(Tani waa qaybta 26 ee World Beyond War warqad cad Nidaamka Badbaadinta Caalamiga ah: Kala bedelka Dagaalka. Sii wad ka hor | socda qaybta.)
(Fadlan riix fariintaas, Iyo taageer dhamaan World Beyond Warololaha warbaahinta bulshada.)
Hubinta burburinta ballaaran ayaa ah jawaab celin xooggan oo ku saabsan Nidaamka Dagaalka, xoojinta faafitaanka iyo hubinta in dagaallo dhici doona ay suurtagal u tahay burburinta meeraha. Hubka nukliyeerka, kiimikada iyo baayoolajiyada ayaa caan ku ah awoodda ay u leeyihiin in ay dilaan oo ay garaacaan tiro badan oo dad ah, iyaga oo tirtira magaalooyinka oo idil iyo xitaa gobollada oo dhan oo leh burbur aan caddayn.
Waqtiga xaadirka ah waxaa jira heshiisyo mamnuucaya hubka kiimikada iyo kiimikada, laakiin ma jiro wax heshiis ah oo mamnuucaya hubka nukliyeerka. 1970 Heshiiska aan Qalliinka lahayn (NPT) waxay bixineysaa in shanta hub ee nukliyeerka la aqoonsan yahay ay sheegaan – Mareykanka, Ruushka, Ingiriiska, Faransiiska iyo Shiinaha - waa inay ku dadaalaan iimaan wanaagsan si looga takhaluso hubka nukliyeerka, halka dhammaan saxiixayaasha NPT ay ballanqaadayaan inaysan helin hub nukliyeer. Kaliya seddex wadan ayaa diiday inay ku biiraan NPT- India, Pakistan, iyo Israel-waxayna heleen hub nukliyeer. Waqooyiga Kuuriya, oo ku tiirsan gorgortanka NPT ee tiknoolajiyadda "nabdoon" ee nukliyeerka, ayaa ka baxday heshiiska iyada oo la adeegsanayo tiknoolajiyadeeda "nabdoon" si ay u horumariso agabyada kalluumeysiga ee awoodda nukliyeerka si ay u soo saaraan bambooyinka nukliyeerka.note9 Run ahaantii, warshad kasta oo tamarta nukliyeerka ah waa warshad bambo oo dhici karta
Dagaal ayaa la dagaalamay xitaa tiro la yiraahdo "xaddidan" hubka nukliyeerka ah ayaa dili doona malaayiin, adigoon jiilaalka nukliyeerka ka dhicin, taas oo sababi karta cunto yaraan caalami ah oo keeni karta gaajada malaayiin. Nidaamka istaraatiijiyadeed ee nukliyeerka oo dhan wuxuu ku salaysan yahay aasaas been abuur ah, sababtoo ah moodaladda kombiyuutarku waxay soo jeedinayaan in boqolkiiba inta yar ee qarxinta kumbuyuutarradu ay sababi karaan inay xiraan adduunka oo dhan ilaa tobaneeyo sano, oo ah jumlad dhimasho ee noocyada aadanaha. Hase yeeshee, isbeddelka wakhtigan xaadirka ah waxa weeye midka ugu weyn ee suurtogalka ah ee qalalaase la'aanta nidaamka ama isgaarsiinta taas oo horseedi karta hubka nukliyeerka loo isticmaalo.
