Alfred de Zayas: Maaha Cunaqabatayn, Sharcina maaha

Waxaa qoray Alfred de Zayas, Maarso 25, 2024

Hadal ka soo baxay Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay

Mudanayaal, ergo sharaf leh,

Sharci-darrada tillaabooyinka qasabka ah ee ay dalal gaar ahi ku soo rogeen Waddamo kale, ganacsiyo iyo shakhsiyaad ayaa lagu diiwaangeliyay daraasadaha Qaramada Midoobay ee dib loogu noqonayo warbixintii seminaalka ahayd ee ay soo saartay Guddi-hoosaadka Horumarinta iyo Ilaalinta Xuquuqda Aadanaha sannadkii 2000.[1], warbixinta 2012 ee Wakiilka Sare Navi Pillay[2], iyo Faallo Guud Nr. 8 ee Guddiga Dhaqaalaha Bulshada iyo Xuquuqda Dhaqanka[3].

Daraasiin Go'aamo ah oo Golaha Guud ah, oo u dambeeyay 19 Diseembar 2023[4], go'aamadii Golaha Xuquuqul Insaanka, ee u dambeeyay 11 Oktoobar 2023[5], caddeeyaan xadgudubyada gaarka ah ee sharciga caalamiga ah ee ku jira UCM-yada iyo khatarta ay ku hayaan nabadda iyo amniga caalamiga ah. Go'aamadan, oo lagu ansixiyay tiro badan, waxay ku boorinayaan dhammaan gobollada inay kor u qaadaan UCM-yada. Kow iyo sodon qaraar ayaa cambaareeyay cunaqabateynta Mareykanka ee ka dhanka ah Cuba, oo ay ugu dambeysay 2 Noofambar 2023[6].

Si kastaba ha ahaatee doonista cad ee aqlabiyadda caalamka In UCM-yada la baabi'iyo, tiro ka mid ah dawladuhu waxay jebiyaan go'aamadan iyagoon wax ciqaab ah lahayn waxayna sii wadaan soo rogida tillaabooyin khasab ah oo leh saameyn sharci darro ah oo gudaha ah iyo dhul ka baxsan. Gudbinta UCM-yadan sharci darrada ah waxay saaran tahay ganaaxyo culus. Nidaamkan qasabka ah ee ku salaysan caalamiga ahi waxa uu maroorsadaa hawlaha Qaramada Midoobay waxana uu wiiqaa awooddeeda iyo kalsoonideeda.

Waxaa muhiim ah in la aqoonsado in muuqasho Sharcigu maaha sharci, in amar kasta oo fulin ahi aanu ahayn mid sharci ah ama mudan in la hoggaansamo, sida aynu ognahay Sophocles Antigone[7] oo arkay in lagu xaqiijiyay xukunka Saddexaad ee Nuremberg, ee Maxkamadeynta Garsoorayaasha[8].

Sharciyo badan oo Nazi ah waxay ahaayeen "sharciyo", laakiin magac ahaan. Waxay ahaayeen amarro ku xad-gudbay nuxurka caddaaladda. Sidoo kale sharciyada Yurub iyo Mareykanka ee ku saabsan addoonsiga iyo ganacsiga addoonta, sharciyada ay soo rogaan awoodaha gumeysiga, iyo sharciyada Apartheid.

Runtii, marka shuruucdu aanay u adeegin cadaalad balse ay u adeegaan xukunka juquraafiyeed, waxay dumiyaan ku dhaqanka sharciga laftiisa, iyo waxa aynu u naqaano ilbaxnimada.[9]. Ka fogaansho la'aanta tallaabooyinka sharci-darrada ah, dhammaan dadka ilbaxnimada leh waxaa ku waajib ah inay iska caabiyaan.

ilbaxnimo dalbanaya in Dawladaha, shakhsiyaadka iyo shirkadaha iska caabin afduubkii maamulka caddaaladda, qalabaynta sharciga ee awoodda iyo Dulmi, oo ay ku jiraan iyada oo loo marayo UCM-yada sharci-darrada ah.

