Sida uu Maraykanku u soo dhoofiyo soogalootiga hareeraha, Ken Guba wuxuu sheeganayaa inuu run ka sheegi doono Holocaust

By David Swanson, World BEYOND War, September 16, 2022

Waqtigan xaadirka ah, marka Maraykanku u soo raro muhaajiriinta sida wasakhda nukliyeerka, waqtiga ugu habboon ee Ken Burns iyo PBS ay ku andacoonayaan inay runta ka sheegi doonaan Maraykanka iyo Holocaust? Waxay sheegteen in Vietnam sidoo kale. (Waa kan dib u eegistayda aadka u qasan.)

Dabcan, waxaan rajeynayaa inaan waxyaabo cusub ka barto Burns iyo shirkadda, mana sheeganayaan inaan wax walba garanayo, laakiin waxa aan ogahay, tani waa waxa aan ka dhigi lahaa filimkiisii ​​​​ugu dambeeyay haddii aan awood u yeesho (laakiin waan naxay haddii wuxuu sameeyaa):

(Waxaa laga soo xigtay Ka Tagaya Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka.)

 Haddii aad dhagaysan lahayd dadka qiil u siinaya WWII maanta, oo aad u adeegsanaysid WWII si aad u caddeysid 75 sano ee soo socda ee dagaallada iyo u diyaargarowga dagaal, waxa ugu horreeya ee aad ka filan karto inaad ka hesho akhrinta waxa WWII runti ahayd wuxuu noqon lahaa dagaal dhiirrigeliya baahida loo qabo ka badbaadi Yuhuudda dil wadareedka. Waxaa jiri lahaa sawirro hore oo boorar uu Adeer Sam farta ku fiiqayo, oo leh "Waxaan rabaa inaad badbaadiso Yuhuudda!"

Xaqiiqdii, dowladaha Mareykanka iyo Ingiriiska waxay sannado badan ku howlanaayeen ololeyaal dacaayad ballaaran oo lagu dhisayo taageerada dagaalka laakiin waligood wax xusid ah kama sameynin badbaadinta Yuhuudda.[i] Waxaan ognahay in ku filan oo ku saabsan wadahadalka dawlada ee gudaha si aan u ogaano in badbaadinta Yuhuudda (ama qof kasta oo kale) aysan ahayn dhiirigelin qarsoodi ah oo laga qariyey dadweynaha ka soo horjeeda (iyo haddii ay ahaan lahayd, sidee dimoqraadiyad ahaan u ahaan lahayd dagaalka weyn ee dimuqraadiyadda?). Marka, isla markiiba waxaan la kulanay dhibaatada ah in sababta ugu caansan ee loo yaqaan 'WWII' aan la abuurin illaa WWII kadib.

Siyaasadda socdaalka Mareykanka, oo ay si weyn u farsameeyeen eugenicists antisemitic-ka sida Harry Laughlin - iyaga laftooda ilaha dhiirrigelinta eugenicists Nazi - waxay si aad ah u xaddiday gelitaanka Yuhuudda Mareykanka kahor iyo intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka.[ii]

Siyaasadda Naasiyiintii Jarmalka muddo sannado ah waxay ahayd in lagu sii wado cayrinta Yuhuudda, ma ahayn dilkooda. Dawladaha adduunku waxay qabteen shirar dadweyne oo looga hadlayo cidda aqbali doonta Yuhuudda, iyo dawladahaas - sababo furan oo xishood la'aan ah - waxay diideen inay aqbalaan dhibbanayaasha Naasiyiinta mustaqbalka. Hitler wuxuu si cad ugaga dhawaajiyay diidmadani heshiis ay la gashay cuqdaddiisa iyo dhiirigelin si loo sii kordhiyo.

In Évian-les-Baines, France, bishii Luulyo 1938, dadaal caalami ah oo hore ayaa la sameeyay, ama ugu yaraan la been abuuray, si loo yareeyo wax aad u badan sanadihii la soo dhaafay: dhibaatada qaxootiga. Dhibaatada waxay ahayd daaweyntii Nazi ee Yuhuudda. Wakiillada 32 waddan iyo 63 urur, oo ay weheliyaan ilaa 200 saxafi oo wax ka qorayay dhacdada, waxay si fiican ula socdeen rabitaankii Naasiyiinta ee ahaa in Yuhuudda oo dhan laga saaro Jarmalka iyo Austria, xoogaa weyna ka warqabaan in masiirka iyaga sugaya haddii aan la eryin ay u badan tahay inuu ku socdo. dhimasho noqo. Go'aanka shirku wuxuu ahaa asal ahaan inuu Yuhuudda uga tago masiirkooda. (Kaliya Costa Rica iyo Dominican Republic ayaa kordhiyay qoondadooda socdaalka.)

