Waxaa qoray David Vine, Patterson Deppen, iyo Leah Bolger, World BEYOND War, September 20, 2021
Summary Fulinta
In kasta oo ay ka baxeen saldhigyadii milatariga Mareykanka iyo ciidammadii Afgaanistaan, haddana Mareykanku wuxuu sii wadaa inuu ilaaliyo ku dhawaad 750 saldhigyo milatari oo dibedda ku yaal 80 waddan oo shisheeye iyo gumeysi ah (dhulal). Saldhigyadani siyaabo kala duwan ayay kharash ugu baxaan: dhaqaale ahaan, siyaasad ahaan, bulsho ahaan, iyo deegaan ahaanba. Saldhigyada Mareykanka ee dhulalka shisheeye waxay inta badan kiciyaan xiisadaha juqraafiyeed, waxay taageeraan nidaamyada aan dimoqraadiga ahayn, waxayna u adeegaan aalad qoris kooxaha xagjirka ah ee ka soo horjeeda joogitaanka Mareykanka iyo dowladaha joogitaankooda ayaa xoojinaya. Xaaladaha kale, saldhigyo shisheeye ayaa la adeegsanayaa waxayna u fududeeyeen Mareykanka inuu bilaabo oo fuliyo dagaallo masiibo ah, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa Afghanistan, Ciraaq, Yemen, Soomaaliya, iyo Liibiya. Dhammaan dhinacyada siyaasadda iyo xitaa gudaha ciidamada Mareykanka waxaa jira aqoonsi sii kordhaya oo ah in saldhigyo badan oo dibedda ah ay ahayd in la xiro tobannaan sano ka hor, laakiin hab -dhiska xafiisyada iyo danaha siyaasadeed ee la marin habaabiyay ayaa sii furtay.
Iyada oo ay socoto “Dib -u -eegista Boostada Caalamka”, maamulka Biden wuxuu haystaa fursad taariikhi ah oo lagu xirayo boqollaal saldhigyo milatari oo aan loo baahnayn oo dibedda ah laguna hagaajinayo amniga qaranka iyo kan caalamiga ah geedi -socodka.
Pentagon -ka, tan iyo Sannad -Maaliyadeedka 2018, wuxuu ku guuldareystay inuu daabaco liiskiisii hore ee sanadlaha ahaa ee saldhigyada Mareykanka ee dibedda. Ilaa inta aan ognahay, qoraalkan kooban wuxuu soo bandhigayaa xisaabinta guud ee guud ee saldhigyada Mareykanka iyo saldhigyada milateri ee adduunka oo dhan. Liisaska iyo khariidada ku jirta warbixintan waxay muujinayaan dhibaatooyin badan oo la xiriira saldhigyadan dibedda, iyagoo bixinaya qalab ka caawin kara siyaasad -dejiyeyaasha inay qorsheeyaan xiritaanka saldhigga ee sida degdegga ah loogu baahan yahay.
Xaqiiqooyin deg -deg ah oo ku saabsan dibedda ciidamada Mareykanka
• Waxaa jira qiyaastii 750 goobood oo saldhigyo milatari oo Maraykan ah oo ku yaal 80 dal oo shisheeye iyo gumeysi.
• Mareykanka wuxuu ku dhawaad saddex laab ka badan yahay saldhigyada dibadda (750) sida safaaradaha, qunsuliyadaha, iyo howlgallada adduunka oo dhan (276).
• In kasta oo ay jiraan ku dhawaad badh rakibayaal sida dhammaadkii Dagaalkii Qaboobaa, saldhigyada Mareykanka ayaa ku fiday laba jibbaar dalal iyo gumeysiyo (laga bilaabo 40 illaa 80) isla waqtigaas, oo leh tas -hiilaad aad u badan Bariga Dhexe, Bariga Aasiya , qaybo ka mid ah Yurub, iyo Afrika.
• Maraykanku wuxuu leeyahay ugu yaraan saddex jibbaar ka badan saldhigyada dibedda marka la isku daro dhammaan dalalka kale.
• Saldhigyada Mareykanka ee dibedda waxaa ku baxa canshuur -bixiyeyaasha qiyaastii $ 55 bilyan sanadkii.
• Dhismaha kaabayaasha milateri ee dibedda waxaa ku baxay canshuur -bixiyeyaasha ugu yaraan $ 70 bilyan tan iyo 2000, waxayna guud ahaan ka badan tahay $ 100 bilyan.
• Saldhigyada dibedda ayaa ka caawiyay Mareykanka inuu dagaallo iyo hawlgallo kale oo dagaal ka bilaabo ugu yaraan 25 waddan tan iyo 2001.
• Rakibaadda Maraykanka waxaa laga helaa ugu yaraan 38 dal iyo gumeysi aan dimoqraadi ahayn.
Dhibaatada saldhigyada ciidamada Mareykanka ee dibadda
Intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka iyo maalmihii hore ee Dagaalkii Qaboobaa, Mareykanku wuxuu ka dhisay dalal shisheeye nidaam aan hore loo arag oo saldhigyo milatari. Saddex sano ka dib dhammaadkii Dagaalkii Qaboobaa, weli waxaa jira 119 goobood oo saldhig ku leh Jarmalka iyo 119 kale oo ku yaal Japan, sida laga soo xigtay Pentagon. Kuuriyada Koonfureed waxaa ku yaal 73. Saldhigyada kale ee Mareykanka ayaa meeraha meera ka soo bilaabaya Aruba ilaa Australia, Kenya ilaa Qatar, Romania ilaa Singapore, iyo wixii ka dambeeya.
Waxaan ku qiyaasnay in Mareykanku uu hadda hayo ku dhawaad 750 goobood oo saldhig ku leh 80 dal oo shisheeye iyo gumeysi (dhulal). Qiyaastani waxay ka timaaddaa waxa aan rumaysanahay inay tahay liisaska ugu dhammaystiran ee saldhigyada millatariga Mareykanka ee dibedda laga heli karo (eeg Lifaaqa). Intii u dhaxaysay sannadaha maaliyadeedka 1976 iyo 2018, Pentagon -ka waxay daabacday liis sanadle ah oo saldhigyo ah oo caan ku ahaa khaladaadkiisa iyo ka -tegitaankiisa; tan iyo 2018, Pentagon -ka ayaa ku guuldareystay inuu sii daayo liis. Waxaan dhisnay liisaskeenna ku saabsan warbixinta 2018, David Vine's 2021 liiska guud ee laga heli karo saldhigyada dibadda, iyo warar lagu kalsoonaan karo iyo warbixino kale. 1
Dhammaan dhinacyada siyaasadda iyo xitaa gudaha ciidamada Mareykanka waxaa jira aqoonsi sii kordhaya oo saldhigyo badan oo Mareykan ah oo dibedda ah ay ahayd inay xirmaan tobanaan sano ka hor. "Waxaan u malaynayaa inaan kaabayaal aad u badan ku leenahay dibadda," sarkaalka ugu sarreeya darajada milatariga Mareykanka, Madaxa Wadajirka ee Shaqaalaha Mark Markley, ayaa qiray intii lagu guda jiray hadaladii dadweynaha ee Diseembar 2020. difaaca Mareykanka? ” Milley wuxuu ku baaqay "aragti adag, oo adag" saldhigyada dibedda, isagoo xusay in qaar badani ay yihiin "kuwa ka soo jeeda meeshii Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka uu ku dhammaaday." 2
Si loo dhigo 750 saldhigyada milatariga Mareykanka dibedda marka la fiiriyo, waxaa jira ku dhawaad saddex jibaar goobaha saldhigga milatari sida ay jiraan safaaradaha Mareykanka, qunsuliyadaha, iyo howlgallada adduunka oo dhan - 276.3 Waxayna ka kooban yihiin in ka badan saddex jeer tirada saldhigyada dibedda ee ay haystaan dhammaan kuwa kale militariga oo la isku daray. Boqortooyada Midowday ayaa lagu soo waramayaa inay leedahay 145 goobood oo saldhig shisheeye ah.