Sicir weyn ayaa laga yaabaa inuu bakhtiiyo dhamaanba nolosha adduunka. Hubkani wuxuu u hanjabaa amniga dadka oo dhan.note10 In kasta oo heshiisyo kala duwan oo hubka nukliyarka ah ee u dhexeeya Maraykanka iyo Midawga Soofiyeeti hore loo yareeyay tirada silciyaadka hubka nukliyeerka (56,000 hal dhibic), haddana waxaa jira 16,300 oo adduunka ah, kaliya 1000 oo aan ahayn Maraykanka ama Ruushka.note11 Maxay ka sii daran tahay, heshiisyadii loo oggolaaday "casriyeynta", ayaa ah mid euphemism ah oo lagu abuurayo jiil cusub oo hubka iyo nidaamyada dhalidda, kuwaas oo dhamaantood ka mid ah dawladaha nukliyarka ay sameynayaan. Hantida nukliyeerka lama tagin; xitaa xitaa kuma qulqulo gadaasha godka-waxaay ka baxday balaayiin dollar oo furan oo qarashgareyn kara meelo kale. Tan iyo markii aan la saxiixin Heshiiska Baaritaanka Qarsoon ee 1998, Mareykanka wuxuu ballaariyey baadhitaanada shaybaadhka nukliyeerka ee hubka nukliyarka, oo ay weheliso imtixaannada muhiimka ah, 1,000 dhulka hoostiisa oo ka hooseeya dabaqa dhulka ee Nevada ee dhulka Galbeedka Shoshone . Maraykanku wuxuu imtixaanka 28 u sameeyey imtixaan noocaas ah ilaa taariikhda, isaga oo ku shubaya plutonium kiimikooyin, isagoo aan keenin silsilad-celin, sidaa daraadeed "miisaan culus".note12 Dhab ahaantii, maamulka Obama ayaa hadda kaashanaya qarash dhan hal trillion oo doolar ah soddon sanadood oo soo socota oo loogu talagalay warshadaha cusub ee bambooyinka iyo qalabka gawaarida gantaalada, diyaaradaha koonfureed-iyo sidoo kale hubka nukliyeerka cusub.note113
Fikirka Nidaamka Dagaal ee Caadiga ahi wuxuu ku doodayaa in hubka nukliyeerka uu baajiyo dagaalka – waxa loogu yeero caqiidada "Isku-dhafid Isku-Dhaaf ah" ("MAD"). Inkastoo ay run tahay in aan loo adeegsan tan iyo 1945, ma aha mid caqli gal ah in lagu soo gabagabeeyo in MAD ay ahayd sababta. Sida Daniel Ellsberg ayaa tilmaamay in madax kasta oo Maraykan ah tan iyo markii Truman uu isticmaalo hubka nukliyeerka ah khatar ku ah waddamada kale si ay ugu ogolaadaan inay Maraykanka u ogolaato. Intaas waxaa dheer, caqiido noocan oo kale ah waxay ku tiirsan tahay rumaysiga waaberiga ah ee caqliga hoggaamiyeyaasha siyaasadeed ee xaalad qalalaase ah, wakhti kasta oo uu yimaado. MAD kama hubinayso nabadgelyo ka dhan ah shilalka hubka ah ama shaqo-joojin waddan ah oo si khalad ah u maleynayay in lagu weeraray ama shaqo-joojin horey loo sii qorsheeyay. Dhab ahaantii, noocyo gaar ah oo ka mid ah nidaamka gawaarida nukliyeerka ee nukliyeerka ayaa loo qorsheeyay oo loo dhisay ujeeddadiisii dambe Missile Missile (taas oo lagu dhejiyo radar) iyo Pershing Missile, weerar degdeg ah, gantaal ku-meel-gaadh ah. Wadaxaajoodyo culus ayaa dhacay intii lagu guda jiray dagaalkii qaboobaa ee ku saabsan rabitaankii "Weerarkii ugu horeeyay ee noociisa", ee Maraykanku bilaabi lahaa weerarka nukliyeerka ah ee Midowga Soofiyeeti si loo joojiyo awooda uu ku bilaabi karo hubka nukliyeerka isagoo tirtiraya taliska iyo xakameynta iyada oo Kremlin ay la socoto. Falanqeeyayaasha qaarkood ayaa ku qoray "ku guuleysiga" dagaalka nukliyeerka ah kaas oo kaliya dhowr ka mid ah malaayiin qof oo la dilay, ku dhawaad dhammaan dadka rayidka ah.note14 Hubka nukliyeerka ah ayaa si cad u cambaareeya oo daacad ah.
