Waxaa qoray Tanupriya Singh, Resistance Popular, December 20, 2022
M23 iyo Dagaal ka Samaynta Kongo.
Peoples Dispatch waxay kala hadashay dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo cilmi-baaraha reer Congo Kambale Musavuli wax ku saabsan weerarkii ugu dambeeyay ee kooxda fallaagada M23 ee qaybta bari ee DRC iyo taariikhda ballaaran ee dagaalka wakiillada ee gobolka.
Maalintii Isniinta, December 12, waxaa shir ku dhex maray jabhadda M23, ciidamada qalabka sida ee Kongo (FARDC), taliyaha ciidamada isku dhafka ah ee bulshada Bariga Afrika (EAC), The Joint Expanded Verification Mechanism (JMWE), Ad-Hoc. Habka xaqiijinta, iyo ciidamada nabad ilaalinta Qaramada Midoobay, MONUSCO, ee ku sugan Kibumba ee dhulka Nyiragongo ee gobolka Waqooyiga Kivu ee ku yaal qaybta bari ee DRC.
Kulanka ayaa la qabtay kadib wararka dagaalka u dhexeeya M23 iyo FARDC, maalmo uun ka dib markii kooxda fallaagada ahi ay ballan qaadeen inay "xabbad joojin ku ilaalinayaan" gobolka qaniga ku ah macdanta. M23 waxa loo aqoonsan yahay in uu yahay ciidan wakiil ka ah dalka ay jaarka yihiin ee Rwanda.
Talaadadii, Diseembar 6, M23 waxa ay ku dhawaaqday in ay diyaar u tahay in ay "bilaabato kala fogaanshaha iyo ka bixitaanka" dhulka la haysto, iyo in ay taageerto "dadaallada gobolka ee lagu soo dabaalo nabad waarta DRC." War-murtiyeedka ayaa la soo saaray ka dib gabagabadii Saddexaad ee Wadahadalka u dhexeeya Kongo oo ay ku bahoobeen urur goboleedka Bariga Afrika ee EAC oo lagu qabtay magaalada Nairobi, uuna fududeeyay madaxweynihii hore ee Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta.
Ku dhawaad 50 kooxood oo hubaysan ayaa lagu matalay shirkii ka dhacay Nairobi, marka laga reebo M23. Wadahadalka ayaa la qabtay 28-kii Noofambar, iyadoo ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen hoggaamiyeyaasha Kenya, Burundi, Congo, Rwanda, iyo Uganda. Waxay daba socotay hannaan wada-hadallo gaar ah oo lagu qabtay Angola horraantii Nofembar, kaas oo keenay heshiis xabbad-joojin ah oo dhaqan-galaya Noofambar 25. Taas waxa ku xigi doonta in M23 ay ka baxdo aaggii ay qabsatay- oo ay ku jiraan Bunagana, Kiwanja, iyo Rutshuru.
In kasta oo M23 aysan qayb ka ahayn wadahadallada, kooxdu waxay sheegtay inay aqbali doonto xabbad joojinta iyadoo la ilaalinayo "xaq buuxda oo ay isku difaacdo." Waxa kale oo ay ku baaqday in "wadahadal toos ah" lala yeesho dawladda DRC, kaas oo ay ku celisay bayaankeedii Diseembar 6. Dowladda DRC ayaa diiday dalabkan, iyadoo u kala saartay xoogaga fallaagada "koox argagixiso."
Lieutenant-Colonel Guillaume Njike Kaiko, oo ah afhayeenka ciidamada ee gobolka, ayaa markii dambe sheegay in shirka 12-ka December ay ka codsadeen jabhadda, si loo xaqiijiyo in aan la weerari doonin FARDC haddii ay isaga baxaan deegaannada ay qabsadeen.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Lieutenant-General Constant Ndima Kongba, gudoomiyaha waqooyiga Kivu, xoojiyay in kulanka uusan ahayn mid gorgortan ah, balse loo qabtay si loo xaqiijiyo waxtarka go'aannada ku xusan hannaanka nabadda Angola iyo Nairobi.
1-dii Diseembar, ciidamada Kongo waxay ku eedeeyeen M23 iyo kooxaha xulafada ah inay 50 qof oo rayid ah ku dileen 29kii Nofembar Kishishe, oo ku yaal Territory Rutshuru, oo 70 kiiloomitir waqooyi ka xigta magaalada Goma. Diisambar 5teedii, dawladdu waxay cusboonaysiisay tirada dhimashada 300, oo ay ku jiraan ugu yaraan 17 carruur ah. M23 ayaa diiday eedeymahan, iyadoo sheegtay in sideed qof oo kaliya ay ku dhinteen "rasaas habowsan."