WW Wakiilka Australia TW White wuxuu yiri, asaga oo aan weydiineynin dadka asaliga ah ee Australia: "Maaddaama oo aannan haysanin cunsur dhab ah, uma lihinno inaan soo galno mid."[iii]

Kaligii-taliskii Dominican Republic wuxuu u arkay Yuhuudda inay yihiin cunsurinimo, iyagoo u keenaya dhul cad in ay dad badani ka soo jeedaan Afrikaanka. Dhul ayaa loo qoondeeyay dadka Yuhuudda ah ee 100,000, laakiin in ka yar 1,000 waligood way yimaadeen.[iv]

Hitler wuxuu yiri markii Shirka Évian la soo jeedinayay: “Waxaan kaliya rajeyn karaa oo aan filan karaa in dunida kale, oo naxariis weyn u leh dambiilayaashan [Yuhuudda], ay ugu yaraan deeqsinimo ku filan u rogi karto naxariistaan ​​gargaar wax ku ool ah. Annagu, dhinaceena, waxaan diyaar u nahay inaan dhammaan dambiilayaashaas gelino meesha ay ka saaraan dalalkan, dhammaan inta aan daneeyo, xitaa maraakiibta raaxada. ”[v]

Shirka kadib, Nofeembar 1938, Hitler wuxuu kordhiyay weerarada uu ku hayo Yuhuudda Kristallnacht ama Crystal Night - rabshad dawladdu abaabushay habeenkii, burburinta iyo gubida dukaamada Yuhuudda iyo sunagogyada, intii lagu jiray halkaas oo 25,000 oo qof loo diray xeryaha ku-ururinta. Isagoo ka hadlaya Janaayo 30, 1939, Hitler wuxuu ku andacooday cudurdaar ficilkiisa wixii ka soo baxay shirkii Évian:

“Waa daawasho xumo ceeb ah in la arko sida adduunka dimoqraadiga ah oo dhami uu uga damqanayo masaakiinta la silcinayo dadka Yuhuudda ah, laakiin qalbi adag oo qalbi furan oo ka tanaasulaya markay timaado caawintooda - taas oo xaqiiqdii, marka la fiiriyo aragtideeda, waa waajib muuqda . Doodaha loo soo qaatay marmarsiiyo u ahaanshaha iyaga oo aan ka caawinayn inay runti noo hadlaan annaga reer Jarmal iyo Talyaani ah. Waayo, kanu waa tan ay ku yidhaahdaan:

1. 'Annaga,' taasi waa dimuqraadiyadda, 'awood uma lihin inaan Yuhuudda ku qabsanno.' Haddana boqortooyooyinkan xitaa kuma jiraan toban qof kiiloomitir laba jibbaaran. Halka Jarmalka, oo ay la socdaan 135 qof oo deggan illaa kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran, loo malaynayo inay meel u banneeyaan iyaga!

2. Waxay noo xaqiijinayaan: Ma qaadan karno ilaa Jarmalku diyaar u yahay inuu u oggolaado xaddi raasamaal ah oo ay ku soo kaxeeyaan soogalooti ahaan. ”^[vi]

Dhibaatada ka jirta Évian waxay ahayd, nasiib daro, maahan jaahilnimada ajandaha Nazi, laakiin waa ku guuldareysiga mudnaanta in laga hortago. Tani waxay dhibaato ku noqotay inta dagaalka socday. Waxay ahayd dhibaato laga helay siyaasiyiinta iyo dadweynaha guud ahaan.

