hubaysan si ay ugu qasbaan Japan inay ogolaato xidhiidhka ay si adag uga soo horjeedo. Sannadihii xigay, Jabbaanku waxay daraaseeyeen cunsuriyadda Maraykanka, waxayna qaateen xeelad ay wax kaga qabtaan. Waxay doonayeen inay is-galbeediyaan oo isu muujiyaan inay yihiin jinsi gooni ah oo ka sarreeya Aasiya inteeda kale. Waxay noqdeen Aryaan sharaf leh. Iyaga oo aan ilaah keliya ama ilaaha guumaysigu ka maqan yihiin, waxay hindiseen boqor rabbaani ah, iyaga oo si weyn uga soo amaahday dhaqankii Kiristaanka. Waxay u lebbisteen oo u labisan jireen sidii dadka Maraykanka oo kale, ardaydoodiina waxay u direen inay wax ku bartaan Maraykanka. Japanese-ka waxaa inta badan loogu yeeri jiray gudaha Mareykanka "Yankees ee Bariga Fog." Sannadkii 1872-kii ciidamada Maraykanku waxa ay bilaabeen in ay Japan u tababaraan sidii ay u qabsan lahaayeen dalal kale, iyaga oo isha ku haya Taiwan.

Charles LeGendre, oo Maraykan ah oo guud ahaan Japan u tababaray siyaabaha dagaalka, ayaa soo jeediyay inay qaataan Monroe Doctrine ee Aasiya, taas oo ah siyaasadda lagu maamulayo Aasiya qaabkii uu Maraykanku u maamulay cirifka. Japan waxay aasaastay Xafiiska Arrimaha Savage waxayna ikhtiraacday kelmado cusub sida koronii (gumeysi). Hadalkii Japan ayaa bilaabay in diiradda la saaro mas'uuliyadda Japanese si ay u ilbaxnimo kuwa duurjoogta ah. Sannadkii 1873-kii, Japan waxay ku soo duushay Taiwan iyada oo ay la socdaan lataliyayaal ciidan oo Maraykan ah. Kuuriya ayaa ku xigtay.

Kuuriya iyo Jabaan waxay yaqaaneen nabadda qarniyo badan. Markii ay Jabbaanku la yimaadeen maraakiib Maraykan ah, iyagoo xidhan dharka Maraykanka, ka hadlaya boqortooyadooda rabbaaniga ah, oo ay soo jeediyeen heshiis "saaxiibtinimo", Kuuriyaanka waxay u maleeyeen in Japan ay maskaxdooda ka luntay, waxayna u sheegeen inay lumaan, iyagoo og in Shiinaha uu halkaas joogo dhabarka Kuuriya. Laakiin Jabbaanku waxay Shiinaha kala hadleen inay u oggolaadaan Kuuriya inay saxeexdo heshiiska, iyaga oo aan u sharraxin Shiinaha iyo Kuuriya midkoodna waxa uu heshiiska uga dhigan yahay tarjumaaddeeda Ingiriisiga.

Sannadkii 1894kii, Japan waxay ku dhawaaqday dagaal ka dhan ah Shiinaha, dagaalkaas oo hubka Maraykanku, dhinaca Japan, uu qaaday maalintaas. Shiinuhu wuxuu ka tanaasulay Taiwan iyo Jasiiradda Liaodong, wuxuu bixiyay magdhow ballaaran, wuxuu ku dhawaaqay in Kuuriya uu madaxbannaan yahay, wuxuuna Japan siiyay xuquuq ganacsi oo la mid ah Shiinaha oo ay leeyihiin waddamada Mareykanka iyo Yurub. Jabbaan guul bay ahayd, ilaa Shiinuhu ka dhaadhiciyay Ruushka, Faransiiska, iyo Jarmalka inay ka soo horjeestaan ​​lahaanshaha Japan ee Liaodong. Japan ayaa ka quusatay oo Ruushka ayaa qabsaday. Japan waxa ay dareemeen in ay khiyaameen Masiixiyiin caddaan ah, mana ahan markii ugu dambeysay.

