Rugare Rwenyika Kupfuura Mutemo

Urongwa Hwekugara Rwakakanganwa Runyararo rweVashanu Vakuru veMutungamiri veAmerica

naProfesa James T. Ranney (kune zvizere shanduro, email: jamestranney@post.harvard.edu).

                  Tinofanira kupedza hondo.  Maitiro ekudzivirira hondo yenyukireya inyaya yakakosha yakatarisana nevanhu. Sokutaura kwakaita HG Wells (1935): "Kana tikasamisa hondo, hondo ichatipedza." Kana, sekutaura kwakaita Mutungamiri Ronald Reagan uye Munyori Mukuru weSoviet, Mikhail Gorbachev mumashoko avo akabatana paGeneva Summit ya1985: "Hondo yenyukireya haigoni kukundwa, uye haifanire kurwiwa."

Asi zvirinani kuti hatina kufunga kuburikidza nezvakazara chirevo chiri pamusoro. Zvekuti kana chirevo chiri pamusoro is Ichokwadi, zvinotevera kuti tinoda kukura dzimwe nzira dzehondo. Uye imomo mune nhema yakapusa yechisarudzo chedu: nzira dzepasi rose dzekugadzirisa gakava-kunyanya kupokana kwepasi rose, kwakatungamirwa nekurevererwa kwepasi rose uye kuchitsigirwa nekutongwa kwenyika dzese.

Nhoroondo yeyo pfungwa.  Iyi haisi pfungwa nyowani, uyezve haisi pfungwa ine hungwaru. Kwayakatangira inodzokera ku (1) muzivi weBritish wezvemitemo Jeremy Bentham, uyo muna 1789 wake Purogiramu yeZvose uye Zuva Rorugare, yakapa zano rokuti “Dare Rinozivikanwa Rokutonga kuti mutongo wokusawirirana pakati penyika dzinoverengeka.” Vamwe vatsigiri vakakurumbira vanosanganisira: (2) Mutungamiri Theodore Roosevelt, avo mukuregererwa kwavo kwenguva refu 1910 Nobel Peace Prize yekugamuchirwa kutaura vakakurudzira mutongo wepasi rose, dare repasi rose, uye "imwe mhando yemasimba emapurisa epasi rese" yekumisikidza zvakatemwa nedare; (3) Mutungamiri William Howard Taft, uyo akatsigira "arbitral court" uye mapurisa epasi rese kumanikidza kuita arbitral uye kutonga; uye (4) Mutungamiri Dwight David Eisenhower, uyo akakurudzira kuumbwa kwe "International Court of Justice" ine simba rekumanikidzirwa uye nerumwe rudzi rwe "masimba emapurisa epasirese anozivikanwa pasi rese uye akasimba zvakakwana kuwana rukudzo rwepasirese." Pakupedzisira, mune izvi, pasi pehutongi hweEisenhower neKennedy, "Joint Statement of Agreed Principles for Disarmament Negotiations" yakataurirana kwemwedzi yakati wandei nemumiriri weUS John J. McCloy uye mumiriri weSoviet Valerian Zorin. Chibvumirano cheMcCloy-Zorin, chakapasiswa neUN General Assembly muna Zvita 20, 1961 asi chisina kugamuchirwa, chakaronga kumisikidzwa kwe "nzira dzakavimbika dzekugadzirisa runyararo gakava" uye mapurisa epasi rese angadai akave nehumambo hwevose pasi rose- anoshandika mauto.

Rugare Rwenyika Kupfuura Mutemo (WPTL) muchidimbu.  Pfungwa yakakosha, iyo isinganyanye kukurumidza kupfuura Chibvumirano cheMcCloy-Zorin, ine zvikamu zvitatu: 1) kubviswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya (pamwe nekuderedzwa kunowirirana mumauto akajairika); 2) nzira dzepasi rose dzekugadzirisa gakava; uye 3) nzira dzakasiyana siyana dzekumanikidza, kubva pasimba reruzhinji maonero kune renyika dzerunyararo

1.       Kubvisa: zvinodiwa uye zvinogoneka:  Yasvika nguva yeNuclear Weapons Abolition Convention. Kubva munaJanuary 4, 2007 Wall Street Journal yekupepetwa nevaimbove "nyukireya realists" Henry Kissinger (aimbova Secretary weHurumende), Senator Sam Nunn, William Perry (aimbova Secretary of Defense), naGeorge Shultz (aimbova Secretary of State), elite maonero pasirese asvika pakubvumirana kwakawanda kuti zvombo zvenyukireya ingozi yakajeka uye iri pedyo kune vese vanozvibata uye nepasirese.[1]  Seizvo Ronald Reagan aigaro taura kuna George Shultz: "Chii chakanyanya kunaka nezve nyika inogona kuputika mumaminitsi makumi matatu?"[2]  Nokudaro, zvose zvatinoda iye zvino ndiyo pfukuro yekupedzisira yekushandura rubatsiro rwevanhu rwakanga ruchidikanwa rwekuregererwa[3] mumatanho anoitika. Kunyangwe United States iri iro dambudziko, kana United States neRussia neChina vabvuma kudzima, vakasara (kunyangwe Israel neFrance) vachatevera.
2.      Nhaurirano dzeMagadziro eDambudziko reMagariro:  WPTL yaizogadzira chikamu chechina-chekugadzirisa gakava repasirese-kutaurirana kwekumanikidza, kumanikidza kwekumanikidza, kumanikidza kwekumanikidza, uye kutonga kwekumanikidza- kwekupokana kupi nekupi pakati penyika. Zvichienderana nezvakaitika mumatare epamusha, chikamu chinosvika makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana che "nyaya" dzese dzaizogadziriswa mukutaurirana nekurevererwa, imwe 90% yakagadziriswa mushure mekutongwa, zvichisiiwa padiki padiki kutongwa kwekumanikidza. Kupokana kukuru kwakasimudzwa pamusoro pemakore (kunyanya neoo-cons) kumasimba ekumanikidza muInternational Court yeJustice kwave iko kuti veSoviet havazombobvumirana nazvo. Zvakanaka, chokwadi ndechekuti maSoviet ari pasi paMikhail Gorbachev akaita anobvumirana nazvo, kutanga muna 1987.
3.      International enforcement mechanisms:  Nyanzvi zhinji dzezvemitemo dzenyika dzese dzakaratidza kuti mune anopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe nematatu ezviitiko zvematongerwo enyika, simba reruzhinji rwevanhu ruzhinji rwakashanda mukuchengetedza kuteedzerana nezvisarudzo zvematare epasi rose. Nyaya inobvumwa kuti yakaoma iyi rave basa iro runyararo rwenyika dzingaite mukumanikidza, dambudziko nekumanikidza kwakadaro kuve simba re veto muUN Security Council. Asi mhinduro dzakasiyana dzinogona kugadziriswa (semuenzaniso mubatanidzwa wevhoti / kuvhota / sisitimu yakawanda), nenzira imwechete iyo Mutemo weSungano Chibvumirano wakaronga matare ekutonga asiri pasi peV-veto.

Mhedziso.  WPTL inonyatsotaurirana kuti haisi "shoma" (isu redu iripo re "kusachengeteka pamwe chete") kana "zvikuru" (hurumende yenyika kana hurumende yenyika kana kuti pacifism). Icho chirevo chakange chave chisina kurega kuchengetwa kwemakore makumi mashanu adarika[4]  iyo inofanirwa kuongororwa nevakuru vehurumende, academia, uye vanhu vose.