NaRichard Falk, World BEYOND War, April 29, 2021
Zvinotyisidzira KUNE MUTEMO WENYIKA UYE NENYIKA YENYIKA
Drones dzakashongedzerwa chingangove chombo chinotambudza chinowedzerwa muhondo yekugadzira hondo kubvira bhomba reatomu, uye kubva pakuona kwepasi roser, inogona kuzotonyanya kuva nenjodzi mukukanganisa kwayo nemhedzisiro yayo. Izvi zvingaite senge zvisinganzwisisike, zvinotyisa, uye zvine mweya chirevo chekushushikana. Mushure mezvose, bhomba reatomiki mukushandisa kwaro kwekutanga rakazviratidza richikwanisa kuparadza maguta ese, richiparadzira radioactivity inouraya kwese kwaienda nemhepo, ichityisidzira ramangwana rebudiriro, uye kunyangwe kutyisidzira kupona kwechisikwa. Yakachinja zvakanyanya hunhu hwehondo, uye ichaenderera ichitambudza ramangwana revanhu kusvika kumagumo enguva.
Asi, kunyangwe zvisina musoro uye mafungiro ehondo anotsanangura kusada kwevatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika kushingairira kushanda zvine hungwaru mukubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya, chimbo chisina kumboshandiswa mumakore makumi matanhatu nemanomwe kubvira paakatanga kuburitswa pamusoro pevagari vemo vasina mufaro Hiroshima neNagasaki.[1] Zvakare, kuzadzikiswa kwekusashandisa kwave kuri kwekugara kuri pamutemo, kwetsika, uye nehungwaru kukoshesa kwevatungamiriri nevarongi vehondo kubvira kubvira bhomba rekutanga rakaita kutyisa kusingataurike nekutambura kumaJapan vakafirwa avo vaivapo musi iwoyo mumaguta akaparadzwa. .
The yechipiri kurongeka zvinetso yakatemwa pamusoro pemakumi emakore apfuura kuti idzivise hondo yenyukireya, kana kuti zvirinani kudzikisira njodzi yezviitiko zvayo, kunyangwe iri kure neupenzi, uye ingangoita isingagadzirike kwenguva yakareba, yaingoenderana nehurongwa hwepasi rose hwakashanduka kushandira mukuru akagovana zvido zvematunhu enyika.[2] Panzvimbo pekuchengetedza iyi yekupedzisira zvombo zvekuparadza vazhinji kwenzvimbo yehondo mukana uye kukunda kwemauto, zvombo zvenyukireya zvakave zvakavharirwa mumabasa avo kudzora uye kumanikidza kudyidzana, izvo kunyangwe zvisiri pamutemo, zvine mutsika zvine mutsindo, uye zvine chekuita nehondo, zvinofungidzira kuti hwaro hwekupokana kukuru kwenyika. inogumira mukudyidzana kunorwa kwenzvimbo dzakazvimirira dzenyika.[3]
Kusimbaradza izvo zvipingamupinyi ndidzo zvigadziriso zvinowirirana nenzira yezvibvumirano zvekudzora maoko uye kusazvitutumadza. Kudzora zvombo kunoenderana nekudyidzana kwezvombo zvikuru zvenyukireya nyika, United States neRussia, vanotsvaga kuwedzera kugadzikana nekudzora huwandu hwezvombo zvenyukireya, zvichitungamira zvimwe zvinokanganisa uye zvinodhura, uye kudzivirira masystem ezvombo anodhura asingape chero chikuru chinodzivirira. kana mukana wehunyanzvi.[4] Kupesana nekutonga kwemaoko, kusasimudzira kunofungidzira uye kunosimbisa iyo yakatwasuka mamiriro ehurongwa hwepasirese, ichigadzirisa zviri zviviri chimiro chepamutemo chakasimudzwa pamutemo nekutenderera kwakaringana kwekuenzana kwenyika.