Kharashka dhismaha, hawlgalka, iyo dayactirka saldhigyada ciidamada Mareykanka ee dibadda waxaa lagu qiyaasaa $ 55 bilyan sanad walba (sanad maaliyadeedka 2021) .6 In la dejiyo ciidamada iyo shaqaalaha rayidka ah saldhigyada dibedda ayaa aad uga qaalisan in lagu sii hayo saldhigyada gudaha: $ 10,000– $ 40,000 dheeraad ah halkii Isku darka kharashaadka shaqaalaha debedda jooga waxay ku kaxaysaa wadarta guud ee saldhigyada dibadda ilaa $ 7 bilyan ama ka badan.
Marka la eego kharashaadka dhismaha milatariga oo kali ah - lacag loo qoondeeyay in lagu dhiso oo lagu ballaariyo saldhigyada dibadda - dawladda Maraykanku waxay kharash garaysay inta u dhaxaysa $ 70 bilyan illaa $ 182 bilyan inta u dhaxaysa sannadaha maaliyadeed 2000 iyo 2021. Kharashka baaxaddiisu aad bay u ballaaran tahay sababtoo ah Congress -ku wuxuu u qoondeeyay $ 132 bilyan sannadahaas milateriga Dhismaha “goobo aan la cayimin” oo adduunka oo dhan ah, marka lagu daro $ 34 bilyan oo si cad loogu kharash gareeyay dibadda. Dhaqankan miisaaniyadda ayaa ka dhigaya wax aan macquul ahayn in la qiimeeyo inta kharashaadkan la qoondeeyey u aaday dhisidda iyo ballaarinta saldhigyada dibadda. Qiyaasaha muxaafidka ah ee boqolkiiba 15 wuxuu soo saari doonaa $ 20 bilyan oo dheeri ah, in kasta oo inta badan “meelaha aan la cayimin” ay noqon karaan dibedda. $ 16 bilyan oo dheeraad ah ayaa ka soo muuqday miisaaniyadda dagaalka “degdeg” .9
Marka laga soo tago kharashaadka maaliyadeed, iyo xoogaa ka soo horjeedda, saldhigyada dibedda ayaa siyaabo kala duwan amniga wax u dhimaya. Joogitaanka saldhigyada Mareykanka ee dibedda waxay inta badan kicisaa xiisadaha juqraafi, waxay kicisaa naceyb baahsan oo ku wajahan Mareykanka, waxayna u adeegtaa sidii aalad qoris kooxaha xagjirka ah sida al -Qaacida.10
Saldhigyada shisheeye waxay sidoo kale u fududeeyeen Mareykanka inuu ku lug yeesho dagaallo badan oo dagaal oo xulasho ah, laga soo bilaabo dagaalladii Vietnam iyo Koonfur Bari Aasiya ilaa 20 sano oo ah "dagaal weligiis ah" tan iyo duulaankii 2001 ee Afgaanistaan. Laga soo bilaabo 1980, saldhigyada Mareykanka ee Bariga Dhexe ee ugu weyn ayaa loo adeegsaday ugu yaraan 25 jeer si ay dagaallo ama falal kale oo dagaal ugu qaadaan ugu yaraan 15 dal oo gobolkaas ku yaal oo keliya. Tan iyo 2001, milatariga Mareykanka wuxuu ku lug lahaa dagaalka ugu yaraan 25 dal oo adduunka ah.11
In kasta oo qaar ay sheegteen tan iyo Dagaalkii Qaboobaa in saldhigyada dibaddu ay gacan ka geystaan faafinta dimuqraadiyadda, taas lidkeeda badiyaa waxay u muuqataa inay tahay kiiska. Rakibaadda Maraykanka waxaa laga helaa ugu yaraan 19 dal oo kali-talis ah, siddeed dal oo amar-ku-taagle ah, iyo 11 gumeysi (eeg Lifaaqa). Xaaladahan, saldhigyada Mareykanka waxay siiyaan taageero dhab ah nidaamyada aan dimoqraadiga ahayn oo inta badan cadaadis leh sida kuwa ka taliya Turkiga, Niger, Honduras, iyo dowladaha Khaliijka Faaris. Si la mid ah, saldhigyada ku jira gumeysiga Mareykanka ee haray - “dhulalka” Mareykanka ee Puerto Rico, Guam, Barwaaqo -sooranka ee Waqooyiga Mariana Islands, American Samoa, iyo US Virgin Islands - waxay gacan ka geysteen sii wadidda xiriirkooda gumeysi ee Mareykanka intiisa kale iyo dhalashada darajada labaad ee dadkooda.12
Sida tiirka “Burburka Deegaanka ee Muhiimka ah” ee Jadwalka 1aad ee Lifaaqa ayaa tilmaamaya, in badan oo ka mid ah goobaha saldhigga ah ee dibaddu waxay leeyihiin diiwaanka waxyeellada deegaannada maxalliga ah iyada oo loo marayo dillaac sun ah, shilal, daadinta qashinka halista ah, dhismaha saldhigga, iyo tababar ku lug leh agab halis ah. Saldhigyadan dibedda, Pentagon -ka guud ahaan uma hoggaansana heerarka deegaanka ee Mareykanka wuxuuna had iyo jeer ku shaqeeyaa Heerarka Heshiisyada Ciidamada oo u oggolaanaya millatariga inuu ka baxsado sharciyada deegaanka ee martida loo yahay. 13
Marka la eego waxyeelada deegaanka oo kali ah iyo xaqiiqda fudud ee ciidan shisheeye ah oo haysta dhul madax -bannaan, ma aha wax lala yaabo in saldhigyada dibedda ay ka dhaliyaan mucaarad meel kasta oo laga helo (eeg tiirka “Dibad -bax” ee Jadwalka 1). Shilalka iyo dambiyada dhimashada leh ee ay geystaan shaqaalaha milatariga Mareykanka ee ku sugan xarumo dibadeed, oo ay ku jiraan kufsi iyo dil, badiyaa aan lahayn caddaalad maxkamadeed ama la xisaabtan, ayaa sidoo kale dhalisa mudaaharaad la fahmi karo oo dhaawici kara sumcadda Mareykanka.
Liiska saldhigyada
Pentagon -ku wuxuu muddo dheer ku guuldareystay inuu siiyo xog ku filan Koongareeska iyo dadweynaha si ay u qiimeeyaan saldhigyada dibedda iyo geynta ciidammada - waji weyn oo ah siyaasadda arrimaha dibedda Mareykanka. Hababka kormeerka ee hadda jira kuma filna Kongareeska iyo dadwaynuhu inay si habboon u maamulaan rayidka qalabka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada milateri ee dibedda. Tusaale ahaan, markii afar askari ay ku dhinteen dagaal ka dhacay Niger sanadkii 2017, xubno badan oo ka tirsan Kongareeska ayaa aad uga naxay markay ogaadeen inay jiraan ku dhawaad 1,000 askari oo milateri ah dalkaas.14 Saldhigyada dibaddu way adag tahay in la xiro mar la aasaasay, inta badanna waxaa sabab u ah hab -dhiska xafiisyada. 15 Mawqifka aan tooska ahayn ee saraakiisha ciidanku waxay u muuqdaan in haddii saldhig dibadeed jiro, ay tahay inuu noqdo mid faa'iido leh. Koongarasku marar dhif ah ayuu ku qasbaa milatariga inay falanqeeyaan ama muujiyaan faa'iidooyinka amniga qaranka ee saldhigyada dibadda.