Sannadkii 1904-tii, Teddy Roosevelt wuxuu aad ugu farxay weerar lama filaan ah oo Japan ay ku qaadday maraakiibta Ruushka. Sida Japanese-ku mar kale dagaal ku qaadeen Aasiya sidii Aryans sharaf leh, Roosevelt si qarsoodi ah oo aan dastuuri ahayn ayaa u gooyay heshiisyo iyaga, oo ansixiyay Monroe Doctrine ee Japan ee Aasiya. Sannadihii 1930-aadkii, Japan waxay soo bandhigtay in ay u furto ganacsiga Maraykanka ee ku aaddan dhulkeeda boqortooyada haddii Maraykanku uu sidaas oo kale u sameeyo Japan ee Latin America. Dowladda Mareykanka ayaa tiri maya.

SHIINAHA

Britain ma ahayn dawladda shisheeye oo keliya oo xafiis dacaayad ku leh magaalada New York ilaa WWII. Shiinaha ayaa isna halkaas joogay.

Sidee ayay dawladda Maraykanku uga beddeshay isbahaysigeedii iyo aqoonsigii ay Japan la lahayd mid Shiinaha iyo Japan ka soo horjeeda (kadibna dib ugu soo laabtay si kale ka dib WWII)? Qaybta hore ee jawaabtu waxay la xidhiidhaa dacaayadda Shiinaha iyo adeegsigeeda diinta halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd jinsiyadda, iyo iyada oo la gelinayo Roosevelt ka duwan Aqalka Cad. Buugga James Bradley ee 2016, Mucjisadii Shiinaha: Taariikhda Qarsoon ee Musiibada Mareykanka ee Shiinaha tSheekadaan sheekee.[lviii]

Sannado ka hor dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, China Lobby ee Maraykanka waxay ku qancisay dadweynaha Maraykanka, iyo qaar badan oo ka mid ah madaxda sare ee Maraykanka, in dadka Shiinuhu ay rabaan inay noqdaan Masiixiyiin, in Chiang Kai-shek uu ahaa hoggaamiyihii dimuqraadiga ahaa ee ay jeclaayeen halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa mid liidata. Faashiistaha, in Mao Zedong uu ahaa qof aan qiimo lahayn oo aan cidina meelna u socon, iyo in Maraykanku uu maalgelin karo Chiang Kai-shek oo uu u isticmaali doono dhammaan si uu ula dagaallamo Jabbaan, oo ka soo horjeeda isticmaalka si uu ula dagaallamo Mao.

Sawirka dadka reer Shiinaha ee sharafta leh iyo Masiixiyiinta ah waxaa waday dadka sida Trinity (ka dib Duke) iyo Vanderbilt ayaa wax ku bartay Charlie Soong, gabdhihiisa Ailing, Chingling, iyo Mayling, iyo wiilka Tse-ven (TV), iyo sidoo kale Mayling ninkeeda Chiang Kai-shek, Henry Luce oo bilaabay Time majaladda ka dib markii uu ku dhashay gumeysiga adeegayaasha ee Shiinaha, iyo Pearl Buck oo qoray Dhulka Wanaagsan ka dib isla nooca caruurnimada. TV Soong waxa uu shaqaaleysiiyay Colonel Jack Jouett oo ka fadhiistay Ciidanka Cirka Maraykanka 1932 kii waxa uu helay dhammaan khibradaha Ciidanka Cirka ee Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka waxana uu lahaa sagaal macalin, dhakhtar qalliin oo diyaaradeed, afar makaaniko, iyo xoghaye, dhammaan Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka ayaa tababaray balse hadda shaqeeya. Soong ee Shiinaha. Waxay ahayd bilawga kaalmada milatari ee Maraykanku siiyo Shiinaha taas oo ka dhigtay wararka ka yar Maraykanka marka loo eego Japan.