Hutongi hwekusasimudzira hwakabvumidza diki, rinokura zvishoma boka renyika kutora nekugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya, uye kutyisidzira nyukireya, ichirambidza vakasara ve186 kana kuti nyika kuzviwana, kana kutowana chikumbaridzo chekugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya.[5] Iyi nonproliferation ethos inowedzera kukanganiswa nekubatana kune geopolitics, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwakapetwa, kusarudzira kuteedzera, uye hunhu hwehunhu maitiro, sezviri pachena nedziviriro yehondo pfungwa inotsamira pahukama neIraq uye ikozvino Iran, nenzvimbo yekunyaradza yekunyarara yakapihwa. kune yeIsrael inozivikanwa, asi zvisiri pamutemo kugamuchirwa, arsenal yezvombo zvenyukireya.
Ichi chiitiko nezvombo zvenyukireya chinotaurira zvinhu zvakati wandei nezve mutemo wepasi rese uye kurongeka kwepasirese izvo zvinogadza nzvimbo inobatsira yekutarisa dzakasiyana dzakasiyana matambudziko uye nemiedzo inotyisa inomuka nekukurumidza shanduko yemauto drones uye nekupararira kwavo pamusoro penyika zana uye akati wandei asiri ehurumende. vatambi. Chekutanga pane zvese, kusada uye / kana kusakwanisa kwehurumende dzakasimba - iyo yakamira Westphalian nyika - kubvisa izvi zvombo zvekupedzisira zvekuparadza kukuru uye kuzadzisa nyika isina zvombo zvenyukireya kunyangwe zvavo zvine chekuita neapocalyptic. Iyo inodiwa yezvematongerwo enyika kuda haina kumbobvira yaumbwa, uye nekufamba kwenguva yakadzikama chaizvo.[6] Pave paine tsananguro zhinji dzakapihwa izvi kutadza kubvisa humunhu Achilles Heal yehurongwa hwepasirese, kubva pakutya kubiridzira, kutadza kuburitsa tekinoroji, kuda kwekuchengetedzeka kwepamusoro apo kudzivisa uye kutonga kwakasimba kunoenzaniswa nechombo, a ruzhowa kupokana nekumuka kwemuvengi akaipa uye wekuzviuraya, kunwisa simba rekupedzisira simba, chivimbo chekusimudzira chirongwa chekutonga pasirese, uye mukurumbira unouya nekuve wekirabhu yakasarudzika kwazvo inobatana pamwechete nyika dzakazvimiririra.[7]
Kechipiri, pfungwa dzekudzivirira uye kusazvidzora dzinogona kuyananiswa nehunhu uye kufunga kwakadzora tsika yechokwadi kwezvematongerwo enyika izvo zvinoramba zvichitsanangura nzira iyo vafundisi vehurumende vanofunga nekuita munhoroondo yese yehurongwa hwepasi rose.[8] Mutemo wepasi rese haushande mukugadzirisa zvishuwo zvine hungwaru uye hunhu hwemasimba akasimba, asi zvinogona kumanikidzwa kumanikidza nyika dzese nekuda kwezvinangwa zvematongerwo enyika, zvinosanganisira kugadzikana kwesystem.
Chechitatu, mutemo wepasirese wehondo wakagara uchiisa zvombo zvitsva uye matekiniki anopa masimba akakosha emauto kuhurumende yekutonga, achienzanisirwa nekukumbira 'chengetedzo' uye 'kudiwa kwemauto' kuti vasiye chero zvipingamupinyi zviri pamutemo uye zvetsika zvakamira munzira.[9] Chechina, nekuda kwekupararira kwekusatenda, chengetedzo inogadziriswa kubata nezvenyaya yakaipisisa kana padyo nemamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa, inova chikonzero chikuru che kusachengeteka nematambudziko epasi rose. Aya mana seti e generalizations, kunyangwe ichishaya nuance uye muenzaniso, inopa kunzwisiswa kumashure kwekuti nei kuyedza kwemazana emakore kudzora nzira yekurwa, zvombo, uye kuitisa ruvengo zvakave nemhedzisiro inoodza mwoyo, kunyangwe ichikurudzira zvine hungwaru uye zvakajairika. nharo dzinotsigira zvakanyanya kuomarara pahurongwa hwehondo.[10]
ZVINODZIDZISWA ZVINONYANYA: CHIAROSCURO GEOPOLITICS[11]
Drones, semauto matsva ehurongwa anopindura kutyisidziro dzazvino dzekuchengetedza, ane zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvinoita kuti zvionekwe zvakanyanya kuomarara kutonga, zvichipa chimiro chekupokana kwezvematongerwo enyika. Izvi zvinonyanya kusanganisira kutyisidzirwa kunounzwa nevasiri venyika vatambi, kuvandudzwa kweasina-nyika nehurongwa hwemagandanga anotyisidzira kugona kweanoti nyika huru kuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo, uye kutadza kana kusada kwehurumende zhinji kudzivirira dunhu ravo kuti risashandiswe kutanga kurwisa kwepasirese kunyangwe nyika ine simba kwazvo. Kubva pakuona kwenyika ichitarisa dzimwe nzira dzayo dzechiuto mukati mezvinoitika zvepasirese, madrones anotaridzika kunge anokwezva, uye zvinobatsira zvekutora, kuvandudza, nekushandisa zvakakura kwazvo kupfuura zvine chekuita nezvombo zvenyukireya.
