Awoodaha Deegaanka ee Ka Hortagga iyo Diidmada Colaadaha Gacan ka hadalka ah

By Sayniska Nabadgelyada, December 2, 2022

Falanqayntan ayaa soo koobaysa oo ka tarjumaysa cilmi-baarista soo socota: Saulich, C., & Werthes, S. (2020). Sahaminta awoodaha maxalliga ah ee nabadda: Xeeladaha lagu joogteeyo nabadda waqtiyada dagaalka. Nabadeynta, 8 (1), 32-53.

Qodobbada hadalka

• Jiritaanka bulshooyin nabdoon, aagagga nabadda (ZoPs), iyo bulshooyinka aan dagaalladu waxay muujinaysaa in bulshooyinku ay leeyihiin ikhtiyaar iyo wakaalad xitaa marka la eego xaaladda guud ee rabshadaha xilliga dagaalka, in ay jiraan habab aan rabshad lahayn oo lagu ilaalinayo, iyo in aysan jirin wax laga fursan karo in la soo jiido. galay wareegyo rabshado inkasta oo ay xoog jiidayaan.
• Ogaanshaha "awoodda deegaanka ee nabadda" waxay muujinaysaa jiritaanka jileyaal maxalli ah - oo ka baxsan kaliya dembiilayaasha ama dhibanayaasha - oo wata xeelado cusub oo ka hortagga isku dhaca, taas oo kobcinaysa dib u habeynta tallaabooyinka ka hortagga isku dhaca ee la heli karo.
• Jilayaasha ka-hortagga iskahorimaadyada dibadda waxay ka faa'iideysan karaan wacyigelin weyn oo laga helayo bulshooyinka aan dagaalladu ahayn ama ZoP-yada ee gobollada dagaalku saameeyeen iyagoo hubinaya inaysan "wax dhibaato ah u geysan" hindisayaashan iyada oo loo marayo faragelintooda, taas oo haddii kale barata ama wiiqi karta awoodaha maxalliga ah.
• Xeeladaha muhiimka ah ee ay adeegsadaan bulshooyinka aan dagaalka ahayn waxay ku wargelin karaan siyaasadaha ka hortagga isku dhaca, sida xoojinta aqoonsiyada wadajirka ah ee ka gudbaya aqoonsiga wakhtiga dagaalka, si firfircoon ula macaamilka jilayaasha hubaysan, ama dhisidda ku tiirsanaanta bulshooyinka awooddooda si ay uga hortagaan ama u diidaan ka qaybgalka iskahorimaadyada hubaysan.
• Faafinta aqoonta bulshooyinka aan dagaalka ku guulaysan ee ku nool gobolka ballaadhan waxay gacan ka gaysan kartaa dhisidda nabadda colaadaha ka dib iyada oo dhiirigelinaysa horumarinta bulshooyinka kale ee aan dagaalka ahayn, taasoo ka dhigaysa gobolka guud ahaan mid colaadeed u adkaysta.

Aragtida Muhiimka ah ee Dhaqanka Wargelintae

• In kasta oo bulshooyinka aan dagaalku ahayn inta badan lagaga hadlo xaaladda aagagga dagaalka ee firfircoon, jawiga siyaasadeed ee hadda ka jira Mareykanka ayaa soo jeedinaya in Mareykanka Mareykanka uu fiiro gaar ah u yeesho xeeladaha bulshooyinka aan dagaalka ahayn ee dadaalladayada ka hortagga isku dhaca-gaar ahaan dhisidda iyo joogtaynta xiriirka guud ahaan. aqoonsiyo kala duwan iyo xoojinta aqoonsiga isdhaafsiga ee diida rabshadaha.

Summary

In kasta oo dhawaanahan ay sare u kacday xiisaha loo qabo dhismaha nabadda maxalliga ah, hawl-wadeennada caalamiga ahi waxay inta badan haystaan ​​hay'adda aasaasiga ah ee laftooda qaabaynta iyo qaabaynta hababkan. Jilayaasha maxalliga ah ayaa inta badan loo maleeyaa inay yihiin "qaatayaal" ama "ka faa'iideystayaasha" siyaasadaha caalamiga ah, halkii ay ahaan lahaayeen wakiillo madax-bannaan oo dhisidda nabadda ah oo iyaga u gaar ah. Christina Saulich iyo Sascha Werthes waxay rabaan inay baaraan waxa ay ugu yeeraan "awoodaha deegaanka ee nabadda, isagoo tilmaamay in bulshooyin iyo bulshooyinku ay ka jiraan adduunka oo dhan oo diida ka qaybgalka colaadaha gacan ka hadalka ah, xitaa kuwa isla markiiba ku hareeraysan, iyada oo aan dibadda laga soo kicin. Qorayaashu waxa ay danaynayaan in ay sahmiyaan sida fiiro gaar ah loo siin karo awoodaha maxaliga ah ee nabadda, gaar ahaan beelaha aan dagaal ahayn, waxay ku wargelin kartaa habab badan oo cusub oo ka hortagga isku dhaca.