Sannadkii 1938-kii, iyadoo Japan ay weerartay magaalooyinka Shiinaha, Chiangna uu si dirqi ah u dagaallamayay, Chiang wuxuu faray madaxiisii ​​borobagaandada Hollington Tong, oo hore u ahaan jiray ardayda saxafiyiinta ee Jaamacadda Columbia, inuu wakiillo u soo diro Mareykanka si ay u qoraan adeegayaal Mareykan ah oo ay siiyaan caddaynta xadgudubyada Japan, shaqaaleysii Frank Price ( adeegiyihii ugu jeclaa Mayling), iyo inuu shaqaaleysiiyo wariyeyaasha iyo qorayaasha Mareykanka si ay u qoraan maqaallo iyo buugaag wanaagsan. Frank Price iyo walaalkiis Harry Price waxay ku dhasheen Shiinaha, iyagoo aan weligood la kulmin Shiinaha Shiinaha. Walaalaha Price waxay dukaan ka dhisteen magaalada New York, halkaas oo in yar ay wax fikrad ah ka haysan inay u shaqeeyaan baandada Soong-Chiang. Mayling iyo Tong waxay u xilsaareen inay dadka Maraykanka ka dhaadhiciyaan in furaha nabadda Shiinaha uu yahay cunaqabatayn saaran Japan. Waxay abuureen Guddiga Maraykanka ee ka-qaybgal la'aanta gardarrada Japan. "Dadweynuhu waligood ma ogayn," ayuu qoray Bradley, "in adeegayaasha Manhattan ay si hagar la'aan ah uga shaqeynayeen Waddada East Fortieth Street si ay u badbaadiyaan Beeralayda Noble-ka ah in la siiyo wakiillada Shiinaha Lobby ee ku lug leh waxa suurtagal ah falal sharci-darro ah."

Waxaan u qaadanayaa qodobka Bradley in uusan ahayn in beeralayda Shiinaha aysan ahayn kuwo gob ah, mana aha in Japan aysan ahayn dambi gardarro ah, laakiin ololaha dacaayadda ayaa ku qanciyay dadka Mareykanka ah in Japan aysan weerari doonin Mareykanka haddii Mareykanka uu gooyo saliidda iyo birta u ah Japan - taas oo ahayd been aragtida goobjoogayaasha la wargeliyay oo lagu caddayn doono been inta ay socdaan dhacdooyinka.

Xoghayihii hore ee Arimaha Dibada iyo Xoghayihii mustaqbalka ee dagaalka Henry Stimson wuxuu noqday gudoomiyaha Guddiga Maraykanka ee ka-qaybgal la'aanta gardarrada Japan, kaas oo si dhakhso ah ugu daray madaxdii hore ee Harvard, Seminary Theological Seminary, Midowga Nabadda Kaniisadda, Isbahaysiga Adduunka ee Saaxiibtinimada Caalamiga ah, Golaha Federaalka Kaniisadaha Masiixa ee America, Associate Boards of Christian Colleges ee Shiinaha, iwm. Stimson iyo baandada waxa lacag ka siisay Shiinaha si ay u sheegtaan Japan waligood ma weerari doono Maraykanka haddii la cunaqabateeyo, dhab ahaantii waxay isu beddeli doontaa dimuqraadiyad jawaab celin ah - a sheegashada ay meesha ka saareen kuwa aqoonta u leh Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda iyo Aqalka Cad. Febraayo 1940, Bradley wuxuu qoray, 75% dadka Maraykanku waxay taageereen cunaqabataynta Japan. Iyo inta badan Americans, dabcan, ma rabin dagaal. Waxay iibsadeen borobogaandada China Lobby's.

Franklin Roosevelt awoowgiis hooyadeed waxa uu ku taajiray iibinta opium-ka Shiinaha, Franklin hooyadii waxa ay ku noolayd Shiinaha iyada oo carruur ah. Waxay noqotay guddoomiye sharafeed labada Golaha Gargaarka Shiinaha iyo Guddiga Maraykanka ee Agoonta Dagaalka Shiinaha. Xaaska Franklin Eleanor waxay ahayd guddoomiye sharafeed ee Pearl Buck's Guddiga Gargaarka Degdegga ah ee Shiinaha. Laba kun oo ururada shaqaalaha ee Maraykanka ayaa taageeray cunaqabataynta Japan. La-taliyihii ugu horreeyay ee dhinaca dhaqaalaha ee madaxweynaha Mareykanka, Lauchlin Currie, wuxuu u shaqeeyay dowladda Mareykanka iyo Bangiga Shiinaha isku mar. Qoraaga caanka ah iyo qaraabada Roosevelt Joe Alsop ayaa jeegag ka qaatay TV Soong isagoo ah “la-taliye” xitaa isagoo gudanaya adeeggiisa saxafi ahaan. "Ma jiro diblumaasi Ingiriis, Ruush, Faransiis, ama Jabbaan ah," ayuu qoray Bradley, "ma rumaysni lahaa in Chiang uu noqon karo New Deal liberal." Laakiin Franklin Roosevelt ayaa laga yaabaa inuu rumaystay. Waxa uu si qarsoodi ah ula xidhiidhay Chiang iyo Mayling, isaga oo ku wareegaya wasaaraddiisa arrimaha dibadda.