Laga bilaabo ugu yaraan 1976, Koongarasku wuxuu bilaabay inuu ka dalbado Pentagon -ka inay soo saarto xisaabinta sanadlaha ah ee “saldhigyada milateri, rakibaadda, iyo tas -hiilaadka”, oo ay ku jiraan tiradooda iyo cabbirkooda. si waafaqsan sharciga Maraykanka.16 Xitaa markii ay soo saartay warbixintan, Pentagon-ku wuxuu bixiyay xog aan dhammaystirnayn ama aan sax ahayn, isagoo ku guul-darraystay inuu diiwaangeliyo tobanaan xarumood oo caan ah. . Laakiin cilmi -baaristu waxay muujineysaa inay hadda ku dhow yihiin 2018 rakibayaal oo cabbirro kala duwan ah qaaradda; hal sarkaal oo milateri ah ayaa qiray 17 rakibo sanadkii 18
Waa suurtogal in Pentagon -ku uusan garanayn tirada dhabta ah ee rakibaadda dibadda. Si daacadnimo ah, daraasad dhowaan ay maalgalisay Ciidanka Mareykanka ee saldhigyada Mareykanka ayaa ku tiirsan liiska David Vine's 2015 ee saldhigyada, halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa liiska Pentagon. 20
Qoraalkan kooban wuxuu qayb ka yahay dadaal lagu kordhinayo daah -furnaanta iyo awood -siinta kormeerka wanaagsan ee hawlaha Pentagon -ka iyo kharashaadka, isagoo gacan ka geysanaya dadaallada muhiimka ah ee lagu baabi'inayo kharashaadka milatari ee qashinka ah iyo dib -u -dhigga dibedda taban ee saldhigyada Mareykanka ee dibedda. Tirada xad -dhaafka ah ee saldhigyada iyo qarsoodiga iyo hufnaan la’aanta shabakadda saldhigga ah ayaa liis dhammaystiran suurtogal ka dhigayn; Pentagon -ka oo dhawaan ku guuldareystay inuu sii daayo Warbixinta Qaabdhismeedka Saldhigga ayaa ka dhigaya liis sax ah xitaa ka adag sanadihii hore. Sida kor ku xusan, habkayagu wuxuu ku tiirsan yahay Warbixinta Qaab -dhismeedka Saldhigga 2018 iyo ilaha aasaasiga ah iyo kuwa sare ee la isku haleyn karo; kuwan waxaa lagu soo ururiyey David Vine's 2021 xogta la dejiyay oo ku saabsan "Saldhigyada Militariga Mareykanka ee Dibadda, 1776-2021."
Waa maxay “saldhig”?
Tallaabada ugu horreysa ee abuurista liisaska saldhigyada dibedda ayaa qeexaya waxa ka kooban “saldhig”. Qeexitaannada ayaa ugu dambayntii ah kuwo siyaasadeed oo inta badan xasaasi u ah siyaasadda. Inta badan Pentagon -ka iyo dowladda Mareykanka, iyo sidoo kale waddamada martida loo yahay, waxay raadiyaan inay ku muujiyaan joogitaanka saldhigga Mareykanka “maahan saldhig Mareykan ah” si looga fogaado aragtida ah in Mareykanka uu ku xadgudbayo qarannimada martida loo yahay (taas oo, dhab ahaantii, ay tahay) . Si looga fogaado doodahaas intii suurtogal ah, waxaan u adeegsanaa Warbixinta Qaabdhismeedka Saldhigga Sannadka Maaliyadeed ee Pentagon -ka 2018 (BSR) iyo ereygeeda “goobta saldhigga” oo ah meesha laga bilaabo liisaskayaga. Adeegsiga eraygan micnaheedu waa in xaaladaha qaarkood rakibidda guud ahaan loogu yeero saldhig keliya, sida Aviano Air Base ee Talyaaniga, dhab ahaantii waxay ka kooban tahay goobo badan oo saldhig ah - kiiska Aviano, ugu yaraan siddeed. Tirinta goob kasta oo saldhig ah ayaa macno samaynaysa maxaa yeelay goobo isku magac ah badiyaa waxay ku sugan yihiin goobo juqraafi ahaan kala fog. Tusaale ahaan, Aviano siddeed goobood waxay ku yaalliin qaybo kala duwan oo ka tirsan degmada Aviano. Guud ahaan, sidoo kale, goob kasta oo saldhig ah waxay ka tarjumaysaa qoondaynta shirweynaha ee gaarka ah ee lacagaha cashuur bixiyeyaasha. Tani waxay sharraxaysaa sababta qaar ka mid ah magacyada saldhigga ama goobaha ay dhowr jeer uga soo muuqdaan liiska faahfaahsan ee ku lifaaqan Lifaaqa.
Saldhigyadu waxay u kala duwan yihiin baaxad weyn oo laga soo bilaabo dhismayaasha magaalada oo leh tobanaan kun oo shaqaale milateri iyo xubnaha qoyska ah ilaa raadeer yar iyo rakibayaal ilaalin, garoomada diyaaradaha ee aan duuliyaha lahayn, iyo xitaa dhowr xabaalo milatari. Pentagon -ka BSR wuxuu leeyahay waxay leeyihiin kaliya 30 “rakibayaal waaweyn” oo dibedda ah. Qaar baa laga yaabaa inay soo jeediyaan in tirintayada 750 goobood oo saldhigga ah oo dibedda ah ay sidaas tahay buunbuuninta baaxadda kaabayaasha dibedda ee Mareykanka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, daabacaadda wanaagsan ee BSR waxay muujineysaa in Pentagon -ku uu ku qeexay “yar” inuu leeyahay qiime la soo sheegay oo ah ilaa $ 1.015 bilyan.21 Waxaa intaa dheer, ku darista xitaa meelaha ugu yar ee saldhigyada ka baxsan rakibidda qalabyada aan lagu darin liisaskayaga sirta ku xeeran saldhigyo badan dibadda. Markaa, waxaan ku qeexnaa wadarta guud ee “qiyaastii 750” inay tahay qiyaasta ugu fiican.
Waxaan ku soo darnay saldhigyo ku yaal gumeysiga Mareykanka (dhulal) tirinta saldhigyada dibedda maxaa yeelay meelahaani ma laha dhexgal dimoqraadi ah oo buuxa Mareykanka. Pentagon -ku wuxuu kaloo u kala saaraa goobahan inay yihiin “dibadaha”. (Washington, DC waxaa ka maqan xuquuq dimuqraadi ah oo buuxda, laakiin marka la eego in ay tahay caasimaddii qaranka, waxaan u aragnaa saldhigyada Washington gudaha.)
Xusuusin: Khariidadan 2020 waxay muujineysaa qiyaastii 800 saldhig oo Mareykan ah adduunka oo dhan. Sababtoo ah xiritaannadii dhowaa, oo ay ku jirto Afgaanistaan, waxaan dib u xisaabinnay oo aan dib u eegay qiyaasteenna illaa 750 oo kooban.
Saldhigyada xidhitaanka
Xiritaanka saldhigyada dibadda ayaa siyaasad ahaan fudud marka la barbar dhigo xidhitaanka qalabka gudaha. Si ka duwan habka Hagaajinta Saldhigga iyo Xiritaanka xarumaha Maraykanka, Koongarasku uma baahna inuu ku lug yeesho xidhitaanka dibedda. Madaxweynayaasha George HW Bush, Bill Clinton, iyo George W. Bush waxay xidheen boqollaal saldhigyo aan loo baahnayn oo ku yaal Yurub iyo Aasiya sannadihii 1990 -meeyadii iyo 2000 -meeyadii. Maamulka Trump ayaa xiray qaar ka mid ah saldhigyadii Afgaanistaan, Ciraaq, iyo Suuriya. Madaxweyne Biden ayaa bilow fiican ku bilaabay ka bixitaanka ciidamada Mareykanka saldhigyadii ay ku lahaayeen Afgaanistaan. Qiyaastaydii hore, sida ugu dambaysay 2020, waxay ahayd in Maraykanku 800 saldhig ku lahaa dibadda (fiiri Khariidadda 1). Sababtoo ah xiritaannadii dhowaa, waxaan dib u xisaabinnay oo hoos u eegay 750.