Waxaa la diiwaangeliyay in UCM-yadu ay dhaliyaan xad-gudubyo aad u weyn oo ka dhan ah xuquuqda aadanaha, oo ay ku jiraan xaqa nolosha, cuntada, caafimaadka, biyaha iyo fayadhowrka. UCM-yadu waxay hor istaageen tallaabo degdeg ah oo wax ku ool ah oo ka dhan ah aafooyinka sida Covid-19, waxay sii xumeeyeen faafitaannada daacuunka, dabaysha, qaaxada, xannibay daawaynta kansarka nafaha lagu badbaadinayo waxayna mas'uul ka yihiin boqollaal kun oo dhimasho ah adduunka oo dhan.[10].

Waanu markhaati ka nahay dib u gurasho marka la eego qawaaniinta caalamiga ah iyo sharafta aadanaha. Qareennada dawladdu waa inay kula taliyaan dawladahooda sida ugu habboon ee ay ugu hoggaansami karaan axdiyada caalamiga ah iyo xeerarka, ee maaha inay helaan daldaloolo iyo jeexjeexyada ka baxsan waajibaadka caalamiga ah.

In kasta oo ay jiraan saamaynta dilaaga ah ee UCM-yada, qareennada dawladda ee dalalka qaar ayaa hoos u dhigaya iyaga oo isku dayaya in lagu marin habaabiyo dhagaystayaasha dimuqraadiga ah si ay u rumaystaan ​​in UCM-yadu ay u adeegaan ujeeddooyin sharci ah. Waa si qoto dheer ceebayn si loogu baaqo xuquuqul insaanka iyadoo la isku dayayo in la caddeeyo tillaabooyin si cad ugu xad-gudbaya xuquuqda kuwa ugu nugul.

Dhibbanayaasha iyo dhibanayaasha halkan waa la rogay. Dhaqanka UCM-yadu waxay muujinayaan sida fikradaha sharciga ah iyo luqadda loo kharribmay, sida xuquuqda aadanaha loogu hubeeyo si loo burburiyo xuquuqda aadanaha. Dareen la'aanta garashada waxay noqotaa mid cusub oo caadi ah. Maya, sheekada dhamaadka wanaagsan ee la sheegay waa been. Dhamaadka juqraafiga ahi ma cudur daarayso macnaha dembiga.

Cilad-sheegashadu waa caddahay: UCM-yadu waxay abuuraan dhibaatooyin bini'aadantinimo, qalalaase sharci iyo bulsho, taasoo ka dhigaysa dhibbanayaasha inay waayaan cadaalad wax ku ool ah iyo dawo la'aan. UCM-yadu waa kuwo aan la socon karin mabaadi'da sharafta leh ee Axdiga Qaramada Midoobay[11] iyo Dastuurka hay’ado badan oo Qaramada Midoobay ka tirsan oo ay ku jiraan UNESCO iyo WHO.

Haddaba aynu ka baxsanno dabinka epistemology, oo jooji inaad UCM-yada ugu yeerto "cunaqabatayn". The oo keliya cunaqabataynta sharciga ah waa kuwa lagu soo rogay tan Golaha Amaanka. Wax kasta oo kale waxay ka dhigan yihiin sharci-darro isticmaalka xoog taasoo ka hor imanaysa xuruufta iyo axdiga Qaramada Midoobay, gaar ahaan qodobka 2aad, farqadiisa 4-aad.

Waxaa intaa dheer, ereyga "cunaqabatayn" wuxuu tilmaamayaa in Dawladda soo rogtay ay leedahay awood akhlaaqeed ama sharciyeed si ay sidaas u sameyso. Arintaan maahan sida ay shaaca ka qaadeen Ergeyga Gaarka ah ee Qaramada Midoobay Dr. Idriss Jazairy, Dr. Alena Douhan, Dr. Michael Fakhri iyo kuwa kale.