Shan maalmood ka dib Crystal Night, Madaxweynaha Franklin Roosevelt wuxuu sheegay inuu dib ugu yeerayo safiirkii Jarmalka isla markaana ra'yiga dadweynaha uu "aad uga naxay". Ma adeegsan ereyga "Yuhuud." Weriye ayaa weydiiyay haddii meel kasta oo dunida ka mid ah laga yaabo inay aqbasho Yuhuud badan oo ka socota Jarmalka. "Maya," ayuu yiri Roosevelt. Waqtigu uma bislaan taas. Weriye kale ayaa weydiiyay haddii Roosevelt uu dabcinayo xayiraadaha socdaalka ee qaxootiga Yuhuudda. "Taasi ma ahan fikir," madaxweynaha ayaa ku jawaabay.[vii] Roosevelt wuxuu diiday inuu taageero biilka qaxootiga ee 1939, kaas oo u oggolaan lahaa 20,000 oo Yuhuud ah oo ka yar 14 sano inay soo galaan Mareykanka, waligeedna kamay soo bixin guddiga.[viii]

In kasta oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah Mareykanka, sida meelo kale, ay isku dayeen geesinimo inay Yuhuudda ka badbaadiyaan Nazis, oo ay ku jiraan iskaa wax u qabso si ay u qaataan, ra'yiga inta badan weligood lama jirin.

Bishii Luulyo 1940, Adolf Eichmann, oo ahaa qorsheeye weyn ee xasuuqa, wuxuu damacsanaa inuu u diro dhammaan Yuhuudda Madagascar, oo hadda ka tirsan Jarmalka, Faransiiska oo degganaa. Maraakiibtu waxay u baahan doonaan inay sugaan oo keliya ilaa Ingiriis, oo hadda loola jeedo Winston Churchill, uu joojiyo xannibaadda. Maalintaas waligeed ma iman.[ix]

Xoghayaha Arimaha Dibada ee Ingiriiska Anthony Eden ayaa ku kulmay magaalada Washington, DC 27-kii bishii Maarso, 1943, isaga oo la kulmay Rabbi Stephen Wise iyo Joseph M. Proskauer, oo ah qareen caan ah isla markaana horey u ahaan jiray Garsooraha Maxkamadda Sare ee Gobolka New York oo markaa ahaa Madaxweynaha Guddiga Yuhuudda Mareykanka. Wise iyo Proskauer waxay soo jeediyeen in loo dhowaado Hitler si looga guuro Yuhuudda. Eden wuxuu ku gacan seyray fikraddaas oo ay ku tilmaamtay "mid aan macquul ahayn."[X] Laakiin isla maalintaas, sida laga soo xigtay Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, Eden wuxuu u sheegay Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibadda Cordell Hull wax ka duwan:

Hull waxay soo bandhigtay su'aasha ah 60 ama 70 kun oo Yuhuud ah oo ku sugan Bulgaria waxaana loogu hanjabay dabar goyn ilaa aan ka saarno oo aan si deg deg ah ugu cadaadino Eden jawaabta dhibaatada. Eden wuxuu kujawaabey in dhibaatada Yuhuuda ee Yurub oo dhami ay tahay mid aad u adag oo waa inaan si taxaddar leh ugu dhaqaaqnaa inaan bixino in Yuhuudda oo dhan laga saaro dal sida Bulgaria ah. Haddii aan taa yeelno, markaa Yuhuudda adduunku waxay rabi doonaan inaan dalabyo isku mid ah ka bixinno Poland iyo Jarmalka. Hitler wuxuu si fiican nooga qaadan karaa dalab kasta oo noocan oo kale ah mana jiraan maraakiib iyo gaadiid ku filan adduunka oo lagula tacaalo. ”[xi]

Churchill wuu ogolaaday. "Xitaa ma inaan helno ogolaansho inaan ka baxno Yuhuudda oo dhan," ayuu ku qoray jawaab hal warqad codsi ah, "gaadiidka kaligiis ayaa keenaya dhibaato taas oo xallinteeda adag." Ma ahan rar iyo gaadiid ku filan? Dagaalkii Dunkirk, Ingriisku wuxuu ka daad gurey ku dhowaad 340,000 oo nin sagaal maalmood gudahood. Ciidamada Cirka Mareykanka ayaa heystay kumanaan kun oo diyaarado cusub ah. Intii lagu guda jiray xitaa hub kooban, Mareykanka iyo Ingiriiska ayaa diyaarad ku qaadi lahaa isla markaana qaadi karay tiro badan oo qaxooti ah si ay u nabad galaan.[xii]