Madaxweyne Biden wuxuu ku dhawaaqay “Dib -u -eegis Dib -u -eegis Caalamiga ah” wuxuuna ku ballanqaaday maamulkiisa in la hubiyo in keenista ciidamada milatariga Mareykanka ee adduunka oo dhan “ay si habboon ula jaanqaadeyso siyaasaddeena arrimaha dibedda iyo mudnaanta amniga qaranka.” 22 Sidaa darteed, maamulka Biden wuxuu leeyahay taariikh fursad lagu xiro boqollaal saldhigyo milatari oo dheeraad ah oo aan loo baahnayn oo dibedda ah laguna hagaajiyo amniga qaranka iyo kan caalamiga ah ee geedi socodka. Marka la barbardhigo madaxweynihii hore Donald Trump oo si deg -deg ah uga baxay saldhigyadii iyo ciidamadii Suuriya iyo isku daygiisii ahaa inuu ciqaabo Jarmalka isagoo meesha ka saaray qalabkii, Madaxweyne Biden wuxuu si taxaddar leh oo xilkasnimo leh u xiri karaa saldhigyada, isagoo u xaqiijin kara xulafada isagoo kaydinaya lacago badan oo canshuur bixiyeyaal ah.
Sababo diimeed oo kali ah awgood, xubnaha Koongarasku waa inay taageeraan xidhitaanka qalabyada dibedda si ay ugu soo celiyaan kumanaan shaqaale ah iyo xubnaha qoyska - iyo jeegaggooda - degmooyinkooda iyo gobollada. Waxaa jira awood xad-dhaaf ah oo si fiican loo diiwaangeliyey oo loogu talagalay soo-celinta ciidamada iyo qoysaska ku sugan saldhigyada gudaha. 23
Maamulka Biden waa inuu u hoggaansamaa dalabka sii kordhaya ee dhammaan dhinacyada siyaasadda si loo xiro saldhigyada dibedda oo la raaco istiraatiijiyad lagu dejinayo booska milatariga Mareykanka ee dibedda, keenista ciidammada guryahooda, iyo dhisidda meeqaamka diblomaasiyadeed ee dalka iyo xulafadooda.
Lifaaqa
| Shaxda 1. Wadamada leh Saldhigyada Milatari ee Mareykanka (xog -ururin buuxa halkan) | ||||||
| Country Name | Wadarta # Goobaha Saldhigga ah | Nooca Dawlada | Shaqaalaha Shaqaalaha Est. | Maalgelinta Dhismaha Ciidanka (FY2000-19) | Mudaharaad | Burburka Deegaanka ee Muhiimka ah |
| AMERICAN SAMOA | 1 | Gumaysigii Maraykanka | 309 | $ 19.5 million | Maya | Haa |
| ARUBA | 1 | Gumaysigii Holland | 225 | $ 27.1 million24 | Haa | Maya |
| ISCENSION ISLAND | 1 | Gumeystihii Ingiriiska | 800 | $ 2.2 million | Maya | Haa |
| AUSTRALIA | 7 | Dimuqraadiyad buuxda | 1,736 | $ 116 million | Haa | Haa |
| BAHAMAS, THE | 6 | Dimuqraadiyad buuxda | 56 | $ 31.1 million | Maya | Haa |
| Baxrayn | 12 | Qoraa | 4,603 | $ 732.3 million | Maya | Haa |
| BELGIUM | 11 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 1,869 | $ 430.1 million | Haa | Haa |
| Botswana | 1 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 16 | LAGA QAADIN | Maya | Maya |
| BULGARIA | 4 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 2,500 | $ 80.2 million | Maya | Maya |
| Burkina Faso | 1 | Qoraa | 16 | LAGA QAADIN | Haa | Maya |
| CAMBODIA | 1 | Qoraa | 15 | LAGA QAADIN | Haa | Maya |
| KAMEROON | 2 | Qoraa | 10 | LAGA QAADIN | Haa | Maya |
| CANADA | 3 | Dimuqraadiyad buuxda | 161 | LAGA QAADIN | Haa | Haa |
| Jaad | 1 | Qoraa | 20 | LAGA QAADIN | Haa | Maya |
| CHILE | 1 | Dimuqraadiyad buuxda | 35 | LAGA QAADIN | Maya | Maya |
| COLOMBIA | 1 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 84 | $ 43 million | Haa | Maya |
| Costa Rica | 1 | Dimuqraadiyad buuxda | 16 | LAGA QAADIN | Haa | Maya |
| Kuuba | 1 | Qoraa25 | 1,004 | $ 538 million | Haa | Haa |
| CURAÇAO | 1 | Dimuqraadiyad buuxda26 | 225 | $ 27.1 million | Maya | Maya |
| KYPRUS | 1 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 10 | LAGA QAADIN | Haa | Maya |
| DIEGO GARCIA | 2 | Gumeystihii Ingiriiska | 3,000 | $ 210.4 million | Haa | Haa |
| DJIBOUTI | 2 | Qoraa | 126 | $ 480.5 million | Maya | Haa |
| Masar | 1 | Qoraa | 259 | LAGA QAADIN | Maya | Maya |
| EL SALVADOR | 1 | Nidaamka isku -dhafan | 70 | $ 22.7 million | Maya | Maya |
| ESTONIA | 1 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 17 | $ 60.8 million | Maya | Maya |
| GABON | 1 | Qoraa | 10 | LAGA QAADIN | Maya | Maya |
| GEORGIA | 1 | Nidaamka isku -dhafan | 29 | LAGA QAADIN | Maya | Maya |
| GERMANY | 119 | Dimuqraadiyad buuxda | 46,562 | $ 5.8 bilyan | Haa | Haa |
| GHANA | 1 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 19 | LAGA QAADIN | Haa | Maya |
| GREECE | 8 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 446 | $ 179.1 million | Haa | Haa |
| GREENLAND | 1 | Gumaysiga deenishka | 147 | $ 168.9 million | Haa | Haa |
| GUAM | 54 | Gumaysigii Maraykanka | 11,295 | $ 2 bilyan | Haa | Haa |
| Honduras | 2 | Nidaamka isku -dhafan | 371 | $ 39.1 million | Haa | Haa |
| Hungary | 2 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 82 | $ 55.4 million | Maya | Maya |
| Iceland | 2 | Dimuqraadiyad buuxda | 3 | $ 51.5 million | Haa | Maya |
| Ciraaq | 6 | Qoraa | 2,500 | $ 895.4 million | Haa | Haa |
| IRELAND | 1 | Dimuqraadiyad buuxda | 8 | LAGA QAADIN | Haa | Maya |
| Israel | 6 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 127 | LAGA QAADIN | Maya | Maya |
| ITALY | 44 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 14,756 | $ 1.7 bilyan | Haa | Haa |
| Japan | 119 | Dimuqraadiyad buuxda | 63,690 | $ 2.1 bilyan | Haa | Haa |
| JOHNSTON ATOLL | 1 | Gumaysigii Maraykanka | 0 | LAGA QAADIN | Maya | Haa |
| JORDAN | 2 | Qoraa | 211 | $ 255 million | Haa | Maya |
| KENYA | 3 | Nidaamka isku -dhafan | 59 | LAGA QAADIN | Haa | Maya |
| KOREA, JAMHUURIYADDA | 76 | Dimuqraadiyad buuxda | 28,503 | $ 2.3 bilyan | Haa | Haa |
| KOSOVO | 1 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan* | 18 | LAGA QAADIN | Maya | Haa |
| KUWAIT | 10 | Qoraa | 2,054 | $ 156 million | Haa | Haa |
| LATVIA | 1 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 14 | $ 14.6 million | Maya | Maya |