Xitaa haddii aan si ula kac ah loo isticmaalin, waxaa jiray dhacdooyin badan oo ah in hubka nukliyarka ee lagu qaado diyaaradaha ay ku burburiyeen dhulka, nasiib wanaag kaliya oo kaliya oo ku xeeldheer plutonium dhulka, laakiin ma baxayo.note15 2007, lix rakaab oo Maraykan ah oo qaada maraakiibta nukliyarka ee nukliyarka nukliyarka ayaa si khalad ah uga soo duulay Waqooyiga Dakota ilaa Louisiana iyo bamamka maqan ee maqan lama helin saacadaha 36.note16 Waxaa jira warar sheegaya in sarkhaansan iyo waxqabadka liita ay adeegsadeen shaqaale kuxigeen ah oo lagu soo dhejiyay silosyada dhulka hoostiisa ah ee mas'uulka ka ah samaynta hubka nukliyeerka ee Mareykanka oo soo saarey feejignaan timo dhajis ah oo ku tilmaamay magaalooyinka Ruushka.note17 Maraykanka iyo Ruushku waxay leeyihiin kumanaan hub oo nukliyeer ah oo dabiici ah oo diyaar u ah in la kala saaro midba midka kale. Dayuuradda cimilada Norway ayaa ka baxday Ruushka, waxaana ku dhowaadba loo qaaday weerar soo noqnoqday ilaa daqiiqadii ugu dambaysay markii fowdo la joojiyey.note18note19
Taariikhdu nagama dhigto, waxaynu ka dhigi-ama joojinaa.
Thomas Merton (Qoraaga Katooliga)
1970 NPT waxaa la filayaa inay dhacdo 1995, waxaana loo kordhiyey waqtigaas, iyada oo la bixinayo shirar dib-u-eegis shan sano ah iyo kulammo u diyaar garow leh. Si loo helo isku dheelitirnaanta joogtaynta NPT, dawladuhu waxay ballanqaadeen inay qabtaan shir ay kaga wada xaajoodaan Hubka Burburka Burbur Ba'an ee Bariga Dhexe. Kulan kasta oo ka mid ah shanta sano ee dib-u-eegista, ballan-qaadyada cusub ayaa la siiyey, sida ballan-qaad aan xadidneyn oo wadarta guud ee hubka nukliyeerka, iyo "tallaabooyin" oo loo baahan yahay in lagu qaado caalamka bilaashka ah ee nukliyeerka, midkoodna sharaf leh.note20 A Habka Nidaamka Hubka Nukliyeerka, oo ay sameysay bulshada rayidka ah ee saynisyahanka, qareennada, iyo khabiiro kale ayaa qaatay QMnote21 taas oo bixisay "dhammaan Dowladaha oo dhan waa laga mamnuucay in ay raadsadaan ama ka qaybqaataan 'horumarinta, imtixaanka, wax soo saarka, kaydinta, wareejinta, isticmaalka iyo hanjabaadda isticmaalka hubka nukliyeerka' '" Waxay bixisay dhammaan tallaabooyinka loo baahan yahay si loo burburiyo qalabka iyo qalabka wax lagu ilaaliyo iyadoo la ilaalinayo kontaroolida caalamiga ahnote22
Dhibaatada Bulshada Rayidka ah iyo Hubka Nukliyeerka ah ee qaar badani ma sheegaan, mid ka mid ah tallaabooyinka la soo jeediyay ee shirarka dib-u-eegista ee NPT. Ka dib dadaal muhiim ah by Laanqayrta Cas ee Caalamiga ah in la ogaado cawaaqibta bani'aadamnimada ee hubka nukliyeerka, olole cusub oo lagaga wada xaajoodo heshiis mamnuucid mamnuucida ah iyada oon ka qaybqaadan hubka nukliyeerka nukliyeerka ayaa laga bilaabay Oslo ee 2013, iyadoo lala socdo shirarka Nayarit, Mexico iyo Vienna ee 2014.note23 Waxaa jira kacdoon si loo furo wada xaajoodyadan ka dib Shirwaynaha 2015 NPT, on 70 ee sanadguuradii burburkii ugu xumaa ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki. Shirkii Vienna, xukuumadda Austria ayaa ku dhawaaqday ballanqaad ah in ay ka shaqeyso xayiraadda hubka nukliyeerka, oo lagu qeexay "in la qaado tallaabooyin wax ku ool ah si loo buuxiyo farqiga sharciga ah ee mamnuucida iyo ka-saarista hubka nukliyeerka" iyo "si ay ula shaqeeyaan dhamaan daneeyayaasha si loo gaadho tan goolka. "note24 Intaa waxaa dheer, Vatican-ka ayaa ka hadlay shirkaan oo markii ugu horreysayna caddeeyay in khilaafka nukliyeerka uu yahay mid aan habbooneyn, hubkana waa in la mamnuuco.note25 Heshiiska mamnuucista ayaa cadaadis saaraya uun kaliya hubka nukliyeerka, laakiin dawladaha hoyga ku leh dalladda nuclearka ee Maraykanka, ee wadamada NATO ka tirsan oo ku tiirsan hubka nukliyeerka "cabsida" iyo sidoo kale dalalka Australia, Japan iyo South Korea.note26 Intaa waxaa dheer, saldhigyada Mareykanka ee ku saabsan bambooyinka 400 ee ku yaala wadamada NATO, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, Germany iyo Turkiga, kuwaas oo sidoo kale lagu cadaadiyo inay iska kaashadaan "qorshe wadaagga nukliyeerka" ayna saxiixaan heshiis mamnuucidda.note27
Hubka Kiimikada iyo Khatarta
Biyoolojiyada bayoolajiga waxay ka kooban yihiin sunta dabiiciga ah sida Ebola, tafaar, furuqa, iyo kuwa kale oo lagu bedelay shaybaarka si aad u noqotid jahwareer leh sidaa daraadeed ma jirto wax liddi ku ah. Isticmaalkoodu wuxuu bilaabi karaa xakameyn caalami ah oo aan xakameyn. Sidaa daraadeed waa lagama maarmaan in la adkeeyo heshiisyada hadda jira kuwaas oo horeyba uga mid noqonaya Nidaamka Badbaadada Badbaadada. The Heshiiska Mamnuucidda Horumarinta, Soo-saarista iyo Kaydinta Baayoolojiyada (Biyolojiga) iyo Hubka sunta ah iyo burburkooda waxaa loo furay saxiixa 1972 waxana uu dhaqan galay 1975 hoos timaada Qaramada Midoobay. Wuxuu mamnuucayaa Saxiixayaasha 170 inay haystaan ama horumariyaan ama kaydiyaan hubkan. Hase yeeshee, waxa ka maqan nidaam caddayn iyo baahida loo qabo in lagu xoojiyo nidaamka kormeerka adag ee adag (tusaale ahaan, dawlad kasta way ka doodi kartaa mid kale oo horay u oggolaatay kormeerka.)
The Heshiiska Mamnuuca Horumarinta, Soo-saarista, Kaydinta iyo Isticmaalka Hubka Kiimikada iyo Dhimashadooda wuxuu mamnuucayaa horumarinta, wax soo saarka, helitaanka, keydinta, haynta, wareejinta ama adeegsiga hubka kiimikada. Saxiixayaasha Dowladaha waxay ogolaadeen inay burburiyaan wixii kayd ah ee hubka kiimikada ah ee ay hayaan iyo tas-hiilaad kasta oo soo saartey, iyo sidoo kale hub kasta oo kiimiko ah oo ay uga tageen dhulkii Dowlado kale horey u joogeen iyo inay abuuraan nidaam xaqiijin caqabad ku ah kiimikooyinka sunta ah qaarkood iyo horudhacayaashooda… si loo hubiyo in kiimikooyinka noocaas ah loo isticmaalo oo keliya ujeedooyin aan la mamnuucin. Heshiisku wuxuu dhaqan galay Abriil 29, 1997. Halka keydka hubka kiimikada si aad ah loo yareeyay, burburka dhammaystiran wali waa hadaf fognote28 Heshiiska ayaa si guul leh loogu hirgeliyay 2014 iyadoo Syria ay soo rogtay hubkeeda hubka kiimikada.
(Sii wad ka hor | socda qaybta.)
Waxaan rabnaa inaan kaa maqalno! (Fadlan la wadaag fikradaha hoose)
Sidee arrintan u horseeday aad inaad ka fikirto si ka duwan oo ku saabsan doorashooyinka kale?
Maxaad ku dari lahayd, ama isbedeleysaa, ama su'aashaan ku saabsan?