Hase yeeshee Franklin Roosevelt waxa uu rumaysnaa in haddii cunaqabataynta la saaro, Japan ay weerari doonto Bariga Hindiya (Indonesia) iyada oo natiijada suurtagalka ah ee dagaal caalami ah oo ballaaran. Morgenthau, sida Bradley u sheegayo, wuxuu si isdaba joog ah isku dayay inuu ka gudbo cunaqabataynta guud ee batroolka ee Japan, halka Roosevelt uu iska caabiyay in muddo ah. Roosevelt waxa uu saaray cunaqabatayn qayb ah duulista-shidaalka iyo qashinka. Wuxuu amaah ku siiyay Chiang. Wuxuu keenay diyaarado, tababarayaal iyo duuliyeyaal. Markii Roosevelt uu waydiistay lataliyihiisa Tommy Corcoran inuu eego hogaamiyaha ciidankan cusub ee hawada, kabtankii hore ee Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka Claire Chennault, waxa laga yaabaa in aanu ka warhayn inuu waydiisanayay qof mushaharka siiya TV Soong inuu kala taliyo qof kale bixinta TV Soong.

Haddii dacaayadaha Ingiriiska ama Shiinaha ee ka shaqaynayay New York ay u rareen dawladda Maraykanka meel kasta oo aanay doonayn inay mar hore tagto waa su'aal furan.

##

[i] C-Span, "Ogaysiis Digniin Wargeys ah iyo Lusitania," Abriil 22, 2015, https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4535149/wargeys-warning-ogaysiis-lusitania

[ii] Ilaha Lusitania, "Shirqoolka mise Fool-xumada?" https://www.rmslusitania.info/controversies/conspiracy-or-foul-up

[iii] William M. Leary, "Wings for China: The Jouett Mission, 1932-35," Dib u eegista Taariikhiga ah ee Baasifiga 38, maya. 4 (Noofambar 1969). Waxaa soo xigtay Nicholson Baker, Qiiqa Aadanaha: Bilowga Dhammaadka Ilbaxnimada. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 32.

[iv] Associated Press Janaayo 17, oo lagu daabacay New York Times, "'WAR FURSAD AH,' ayay tiri Marwo. ROOSEVELT; Xaaska Madaxweynaha ayaa u sheegtay U doodayaasha Nabadda in dadku ay u maleynayaan in dagaalku yahay isdil," Janaayo 18, 1934, https://www.nytimes.com/1934/01/18/archives/-war-utter-futility-says-mrs-roosevelt-presidents-wife-tells-peace-.html Waxaa soo xigtay Nicholson Baker, Qiiqa Aadanaha: Bilowga Dhammaadka Ilbaxnimada. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 46.

[v] New York Times, “GUUD EE JAPAN AYAA NOOGU ARKIISAY IN AAN LA CADEYN; Tanaka waxa uu diiday ammaanta 'Loud' ee Roosevelt ee aasaaska ciidamadeena ee Hawaii. WUXUU BAAHAN YAHAY SINNAANTA HUBKA Waxa uu sheegay in Tokyo aysan ka leexan doonin carqaladaynta London Parley haddii Codsiga la diido, Ogosto 5, 1934, https://www.nytimes.com/1934/08/05/archives/japanese-general-finds-us-insolent-tanaka-decries-roosevelts-loud.html Waxaa soo xigtay Nicholson Baker, Qiiqa Aadanaha: Bilowga Dhammaadka Ilbaxnimada. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 51.