| LUXEMBOURG | 1 | Dimuqraadiyad buuxda | 21 | $ 67.4 million | Maya | Maya |
| Mali | 1 | Qoraa | 20 | LAGA QAADIN | Haa | Maya |
| MARSHALL ISLANDS | 12 | Dimuqraadiyad buuxda* | 96 | $ 230.3 million | Haa | Haa |
| NETHERLANDS | 6 | Dimuqraadiyad buuxda | 641 | $ 11.4 million | Haa | Haa |
| Niger | 8 | Qoraa | 21 | $ 50 million | Haa | Maya |
| N. MARIANA JAASIIRADA | 5 | Gumaysigii Maraykanka | 45 | $ 2.1 bilyan | Haa | Haa |
| NORWAY | 7 | Dimuqraadiyad buuxda | 167 | $ 24.1 million | Haa | Maya |
| Cumaan | 6 | Qoraa | 25 | $ 39.2 million | Maya | Haa |
| PALAU, JAMHUURIYADDA | 3 | Dimuqraadiyad buuxda* | 12 | LAGA QAADIN | Maya | Maya |
| Panama | 11 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 35 | LAGA QAADIN | Maya | Maya |
| Peru | 2 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 51 | LAGA QAADIN | Maya | Maya |
| Filibiin | 8 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 155 | LAGA QAADIN | Haa | Maya |
| POLAND | 4 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 226 | $ 395.4 million | Maya | Maya |
| Portugal | 21 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 256 | $ 87.2 million | Maya | Haa |
| PUERTO RICO | 34 | Gumaysigii Maraykanka | 13,571 | $ 788.8 million | Haa | Haa |
| Qatar | 3 | Qoraa | 501 | $ 559.5 million | Maya | Haa |
| Romania | 6 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 165 | $ 363.7 million | Maya | Maya |
| SACUUDI CARABIYA | 11 | Qoraa | 693 | LAGA QAADIN | Maya | Haa |
| Senegal | 1 | Nidaamka isku -dhafan | 15 | LAGA QAADIN | Maya | Maya |
| Singapore | 2 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 374 | LAGA QAADIN | Maya | Maya |
| SLOVAKIA | 2 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 12 | $ 118.7 million | Maya | Maya |
| SOMALIA | 5 | Nidaamka isku -dhafka ah* | 71 | LAGA QAADIN | Haa | Maya |
| SPAIN | 4 | Dimuqraadiyad buuxda | 3,353 | $ 292.2 million | Maya | Haa |
| Suriname | 2 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 2 | LAGA QAADIN | Maya | Maya |
| SYRIA | 4 | Qoraa | 900 | LAGA QAADIN | Haa | Maya |
| Thailand | 1 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 115 | LAGA QAADIN | Maya | Maya |
| Tuniisiya | 1 | Dimuqraadiyad khaldan | 26 | LAGA QAADIN | Maya | Maya |
| TURKEY | 13 | Nidaamka isku -dhafan | 1,758 | $ 63.8 million | Haa | Haa |
| UGANDA | 1 | Nidaamka isku -dhafan | 14 | LAGA QAADIN | Maya | Maya |
| Imaaraadka Carabta | 3 | Qoraa | 215 | $ 35.4 million | Maya | Haa |
| BOQORTOOYADA INGIRIISKA | 25 | Dimuqraadiyad buuxda | 10,770 | $ 1.9 bilyan | Haa | Haa |
| VIRGIN ISLANDS, US | 6 | Gumaysigii Maraykanka | 787 | $ 72.3 million | Maya | Haa |
| ISLAAMKA KA KAC | 1 | Gumaysigii Maraykanka | 5 | $ 70.1 million | Maya | Haa |
Qoraalada Shaxda 1
Goobaha saldhigga ah: Warbixinta Qaabdhismeedka Saldhigga ee Pentagon -ka ee 2018 wuxuu ku qeexayaa saldhig “goob” mid kasta oo ah “goob juqraafiyeed gaar ah oo leh baakado dhul ama tas -hiilaad gaar ah oo loo qoondeeyay […] taas oo ah, ama uu lahaa, laga kireeyay, ama haddii kale hoos imaanaysa awoodda DoD Qaybta oo ka wakiil ah Maraykanka. ”27
Nooca dawladda: Noocyada dowladda ee dalka waxaa lagu qeexaa midkood “dimuqraadiyad buuxda,” “dimuqraadiyad khaldan,” “nidaam isku -dhafan,” ama “kaligii -taliye.” Kuwani waxaa laga soo uruuriyay Qaybta Sirdoonka Dhaqaalaha ee 2020 “Tusaha Dimuqraadiyadda” haddii aan si kale loogu tilmaamin calaamad (xigashooyin laga heli karo xog -ururinta oo dhan).
Maalgelinta Dhismaha Ciidanka: Tirooyinkan waa in loo tixgeliyaa kuwa ugu yar. Xogtu waxay ka timaaddaa dukumiintiyada miisaaniyadda Pentagon -ka ee rasmiga ah oo loo gudbiyey Congress -ka si loo dhiso millatari. Isugeyntu kuma jirto maalgelin dheeri ah dagaalka (“hawlgallada ka -hortagga dibadda”) miisaaniyadda, miisaaniyadda la qoondeeyay, iyo ilaha kale ee miisaaniyadda kuwaas oo, mararka qaarkood, aan loo sheegin Congress -ka (tusaale .28 Saameyn aad u weyn oo ah maalgelinta dhismaha militariga ee sannadlaha ah ayaa aada “meelo aan la cayimin,” taas oo sii adkeyneysa in la ogaado inta ay dowladda Mareykanka ku maalgelinayso saldhigyada milateri ee dibadda.
Qiyaasaha shaqaalaha: Qiyaasahaas waxaa ka mid ah ciidamada hawl-galka ah, ilaalada qaranka iyo ciidamada kaydka, iyo rayidka Pentagon. Qiyaasaha waxaa laga soo qaatay Xarunta Xogta Shaqaalaha ee Difaaca (oo la cusbooneysiiyay Maarso 31, 2021; iyo Juun 30, 2021 Australia), haddii aan si kale loogu sheegin summad (xigashooyin laga heli karo xog -ururinta oo dhan). Akhristayaashu waa inay ogaadaan in milatarigu uu si joogto ah u bixiyo xog shaqaale aan sax ahayn si loo qariyo dabeecadda iyo baaxadda hawlgelinta.
Qiyaasaha dhulka (waxaa laga heli karaa xog -ururin buuxa): Kuwani waxay ka soo jeedaan Warbixinta Qaabdhismeedka Saldhigga Pentagon ee 2018 (BSR) waxayna ku qoran yihiin hektar. BSR waxay bixisaa qiyaaso aan dhammaystirnayn oo goobahaas saldhigga ah ee aan lagu darin waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay “lama shaacin.”
Mudaaharaadyadii u dambeeyay/socda: Tani waxay tilmaamaysaa dhacdada mudaharaad kasta oo weyn, ha ahaado dawlad, dad, ama urur. Kaliya mudaaharaadyo si cad looga soo horjeedo saldhigyada militariga Mareykanka ama joogitaanka milatariga Mareykanka guud ahaan ayaa lagu calaamadeeyay “haa”. Waddan kasta oo lagu calaamadeeyay “haa” waxaa daliil u ah oo taageeray laba warbaahin oo warbaahineed tan iyo 2018. Wadammadaas oo aan laga helin wax mudaaharaadyo ah ama socda ayaa lagu calaamadeeyay “maya.”