Faahfaahin dheeraad ah kama bixin doono cudurkayaga laakiin waxaan doorbidayaa hadda in aan sameeyo hindise macquul ah sida loo samata bixiyo nidaamka caalamiga ah iyo sida loo sameeyo. dib u celin iyo daawo dhibanayaasha.

Anigoo maskaxda ku hayna in Dawladaha qaar ay ku sii adkaystaan ​​ku dhaqanka UCM-yada qiyaastii saddex meelood meel dadka meeraha ah, iyo in ilaa hadda ay tan ku sameeyeen ciqaab la'aan, waxaan soo jeedinayaa in:

1. Hay'adaha Qaramada Midoobay sida ILO, UNDP, UNEP, UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO hadda ka dib waxay ururiyaan, qiyaasaan oo qiimeeyaan waxyeelada ay geystaan ​​UCMs. Qiimaynta saamaynta waa in si weyn loo shaaciyo.
2. Kormeere caalami ah waa in la sameeyaa si loo diiwaangeliyo saamaynta UCM-yada. Kormeerahan ama "UCM Watch" waa in ay ka hoos shaqeysaa Golaha Xuquuqul Insaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay oo ay u adeegto OHCHR, waa in ay ilaaliso xogta oo ay dejiso habka kormeerka.
3. Golaha loo dhan yahay waa in uu u yeeraa qodobka 96 ee Axdiga Qaramada Midoobay isaga oo u gudbinaya su'aalaha sharciga ah ee la xiriira UCMs ICJ si ay u helaan ra'yi la-talin ah sharci-darronimadooda iyo heerka magdhowga la siinayo dhibanayaasha. ICJ waa inay sidoo kale tixgelisaa in dhibaatooyinka bini'aadantinimo iyo kumanaanka dhimashada ee ay sababeen UCMs ay ka dhigan yihiin "dambiyada ka dhanka ah bini'aadminimada" ujeedooyinka qodobka 7 ee qaanuunka Rome.
4. Iyadoo la tixraacayo qodobka 9-aad ee Heshiiskii Xasuuqa ee 1948-kii[12]Dhinacyada dawladuhu waa in ay u gudbiyaan ICJ su'aasha ah in abuurista si ula kac ah xaaladaha wax u dhimaya gebi ahaan ama qayb ahaan koox si cad u tahay xasuuq. Baahida "ujeedada" waxaa laga qiyaasi karaa saadaalinta dhimashada ee ka timaadda UCMs. Maxkamadda ICJ oo xukun ku riday Bosnia v. Serbia waxay saaraysaa waajib ka hortagga[13].
5. Nidaamyada cabashooyinka dawlad-goboleedyada ee dhowr hay'adood oo heshiis Qaramada Midoobay ah waa in lagu hawlgeliyaa. Qodobka 41aad ee Axdiga Caalamiga ah ee Xuquuqda Madaniga iyo Siyaasadda waxa uu awood u siinaya Guddiga Xuquuqul Insaanka si ay u baaraan cabashooyinka dawladaha ka dhexeeya ee khuseeya xad-gudubyada ba'an ee xuquuqda aadanaha, oo ay ku jirto xaqa nolosha. Maqnaanshaha wax sii qabsi qodobkan, kartida Guddiga Xuquuqul Insaanka waa ugu horeyntii aasaasay. Hab-maamuuska Ikhtiyaarka ah ee Axdiga Caalamiga ah ee Xuquuqda Bulshada iyo Dhaqanku waxa kale oo uu bixin doonaa cabashooyinka dawlad-goboleedyada iyada oo la raacayo qodobka 10.[14].
6. Shuruucda waddamo badan ayaa soo rogaya waajibaad madani ah si loo caawiyo dadka khatarta weyn ugu jira nolosha. Sharciyadan mararka qaarkood waxaa loo tixraacaa sida waajibaadka sharciyada samatabbixinta.[15] Shaki la'aan UCM-yadu waxay keenayaan khatar weyn oo nolosha ah, Dawladuhuna waa inay xaqiijiyaan in shakhsiyaadka iyo ganacsiyada hoos yimaada awooddooda ay u hoggaansamaan waajibaadkaas ah inay caawiyaan sharciyada oo aanay noqon adag dembiyada UCM.
7. Dawladuhu waa inay adeegsadaan ilaalin diblomaasiyadeed iyagoo ka wakiil ah shakhsiyaadka iyo ganacsiyada ay ciqaabaan Dawladaha soo roga UCMs.