Maxaad sameyn kartaa si aad u caawiso dad badan oo fahamsan hababka kale ee dagaalka?
Sidee ayaad u qaadi kartaa tallaabooyin aad ku beddeli karto bedelka dhabta ah?
Fadlan qeybso buugan si ballaaran!
Meelaha la xidhiidha
Eeg posts kale oo la xiriira “Amnigga Xadgudubka”
Eeg jumlada buuxda ee loogu talagalay Nidaamka Badbaadinta Caalamiga ah: Kala bedelka Dagaalka
Notes:
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons (ku noqo maqaalkan)
10. Eeg warbixinta by Nobel Peace Laureate Organization Dhakhaatiirta Caalamiga ah ee Ka hortagga Dagaalka Nukliyeerka "Abaaraha Nuclear: laba bilyan oo qof oo halis ku jira" (ku noqo maqaalkan)
11. hal (ku noqo maqaalkan)
12. hal (ku noqo maqaalkan)
13. http://nnsa.energy.gov/mediaroom/pressreleases/pollux120612 (ku noqo maqaalkan)
14. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/us/us-ramping-up-major-renewal-in-nuclear-arms.html?_r=0 (ku noqo maqaalkan)
15. http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub585.pdf (ku noqo maqaalkan)
16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_nuclear_accidents (ku noqo maqaalkan)
17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_States_Air_Force_nuclear_weapons_incident (ku noqo maqaalkan)
18. http://cdn.defenseone.com/defenseone/interstitial.html?v=2.1.1&rf=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseone.com%2Fideas%2F2014%2F11%2Flast-thing-us-needs-are-mobile-nuclear-missiles%2F98828%2F (ku noqo maqaalkan)
19. http://cdn.defenseone.com/defenseone/interstitial.html?v=2.1.1&rf=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseone.com%2Fideas%2F2014%2F11%2Flast-thing-us-needs-are-mobile-nuclear-missiles%2F98828%2F (ku noqo maqaalkan)
20. Sidoo kale fiiri, Eric Schlosser, Taliska iyo Xakamaynta: Hubka Nukliyeerka, Shilalka Damascus, iyo Illusion of Safety; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Petrov (ku noqo maqaalkan)
21. http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2005_04/LookingBack (ku noqo maqaalkan)
22. http://www.inesap.org/book/securing-our-survival (ku noqo maqaalkan)
23. Dawladaha haysta hubka nukliyeerka ah waxaa waajib ku ah inay burburiyaan qalabka nukliyeerka marxalado taxane ah. Shan ka mid ah shaygan ayaa horay u sii wadi doona: hubka hubka nukliyeerka oo ka digtoonaado, ka saarista hubka ka imaanaya soo dejinta, ka saarista madaxyada nukliyarka nukliyarka ee ka yimaada gaadiidkooda, yareeyna hoggaamiyaasha dagaalka, ka saarida iyo kala bixinta 'godadka' iyo walxaha fissile ee hoos yimaada xakamaynta caalamiga ah. Sida ku cad qodobka heshiiska, gawaarida gawaarida ayaa sidoo kale loo baahan yahay in la burburiyo ama loo beddelo awoodda aan nuclear ahayn. Intaa waxaa dheer, NWC waxay mamnuuci doontaa soo saarida qalabka la isticmaali karo hubka. Dalalka Gobollada ayaa sidoo kale abuuri doona Hay'ad Xudduudaha Hubka Nukliyeerka ah ee lagu wado in la xaqiijiyo, hubinta u hoggaansamida, go'aan qaadashada, iyo bixinta kulan loogu talagalay wada-tashiga iyo iskaashiga dhamaan dhinacyada Gobolka. Hay'addu waxay ka koobnaan doontaa Shirka Xisbiyada Dowladaha, Golaha Fulinta iyo Xoghaynta Farsamada. Baaqyada waxaa laga rabaa dhammaan dhinacyada Gobollada oo dhan oo ku saabsan hubka nukliyeerka, qalabka, qalabka, gawaarida iyo gawaarida ee ay haystaan ama