[vi] George Seldes, Harper's Magazine, "Dacaayadda cusub ee dagaalka," Oktoobar 1934, https://harpers.org/archive/1934/10/the-new-propaganda-for-war uu xusay Nicholson Baker, Qiiqa Aadanaha: Bilowga Dhammaadka Ilbaxnimada. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 52.

[vii] David Talbot, Ibliis Dog: Sheekada Dhabta Ah Ee La Yaabka Leh Ee Ninkii Badbaadiyay Ameerika. (Simon & Schuster, 2010).

[viii] Smedley Butler, Dagaalku waa dagaal, https://www.ratical.org/ratville/CAH/warisaracket.html

[ix] Nicholson Baker, Qiiqa Aadanaha: Bilowga Dhammaadka Ilbaxnimada. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 56.

[X] Nicholson Baker, Qiiqa Aadanaha: Bilowga Dhammaadka Ilbaxnimada. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 63.

[xi] Nicholson Baker, Qiiqa Aadanaha: Bilowga Dhammaadka Ilbaxnimada. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 71.

[xii] Nicholson Baker, Qiiqa Aadanaha: Bilowga Dhammaadka Ilbaxnimada. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 266.

[xiii] Waaxda Badda ee Maraykanka, "Dhismaha Saldhigyada Ciidanka Badda ee Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka," Qaybta I (Qaybta I) Cutubka V Wax iibsiga iyo Saadka ee Saldhigyada Horumarka, https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading- qolka/ciwaanka-liiska-alifbeetada/b/dhisidda-ciidamada-basyada/dhisidda-ciidamada-saldhigyada-vol-1.html#1-5

[xiv] Arthur H. McCollum, "Xusuuska Agaasimaha: Qiyaasta Xaalada Baasifigga iyo Talooyinka Ficilka ee Maraykanku," Oktoobar 7, 1940, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCollum_memorandum

[xv] Conrad Crane, Parameters, US Army War College, "Buugga Reviews: Day of Deceit," Gu'gii 2001. Waxaa soo xigtay Wikipedia, "McCollum memo," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_memo#cite_note-15

[xvi] Robert B. Stinnett, Maalinta Khiyaanada: Xaqiiqada ku saabsan FDR iyo Pearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) p. 11.

[xvii] Wareysiga Barnaamijka Kanaalka Taariikhda "Admiral Chester Nimitz, Thunder of the Pacific." Waxaa soo xigtay Wikipedia, "McCollum memo," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_memo#cite_note-13

[xviii] Oliver Stone iyo Peter Kuznick, Taariikhda aan la sheegin ee Mareykanka (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 98.

[xix] Yuusuf C. Grew, Toban sano oo Japan ah, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1944) p. 568. Waxaa soo xigtay Nicholson Baker. Qiiqa Aadanaha: Bilowga Dhammaadka Ilbaxnimada. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 282.

[xx] New York Times, "Ciidanka Cirka ee Shiinaha si ay u qaadaan gaf; Qaraxii Magaalooyinka Jabbaan waxa la filayaa inay ka dhashaan Aragtida Cusub ee Chungking,” May 24, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/05/24/archives/chinese-air-force-to-take-offensive-bombing-of-japanese-cities-is.html Waxaa soo xigtay Nicholson Baker, Qiiqa Aadanaha: Bilowga Dhammaadka Ilbaxnimada. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 331.

[xxi] New York Times, “ DAGAAL KA FOGGA AYAA LAGU SOO DIRAY SIDA AY NOOGU HIMISO; Ku-hadliyaasha Wada-hadallada Wareegga ah ee Kulamada Washington Wayddiiyaan Siyaasadda Arrimaha Dibadda ee dib loo eegay, Juun 1, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/06/01/archives/avoidance-of-war-urged-as-us-aim-speakers-at-roundtable-talks-at.html Waxaa soo xigtay Nicholson Baker, Qiiqa Aadanaha: Bilowga Dhammaadka Ilbaxnimada. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 333.

[xxii] Nicholson Baker, Qiiqa Aadanaha: Bilowga Dhammaadka Ilbaxnimada. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 365.