Heer sare

Haddii aan rabno in hay'adaha caalamiga ah, maxkamadaha iyo hababka kale ay si sax ah u shaqeeyaan, waa in aan hubinno in dhammaan dhinacyada ay dib ugu noqdaan ujeedooyinka iyo mabaadi'da Qaramada Midoobay. Waa inaan ka baxsanaa dabinka epistemology oo diido isku dayga lagu doonayo in lagu sawiro UCM-yada sida "cunaqabatayn", diido dalabka anshax-darrada ah ee "u hoggaansanaanta" waxa dhabta ah wadajir ahaan amarada ku xad-gudbinaya sinnaanta madax-bannaanida ee Dawlad-goboleedyada iyo aayo-ka-talinta dadka.

Waxaan ku martiqaadayaa dhammaan dadka halkan jooga inay dib u ogaadaan ruuxa ku dhawaaqista caalamiga ah ee Xuquuqul Insaanka iyo in la hubiyo in awoodda iyo kalsoonida Qaramada Midoobay lagu xoojiyo ilaalinta go'aamada Qaramada Midoobay, oo aan la dumin karin kakanaanta u dulqaadashada UCM-yada, taas oo si dhab ah u muuqata a caasimadda lid ku ah Axdiga Qaramada Midoobay oo ay ku jirto dambiyada ka dhanka ah aadanaha. Waxaan idinku boorinayaa inaad si wax-ku-ool ah uga shaqeysaan iskaashiga iyo dib-u-heshiisiinta meerahan la wadaago ee naga dhexeeya.

Waxaan kaaga mahadcelinayaa dareenkaaga

[1] E/CN.4/Sub2/2000/33-https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/422860

[2] A/HRC/19/33-https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FHRC%2F19%2F33&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False

[3] E/C.12/1997/8-https://www.refworld.org/legal/general/cescr/1997/en/52393

[4] https://www.un.org/en/ga/78/resolutions.shtml

[5] https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/regular-sessions/session54/res-dec-stat

[6]-https://www.undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FRES%2F78%2F7&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False. Res. 78/7

[7] https://classics.mit.edu/Sophocles/antigone.html

[8] https://www.archives.gov/files/research/captured-german-records/microfilm/m889.pdf

[9]-https://iihl.org/the-laws-of-humanity/

-https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/irrc-844-coupland.pdf

-https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-6265-299-6_3

Jeffrey Sachs, Qiimaha Ilbaxnimada, Guriga Random, New York 2011.

[10] https://cepr.net/images/stories/reports/venezuela-sanctions-2019-04.pdf

[11] Sidoo kale fiiri 25 Mabaadi'da Nidaamka Caalamiga ah, oo loo daabacay sida cutubka 2 ee A. de Zayas, Dhisidda Nidaam Adduun oo Caddaalad ah, Saxaafadda cad, 2021.

[12] Suurtagal maaha in dacwad ka dhan ah Maraykanka loo gudbiyo sida ku cad qodobka 9, sababtoo ah Maraykanku wuxuu gudbiyay boos celin ka dhan ah qodobka 9 markii uu ansixinayo heshiiskii 1992. Laakiin waxaa suurtogal ah in la soo gudbiyo kiisaska Canada, UK, France, Germany, iyo dhammaan dalalka kale. ku soo rogidda UCM-yada oo sababaya silic iyo dhimasho dalal ay ka mid yihiin Cuba, Nicaragua, Suuriya, Venezuela, Zimbabwe, iwm.

[13] https://icj-cij.org/case/91

[14] https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/optional-protocol-international-covenant-economic-social-and

[15] https://www.thelaw.com/law/good-samaritan-laws-the-duty-to-help-or-rescue-someone.218/