Hondo Yenyika II Yakanga Isiri Hondo Yakarurama

NaDavid Swanson

Akabudiswa kubva mubhuku rakabudiswa Hondo Haisati Yakwana.

Hondo Yenyika II inowanzodaidzwa kunzi "Hondo yakanaka," uye yavepo kubva kuhondo yeUS kuVietnam kwayakange yakapesana nako. Hondo Yenyika II yakatekeshera muUS uye nekudaro varaidzo yeWestern uye dzidzo, zvekuti "zvakanaka" zvinowanzouya kureva chimwe chinhu chinopfuura "kururamisira." Iye anokunda mumakwikwi erunako "Miss Italy" kutanga kwegore rino akazviwisira mune chinonyadzisa nekuzivisa kuti angadai akafarira kurarama kuburikidza neHondo Yenyika II. Paainyombwa, aive pachena asiri ega. Vazhinji vangade kuve chikamu chechimwe chinhu chinoratidzwa zvakanyanya seanokudzwa, gamba, uye chinonakidza. Vanofanira kunge vakawana muchina wenguva, ini ndinokurudzira kuti vaverenge zvirevo zvevamwe varwi veWWII nevapukunyuka vasati vadzokera kumashure kuti vabatanidze mafaro.[I] Nokuda kwezvinangwa zvebhuku rino, zvakadaro, ndichaenda kutarisa chete kudai kuti WWII yakange iine tsika dzakanaka.

Kunyangwe zviine makore mangani munhu achinyora mabhuku, achibvunzurudza, achiburitsa makoramu, uye achitaura pazviitiko, zvinoramba zvisingaite kuti ubudise musuwo wechiitiko muUnited States pawakakurudzira kupedza hondo pasina munhu anokurova iyo-nezve-iyo-yakanaka-yehondo-mubvunzo. Kutenda uku kwekuti paive nehondo yakanaka makore makumi manomwe nemashanu apfuura chikamu chikuru cheicho chinoita kuti veruzhinji veUS vabvumire kurasa madhirioni emadhora pagore mukugadzirira kuitira kana paine hondo yakanaka gore rinouya,[Ii] kunyangwe pakatarisana neakawanda kwazvo ehondo mukati memakore makumi manomwe apfuura pane kubvumirana kwakawanda kuti anga asiri akanaka. Pasina hupfumi, dzakasimbiswa ngano nezve Hondo Yenyika II, parizvino propaganda nezve Russia kana Siria kana Iraq kana China inganzwika kunge kupenga kuvanhu vazhinji sezvazvinonzwika kwandiri. Uye zvechokwadi iyo mari inogadzirwa neiyo Yakanaka Hondo ngano inotungamira kune dzakaipisisa hondo, pane kuvadzivirira. Ini ndanyora pamusoro wenyaya uyu pakureba kwazvo muzvinyorwa zvakawanda nemabhuku, kunyanya Hondo Ndicho Nhema.[Iii] Asi ini ndichapa pano mashoma akakosha mapoinzi ayo anofanirwa kuisa zvirinani mhodzi dzekupokana mupfungwa dzevazhinji vatsigiri veUS veWWII seHondo Yakarurama.

Mark Allman naTobias Winright, vanyori ve "Just War" vakakurukurwa muzvitsauko zvakapfuura, havasi kuuya zvakanyanya nerondedzero yavo yeJust Wars, asi vanotaura pakupasa zvinhu zvisina kurongeka zvebasa reUS muWWII, kusanganisira US neUK kuedza bvisa huwandu hwemaguta eGerman[Iv] uye kuomerera kune zvipo zvisingabatsiri.[V] Zvisinei, vanopawo kuti vangave vatenda kuti hondo iyi yakarongedzwa, yakarongedzwa zvisina kururama, uye yakatevedzwa nenzira yakarurama kuburikidza neMarshall Plan, nezvimwewo.[vi] Handina chokwadi cheGerman basa semauto eU.S., zvombo, uye nhepfenyuro dzekutaurirana, uye semubatsiri muhondo dzisiri dzeU.S. pamusoro pemakore dzakabatanidzwa mukuverenga.