Qorayaashu waxay ku billaabeen inay sharraxaan saddex qaybood oo kala duwan oo ka mid ah awoodaha maxalliga ah ee nabadda. Bulshooyinka nabada keenaya isbedel dhaqameed oo mustaqbalka fog ah oo ku wajahan nabadda, oo ka soo horjeeda beelaha aan dagaalka ahayn iyo aagagga nabadda, kuwaas oo ah jawaabaha degdega ah ee iskahorimaadka gacan ka hadalka ah. Bulshooyinka nabada ah "waxay jecel yihiin go'aan qaadashada ku salaysan is-afgarad" waxayna qaataan "qiyam dhaqameed iyo aragtiyo caalami ah oo asal ahaan diida rabshadaha (jirka) korna u qaada dhaqanka nabada." Ma galaan rabshad wadareed gudaha iyo dibaddaba, ma laha booliis ama milatari, waxayna la kulmaan rabshado aad u yar oo dadka dhexdooda ah. Culimada baranaya bulshooyinka nabada leh waxay kaloo xuseen in bulshooyinku ay isbedelaan iyagoo ka jawaabaya baahida xubnahooda, taasoo la macno ah bulshooyinka aan markii hore nabada ahayn inay sidaas ku noqon karaan go'aan qaadasho firfircoon iyo kobcinta caadooyinka iyo qiyamka cusub.

Aagagga nabada (ZoPs) waxay ku salaysan yihiin fikradda meesha quduuska ah, taas oo meelaha bannaan ama kooxaha qaarkood loo tixgeliyo meel ka badbaadsan rabshadaha. Inta badan, ZoP-yadu waa beelo ku xidhan dhuleed oo lagu dhawaaqo inta lagu jiro iskahorimaadyada hubaysan ama geedi socodka nabadda ee xiga, laakiin marmar sidoo kale waxay ku xidhan yihiin kooxo gaar ah oo dad ah (sida carruurta). Aqoonyahannada baranaya ZoPs waxay aqoonsadeen arrimo u sahlaya guushooda, oo ay ku jiraan "isku-duubni gudaha ah oo xooggan, hoggaanka wadajirka ah, si dhexdhexaad ah loola dhaqmo dhinacyada dagaallamaya, [ ] caadooyinka caadiga ah," xuduudo cad, la'aanta khatar ku wajahan shisheeyaha, iyo la'aanta alaabta qiimaha leh ee gudaha ZoP (taas oo laga yaabo inay dhiirigeliso weeraro). Qaybaha saddexaad waxay inta badan door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan taageerada aagagga nabadda, gaar ahaan digniinta ugu horayso ama dadaallada dhisidda awoodda maxalliga ah.