xakameynayaan meelahooda. "Loo hoggaansamo: Marka la eego Nidaamka 2007 NWC," Dowladaha Gobolku waxaa laga rabaa inay qaataan tallaabooyin sharci-dejineed in la siiyo dacwad ku oogista dadka ku kacaya dembiyada iyo ilaalinta dadka ka hadlaya jebinta sharciyada. Dawladaha ayaa sidoo kale laga rabaa inay sameeyaan hay'ad qaran oo mas'uul ka ah hawlaha qaranka ee fulinta. Heshiiska wuxuu ku dhaqmayaa xuquuqda iyo waajibaadyada maaha oo keliya dhinacyada Gobolada laakiin sidoo kale shakhsiyaadka iyo hay'adaha sharciga ah. Khilaafaadka sharci ee ku saabsan Heshiiska waxaa loo gudbin karaa ICJ [Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ee Caddaaladda] iyada oo wadajir u oggolaaneysa Dowladaha Xubnaha ka ah. Hay'addu waxay sidoo kale awood u leedahay inay ka codsato ICJ fikrado la talin oo ku saabsan muran sharci ah. Heshiiska ayaa sidoo kale bixin doona jawaabaha taxadar leh ee caddaynaya in aan loo hoggaansameynin bilawga wadatashiga, cadeynta, iyo gorgortanka. Haddii loo baahdo, kiisaska waxaa loo gudbin karaa Golaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay iyo Golaha Ammaanka. "[Waxaa laga soo xigtey: Hanjabaad Nuclear Nuclear, http://www.nti.org/treaties-and-regimes/proposed-nuclear-weapons-convention-nwc/ ] (ku noqo maqaalkan)
24. www.icanw.org (ku noqo maqaalkan)
25. https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/rebecca-johnson/austrian-pledge-to-ban-nuclear-weapons (ku noqo maqaalkan)
26. http://www.paxchristi.net/sites/default/files/nuclearweaponstimeforabolitionfinal.pdf (ku noqo maqaalkan)
27. https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2012_06/NATO_Sticks_With_Nuclear_Policy (ku noqo maqaalkan)
28. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_sharing (ku noqo maqaalkan)
Jawaabaha 5
Laba erey: NABAD iyo PLANET (ok, taasi waa 3 eray) NYC Abriil 24 - 26 - waxay ku habboon tahay dib-u-eegista shantii-sanaba-mar ee Heshiiska Ka-hortagga Hubka Nukliyeerka (NPT) ee dhacaya bisha Maajo oo dhan UN-ka. (Haye: Goorma ayuu Mareykanku sharraxayaa waajibaadkiisa Qodobka VI wuxuuna u dhaqaaqi doonaa gebi ahaanba baabi'inta hubka nukliyeerka ???) http://www.peaceandplanet.org/
Senator Edward J. Markey (D-Mass.) Iyo Congressman Earl Blumenauer (D-Ore.) Waxay soo bandhigeen sharci laba aqal ka kooban kaasoo ka goyn doona $ 100 bilyan miisaaniyadda hubka niyuukleerka tobanka sano ee soo socota - Habka ugu Sahlan ee Nuclearka Nuclearka (SANE) Fal. Eeg http://www.markey.senate.gov/news/press-releases/sen-markey-and-rep-blumenauer-introduce-bicameral-legislation-to-cut-100-billion-from-wasteful-nuclear-weapons-budget Qaad talaabo aad ku taageereyso hindisahan halkan: http://www.congressweb.com/wand/62
Waxaan leenahay farqiga udub dhexaad u ah inay noqdaan qaran keliya oo dhab ahaantii isticmaala hubka nukliyeerka. Muddo sanado ah ayaan si bareer ah u xayiray xaqiiqda.
goormaad dadku ogaanaysaan in si kasta oo aad isku daydaan aanad waligiis dagaal u joojin doonin. Waxay soo jireen ilaa waagii berya iyo dhammaan cilmu-nafsiga maanta adduunka ka jira weligood ma tegayaan.
Go'aaminta macnaha dhaqan ahaaneed ee lagu dhajiyo dhererka boggaan waxaa laga yaabaa inaanay aheyn habka ugu fiican ee lagu qancinayo dadka inay aqbalaan dagaal. Fadlan ku bilow qaybta qaybta MYTHS ee boggan. Thanks.