MaDrones akadhura mumafomu avo azvino zvichienzaniswa nendege dzevarwi, vangangobvisa zvachose njodzi dzekukuvadzwa neanorwisa, kunyanya zvine chekuita nehondo yekurwisa vatambi vasiri vehurumende, zvinangwa zvegungwa, kana nyika dziri kure, vane kumisikidza ratidziro zvine mutsindo kunyangwe munzvimbo dziri kure kwazvo dzekuhwanda dzakaoma kuti mauto epasi asvike, anokwanisa kunongedza nenzira kwayo pachishandiswa ruzivo rwakavimbika rwakaunganidzwa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwekutarisa drones nekuwedzera kugona kwekuziva uye kugona kugona, kushandisa kwavo kunogona zvematongerwe enyika inodzorwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuzvidzora uye nyowani vhezheni yeyakafanira maitiro ayo anoongorora kukodzera kwezvinangwa munzira dzekuongorora kunoitwa kuseri kwemasuo akavharwa, uye kukuvara kwakananga kunokonzerwa nekuparadzwa kunokonzerwa nedrones idiki kana ichienzaniswa nedzimwe nzira dzeanopokana nemagandanga uye dzakasiyana siyana asymmetric warfare. Naizvozvo, nei kushandiswa kwedrones kusingafungidzirwe semhando yehondo ine hungwaru, yakangwara, uye yepamutemo yehondo inoshandura mutemo weanopokana nemagandanga kuva muenzaniso wekugadzirisa kupokana pane kushoropodzwa nekuchema nekuparadza mutemo wepasi rose wevanhu?[12]
Pane nhoroondo mbiri dzinopesana, nekusiyana kwakawanda kwega kwega, kuongorora yakakosha tsika (mutemo, hunhu) mhando yehondo dzedrone, uye iro rakakurumbira basa munguva pfupi yapfuura mukushandisa nzira dzekuuraya vanhu vakasarudzwa. Kune rimwe divi rehurukuro, ndivo 'vana vechiedza' vanozviti vari kuita nepavanogona napo kudzikisa mutengo uye chiyero chehondo uku vachidzivirira nzanga yeAmerica kurwisa mhirizhonga yevanonyanya kuda kuita basa ravo kushandisa mhirizhonga kuuraya vakawanda vanhuwo zvavo sezvinobvira. Kune rimwe divi, ndivo 'vana verima' vanoratidzwa zvakadzama sevane hunhu hwehunhu hwakaipa kwazvo kuuraya vanhu chaivo, kusanganisira vagari vemuAmerica, pasina kunyepedzera kwekuzvidavirira kwezvikanganiso zvekutonga uye kuwandisa kwekurwisa. Mukutaura, mbiri idzi dzinopa hondo senzira yekuziva yekuuraya serial pasi pezvematongerwo enyika, zvakatemerwa zviripfupi kuurayiwa pasina mhosva kana pasina kururamisa kana kuzvidavirira kunyangwe hazvo chinangwa chiri mugari wemuAmerica.[13]
Kufananidzwa kwekushandisa kwedrone nezvombo zvenyukireya kuri kuratidza mune ino mamiriro, futi. Ikoko hakuna kumbove nekuyedza kutsigira iro basa rekuvandudza iro rinogona kuitwa kuburikidza nekutyisidzira uye kushandiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya, kupfuura gakava rinodenha, risingatombooneswa, kuti kwavo kungovapo kwakadzivirira Hondo Yemashoko kubva pakuva Hondo Yenyika yechitatu. Chirevo chakadai, kuti chivimbike zvachose, chakazorora pakutenda kwetsika kuti mashandisiro avo chaiwo angave nenjodzi kumativi ese, kusanganisira vashandisi, nepo kutyisidzira kwekushandisa kwaive kwakakodzera kuodza moyo kutora njodzi nekushatiriswa nemhandu.[14] Mukupesana, ne drones, iyo yakanaka kesi yekumisikidza zvombo inosanganisirwa chete nekushandisa chaiko zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe nzira dzemaitiro ehondo ehondo e bombardment yemuchadenga kana kurwiswa kwepasi.