Hezvino izvo zvandinofunga nezvazvo pamusoro gumi nezviviri zvikonzero Hondo Yakanaka yanga isingaite / kurongeka.

1. Hondo Yenyika II haigone kuitika kunze kweHondo Yenyika I, pasina upenzi hwekutanga Hondo Yenyika I uye kunyanya kushandiswa kwekuguma kweHondo Yenyika I iyo yakaita kuti vanhu vakangwara vagara vafanotaura Hondo Yenyika II panzvimbo iyo, kana pasina Rusvingo rweWall Street yeNazi Germany kwemakumi emakore (seanosarudza kumakomunisti), kana pasina shamhu yezvombo uye zvisarudzo zvakashata zvisingadi kuti zvidzoke munguva yemberi.

2. Hurumende yeUS haina kurohwa nekushamisika kurwisa. Mutungamiri Franklin Roosevelt vaive vavimbisa chinyararire Churchill kuti United States yaizoshanda nesimba kumutsa Japan kuti irwisane. FDR yaiziva kuti kurwiswa kwaiuya, uye pakutanga yakanyora chirevo chehondo kurwisa vese Germany neJapan manheru ePearl Harbor. Pearl Harbor isati yasvika, FDR yakanga yavaka mabheseni muUS uye makungwa mazhinji, vakatengesa zvombo kuBrits mabhesheni, vakatanga dhizaini, vakagadzira rondedzero yemunhu wese wechiJapan American munyika, akapa ndege, varairidzi, uye vatyairi kuenda kuChina , akaisa masanction akakomba kuJapan, uye akaraira mauto eUS kuti hondo neJapan yakanga ichitanga. Akaudza vanachipangamazano vake vepamusoro kuti aitarisira kurwiswa musi waZvita 1, yaive mazuva matanhatu ekuzorora. Heino inopinda mubhuku raMunyori weHondo Henry Stimson dhayari zvichitevera musangano waNovember 25, 1941, kuWhite House: "Mutungamiri akati maJapan vane mukurumbira wekuita kurwisa pasina yambiro uye vakati isu tinogona kurwiswa, taura Muvhuro unotevera, semuenzaniso. ”

3. Hondo yakanga isiri yerubatsiro uye haina kunyange kutengeswa zvakadai kusvikira yapera. Kwakanga kusina poster kukukumbira kuti ubatsire Uncle Sam kuponesa vaJudha. Ngarava yevapoteri vechiJudha kubva kuGermany yakadzingwa kubva kuMiami neGungwa Guard. IAmerica nemamwe marudzi vakaramba kugamuchira vapoteri vevaJudha, uye vazhinji vevanhu veUnited States vakatsigira iyo nzvimbo. Mapoka erugare akambokumbira gurukota guru Winston Churchill nemunyori wake wekune dzimwe nyika nezvekutumira vaJudha kubva kunze kweGermany kuzodziponesa vakaudzwa kuti, nepo Hitler anganyatsobvumirana zvikuru neurongwa, zvingava dambudziko guru uye zvinoda zvikepe zvizhinji. IUnited States haina kuita zvematongerwo enyika kana zvehondo kuti ichengete avo vakaurayiwa mumisasa yevasungwa yeNazi. Anne Frank akarambidzwa visa yeU.SA. Kunyange zvazvo pfungwa iyi isingatauri nemhosva yakakosha yezvakaitika kare yeWWII seHurumende Yakafanana, iyo inonyanya kushandiswa kuItland mythology kuti ndichabatanidza pano ndima huru kubva kuna Nicholson Baker:

"Anthony Eden, munyori wekuBrithani wokune imwe nyika, uyo aive akatarisirwa neChurchill nekubata mibvunzo nezvevapoteri, akataura nechisimba kune umwe wevanhu vazhinji vakakurudzira, achitaura kuti chero dhigiriro rekutsvaga kwekusunungurwa kwevaJudha kubva kuna Hitler raive 'risinganzwisisike.' Ari parwendo rwokuenda kuUnited States, Edheni yakatsanangurira Cordell Hull, munyori wehurumende, kuti kunetseka kwechokwadi nekukumbira Hitler kuvaJudha ndiko kuti 'Hitler angatitora kune chero ipi zvayo, uye ipapo hapana zvingarava zvakakwana uye nzira dzokufambisa munyika kuti dzigadzirise. ' Churchill akabvumirana. 'Kunyange dai taive nemvumo yekubvisa vaJudha vose,' akanyora kudaro achipindura tsamba imwe inokumbira, 'kutakura voga kunounza dambudziko rinenge rakaoma kugadzirisa.' Kwete kutumira uye kutakura zvakakwana here? Makore maviri izvi zvisati zvaitika, vaBrithani vakanga vabuda varume vanenge 340,000 kubva kumahombekombe e Dunkirk mumazuva mapfumbamwe chete. IUnited Air Force yaiva nezviuru zve ndege itsva. Munguva yekutonga kwechidimbu, vaAllies vaigona kufamba ndege uye kutakura vapoteri vakawanda kwazvo kubva muGermany sphere. "[vii]

Zvichida inoenda kumubvunzo we "Kurudyi Chinangwa" icho "chakanaka" chikamu chehondo hachina kungopa demoni nezve icho chingave chiri chepakati muenzaniso wehuipi hwerutivi "rwakaipa" rwehondo.

4. Hondo yakanga isiri kuzvidzivirira. FDR yakanyepera kuti yaiva nepupu yezvirongwa zveNazi yekuveza South America, kuti yakanga ine chirongwa cheNazi chokupedza chitendero, iyo ngarava dzeUnited States (dzichibatsiridza ndege dzehondo dzeBritain) dzakarohwa nemauto nemaNazi, kuti Germany yakanga iri kutyisidzira kuUnited States.[viii] Mhosva inogona kuitwa kuti US inofanira kupinda muhondo kuEurope kudzivirira dzimwe nyika, dzakanga dzakapinda kuti dzidzivirire dzimwe nyika, asi nyaya inogonawo kuitika kuti US inowedzera kukurudzira kwevanhu, kuwedzera hondo, uye zvakakonzera kukanganisa kudarika zvingave zvakaitika, dai US asina kuita chinhu, akaedza kuita dhizimano, kana kuiswa mune zvekusagadzikana. Kutaura kuti umambo hweNazi hwakanga huri kukura pane rimwe zuva hunosanganisira basa reUnited States rakanyanyisa kubatwa uye risingabhadharwi nemamwe emangwana kana emamwe mienzaniso kubva kune dzimwe hondo.

5. Iye zvino tava kuziva zvakawanda zvakanyanya uye nedzimwe nhepfenyuro isingaiti kusagadzikana kwebasa uye kusaruramisira zvinowanzobudirira-uye kubudirira ikoko kunogona kupedzisira-kudarika kushorwa kwechisimba. Nezivo iyi, tinogona kutarisa shure kubudirira kunoshamisa kwezviito zvisingaiti zvekupikisana nevaNazi zvakanga zvisina kurongeka zvakanaka kana kuvakwa kunze kwekubudirira kwavo kwekutanga.[ix]

