NaDavid Swanson
Ingori mubvunzo wejografi. Kana kuti zvimwe mubvunzo wakasiyana.
Tsvaga pawebhu "USS Mason" uye uchawana zvisingaverengeki "nhau" mishumo pamusoro pekuti ngarava iyi yeUS isina mhosva yakapfurwa sei, uye yakapfurwa zvakare, uye kuti yakadzora sei "matanho" mukuzvidzivirira.
Asi unogona kugumburwa imwe nyaya kubva kuCNN (usatarise vhidhiyo inorasisa yakatumirwa pamusoro pechinyorwa) inoti:
"Vakuru Mugovera manheru vanga vasina chokwadi kuti chii chaizvo chakaitika, kana paine mapfumo akawanda aiuya kana pakakanganisika neradar yekuona hurongwa pane muparadzi."
Saka, muparadzi murombo asina mhosva akapfurwa here kana kuti kwete?
Chinhu chiri nyore asi chinoita sechisingabviri kubata ndechekuti hazvina basa. United States yakadzora Yemen nekuuraya kukuru kunozivikanwa se "drone war." United States yakashongedzerwa neSaudi Arabia kuti ibhombe Yemen nejeti, ikapa jets, ikapa mabhomba (uye mabhomba emapoka), yakawedzera jets pakati pemhepo, yakapa ruzivo rwakanangana, yakapa chivharo kuUnited Nations, uye yakaendesa ngarava dzayo kumahombekombe. yeYemen sechikamu chekuedza kwayo kuwana simba reUS/Saudi muYemen kuburikidza nekupondwa kwevanhu vakawanda uye kuparadza. Kana rimwe boka kana rimwe kana pasina munhu muYemen akapfura pfuti dzisina ngozi pachikepe cheUS mhedzisiro yacho yakafanana: zero pamutemo kana tsika kana kururamisa kuenderera mberi kana kuwedzera kuuraya, uye zero pfungwa pakudaidza kukwira kwakadaro "kudzivirira."
Saizvozvo, fungidziro - kusanganisira muvhidhiyo yeCNN yakatumirwa pamusoro pechinyorwa chayo - kuti Iran yaive kumashure kwekurwiswa kungangoita kwekunyepedzera pangarava yeUS hazvina basa. Mhedziso dzinogona kuitwa dzakafanana kana dzidziso dzisina hwaro dzakadaro uye dzechishuwo ichokwadi.
Iyi ndiyo pfungwa yekushandiswa kwangu kwemienzaniso yekare yakafanana (kwete) -zviitiko seGulf of Tonkin Non-Incident mubhuku rangu. Hondo Ndicho Nhema. Pfungwa haisi yekuti nekuti mauto eUS akanyepa nezve Tonkin anogona kunge achinyepa zvakare nguva inotevera (kunyangwe iri mhedziso yakanaka). Pfungwa yacho chaizvoizvo yakasiyana zvachose. Icho chiripo ndechekuti kana iwe ukaisa ngarava dzeUS pamhenderekedzo yeVietnam uye wozvishandisa kupisa kuVietnam, mubvunzo wekuti chero munhu anombodzosera kumashure hausi mubvunzo wekurwisa United States of America.
Ngatiyeukei (zvisina) zvakaitika musi waAugust 4, 1964. Zvikepe zvehondo zveUnited States zvaiva pamhenderekedzo yeNorth Vietnam uye vaiita zviito zvehondo kurwisana neNorth Vietnam. Saka Mutungamiri Lyndon Johnson akaziva kuti ainyepa paakati 4 Nyamavhuvhu (kwete)-kurwisa kwainge kusina kutsamwiswa. Uye chero munhuwo zvake angadai akaziva kuti ainyepa asina kumirira chero kuburitswa kwakarongwa. Mumwe aingofanira kutarisa kuti aone kuti Gulf of Tonkin yaiva pamhenderekedzo ipi yeUnited States. (Zvimwechete neGungwa Dzvuku.)
Dai iyo Gulf yeTonkin Chiitiko chakaitika, chaigona kunge chisina kuburitswa. Ngarava imwe chete yaifungidzirwa kuti yakarwiswa muna Nyamavhuvhu 4 yakanga yakuvadza zvikepe zvitatu zvekuNorth Vietnam uye yakauraya vafambisi vezvikepe vana vekuNorth Vietnam mazuva maviri apfuura, muchiitiko apo humbowo hunoratidza kuti United States yakatanga kudzingwa, kunyangwe zvakapesana zvainzi. Muchokwadi, mumazuva ekushanda akasiyana apfuura, United States yakanga yatanga kurova nyika huru yeNorth Vietnam.