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xasuuqan ayaa waxaa caddeeyey MONUSCO, iyo Xafiiska Wadajirka Xuquuqda Aadanaha (UNJHRO) December 7. Iyada oo ku saleysan baaritaan horudhac ah, warbixintu waxay sheegtay in ugu yaraan 131 qof oo rayid ah lagu dilay tuulooyinka Kishishe iyo Bambo intii u dhaxaysay November 29 iyo 30.
"Dhibanayaasha waxaa si aan kala sooc lahayn loogu toogtay rasaas ama hub cad," akhri dukumeentiga. Waxay intaa ku dartay in ugu yaraan 22 haween ah iyo shan gabdhood la kufsaday, iyo in rabshadaha "ay qayb ka yihiin olole dil, kufsi, afduub iyo dhac loo geystay laba tuulo oo ka tirsan Territory Rutshuru iyadoo looga aargoosanayay isku dhacyada M23 iyo MXNUMX. Xoogagga Dimuqraadiga ee Xoreynta Rwanda (FDLR-FOCA), iyo kooxaha hubaysan ee Mai-Mai Mazembe, iyo Nyatura Coalition of Movements for Change."
Warbixintu waxay intaa ku dartay in ciidamada M23 ay sidoo kale aaseen meydadka dadkii la dilay "waxa ay noqon karaan isku day lagu burburinayo cadeymaha."
Xasuuqa ka dhacay Rutshuru ma ahan dhacdooyin gooni-gooni ah, balse taa beddelkeeda waa kuwii ugu dambeeyay ee gabood-fallada isdaba jooga ah ee DRC ka dhacayay ku dhawaad 30 sano, waxaana lagu qiyaasay in lagu dilay 6 milyan oo reer Congo ah. Iyadoo M23 ay noqotay mid caan ah ka dib qabsashadii Goma ee 2012, iyo mar kale dib u soo celinta weerarkeedii ugu dambeeyay bishii March, waxaa suurtogal ah in la raadiyo jihada kooxda oo dhan tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, iyada oo leh, danaha joogtada ah ee Imperial ee sii hurinaya rabshadaha Kongo
Tobaneeyo sano oo dagaal wakiil ah
"DRC waxaa soo weeraray deriskeeda, Rwanda iyo Uganda, 1996 iyo 1998. Iyadoo labada dal ay si rasmi ah uga baxeen dalka ka dib markii ay saxiixeen heshiisyo laba geesood ah 2002, waxay sii wadeen inay taageeraan kooxaha mucaaradka ah," ayuu yiri Kambale Musavuli, Cilmi-baare reer Congo ah iyo dhaqdhaqaaqe, wareysi lala yeeshay Diritaanka Dadweynaha.
M23 waa magac la soo gaabiyay "Dhaqdhaqaaqa March 23" ee ay sameeyeen askar ka tirsan ciidamada Congo kuwaas oo ka tirsanaan jiray jabhad hore, National Congress for the Defence of People (CNDP). Waxay ku eedeeyeen dawladda inay diiday inay ixtiraamto heshiis nabadeed oo la saxeexay March 23, 2009, kaas oo horseeday in CNDP ay ku biirto FARDC. Sannadkii 2012, askartan hore ee CNDP ayaa ka fallaagoobay dawladda, iyaga oo sameeyay M23.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Musavuli ayaa tilmaamay in sheegashada heshiiska nabada ay been abuur tahay: "Sababta ay uga baxeen waxay ahayd in mid ka mid ah taliyeyaashooda Bosco Ntaganda, loogu hanjabay in la xirayo." Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ee Dambiyada ayaa soo saartay laba dammaanad xabsiga loo taxaabay 2006 iyo 2012, isagoo lagu eedeeyay dambiyo dagaal iyo dembiyo ka dhan ah bini'aadantinimada. Waxay ahayd taliskiisa markii ciidamada CNDP ay ku xasuuqeen dad lagu qiyaasay 150 qof magaalada Kiwanja ee waqooyiga Kivu sanadkii 2008dii.
Ka dib doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 2011, waxaa jiray cadaadis lagu saaray dowladda Congo si ay u soo wareejiso Ntaganda, Musavuli ayaa hadalkiisa ku daray. Ugu dambayntii waxa uu isa soo dhiibay 2013-kii, waxaana lagu xukumay oo ay xukuntay ICC-da 2019-kii.
Dhowr bilood ka dib markii la aasaasay, jabhadda M23 waxay qabsatay Goma bishii Nofembar, 2012. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qabsashadiisa waxay ahayd mid gaaban, Decemberna kooxdu way ka baxday. Ku dhawaad 750,000 oo qof oo reer Congo ah ayaa ku barakacay dagaalladii sanadkaas.