[xxiii] Kulliyadda Mount Holyoke, "Odhaahda aan rasmiga ahayn ee Madaxweyne Roosevelt ee Guddiga Ka-qaybgalka Iskaa wax u qabso ee ku saabsan sababta Dhoofinta Saliidda ay ugu sii socoto Japan, Washington, Luulyo 24, 1941," https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/WorldWar2/fdr25.htm

[xxiv] Xukunka Diidan ee RB Pal, Maxkamada Tokyo, Qaybta 8, http://www.cwporter.com/pal8.htm

[xxv] Otto D. Tolischus, New York Times, “JAPAN AYAA NAGU RAACSANEYNAA IYO INGIRIISKA CALAD KU SAABSAN THAILAND; Digniinaha Hull iyo Eden waxa lagu qabtay 'ay adagtahay in la fahmo' aragtida siyaasadaha Tokyo," Ogosto 8, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/08/08/archives/japanese-insist-us-and-britain -err-on-thailand-digniinta-by-hull-iyo.html Waxaa soo xigtay Nicholson Baker, Qiiqa Aadanaha: Bilowga Dhammaadka Ilbaxnimada. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 375.

[xxvi] Oliver Stone iyo Peter Kuznick, Taariikhda aan la sheegin ee Mareykanka (Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 98.

[xxvii] Waxaa soo xigtay haweeneyda Congress-ka Jeanette Rankin ee Diiwaanka Koongareeska, Disembar 7, 1942.

[xxviii] Waxaa soo xigtay haweeneyda Congress-ka Jeanette Rankin ee Diiwaanka Koongareeska, Disembar 7, 1942.

[xxix] Waxaa soo xigtay haweeneyda Congress-ka Jeanette Rankin ee Diiwaanka Koongareeska, Disembar 7, 1942.

[xxx] Waxaa soo xigtay haweeneyda Congress-ka Jeanette Rankin ee Diiwaanka Koongareeska, Disembar 7, 1942.

[xxxi] Waxaa soo xigtay Nicholson Baker, Qiiqa Aadanaha: Bilowga Dhammaadka Ilbaxnimada. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 387

[xxxii] Muuqaalka qayb muhiim ah oo khudbaddan ka mid ah waa halkan: https://archive.org/details/FranklinD.RooseveltsDeceptiveSpeechOctober271941 Hadalka oo dhamaystiran waa kan: New York Times, "Cinwaanka Maalinta Ciidanka Badda ee Madaxweynaha Roosevelt ee Arrimaha Adduunka," Oct. 28, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/10/28/archives/president-roosevelts-navy-day-address-on-world-affairs .html

[xxxiii] William Boyd, Daily Mail, Khariidaddii cajiibka ahayd ee Hitler ee u rogtay Ameerika ka soo horjeedka Nazis: Hormoodka sheeko-yaqaanka xisaabtiisa quruxda badan ee sida basaasiinta Ingiriiska ee Mareykanka u sameeyeen afgambi ka caawiyay in Roosevelt uu dagaal ku jiido, Juun 28, 2014, https://www.dailymail.co.uk /news/article-2673298/Hitlers-map-cajiib ah-oo-Maraykanka-ka-horjeedka-Nazis-ka-hogaaminaya-novelists-koowaad-brilliant-account-British-basaasiin-maraykanka-afgambiga-caawiyay-jiiditaanka-Roosevelt-dagaal.html

[xxxiv] Ivar Bryce, Mar Kaliya Ayaad Noolaanaysaa (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984).

[xxxv] Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Guul iyo qas: Taariikh Shakhsiyeed ee Waqtigeenna (New York: Weybright iyo Talley, 1968), bogga 323, 325. Waxaa soo xigtay Nicholson Baker, Qiiqa Aadanaha: Bilowga Dhammaadka Ilbaxnimada. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 415.

[xxxvi] Yuusuf C. Grew, Toban sano oo Japan ah, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1944) p. 468, 470. Waxaa soo xigtay Nicholson Baker, Qiiqa Aadanaha: Bilowga Dhammaadka Ilbaxnimada. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 425.

[xxxvii] Wikipedia, "Hull Note," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_note

[xxxviii] Nicholson Baker, Qiiqa Aadanaha: Bilowga Dhammaadka Ilbaxnimada. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 431.