Asi kurwiswa kwaifungidzirwa musi wa4 Nyamavhuvhu chaiko kwaive, kunyanya, kusaverengeka kweSonar yeUS. Mukuru wengarava akafonera Pentagon achiti iri kurwiswa, uye akabva angoridza tambo kutaura kuti zvaaitenda kare zvakanga zvisina chokwadi uye hapana ngarava dzekuNorth Vietnam dzaikwanisa kusimbiswa munzvimbo iyi. Mutungamiri Johnson akange asina chokwadi chekuti pakange paine kurwiswa paakaudza ruzhinji rweAmerica kwave. Mwedzi yakati gare gare akabvuma vari voga kuti: “Pazvose zvandinoziva, mauto edu emugungwa akanga achingopfura mawhale kunze uko.” Asi panguva iyoyo Johnson aive nemvumo kubva kuCongress yehondo yaaida. Ikoko kufanana kunoputsika, hongu, seMutungamiri Barack Constitutional Scholar Obama haagone kunetswa neCongress mvumo. Asi zvakadaro iye achiri kuda imwe nhanho yekushivirira kwevanhu.
Muna 2003 documentary inonzi The Fog of War, Robert McNamara, uyo akanga ari Munyori we "Kudzivirira" panguva yenhema dzeTonkin, akabvuma kuti kurwisa kwaAugust 4 hakuna kuitika uye kuti pakanga pane kusava nechokwadi kwakakomba panguva iyoyo. Haana kutaura kuti musi waAugust 6 akanga apupurira musangano wakavharwa weSenate Foreign Relations uye Armed Services Committees pamwe chete naGen. Earl Wheeler. Pamberi pemakomiti maviri aya, varume vaviri ava vakataura nechokwadi chekuti North Vietnam yakarwisa Nyamavhuvhu 4.
McNamara haanawo kutaura kuti mazuva mashoma mushure meTonkin Gulf isiri Chiitiko, akange akumbira Joint Chiefs of Staff kuti vamupe runyoro rwezvimwe zviito zveUS zvinogona kutsamwisa North Vietnam. Akawana rondedzero uye akareverera kudenhwa ikoko mumisangano Johnson asati arayira zviito zvakadaro musi waGunyana 10. Zviito izvi zvaisanganisira kutangazve kutenderera kwengarava kumwe chete uye kuwedzera mashandiro epachivande, uye pakasvika Gumiguru kuraira kubhomba kwengarava kuenda kumahombekombe kwenzvimbo dzeradar (chaizvo chaizvo chii. iyo US ichangobva kuita muYemen).
A 2000-2001 National Security Agency (NSA) mushumo wakagumisa kuti kwakanga kusina kurwiswa kuTonkin musi waAugust 4 uye kuti NSA yakanga yanyepa nemaune. The Bush Administration haina kubvumira chirevo kuti chibudiswe kusvika 2005, nekuda kwekunetsekana kuti inogona kukanganisa manyepo ari kuudzwa kuti hondo dzeAfghanistan neIraq dzitange.
Musi waMarch 8, 1999, Newsweek yakanga yabudisa mai venhema dzose: “America haisati yatanga hondo muzana rino ramakore.” Pasina kupokana Chikwata cheBush chakafunga kuti zviri nani kusiya kunyepedzera ikoko kusina kukanganiswa.
United States payakanyeperwa zvakanyanya muHondo yeVietnam, vese kunze kwemaseneta maviri vakavhotera Gulf yeTonkin sarudzo. Mumwe wevaviri ava, Wayne Morse (D-OR), akaudza mamwe maseneta kuti akaudzwa nePentagon kuti kurwiswa kwainzi kwakaitwa neNorth Vietnamese kwakatsamwiswa. Zviri pachena kuti chero kurwisa kwaizove kwakatsamwiswa. Asi kurwiswa kwacho kwaive kwengano, uye ndiyo poindi iyo vanhu vanoita sevanobatirira pairi, vachishaya kunzwisisa kwakakosha kuti hazvina basa.
Vashandi vaSenator Morse havana kumupikisa pamusana pekuti akanga akanganisa, zvisinei. Panzvimbo pezvo, seneta akamuudza, kuti: “Heya, Wayne, haugoni kurwa napurezidhendi apo mireza yose iri kusimudzwa uye tave kuda kuenda kukokorodzano yenyika. Zvese [Mutungamiriri] Lyndon [Johnson] anoda bepa rinomuudza kuti takaita kunze uko, uye tinomutsigira. "
Gehena, Swanson, haugone kusimudza kusawirirana pamusoro pekuputira vanhu muYemen kana vatengesi vachitadza kumira panguva yeNational Anthem uye Hillary Clinton akatora mari hombe kubva kuSaudi Arabia neBoeing munheyo yemhuri yake kuti atore majets ikoko uye maDemocrats aripo. kuyedza kupenda Donald Trump seanopenga.