Ugu dambeyntii, bulshooyinka aan dagaalka ahayn waxay la mid yihiin kuwa ZoP-yada marka ay u soo baxaan iyaga oo ka jawaabaya iskahorimaadyada rabshadaha wata oo ay rabaan in ay sii wadaan madaxbannaanidooda ka soo horjeeda jilayaasha hubaysan ee dhammaan dhinacyada, laakiin waxaa laga yaabaa in ay aad ugu macquulsan yihiin jihayntooda, iyada oo aan xoogga la saarin aqoonsiga iyo caadooyinka nabad-diidka. . Abuuritaanka aqoonsi isdhaafsi ah oo ka baxsan aqoonsiga qaabaynta colaadda ayaa muhiim u ah soo ifbaxa iyo ilaalinta beelaha aan dagaalladu ahayn waxayna gacan ka geysataa xoojinta midnimada gudaha iyo inay u taagan tahay bulshada inay ka taagan tahay colaadda. Aqoonsigan guud waxa uu soo jiidanaya "qiyamka guud, waayo-aragnimada, mabaadi'da, iyo marxaladaha taariikhiga ah sida xiriiriyeyaasha istiraatijiyadeed ee la yaqaan oo dabiiciga ah ee bulshada laakiin aan qayb ka ahayn aqoonsiga dhinacyada dagaalamaya." Bulshooyinka aan wareedka ahayn waxay sidoo kale ilaashadaan adeegyada guud ee gudaha, ku dhaqmaan xeelado amni oo gaar ah (sida mamnuucida hubka), horumariya ka qaybqaadashada, loo dhan yahay, iyo qaab-dhismeedka go'aan qaadashada, iyo "si firfircoon ula falgalaan dhammaan dhinacyada isku dhaca," oo ay ku jiraan wada-xaajood lala galo kooxaha hubaysan , iyagoo ka madax-banaanidooda ay ka madax bannaan yihiin. Intaa waxaa dheer, deeq-waxbarasho ayaa soo jeedinaysa in taageerada dhinac saddexaad laga yaabo inay ka yara muhimsan tahay bulshooyinka aan dagaalka ahayn marka loo eego ZoPs (in kasta oo qorayaashu ay qireen in farqigan iyo kuwa kale ee u dhexeeya ZoPs iyo bulshooyinka aan dagaalku ahayn laga yaabo inay xoogaa xad dhaaf ahaadaan, maadaama ay dhab ahaantii jirto isugeyn weyn oo u dhexeeya. xaaladaha dhabta ah ee labada).

Jiritaanka awoodahan maxalliga ah ee nabadda waxay muujinaysaa in bulshooyinku ay leeyihiin fursado iyo wakaalad xitaa marka la eego xaaladda guud ee rabshadaha xilliga dagaalka, in ay jiraan habab aan rabshad lahayn oo lagu ilaalinayo, iyo in, inkasta oo ay xoogga leedahay kala-soocidda dagaalladu, ma jirto wax lama huraan ah oo ku saabsan in la soo jiido. galay wareegyo rabshado.

Ugu dambeyntii, qorayaashu waxay weydiinayaan: Sidee bay fikrado ka iman karaan awoodaha maxalliga ah ee nabadda, gaar ahaan bulshooyinka aan dagaalka ahayn, u sheegi karaan siyaasadda ka hortagga colaadaha iyo ku-dhaqanka-gaar ahaan hababka kor ku xusan ee ka hortagga colaadaha ee ay fuliyaan hay'adaha caalamiga ah waxay u muuqdaan inay si aan caadi ahayn diiradda u saaraan hababka dawlad-goboleedka ah oo ay seegaan. ama hoos u dhigaan awoodaha deegaanka? Qorayaashu waxay caddeeyeen afar cashar oo loogu talagalay dadaallada ballaaran ee ka hortagga isku dhaca. Marka hore, tixgalin dhab ah oo laga yeesho awoodaha maxalliga ah ee nabadda ayaa muujinaysa jiritaanka jileyaasha maxalliga ah-marka laga reebo dembiilayaasha ama dhibanayaasha-oo leh xeelado cusub oo ka hortagga isku dhaca waxayna kobcinaysaa dib-u-habaynta tallaabooyinka ka hortagga isku dhaca ee loo malaynayo inay suurtogal tahay. Midda labaad, ka-hortagga iskahorimaadyada dibadda ayaa ka faa'iidaysan kara ka warqabkooda bulshooyinka aan dagaalka ahayn ama ZoP-yada ee gobollada dagaalku saameeyeen iyagoo hubinaya in "wax dhib ah aysan u geysan" hindisayaashan iyada oo loo marayo faragelintooda, taas oo haddii kale laga yaabo inay barakiciso ama wiiqdo awoodaha maxalliga ah. Seddexaad, xeeladaha muhiimka ah ee ay adeegsadaan bulshooyinka aan dagaalku ahayn waxay ku wargelin karaan siyaasadaha ka hortagga dhabta ah, sida xoojinta aqoonsiga wadajirka ah ee diidaya kana gudbaya aqoonsiga wakhtiga dagaalka, "xoojinta [midnimada] bulshada dhexdeeda iyo ka caawinta [inay] u gudbiyaan mowqifkooda dagaal ee dibadda "; si firfircoon ula macaamilka jilayaasha hubaysan; ama dhisidda ku tiirsanaanta bulshooyinka awooddooda si ay uga hortagaan ama u diidaan ka qaybgalka colaadaha hubaysan. Tan afraad, faafinta aqoonta bulshooyinka aan dagaalka ku guulaysan ee ku nool gobolka ballaadhan waxay gacan ka gaysan kartaa dhisidda nabadda colaadaha ka dib iyadoo la dhiirigelinayo horumarka bulshooyinka kale ee aan dagaalka ahayn, taasoo ka dhigaysa gobolka guud ahaan mid colaadeed u adkaysta.