Qof kastaa kuma mashquulin dagaalka dagaal. Gaar ahaan laga soo bilaabo dabayaaqadii 1942, in badan oo ka mid ah Mareykanka iyo Ingiriiska ayaa dalbaday in wax la qabto. Maarso 23, 1943, Archbishop of Canterbury wuxuu ka codsaday Golaha Sayidku inuu caawiyo Yuhuudda reer Yurub. Marka, dowladda Ingiriiska waxay u soo jeedisay dowladda Mareykanka shir kale oo dadweyne kaasoo looga hadlayo waxa laga yeeli karo si looga saaro Yuhuudda dalal dhexdhexaad ah. Laakiin Xafiiska Arimaha Dibadda ee Ingiriiska wuxuu ka baqay in naasiyiintu ay iskaashi ka yeeshaan qorshayaashan in kasta oo aan waligood la weydiinin, iyagoo qoraya: “Waxaa jirta suurtagalnimada in Jarmalku ama dayax gacmeedyadooda ay ka beddeli karaan siyaasaddii dabargoynta ee midda gumeysiga, ujeedkooduna yahay sidii ay ahayd wuxuu sameeyay kahor dagaalka ka hor inuu ceebeeyo dalal kale adoo ku daadiyay muhaajiriinta ajnabiga ah. ”[xiii]

Walaaca halkan ka jiraa ma ahayn badbaadinta dadka intiisa badan iyada oo laga fogaanayo ceebta iyo dhibka naf badbaadinta.

Ugudambeyntii, kuwa nool eek u haray xeryaha xaquuqul insaanka waa lasii daayay - in kastoo xaalado badan oo aan deg deg aheyn, aysan aheyn wax u eg mudnaanta koowaad Qaar ka mid ah maxaabiista waxaa lagu hayaa xerooyinka foosha xun ee ugu yaraan ilaa Sebtember 1946. Jeneraal George Patton wuxuu ku booriyay in qofna uusan “aaminsanaan in qofka la barakiciyay uu yahay qof bini aadam ah, oo uusan ahayn, tanina waxay si gaar ah u khuseysaa Yuhuudda oo ka hooseysa xoolaha. ” Madaxweyne Harry Truman wuxuu waqtigaas qirtay in "sida muuqata aan ula dhaqanno Yuhuudda si la mid ah sidii Naasiyiintu ula dhaqmeen, marka laga reebo kaliya inaynaan dilin."[xiv]

Dabcan, xitaa taasi ma ahayn buun buunin, in aan la dilin dadka waa mid aad u muhiim ah marka laga reebo. Mareykanku wuxuu lahaa dabeecado faashiiste ah laakiin uma uusan gacan gelin sidii Jarmalku yeeley. Laakiin sidoo kale ma jirin wax duulaan ah oo loo yaqaan 'R-Resistance' oo loogu talagalay in lagu badbaadiyo kuwa u hanjabay fashiistaha - maaha dhinaca dawladda Mareykanka, maahan qaybta guud ee Mareykanka.

Qoraal gaaban:

[i] Xaqiiqdii, Wasaaradda Borobogaandada Ingiriiska ayaa qaadatay go'aan ah inay ka fogaato in la xuso Yuhuudda markii laga hadlayo dhibbanayaasha Naasiyiinta. Eeg Walter Laqueuer, Sirta Xun: Cabudhinta runta ee ku saabsan "Xalkii Ugu Dambeeyay" ee Hitler Boston: Little, Brown, 1980, bog. 91. Waxaa daliishaday Nicholson Baker, Qiiqa Aadanaha: Bilowga Dhammaadka Ilbaxnimada. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 368.

[ii] Harry Laughlin wuxuu 1920 markhaati uga dhigay Gudiga Guriga ee Socdaalka iyo Jinsiyadaha ee Koongaraska Mareykanka inuu socdaalka Yuhuuda iyo Talyaanigu waxyeeleynayo qaab dhismeedka hidde ee tartanka. "Guul darradeenna in lagu kala saaro soogalootiga iyadoo loo eegayo qiime dabiici ah waa khatar qaran oo aad u daran," ayuu ka digay Laughlin. Guddoomiyaha Guddiga Albert Johnson wuxuu u magacaabay Laughlin inuu noqdo Wakiilka Khabiirka Eugenics ee guddiga. Laughlin wuxuu taageeray Xeerka Socdaalka ee Johnson-Reed ee soo baxay 1924, kaas oo mamnuucayay socdaalka Aasiya, isla markaana yareeyay socdaalka Koonfurta iyo Bariga Yurub. Sharcigani wuxuu abuuray kootooyin ku saleysan tirada 1890 ee Mareykanka. Wixii hadda ka dambeeya, soo-galootiga kuma imaan karin oo keliya Jasiiradda Ellis laakiin waxay ahayd inay fiiso ka helaan qunsuliyadaha Mareykanka ee dibedda. Eeg Rachel Gur-Arie, The Embryo Project Encyclopedia, "Harry Hamilton Laughlin (1880-1943)," Diseembar 19, 2014, https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/harry-hamilton-laughlin-1880-1943 Sidoo kale eeg Andrew J. Skerritt, Tallahassee Dimuqraadiga, "'Cirbadaha aan ladiidi karin' waxay eegaysaa indha indheyn la'aan dhanka socdaalka Mareykanka Dib-u-eegista Buugga, ”Ogast 1, 2020, https://www.tallahassee.com/story/life/2020/08/01/irresistible-tide-takes-unflinching-look-americas-immigration-policy/5550977002 Sheekadan waa la daboolay ee filimka PBS "Khibradda Mareykanka: Dagaalkii Eugenics," Oktoobar 16, 2018, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/eugenics-crusade Sida ay tani saameyn ugu yeelatay Naasiyiinta, arag cutubka 4-aad Ka Tagaya Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka.