Burbur deegaanka oo aad u weyn: Qeybtaan waxaa loola jeedaa wasakheynta hawada, wasakheynta dhulka, wasakheynta biyaha, wasakheynta dhawaaqa, iyo/ama khatarta flora ama fauna ee ku xiran joogitaanka saldhigga milatariga Mareykanka. Saldhigyada milateri waa, marka laga reebo dhif ah, oo waxyeello u geysta deegaanka marka la eego kaydintooda iyo isticmaalka joogtada ah ee walxaha halista ah, kiimikooyinka sunta ah, hubka halista ah, iyo walxaha kale ee halista ah.29 Saldhigyada waaweyn waxay u muuqdaan inay si gaar ah waxyeello u geystaan; sidaas darteed, waxaan u qaadannaa in saldhig kasta oo weyn uu sababay waxyeello bey'adeed. Goob lagu calaamadeeyay “maya” micnaheedu ma aha in saldhig uusan waxyeello u geysan deegaanka laakiin taa beddelkeeda in aan la heli karin wax dukumiinti ah ama in loo malaynayo in waxyeelladu ay xadidan tahay.
Mahadnaq
Kooxahan iyo shakhsiyaadka soo socda, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Isbahaysiga Dib -u -dejinta iyo Isbaheysiga Xiritaanka, ayaa ka caawiyay fikradda, cilmi -baarista, iyo qorista iyo warbixintaan: Ololaha Nabadda, Hub -ka -dhigista iyo Amniga Guud; Koodhka; Golaha Adduunka La Noolaan karo; Isbahaysiga Siyaasadda Dibadda; Machadka Daraasaadka Siyaasadda/Siyaasadda Dibadda ee Focus; Andrew Bacevich; Medea Benjamin; John Feffer; Sam Fraser; Joseph Gerson; Barry Klein; Jessica Rosenblum; Lora Lumpe; Catherine Lutz; David Swanson; John Tierney; Allan Vogel; iyo Lawrence Wilkerson.
Iskuduwaha Saldhigga Dibadda iyo Isbaheysiga Xiritaanka (OBRACC) waa koox ballaadhan oo falanqeeyayaal milateri, aqoonyahanno, u doodayaal, iyo khubaro kale oo saldhig milatari oo ka kala yimid daafaha siyaasadda kuwaas oo taageera xiritaanka saldhigyada militariga Mareykanka ee dibedda. Wixii macluumaad dheeraad ah, ka eeg www.overseasbases.net.
David Vine waa Professor Anthropology ee Jaamacadda Ameerika ee Washington, DC. David waa qoraaga seddex buug oo ku saabsan saldhigyada milatariga iyo dagaalka, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa dhowaan la siidaayay Dagaalkii Mareykanka: Taariikhda Caalamiga ah ee Khilaafaadka aan dhamaadka lahayn ee Mareykanka, laga bilaabo Columbus ilaa Dawladda Islaamiga (Jaamacadda California Press, 2020), oo ahayd gabagabada loogu talagalay Abaalmarinta Buugga 2020 LA Times ee Taariikhda. Buugaagtii hore ee David waa Nation Base: Sida Milatariga Maraykanku Dibadaha ugu Dhibay Ameerika iyo Dunida (Buugaagta Magaalooyinka/Henry Holt, 2015) iyo Jasiiradda Ceebta: Taariikhda Qarsoon ee Ciidanka Mareykanka ee Diego Garcia (Princeton University Press, 2009). David waa xubin ka mid ah Isbedelka Saldhigga Dibadda iyo Isbaheysiga Xiritaanka.
Patterson Deppen waa cilmi baare World BEYOND War, halkaas oo uu ku soo ururiyey warbixintan oo ah liis dhamaystiran oo saldhigyada milateri ee Maraykanku ku leeyahay dibadda. Wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa guddiga tifaftirka ee Xiriirka E-International halkaas oo uu isku-dubbaride u yahay maqaallada ardayda. Qoraalkiisu wuxuu ka dhex muuqday Xiriirka E-International, Tom Dispatch, iyo The Progressive. Maqaalkiisii ugu dambeeyay ee TomDispatch, "America as a Base Nation Revisited," wuxuu bixiyaa fiirinta saldhigyada militariga Mareykanka ee dibedda iyo joogitaankooda imbaraadooriyadda adduunka ee maanta. Wuxuu sayidyadiisa xagga horumarinta iyo amniga ka qaatay Jaamacadda Bristol. Wuxuu xubin ka yahay Isbedelka Saldhigga Dibadda iyo Isbaheysiga Xiritaanka.
Leah Bolger wuxuu ka fariistay sanadkii 2000 Ciidanka Badda Mareykanka darajada Taliye ka dib 20 sano oo uu ka shaqeynayay waajibaad shaqo. Waxaa loo doortay inay noqoto haweeneydii ugu horreysay ee Madaxweyne ka noqota Veterans For Peace (VFP) sanadkii 2012, iyadoo 2013 loo doortay inay soo bandhigto Ava Helen iyo Linus Pauling Memorial Peace Lecture ee Jaamacadda Gobolka Oregon. Waxay u adeegtaa Madaxweyne World BEYOND War, urur caalami ah oo u heellan baabiinta dagaalka. Leah waa xubin ka mid ah Isbahaysiga Saldhigga Dibadda iyo Isbaheysiga Xiritaanka.
World BEYOND War waa dhaqdhaqaaq caalami ah oo aan xasilooneyn oo lagu joojinayo dagaalka laguna dhisayo nabad cadaalad waarta. World BEYOND War waxaa la aasaasay 1-dii Janaayost, 2014, markii wada-aasaasayaasha David Hartsough iyo David Swanson ay u dhaqaaqeen inay abuuraan dhaqdhaqaaq caalami ah si loo baabi'iyo hay'adda dagaalka lafteeda, kaliya maahan "dagaalkii maalintii." Haddii dagaal waligiis la baabiiyo, markaa waa in miiska laga saaraa sidii ikhtiyaar macquul ah. Sida aysan jirin wax la yiraahdo “wanaagsan” ama addoonsiga lagama maarmaanka ah, ma jiro wax la yiraahdo “wanaagsan” ama dagaal loo baahan yahay. Labada hay'adoodba waa wax karaahiyo ah oo aan marnaba la aqbali karin, duruufaha jira Haddaba, haddii aanan dagaal u adeegsan karin xallinta khilaafaadka caalamiga ah, maxaan samayn karnaa? Helitaanka hab loogu gudbayo nidaam amni oo caalami ah oo ay taageerayaan sharciga caalamiga ah, diblomaasiyadda, iskaashiga, iyo xuquuqda aadanaha, iyo in lagu difaaco waxyaabahaas ficil aan rabshad lahayn halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd hanjabaadda rabshadaha, waa wadnaha WBW. Shaqadayada waxaa ka mid ah waxbarasho baabi'isa khuraafaadka, sida "Dagaalku waa dabiici" ama "Mar walba dagaal baa na dhex maray," waxayna tuseysaa dadka ma aha oo kaliya in dagaalka la baabi'iyo, laakiin sidoo kale inay dhab ahaan noqon karto. Shaqadayada waxaa ka mid ah dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee dhaqdhaqaaqyada aan rabshadaha lahayn ee adduunka u dhaqaajinaya jihada dhammaadka dagaalka.