“VANA VECHIEDZA”
Vana vevhenekeri vhezheni yehondo yedrone vakapiwa chinzvimbo chekononiki nehurukuro yaMutungamiri Barack Obama yakaunzwa, zvakakodzera zvakakwana, kuNational Defense University, muna Chivabvu 23, 2013.[15] VaObama vakasimbisa kutaura kwavo pamusoro pehutungamiriri hwakapihwa hurumende mukati memazana maviri emakore umo maitiro ehondo akachinja zvakanyanya nguva zhinji asi zvichinzi hazvina kumbokanganisa kutendeka kumisimboti yekutanga republic yakaiswa muBumbiro, iyo "yakashanda se kambasi yedu kuburikidza nemhando yese yeshanduko. . . . Bumbiro remitemo rakakunda hondo dzese, uye hondo yega yega yapera. ”
Pamusana peiyi mamiriro, VaObama vanoenderera nhaurwa inosuwisa yakagara nhaka kubva kumutungamiriri wenyika yeBush, kuti kurwiswa kwe9 / 11 kwakatanga hondo pane kuita hombe mhosva. Mumashoko ake, "Iyi yaive imwe mhando yehondo. Hapana mauto akauya kumahombekombe edu, uye mauto edu haasi iwo akanyanya kudirwa. Asi boka remagandanga rakauya kuzouraya vanhuwo zvavo sezvavaigona. ” Iko hakuna kuyedza kupokana nemubvunzo wekuti nei kutsamwa uku kungave kuri kurapwa zvakanaka semhosva, ingadai yakashanda pakurwisa kwakaipa pre-9/11 'zvachose hondo' kurwisa Afghanistan neIraq. Panzvimbo iyoyo, VaObama vanopa iyo bland, uye zvinyoronyoro kutaura kuti dambudziko ndere "kuenzanisa matongerwo edu nekutonga kwemutemo."[16]
Sekureva kwaObama, kutyisidzira kwakaunzwa neal-Qaeda makore gumi apfuura kwaderera zvakanyanya, kunyangwe zvisina kunyangarika, ichiita "inguva yekuzvibvunza mibvunzo yakaoma-nezve mhando dzetyisidziro dzanhasi uye maitiro atinofanira kuzviita." Ehe, zviri kuratidza kuti korona yekubudirira kwerudzi urwu rwehondo kwaisave kukunda muhondo kana kutora nzvimbo, asi kuurawa muna2011 kwemutungamiriri weal-Qaeda mutungamiri, Osama bin Laden, munzvimbo isiri yekurwa iyo yaive yakakosha yekuvanda isina kukosha kwekuita mushandirapamwe wehugandanga. Obama akataura pfungwa iyi yekuita maererano nemazita ekurova kubva kuurongwa rwekuuraya: "Nhasi, Osama bin Laden afa, uye saka nevazhinji venzvimbo yake yepamusoro." Mhedzisiro iyi haisi mhedzisiro, senge muhondo dzekare, yekusangana kwemauto, asi asi mhedzisiro yezvirongwa zvisiri pamutemo zvinourayiwa uye mashandiro emauto anokanganisa kodzero dzehumwe dzeimwe nyika vasipo mvumo yavo yepamutemo.