6. Hondo Yakanaka yanga isina kunaka kumauto. Vachishaya kudzidziswa kwakanyanya uye kugadzikana kwepfungwa kugadzirira masoja kuita chiito chisiri chechisikirwo chekuuraya, makumi masere muzana eUS nemauto muHondo Yenyika II havana kupfura "muvengi" wavo zvombo.[x] Ichokwadi chokuti veterans veWWII vakarapwa zviri nani mushure mehondo kupfuura mamwe mauto kare kana kuti, kubva pamusana wekushungurudzwa kwakaitwa neBonus Army mushure mehondo yapfuura. Veterans ivavo vakapiwa yekoroji yekusununguka, utano hwehutano, uye pensions yakanga isingakonzerwi nekodzero yehondo kana kuti neimwe nzira chikonzero chehondo. Pasina hondo, munhu wose aigona kupiwa koreji yekusununguka kwemakore mazhinji. Kana tikapa hureji yekusununguko kune vose nhasi, zvingadai zvinoda zvakawanda kupfuura Hollywoodized World War II nyaya kuti vanhu vakawanda vauye kunzvimbo dzekudzidzira zvechiuto.

7. Nenguva dzakawanda nhamba yevanhu vakaurayiwa mumisasa yeGermany vakaurayiwa kunze kwavo muhondo. Ruzhinji rwevanhu ivavo rwakanga ruri vanhu. Chiyero chekuuraya, kukuvadza, uye kuparadza kwakaita kuti WWII ive chinhu chakaipisisa chakaitwa nevanhu pachavo munguva shoma kwenguva. Isu tinofungidzira zvibatanidzwa zvaive "zvakapesana" nekuuraya kuduku kuduku mumisasa. Asi izvozvo hazvikwanise kururamisa mushonga waive wakaipa kudarika chirwere.

8. Kuwedzera kwehondo kunosanganisira kuparadzwa kwevanhu vese nemaguta, kusvika pakuguma kusinganzwisisiki kwemaguta kwakatora WWII kunze kwemamiriro emapurogiramu anodzivirirwa kune vakawanda vakange vadzivirira kutangwa kwayo-uye zvakakodzera kudaro. Kurayira kusazvipira kusingagumi uye kutsvaka kuwedzera kufa uye kutambura kwakaunza kukuvara kukuru ndokusiya nhaka yakaipa uye inotyisa.

9. Kuuraya huwandu hukuru hwevanhu kunofungidzirwa kuti kunodzivirirwa kune "yakanaka" divi muhondo, asi kwete kune "yakaipa" divi. Musiyano uripo pakati pezviviri hauna kumbobvira wajeka sekufungidzira. IUnited States yaive nenhoroondo yakareba sehutongerwe enyika. Tsika dzeUS dzekudzvanyirira vanhu vemuAfrica vekuAmerican, kuuraya vanhu vemuAmerican maAmerican, uye iko zvino kuvhiringidza maJapan American kwakapawo zvirongwa zvakasimudzira maNazi eGerman - izvi zvaisanganisira misasa yevaNative America, uye zvirongwa zveeugenics uye kuyedza kwevanhu kwakavapo kare, panguva, uye mushure mehondo. Chimwe chezvirongwa izvi chaisanganisira kupa syphilis kuvanhu vari kuGuatemala panguva imwechete miedzo yeNuremberg yaiitika.[xi] Hondo yeUnited States yakashandira mazana emaNazi makuru pakuguma kwehondo; ivo vanokodzera mukati.[xii] IU.America inotarirwa neumambo hwepasi rose, hondo isati yavapo, panguva iyo, uye kubvira ikozvino. ChiGermany neo-Nazi mazuva ano, asingabvumirwi kusunungura mureza weNazi, dzimwe nguva anozunguza mureza we Confederate States of America panzvimbo.