Wargelinta Dhaqanka

In kasta oo bulshooyinka aan dagaalku ahayn inta badan lagaga hadlo xaaladaha aagagga dagaalka ee firfircoon, jawiga siyaasadeed ee hadda ka jira Maraykanka ayaa soo jeedinaya in Maraykanka Maraykanku uu fiiro gaar ah u yeesho xeeladaha bulshooyinka aan dagaalka ahayn ee dadaalladayada ka hortagga isku dhaca. Gaar ahaan, kor u kaca polarization iyo xagjirnimada rabshadaha leh ee Maraykanka, mid kasta oo naga mid ah waa in uu weydiiyo: Maxay ku qaadanaysaa in la sameeyo my bulshada u adkaysata wareegtada rabshadaha? Iyadoo lagu salaynayo baadhistan awoodaha maxaliga ah ee nabada, dhawr fikradood ayaa maskaxda ku soo dhacaya.

Marka hore, waxaa lama huraan ah in shakhsiyaadka ay aqoonsadaan in ay leeyihiin wakaalad-in ay jiraan fursado kale oo ay heli karaan-xitaa marka ay jiraan xaalado isku dhac rabshado wata oo laga yaabo in ay dareemaan in ay haystaan ​​wax aad u yar. Waxaa xusid mudan in dareenka wakaaladu uu ahaa mid ka mid ah sifooyinkii ugu muhiimsanaa ee lagu kala soocay shaqsiyaadkii soo badbaadiyay dadka Yuhuuda ah xilligii Holocaust iyo kuwa aan waxba qabanin ama kuwa dhibka geystay. Daraasadda Kristin Renwick Monroe samatabbixiyeyaal Nederlaan ah, goob joogeyaal, iyo wada-shaqeeyayaashii Nazi-ga. Dareemidda waxtarka suurtagalka ah ee qofku waa tallaabada ugu horreysa ee muhiimka ah ee ficil-iyo ka hortagga rabshadaha gaar ahaan.

Midda labaad, xubnaha bulshadu waa inay aqoonsadaan hayb sare oo diiddan oo ka gudbaya aqoonsiga cakiran ee iskahorimaadka gacan ka hadalka ah iyaga oo sawiraya caadooyin ama taariikho macno u leh bulshadaas-aqoonsi midayn kara bulshada iyada oo la xidhiidhinaysa diidmada colaadda gacan ka hadalka ah lafteeda. Haddii tani ay noqon karto aqoonsi guud oo magaalada ah (sida uu ahaa kiiskii Tuzla dhaqamada kala duwan intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Bosnia) ama aqoonsi diimeed oo gooyn kara kala qaybsanaanta siyaasadeed ama nooc kale oo aqoonsi ah waxay ku xirnaan kartaa miisaanka ay bulshadani jirto iyo waxa maxalliga ah. aqoonsiga ayaa diyaar ah.

Seddexaad, fikir dhab ah waa in loo guntadaa sidii loo samayn lahaa go'aan-qaadasho loo dhan yahay iyo qaab-dhismeed hoggaamineed oo bulshada dhexdeeda ah oo kasban doona kalsoonida iyo iibsashada xubnaha kala duwan ee bulshada.

Ugu dambayntii, xubnaha bulshadu waa inay si xeeladaysan uga fikiraan shabakadahooda hore u jiray iyo meelaha ay ka geli karaan dhinacyada dagaallamaya/jilayaasha hubaysan si ay si firfircoon ula falgalaan iyaga, iyagoo caddaynaya madax-bannaanidooda dhinac kasta - laakiin sidoo kale ka faa'iidaystaan ​​xidhiidhkooda iyo aqoonsiga guud ee isdhexgalka. oo ay la socdaan jilayaashan hubeysan.