[xxxix] John Toland, Ceebta: Pearl Harbor iyo wixii ka dambeeyay (Doubleday, 1982), b. 166.

[xl] Soo jeedinta Jabbaan (Qorshaha B) ee 20 Noofambar 1941, https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/PlanB.html

[xli] Soo jeedinta Ka-hortagga Ameerikaanka ee Qorshaha Jabbaan B - Noofambar 26, 1941, https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/PlanB.html

[xlii] Waxaa soo xigtay haweeneyda Congress-ka Jeanette Rankin ee Diiwaanka Koongareeska, Disembar 7, 1942.

[xliii] Lydia Saad, Gallup Polling, "Gallup Vault: Waddan Midaysan Ka Dib Pearl Harbor," Diisambar 5, 2016, https://news.gallup.com/vault/199049/gallup-vault-country-unified-pearl-harbor.aspx

[xliv] Robert B. Stinnett, Maalinta Khiyaanada: Xaqiiqada ku saabsan FDR iyo Pearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) bogga 171-172.

[xlv] Bayaanka Gaashaanle Dhexe Clarence E. Dickinson, USN, ee ku jira Saturday Evening Post Oktoobar 10, 1942, oo ay soo xigatay Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin ee Diiwaanka Koongareeska, Disembar 7, 1942.

[xlvi] Al Hemingway, Charlotte Sun, "Digniin hore oo ku saabsan weerarka Pearl Harbor waa la diiwaangeliyey," Dec 7, 2016, https://www.newsherald.com/news/20161207/early-warning-of-attack-on-pearl-harbor-documented

[xlvii] Waxaa soo xigtay haweeneyda Congress-ka Jeanette Rankin ee Diiwaanka Koongareeska, Disembar 7, 1942.

[xlviii] Paul Bedar, Wararka Mareykanka & Warbixinta Adduunka, "Xusuustii La Shaaciyey ee 1941 Weerarkii Hawaii: Buuga Blockbuster wuxuu sidoo kale daaha ka qaaday FDR dagaal dagaal oo ka dhan ah awoodaha dhidibka," Noofambar 29, 2011, https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2011/11/29 /xasuus-la-sifay-si maldahan-1941-hawaii-weerar-

[xlix] Matxafka Xusuusta Holocaust ee Mareykanka, Mareykanka iyo Holocaust: "Sidee Ra'yiga Dadweynaha ee Gelitaanka Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka Isbeddel u dhexeeyay 1939 iyo 1941?" https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/americans-and-the-holocaust/us-public-opinion-world-war-II-1939-1941

[l] Robert B. Stinnett, Maalinta Khiyaanada: Xaqiiqada ku saabsan FDR iyo Pearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) p. 263.

[li] Richard Bernstein, New York Times, "'Maalinta Khiyaanada': Dec. 7, Ma Ogeen Inaan Naqaan?" Disembar 15, 1999, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/12/12/daily/121599stinnett-book-review.html

[lii] Daniel Immerwahr, Sida Loo Qariyo Boqortooyo: Taariikhda Maraykanka Weyn, (Farrar, Straus, iyo Giroux, 2019).

[liii] Richard K. Neumann Jr., Shabakadda Wararka Taariikhda, Jaamacadda George Washington, "Khuraafaadka ah in 'Sideed Markab dagaal lagu quusiyay' Pearl Harbor," https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/32489

[liv] Daniel Immerwahr, Sida Loo Qariyo Boqortooyo: Taariikhda Maraykanka Weyn, (Farrar, Straus, iyo Giroux, 2019).

[lv] Daniel Immerwahr, Sida Loo Qariyo Boqortooyo: Taariikhda Maraykanka Weyn, (Farrar, Straus, iyo Giroux, 2019).

[lvi] " Dulmarka Booska Philippine," https://ds-carbonite.haverford.edu/spectacle-14/exhibits/show/vantagepoints_1904wfphilippine/_overview_

[lvii] James Bradley, The Imperial Cruise: Taariikhda Qarsoon ee Boqortooyada iyo Dagaalka (Back Bay Books, 2010).

[lviii] James Bradley, Mirage Shiinaha: Taariikhda Qarsoon ee Masiibada Ameerikaanka ee Aasiya (Little, Brown, and Company, 2015).