Qoraalada:
1 Waaxda Difaaca Mareykanka. "Warbixinta Qaab -dhismeedka Saldhigga -Sannad -Maaliyadeedka 2018 Aasaaska: Soo -koobidda Xogta Hantida Ma -guurtada ah." Xafiiska Kaaliyaha Xoghayaha Difaaca ee Sii -haynta, 2018.
https://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/BSI/BEI_Library.html;see also Vine, David. “Lists of U.S. Military Bases Abroad, 1776–2021.” American University Digital Research Archive, 2021.https://doi.org/10.17606/7em4-hb13.
2 Gubasho, Robert. "Milley wuxuu ku boorinayaa 'dib -u -fiirinta' saldhigga joogtada ah ee ciidamada dibadda." Associated Press, Diseembar 3, 2020. https://apnews.com/article/persian-gulf-tensions-south-korea-united-states-5949185a8cbf2843eac27535a599d022.
3 “Caddaynta Miisaaniyadda Koongareeska - Waaxda Dawladda, Hawlgallada Dibadda, iyo Barnaamijyada La Xiriira, Sannad Maaliyadeedka 2022.” Waaxda Arrimaha Dibedda ee Maraykanka. 2021. ii.
4 Qarsoonaanta iyo daahfurnaanta xaddidan ee ku xeeran saldhigyada Mareykanka waxaa ka muuqda saldhigyada shisheeye ee ummadaha kale. Qiyaasaha hore waxay soo jeediyeen in inta kale ee militariga adduunka ay haysteen 60-100 saldhigyo shisheeye. Warbixin cusub ayaa soo jeedineysa in Boqortooyada Midowday ay leedahay 145. Eeg Miller, Phil. “WAXAA LA SHEEGAY: Shabakadda saldhigga millatari ee UK waxay ku lug leedahay 145 goobood oo ku yaal 42 dal.” Dib loo cayimay UK, Noofambar 20, 2020.
https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-11-24-revealed-the-uk-militarys-overseas-base-network-involves-145-sites-in-42-countries/). As we discuss in our “What Isa Base?” section, the definition of a “base” is also a perennial challenge, making cross-national comparison even more difficult.
5 Eeg, tusaale ahaan, Jacobs, Frank. "Shanta Boqortooyo ee Militariga Adduunka." BigThink.com, Luulyo 10, 2017.
http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/the-worlds-five-military-empires;Sharkov, Damien. “Russia’s Military Compared to the U.S.” Newsweek, June 8, 2018.
http://www.newsweek.com/russias-military-compared-us-which-country-has-more-military-bases-across-954328.
6 Waaxda Difaaca “Warbixinta Kharashka Dibadda” (tusaale, Waaxda Difaaca Mareykanka. “Hawlgallada iyo
Dulmarka Dayactirka, Qiyaasaha Miisaaniyadda Sanadka 2021 -ka. ” Sida uu qabo Xoghayaha Difaaca (Kontoroolle), Febraayo 2020. 186–189), oo lagu soo gudbiyey dukumintiga miisaaniyad sanadeedka, wuxuu bixiyaa macluumaad kharash xadidan oo ku saabsan rakibaadda qaar laakiin ma aha dhammaan waddamada ay milaterigu ku hayaan saldhigyada. Xogta warbixinta ayaa ah mid inta badan aan dhammaystirnayn badanaana aan ka jirin dalal badan. In ka badan toban sano, DoD waxay soo sheegtay wadarta kharashaadka sannadlaha ah ee rakibaadaha dibadda ee ku dhawaad $ 20 bilyan. David Vine wuxuu ku siinayaa qiyaas aad u faahfaahsanBase Nation: Sida Militariga Mareykanka Saldhigyada ugu yihiin Dibedda Waxyeelada Ameerika iyo Adduunka. New York. Buugaagta Metropolitan, 2015. 195-214. Canabku wuxuu adeegsaday isla habkaas si uu u cusbooneysiiyo qiyaasta sannad maaliyadeedka 2019, marka laga reebo kharashaadka qaarkood si ay u noqdaan kuwo ka sii taxaddar badan halista kharashaadka tirinta labalaabka. Waxaan cusboonaysiinay qiyaastaas $ 51.5 bilyan illaa hadda iyadoo la adeegsanayo Xisaabiyaha Sicir -bararka CPI ee Xafiiska Tirakoobka Shaqaalaha, https: //www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm.
7 Lostumbo, Michael J, et al. Saldhigga Dibedda ee Ciidamada Militariga US: Qiimaynta Qiimaha Qaraabada iyo Faa'iidooyinka Istiraatiijiga ah. Santa Monica. Shirkadda RAND, 2013. xxv.
8 Waxaan ku qiyaasnaa kharashaadka shaqaalaha annagoo u qaadaneyna, mar kale muxaafid, qofkiiba inuu ku kacayo $ 115,000 (kuwa kale waxay isticmaalaan $ 125,000) iyo qiyaastii 230,000 oo ciidan iyo shaqaale rayid ah oo hadda dibadda jooga. Waxaan soo saarnaa $ 115,000 qofkiiba qiyaas ahaan annagoo hagaajineyna qiyaasta $ 107,106 shaqaalaha jooga dibadda iyo gudahaba (Blakeley, Katherine. “Shaqaalaha Militariga.” Xarunta Falanqaynta Istiraatiijiyadda iyo Miisaaniyadda, Ogosto 15, 2017, https://csbaonline.org/ warbixinnada/shaqaalaha milatariga), oo la siiyay $ 10,000– $ 40,000 qofkiiba kharash dheeraad ah oo loogu talagalay shaqaalaha dibadda (eeg Lostumbo.
9 Xisaabinta dhismaha millateriga ee warbixintan waxaa diyaariyey Jordan Cheney, Jaamacadda Mareykanka, iyadoo adeegsanaysa dukumiintiyada miisaaniyadda Pentagon-ka ee loo soo gudbiyey Congress-ka dhismaha militariga (barnaamijyada C-1). Wadarta qarashka dhismaha milatariga ee dibedda ayaa weli sarreeya sababtoo ah miisaaniyad dheeri ah oo lagu kharash gareeyey dagaalka (“hawlgallada ka -hortagga dibadda”) miisaaniyadda. Intii u dhaxaysay sanadaha maaliyadeed 2004 iyo 2011, kaligii, dhismaha milatari ee Afgaanistaan, Ciraaq, iyo aagagga kale ee dagaalku wuxuu ahaa $ 9.4 bilyan (Belasco, Amy. Adeegga Cilmi -baarista, Maarso 9, 11. 29). Iyada oo la adeegsanayo heerkan kharash -bixinta hage ahaan ($ 2011 bilyan oo ah kharashka dhismaha milatariga sanadaha maaliyadeedka 33–9.4 ayaa matalayay .2004% ee miisaaniyadda guud ee milatariga ee kharashaadka isla mudadaas), waxaan qiyaasnaa kharashaadka dhismaha milatariga ee miisaaniyadda dagaalka sanadaha maaliyadeed 2011- 85 wadar ahaan qiyaastii $ 2001 bilyan oo ka mid ah Pentagon -ka $ 2019 tiriliyan ee kharashaadka dagaalka (McGarry, Brendan W. iyo Emily M. Morgenstern. Isku-darkayaga kuma jiraan maalgelin dheeraad ah miisaaniyadaha la qoondeeyey iyo ilaha kale ee miisaaniyadda kuwaas oo, mararka qaarkood, aan loo sheegin Congress-ka (tusaale ahaan, marka milaterigu adeegsado lacag loo qoondeeyay ujeeddooyin dhismo aan milatari ahayn oo loogu talagalay dhismaha millatariga). Fiiri Canabka. Ummada Saldhiga ah. Cutubka 16, si looga doodo maalgelinta dhismaha ciidanka.