"Waqtigaas, waxay u caddaatay beesha caalamka in Rwanda ay taageerto xoogaga fallaagada ah ee Congo. Waxaad haysatay Maraykanka iyo dalalka Yurub inay cadaadis saaraan Rwanda, taas oo ka dib ay dhaawacday taageeradeedii. Ciidamada Kongo waxaa sidoo kale taageeray ciidamo ka socda wadamada ku jira Ururka Horumarinta Afrikada Koonfureed (SADC) - gaar ahaan Koonfur Afrika iyo Tanzania, kuwaas oo ka barbar shaqeeya ciidamada Qaramada Midoobay.
Halka M23 ay dib u soo bixi doonto toban sano ka dib, taariikhdeedu sidoo kale kuma koobnayn CNDP. "CNNDP's ka hor wuxuu ahaa Kongo Rally for Democracy (RCD), koox fallaago ah oo ay taageerto Rwanda oo dagaal ku qaaday Kongo intii u dhaxaysay 1998 ilaa 2002, markii heshiis nabadeed la saxiixay, ka dib RCD waxay ku biirtay ciidanka Congo," Musavuli ayuu yidhi.
"RCD lafteeda waxaa ka horeeyey AFDL (Isbahaysiga Dimuqraadiyada Dimuqraadiga ah ee Xoreynta Congo-Zaire), oo ah ciidan ay Rwanda taageerto oo ku soo duulay DRC 1996 si ay u ridaan taliskii Mobuto Sese Seko." Ka dib, hogaamiyaha AFDL Laurent Désiré Kabila ayaa la keenay xukunka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Musavuli waxa uu intaa ku daray, in dhawaan uu is afgaranwaa dhex maray AFDL iyo dawladda cusub ee Kongo, gaar ahaan arrimaha la xidhiidha ka faa'iidaysiga khayraadka dabiiciga ah iyo khadadka siyaasadeed ee hoose.
Sanad uu xukunka hayay, Kabila ayaa amar ku bixiyay in dalka laga saaro dhammaan ciidamada shisheeye. "Bilaha soo socda gudahood, RCD ayaa la sameeyay," Musavli ayaa yiri.
Waxa sidoo kale xusid gaar ah leh inta taariikhdan lagu jiro waa isku dayga soo noqnoqda, iyada oo loo marayo heshiisyo nabadeed oo kala duwan, in xoogaga mucaaradka lagu dhex daro ciidanka Congo.
"Tani weligeed ma ahayn rabitaanka dadka Kongo, waa la soo rogay," Musavuli ayaa sharraxay. Tan iyo 1996-kii, waxaa jiray habab badan oo wada-xaajood nabadeed oo ay badanaa hormuud ka ahaayeen waddamada reer galbeedka. Ka dib heshiiskii nabada ee 2002, waxaanu yeelanay afar madaxweyne ku xigeen iyo hal madaxweyne. Taas waxa u sabab ah beesha caalamka, gaar ahaan danjirihii hore ee Maraykanka William Swing."
"Markii dadka reer Congo ay u tageen wadahadallada nabadeed ee Koonfur Afrika, kooxaha bulshada rayidka ah waxay ku nuuxnuuxsadeen inaysan doonaynin in jabhadihii hore ay wax jago ah ka helaan dowladda inta lagu jiro xilliga kala-guurka. Swing waxa uu u weeciyay doodda, iyada oo la og yahay in Maraykanku uu had iyo jeer saameyn ku yeesho wada-xaajoodka nabada ee DRC, oo uu la yimid qaacido u arkayay afar qabqableyaal madaxweyne ku xigeen dalka."
Baarlamaanka Kongo ayaa hadda mawqif adag ka qaatay suurta gal kasta oo noocaas ah iyagoo ku dhawaaqay in M23 ay tahay 'koox Argagixiso' ayna mamnuuceen ku biiritaanka FARDC.
Faragelinta Shisheeye iyo Xatooyada Khayraadka
Faragelinta Mareykanka ee DRC waxay soo muuqatay tan iyo markii ay xornimada qaadatay, Musavuli wuxuu ku daray - dilkii Patrice Lumumba, taageerada la siiyay nidaamkii arxan darrada ahaa ee Mobuto Sese Seko, duullaankii 1990-meeyadii iyo wadahadalladii nabadeed ee xigay, iyo isbeddel lagu sameeyay dastuurka dalka. 2006dii si loogu ogolaado Joseph Kabila inuu ku tartamo doorashada. “Sannadkii 2011-kii, Mareykanka wuxuu ka mid ahaa dalalkii ugu horreeyay ee aqoonsaday natiijadii doorashooyinkii lagu shubtay. Falanqaynta wakhtigaas waxay muujisay in marka sidaas la samaynayo, Maraykanku uu ku sharxayay xasilloonida halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa dimuqraadiyad," Musavuli ayaa yidhi.