[iii] Aaminaadda Waxbarshada Holocaust, 70 Codad: Dhibbanayaasha, Dembiilayaasha, iyo Bystanders, "Maaddaama Aanan Dhibaato Jinsiyadeed Lahayn," Janaayo 27, 2015, http://www.70voices.org.uk/content/day55

[iv] Lauren Levy, Maktabadda Fududeynta Yuhuudda, Mashruuca Iskaashatada Iskaashatada Mareykanka iyo Israel, "Jamhuuriyadda Dominican waxay Sosua u siisaa Xero Qaxootiga Yuhuudda ah," https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/dominican-republic-as-haven-for-jewish -Qaxootiga sidoo kale eeg Jason Margolis, Dunida, “Dominican Republic waxay qaadatay qaxooti Yuhuud ah oo ka cararaya Hitler halka 31 waddan ay eegeen,” Nofeembar 9, 2018, https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-11-09/ Dominican-republic-taken-yuhuud-qaxooti-cararaya-hitler-halka-31-quruumood-eegay

[v] Ervin Birnbaum, "Evian: Shirkii Ugu Quruxda Badnaa ee Dhamaan Waqtiyada Taariikhda Yuhuudda," Qaybta II, http://www.acpr.org.il/nativ/0902-birnbaum-E2.pdf

[vi] Sionism iyo Israel - Qaamuuska Encyclopedic, "Shirka Evian," http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Evian_conference.htm

[vii] - Franklin D. Roosevelt, Waraaqaha Dadweynaha iyo Cinwaanada Franklin D. Roosevelt, (New York: Russell & Russell, 1938-1950) vol. 7, p. 597-98. Waxaa xusay Nicholson Baker, Qiiqa Aadanaha: Bilowga Dhammaadka Ilbaxnimada. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 101.

[viii] David S. Wyman, Darbiyada Warqadaha: Ameerika iyo Dhibaatada Qaxootiga, 1938-1941 (Amherst: Jaamacadda Massachusetts Press, 1968), p. 97. Waxaa sheegay Nicholson Baker, Qiiqa Aadanaha: Bilowga Dhammaadka Ilbaxnimada. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 116.

[ix] Christopher Browning, Jidka loo maro Xasuuq (New York: Jaamacadda Cambridge Press, 1992), pp. 18-19. Waxaa xusay Nicholson Baker, Qiiqa Aadanaha: Bilowga Dhammaadka Ilbaxnimada. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 233.

[X] Lucy S. Dawidowicz, "Yuhuudda Mareykanka iyo Holocaust," New York Times, Abriil 18, 1982, https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/18/magazine/american-jews-and-the-holocaust.html

[xi] Waaxda Arimaha Dibada ee Mareykanka, Xafiiska Taariikhyahan, "Memorandum of Wadahadal, waxaa qoray Mudane Harry L. Hopkins, Kaaliyaha Gaarka ah ee Madaxweynaha Roosevelt 55," Maarso 27, 1943, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943v03/d23

[xii] WAr No More: Seddex Qarni oo American Antiwar iyo Nabadda Qorista, waxaa tafatiray Lawrence Rosendwald (Maktabadda Ameerika, 2016).

[xiii] Khibradda Mareykanka ee PBS: "Shirka Bermuda," https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/holocaust-bermuda

[xiv] Jacques R. Paulels, Khuraafaadka Dagaalkii Wanaagsan: Ameerika Adduunkii Labaad Dagaal (James Lorimer & Company Ltd. 2015, 2002) p. 36.