10 Vine, David Mareykanka Dagaalka: Taariikhda Caalamiga ah ee Khilaafaadka aan dhamaadka lahayn ee Mareykanka, laga bilaabo Columbus ilaa Dawladda Islaamiga ah. Jaamacadda California Press, 2020.248; Glain, Stephen. "Waxa Dhab ahaantii Keenay Usaama Bin Laden." US News & World Report, May 3, 2011.
http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/stephen-glain/2011/05/03/what-actually-motivated-osama-bin-laden;
Bowman, Bradley L. “Ciraaq ka dib.” Quarterly Washington, vol. 31, maya. 2. 2008. 85.
11 Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika, Jaad, Kolombiya, Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Congo, Haiti, Iraq, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Uganda, Yemen. Eeg Savell, Stephanie, iyo 5W Infographics. "Khariidadani waxay muujineysaa halka ay adduunka ka joogaan Milatariga Mareykanka ee la dagaallamaya argagixisada." Majaladda Smithsonian, Janaayo 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; Kaadh, Nick, iyo Sean D. Naylor. “Waa la kashifay: 36-ka Xeer ee loogu magac daray Hawlgallada Millateriga Mareykanka ee Afrika.” Yahoo News, Abriil 17, 2019.https: //news.yahoo.com/revealed-the-us-militarys-36-codenamed-operations-in-africa-090000841.html.
12 Eeg, tusaale ahaan, Vine.Base Nation. Cutubka 4aad. Dadka ku nool Ameerika Samoa waxay leeyihiin xitaa jinsiyad ka hooseysa maadaama aysan si toos ah u ahayn muwaadiniin Mareykan ah markay dhasheen.
13 Canabka. Nation Nation.138–139.
14 Volcovici, Valerie. “Senatorada Mareykanka waxay raadinayaan jawaabo ku saabsan joogitaanka Mareykanka ee Niger ka dib weerar gaadmo ah.” Reuters, Oktoobar 22, 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-niger-usa-idUSKBN1CR0NG.
Mid ka mid ah daraasadaha dhifka ah ee Kongareeska ee saldhigyada Mareykanka iyo joogitaanka dibedda waxay muujisay in “marka saldhigga Mareykanka ee dibedda la dhiso, waxay qaadataa nolol iyada u gaar ah…. Ergooyinka asalka ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay noqdaan kuwo duugoobay, laakiin hawlgallo cusub ayaa la horumariyaa, ma aha oo keliya ujeeddada ah in xarunta sii socoto, laakiin badiyaa si dhab ah loo ballaariyo. ” Guurtida Maraykanka. "Heshiisyada Amniga Mareykanka iyo Ballan -qaadyada Dibedda." Dhegeysiyada horyaala Guddi -hoosaadka Senate -ka ee Heshiisyada Amniga Mareykanka iyo Ballan -qaadyada Dibedda ee Guddiga Xiriirka Dibadda. Sagaashan iyo Koongareeskii kowaad, Vol. 15, 2. Cilmi -baaris dhow dhow ayaa xaqiijisay natiijadan. Tusaale ahaan, Glaser, John. Ka-noqoshada Saldhigyada Dibadda: Waa maxay sababta Meel-marinta Ciidan ee Hore loo Dhigay ay tahay mid aan loo baahnayn, waqtigeedii dhacay, oo halis ah. ” Falanqaynta Siyaasadda 2017, Machadka CATO, July 816, 18; Johnson, Chalmers. Murugooyinka Boqortooyada: Militariga, Sirta, iyo Dhammaadka Jamhuuriyadda. New York. Metropolitan, 2017; Canab Umada Saldhiga ah.
16 Sharciga Dadweynaha 94-361, sek. 302.
17 Xeerka Maraykanka 10, sek. 2721, "Diiwaanada Hantida Real." Markii hore, fiiri Xeerka US 10, sek. 115 iyo Xeerka Maraykanka 10, sek. 138 (c). Ma cadda haddii Pentagon -ka uu daabaco warbixinta sannad kasta inta u dhaxaysa 1976 iyo 2018, laakiin warbixinnada waxaa laga heli karaa khadka tooska ah illaa 1999 waxayna u muuqdaan in la siiyay Koongareeska inta badan haddii aysan dhammaan xilligan.
18 Turse, Nick. "Saldhigyada, Saldhigyada, Meel kasta… Marka laga reebo Warbixinta Pentagon -ka." TomDispatch.com, Janaayo 8, 2019. http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/176513/tomgram%3A_nick_turse%2C_one_down%2C_who_knows_how_many_to_go/#more; Vine.Base Nation.3-5; David Vine. "Liisaska Saldhigyada Militariga Mareykanka ee Dibadda, 1776-2021."
19 Turse, Nick. “Militariga Mareykanka oo Sheegay inay Afrika ku leeyihiin 'Raad -Fudud' ' Dukumentiyadaani waxay muujinayaan Shabakad baaxad leh oo saldhigyo ah. ” Dhexda, December 1, 2018. https://theintercept.com/2018/12/01/us-military-says-it-has-a-light-footprint-in-africa-these-documents-show-a- shabakado-sal-ballaaran/; Savell, Stephanie, iyo 5W Infographics. Majaladda Smithsonian, Janaayo 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; Turse, Nick. "Raad-raaca Dagaalka Mareykanka ee Afrika Qarsoodiga Dukumiintiyada Militariga Mareykanka waxay muujinayaan saldhigyo saldhigyo millatari oo Mareykan ah oo ku yaal qaaraddaas." TomDispatch.com, Abriil 27, 2017. https://tomdispatch.com/nick-turse-the-us-military-moves-deeper-into-africa/
20 O'Mahony, Angela, Miranda Priebe, Bryan Frederick, Jennifer Kavanagh, Matthew Lane, Trevor Johnston, Thomas S. Szayna, Jakub P. Hlávka, Stephen Watts, iyo Matthew Povlock. "Joogitaanka Mareykanka iyo Dhacdooyinka Khilaafka." Shirkadda RAND. Santa Monica, 2018.
21 Waaxda Difaaca Mareykanka. "Warbixinta Qaabdhismeedka Saldhigga — Sannad Maaliyadeedka 2018." 18.
22 Biden, Joseph R. Jr. Febraayo 4, 2021.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/02/04/remarks-by-president-biden-on-americas-place-in-the-world/.
23 "Awoodda Kaabayaasha Waaxda Difaaca." Waaxda Difaaca Mareykanka. Oktoobar 2017,
https://fas.org/man/eprint/infrastructure.pdf.
24 Lacag lagu dhiso Aruba iyo Curaçao ayaa lagu daray maalgelinta Pentagon -ka. Waxaan u qaybinay wadarta iyo
badh loo qaybiyey goob kasta.
25 Waxaan u isticmaalnaa Qeybta Sirdoonka Dhaqaalaha Qeybinta Cuba inay tahay mid awood leh, in kasta oo saldhigga Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, lagu tilmaami karo gumeysi Mareykan ah marka la eego dowladda Cuba oo aan awoodin inay ka saarto militariga Mareykanka sida waafaqsan heshiiska saraakiisha Mareykanka lagu soo rogay Cuba 1930 -yadii. Eeg Canabka Maraykanka Dagaalka. 23-24.
26 Lacag lagu dhiso Aruba iyo Curaçao ayaa lagu daray maalgelinta Pentagon -ka. Waxaan u qaybinay wadarta iyo
badh loo qaybiyey goob kasta.
27 Waaxda Difaaca Mareykanka. Qaab -dhismeedka Saldhigga Warbixinta — Sannad Maaliyadeedka 2018. 4.
28 Fiiri Canabka. Ummada Saldhiga ah. Cutubka 13aad.
29 Wixii dulmar ah, arag Canabka. Ummada Saldhiga ah. Cutubka 7aad.