10. Rutivi "rwakanaka" rwe "hondo yakanaka," bato rakauraya zvakanyanya nekufira iro rakakunda divi, raive koministi Soviet Union. Izvo hazviite kuti hondo ive kukunda kwecommunism, asi zvinokanganisa ngano dzeWashington neHollywood dzekukunda kwe "democracy."[xiii]

11. Hondo Yenyika II haisati yapera. Vanhuwo zvavo muUnited States havana kuwana mari yavo yemitero kusvika Hondo Yenyika II uye izvo hazvina kumbomira. Yaifanirwa kunge iri yenguva pfupi.[xiv] WWII-nguva nheyo dzakagadzirwa pasi pose hazvina kumbovharwa. Mauto eUnited States haana kumbobva Germany kana Japan.[xv] Kune huwandu hwe100,000 US neBritish mabhomba achiri pasi muGermany, achiri kuuraya.[xvi]

12. Kudzokera makore 75 kunyika yenyukireya-isina, nyika yekoloni yezvivako zvakasiyana zvakasiyana siyana, mitemo, uye tsika kuti aratidze kuti chii chave chiri mari yakawanda yeUnited States mumakore ose kubva ipapo kubva pane zvinoshamisa zvekuzvinyengera izvo zvisiri ' t akaedza mukururamisirwa kwechinhu chipi zvacho chakaitwa. Tifunga kuti ndine huwandu hwe1 kuburikidza ne11 zvakashata zvachose, uye iwe unotofanira kutsanangura kuti chiitiko chinobva kumavambo ekutanga anonzi 1940 chinokonzera kurasa madhora madzinesi triliyoni 2017 muhondo yekusungwa ingadai yakashandiswa kudyidzana, kupfeka, kurapa, uye pokugara mamiriyoni evanhu, uye kuchengetedza nyika.

ZVINYORWA

[I] Studs Terkel, Hondo Yakanaka: Nhoroondo Yemuromo YeHondo Yenyika II (New Press: 1997).

[Ii] Chris Hellman, TomDispatch, "$ 1.2 Tiririyoni yeNational Security," Kurume 1, 2011, http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175361

[Iii] David Swanson, Hondo Ndeye Nhema, Second Edition (Charlottesville: Just World Books, 2016).

[Iv] Maka J. Allman & Tobias L. Winright, Mushure mokunge Smoke Clears: Kururamisira Hondo Yenzira uye Post War Justice (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Mabhuku, 2010) p. 46.

[V] Maka J. Allman & Tobias L. Winright, Mushure mokunge Smoke Clears: Kururamisira Hondo Yenzira uye Post War Justice (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Mabhuku, 2010) p. 14.

[vi] Maka J. Allman & Tobias L. Winright, Mushure mokunge Smoke Clears: Kururamisira Hondo Yenzira uye Post War Justice (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Mabhuku, 2010) p. 97.

[vii] Hondo Hachisipo: Mazana Mazana Emakore eAmerican Antiwar uye Runyararo Runyori, yakarongedzwa naLawrence Rosendwald.

[viii] David Swanson, Hondo Ndeye Nhema, Second Edition (Charlottesville: Just World Books, 2016).

[ix] Book and Film: Simba Rine Simba Rakawanda, http://aforcemorepowerful.org

[x] Dave Grossman, Pakuuraya: Maitiro ePfungwa nezvekudzidza kuuraya muHondo neSosaiti (Back Bay Books: 1996).

[xi] Donald G. McNeil Jr., The New York Times, "US Inokumbira rutsigiro rweSylisiti Miedzo muGuatemala," Gunyana 1, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/02/health/research/02infect.html

[xii] Annie Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program yakaunza Masayendisiti eNazi kuAmerica (Little, Brown uye Company, 2014).

[xiii] Oliver Stone naPeter Kuznick, The Untold History of the United States (Gallery Books, 2013).

[xiv] Steven A. Bank, Kirk J. Stark, naJoseph J. Thorndike, Hondo uye Mitero (Urban Institute Press, 2008).

[xv] RootsAction.org, "Enda Kubva kuNewstop War. Vhura Ramstein Air Base, "http://act.rootsaction.org/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=12254

[xvi] David Swanson, "United States Yakangobhombwa Germany," http://davidswanson.org/node/5134