Ndepamamiriro ezvinhu aya apo kutaura kwaObama kunotendeukira kukakavadzano yakakonzerwa nekuvimba nedrones, iko kushandiswa kwayakawedzera zvakanyanya kubvira Obama paakauya kuWhite House muna2009. kugadzira izvozvi kuchadudzira rudzi rwenyika- nenyika - iyo yatinosiira kuvana vedu. . . . Saka America yave pamharadzano dzenzira. "Tinofanira kutsanangura chimiro nehukuru hwehondo iyi, zvikasadaro ichatitsanangura." Mukuyedza kudzokorora kurwisa hugandanga hwepasirese, VaObama vanopa mumwe mutauro wekugashisa: “. . . tinofanirwa kutsanangura kuyedza kwedu kwete se'hondo yepasirese yepasi rose yekutyisa, 'asi senzira yekutsungirira, kwakanangana nekuedza kubvisa hukama hwevanyanyisi vanotyisidzira America. ” Asi hapana tsananguro inopihwa yekuti sei kurwira kwekutonga kwezvematongerwo enyika munzvimbo dziri kure dzakadai seYemen, Somalia, Mali, kunyangwe Philippines inofanirwa kutorwa senzvimbo dzekurwa kubva pakuona kwekuchengetedzwa kwenyika kunze kwekunge kusvika kwepasirese kwemaitiro makuru eAmerica kuchisanganisira nyika dzese panyika. Zvirokwazvo, kuunza simba remauto eAmerica mune izvo zvinoita sekushingirira kudzora hupenyu hwemukati mezvematongerwo enyika hwedzimwe nyika dzekunze hazviumbe chikonzero mumutemo wepasi rose wekudzokera kuhondo kana kunyangwe kutyisidzira nekushandiswa kwesimba repasirese.
Hazvireve kuti Obama ari rhetorically asina hanya nezvinonetsa izvi[17], asi kusagadzikana kwake kusada kuongorora chokwadi chekongiri chezviri kuitwa muzita reAmerica chinoita kuti pikicha yake yakajeka yehondo yedrone ishungurudze nekutsausa. VaObama vanoti "[a] s zvaive zvechokwadi muhondo dzakapfuura, hunyanzvi hutsva uhwu hunomutsa mibvunzo yakadzama - pamusoro pekuti ndiani anonangwa, uye nei, nezvevanhu vakuvara, uye nenjodzi yekuumba vavengi vatsva; nezvemitemo yekuramwa kwakadaro pasi pemutemo weUS nemutemo wepasi rose; nezvokuzvidavirira uye tsika. ”[18] Hongu, idzi ndidzo dzimwe dzenyaya, asi mhinduro dzakapihwa dziri nani zvishoma pane kunzvenga kunetseka kwepamutemo nehunhu kwakasimudzwa. Nhaurwa yekutanga yakaiswa pamberi ndeyekuti drone hondo yanga iripo kubudirira uye zviri pamutemo, uye kuti inokonzera vashoma kukuvara kupfuura dzimwe nzira dzechiuto. Kukakavara uku kuri pasi pekusahadzika kwakanyanya uko kusati kwambotariswa mumazwi echokwadi angave akakodzera dai Obama airevesa zvaakataura nezvekutarisana nemibvunzo yakaoma.[19]
Kuzvidzivirira kwake kwehunhu ndizvo zvakajairika maitiro. Congress yakapa Executive yakafara, simba risingadzoreke kushandisa simba rese kugadzirisa kutyisidzira kwakaburitswa mushure mekurwiswa kwe9 / 11, zvichizadzisa zviga zvepamutemo zvekuparadzaniswa kwemasimba. Pakati nepakati, VaObama vanoisa nharo pamusoro pekodzero yeUnited States yekuzvidzivirira isati yati, "Saka iyi ihondo yakatendeseka - hondo yakaitwa zvakaenzana, mukupedzisira, uye mukuzvidzivirira." Apa ndipo paaigona kunge akamutsa mibvunzo yekukahadzika nezvekurwiswa kweWorld Trade Center nePentagon sekutorwa se'zviito zvehondo 'kwete mhosva dzakakomba sekuti' mhosva dzinopesana nevanhu. ' Paive nedzimwe nzira dzekurwira kuenda kuhondo dzakaperekedzwa nekuzvidzivirira kuzorwa nemagandanga epasi rose ayo al Qaeda airatidzika kunge angangodaro akaongororwa, kunyangwe dai asina kutorerwa, kumashure muna 2001. Kuiswa patsva kwekuchengetedzwa Kuedza kubva muna2013 kwaigona kunge kwakamutsa zvakare mubvunzo wakakosha kana, zvine mwero, kwakadzora kupokana nemagandanga kubva kuhondo kuenda kuhondo yepasirese kurwisa mhosva dzepasi rose dzakatungamirwa nemweya wehukama hwehukama hwechokwadi nenzira inoremekedza mutemo wepasi rose, kusanganisira UN Charter ..