Saddex bilood ka dib, waxa bilaabmay kacdoonkii M23. "Waa isla xoogag fallaago ah muddo labaatan sano ah, oo leh askar isku mid ah iyo isla taliyayaal, si ay ugu adeegaan danaha Rwanda, oo lafteeda ah xulafada xooggan ee Maraykanka ee waxa loogu yeero Dagaalka ka dhanka ah Argagixisada. Maxayse tahay danaha Rwanda ee Kongo- dhulkeeda iyo kheyraadkeeda,” ayuu raaciyay.
Sidan oo kale, "colaafka DRC waa inaan loo arkin inuu yahay dagaal u dhexeeya jabhad iyo dawladda Kongo." Tani waxay ahayd ku celceliyay Dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo qoraa Claude Gatebuke, "Tani maaha jabhad caadi ah. Waa duullaan ay Rwanda iyo Uganda ku soo qaadeen Congo”.
In kasta oo Kigali ay si isdaba joog ah u beenisay inay taageerto M23, haddana caddaynta caddaynaysa eedaymaha ayaa si isdaba joog ah loo soo bandhigay, oo ay ugu dambaysay warbixin ay soo saareen koox khubaro ah oo ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay bisha Ogosto. Warbixintu waxay muujinaysaa in Ciidanka Difaaca Ruwaanda (RDF) ay taageerayaan M23 tan iyo Noofambar 2021, oo ay ku hawlanaayeen "hawlgallada milatari ee ka dhanka ah kooxaha hubaysan ee Kongo iyo fariisimaha FARDC," si kali ah ama M23. Bishii Maajo, ciidamada Kongo waxay sidoo kale qabteen laba askari oo Rwanda ah dhulkooda.
Musavuli ayaa intaa ku daray in taageerada shisheeye ee noocan ah ay sidoo kale muuqato in M23 ay heli karaan hub iyo qalab aad u casri ah.
Xidhiidhkani waxa uu noqonayaa mid aad u cad marka la eego macnaha wada xaajoodka xabad joojinta. “Si M23 ay u aqbasho xabad joojinta, Uhuru Kenyatta ayaa markii hore ku qasbanaaday inuu waco madaxweynaha Rwanda Paul Kagame. Taas oo keliya ma aha, December 5, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda ee Maraykanku waxay soo saartay a war-murtiyeedka saxaafadda isagoo sheegay in xoghayaha arrimaha dibadda Antony Blinken uu la hadlay madaxweyne Kagame, isagoo ka codsaday Rwanda inay joojiso faragelinta DRC. Maxaa dhacay maalintii xigtay? M23 ayaa soo saartay bayaan ay ku sheegayaan in aysan hadda dagaalamin," Musavuli ayaa iftiimiyay.
Rwanda waxa ay qiil uga dhigtay duullaanka ay ku qaaday DRC iyada oo ku marmarsiyoonaysa in ay la dagaalanto xoogaga Dimuqraadiga ah ee Xoraynta Rwanda (FDLR), kooxda Hutu ee ka dagaalanta DRC oo lagu eedeeyay xasuuqii Rwanda ka dhacay 1994. “Laakin Rwanda ma daba soconayso FDLR, waxay daba socotaa miinooyinka. Sidee bay macdanta Congo u helaysaa Kigali?
Sidoo kale, Musavuli wuxuu sheegay, Uganda waxay abuurtay marmarsiiyo ay ku weerarto Kongo oo ay uga faa'iidaysato kheyraadkeeda - Allied Democratic Forces (ADF). "Uganda waxay sheegtay in ADF ay yihiin "jihaadiyiin" doonaya inay afgembiyaan dowladda. Waxa aan ognahay in ADF ay yihiin Ugandan kuwaas oo la dagaalamayey taliskii Museveni tan iyo 1986-kii.”
"Xiriir been abuur ah ayaa ka dhex abuurmay ADF iyo ISIS si ay u keenaan joogitaanka Mareykanka… waxay abuurtaa marmarsiinyo ah in askarta Mareykanka ee Kongo ay ku sugan yihiin magaca dagaalka ka dhanka ah "Islaamka Islaamka" iyo "jihaadiyiinta".
Iyadoo rabshaduhu ay sii socdaan, dadka Kongo ayaa sidoo kale sameeyay mudaaharaadyo waaweyn sanadka 2022, kuwaas oo sidoo kale lagu arkayay muujinta nacaybka xooggan ee Maraykanka, oo ay ku jiraan qaab mudaaharaadayaal sita calanka Ruushka. "Kongo waxay arkeen in Rwanda ay sii waday taageerada ay ka hesho Mareykanka xitaa iyada oo sii waday dilka iyo taageerada kooxaha fallaagada ah ee DRC," Musavuli ayaa raaciyay.
"Kadib labaatan sano oo dagaal ah, dadka reer Kongo waxay leeyihiin wax ku filan ayaa ku filan."
One Response
Illahay wanagsan, maxaa qasnaa!