Waxaa mudan in la ogaado in inta badan walxahan ay ku xiran yihiin dhisidda xiriirka - dhisidda xiriirka joogtada ah ee xubnaha kala duwan ee bulshada sida aqoonsiga guud (oo gooya aqoonsiyada kala duwan) uu dareemo run iyo dadku waxay wadaagaan dareenka isku-duubni ee go'aan qaadashada. Intaa waxa dheer, sida ay u sii xoogaysan yihiin cilaaqaadka ka dhexeeya khadadka aqoonsiga, waa in la helo meelo badan oo laga heli karo jilayaasha hubaysan ee labada/dhammaan dhinacyada iskahorimaadka. Gudaha cilmi baaris kale, oo halkan u muuqata Jarmal, Ashutosh Varshney waxa uu xusay muhiimadda ay leedahay ma aha oo kaliya dhisidda xidhiidhka ku-meel-gaadhka ah, laakiin “qaababka ka-qaybgalka wada-shaqeynta” ee dhammaan aqoonsiyada kala-duwan-iyo sida qaabkan ka-qaybgalka hay'adaha, is-goynta-goynta uu yahay waxa ka dhigi kara bulshooyinka gaar ahaan kuwa u adkaysta rabshadaha. . Si kasta oo ay u muuqato fal yar, sidaas darteed, waxa ugu muhiimsan ee mid kasta oo naga mid ah uu hadda samayn karo si aan isaga joojinno rabshadaha siyaasadeed ee Maraykanka ayaa laga yaabaa inay tahay inaan ballaarino shabakadeena oo aan abuurno fikrado iyo noocyo kale oo kala duwanaansho bulshooyinka diinteena. dugsiyadeena, goobaha shaqada, ururadayada, naadiyada ciyaaraha, bulshooyinka iskaa wax u qabso. Dabadeed, haddi ay noqoto mid lama huraan ah in la dhaqaajiyo cilaaqaadkan is-goynta ah ee wejiga rabshadaha, way jiri doonaan.

Su'aalo La Soo Kordhiyey

• Sidee bay hawl-wadeennada nabad-raadinta caalamiga ah ay taageero ugu fidin karaan bulshooyinka aan dagaalka ahayn iyo kuwa kale ee suurtogalka ah ee nabadda, marka la codsado, iyada oo aan la abuurin ku-tiirsanaan taas oo ugu dambeyntii wiiqi karta dadaalladan?
• Maxay yihiin fursadaha aad ku aqoonsan karto bulshadaada dhow si aad u dhisto cilaaqaad ka dhexeeya aqoonsiyada la isku raacsan yahay iyo kobcinta aqoonsi guud oo diida rabshadaha oo gooya kala qaybsanaanta?

Akhriska oo sii socda

Anderson, MB, & Wallace, M. (2013). Ka bixida dagaalka: Xeeladaha looga hortagayo colaadaha gacan ka hadalka ah. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. https://mars.gmu.edu/bitstream/handle/1920/12809/Anderson.Opting%20CC%20Lic.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y

McWilliams, A. (2022). Sida loo dhiso cilaaqaadka kala duwanaanshaha. Psychology Maanta. La soo celiyay Noofambar 9, 2022, laga bilaabo https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/your-awesome-career/202207/how-build-relationships-across-differences

Varshney, A. (2001). Colaadda qowmiyadeed iyo bulshada rayidka ah. Siyaasada aduunka, 53, 362-398. https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/sib/egm/paper/Ashutosh%20Varshney.pdf

Monroe, KR (2011). Anshaxa xilliga argagixisada iyo xasuuqa: Aqoonsiga iyo doorashada akhlaaqda. Princeton, NJ: Jaamacadda Princeton University Press. https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691151434/ethics-in-an-age-of-terror-and-genocide

Sayniska Nabadgelyada. (2022). Arrin gaar ah: Habab aan rabshad lahayn oo loo wajaho amniga. La soo celiyay Noofambar 16, 2022, laga bilaabo https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/special-issue-nonviolent-approaches-to-security/

Peace Science Digest. (2019). Aagga nabadda ee Galbeedka Afrika iyo dadaallada nabad-dhisidda maxalliga ah. La soo celiyay Noofambar 16, 2022, laga bilaabo https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/west-african-zones-of-peace-and-local-peacebuilding-initiatives/

Ururada

Sheekada qolka fadhiga: https://livingroomconversations.org/

Daawo PDX: https://cure-pdx.org

Ereyada Muhiimka ah: bulshooyin aan dagaal ahayn, aagagga nabada, bulshooyinka nabada, ka hortagga rabshadaha, ka hortagga colaadaha, nabadaynta deegaanka