Obama akatadza kutora iwo mukana. Pane kudaro, akaisa inonyengera isingabvumirwe seti yemhinduro kune chikuru kushoropodzwa kwevanhu veruzhinji drone hondo sechirevo uye maitiro. VaObama vanoti, kunyangwe hazvo humbowo huri kukura, kuti kushandisa kwedrone kunomanikidzwa ne "hwaro hunodzora mashandisiro edu emasimba kurwisa magandanga - tichiomerera pamatanho akajeka, kutarisa uye kuzvidavirira izvo zvino zvakanyorwa muPresidential Policy Guidance." Yakatevera mitsara yakafanana kune iya yakatorwa naJohn Brennan muhurukuro kuHarvard Law School gore kana kupfuura zvakapfuura. Brennan panguva iyoyo aishanda semukuru weObama anopokana nehugandanga. Akasimbisa kuzvipira kwakaitwa neHurumende yeUS kuomerera kumutemo nemabatiro ehutongi hwezvido zvevanhu zvakapa nzanga yeAmerica chimiro chayo chakasiyana: “Ndakawedzera kuonga kwakadzama nezvechinzvimbo icho tsika dzedu, kunyanya mutemo, kuchengetedza nyika yedu yakachengeteka. ”[20] Brennan, achiri kutaura kuti aite zvese zvinogona kuitwa kuchengetedza vanhu vekuAmerican kutyisidzirwa uku nekunze uye mukati akasimbisa vateereri vechikoro chemutemo nenzira inosanganisira "kutevedzera mutemo wemutemo" mune zvese zviitiko, nekutaura zvakajeka nezve " zviito zvakavanzika. ” Asi zviri kurehwa pano zviri pachena kwete kurega kushandiswa kwesimba rakarambidzwa nemutemo wepasi rose, asi kungoti izvo zvakavanzika zvakaitwa chikamu chikuru chehondo yaVaObama 'yekutyisa' haapfuure "masimba atakapihwa neCongress. ” Nepfungwa dzakapusa, Brennan anozivisa mutemo wemutemo chete ne mhuri mvumo yepamutemo ichiratidzika senge yekushandisa mashandisiro esimba munyika dzakasiyana siyana. Kana zvasvika pakukosha kwemutemo wepasi rese, Brennan anovimba nekuzvishandira pamwe nekuvaka unilateral kuvaka kwepamutemo kupokana kuti munhu anogona kunongedzerwa kana achionekwa sekutyisidzira kunyangwe ari kure neinonzi 'inopisa nhandare,' ndiko , chero kupi zvako pasi pano kunogona kuve chikamu chenzvimbo yehondo zviri pamutemo.[21] Kutaura kwakadai kunonyengera zvakanyanya sekushandisa kwedrone munyika dzakaita seYemen neSomalia hadzisi chete kure nenzvimbo inopisa yehondo; kukakavadzana kwavo kwakanyatso kubviswa, uye izvo zvinonzi 'siginicha inorova' inobata sezvakakodzera zvibodzwa vanhu vanoita zvisirizvo mune yavo yekune dzimwe nyika.
Zvinotaurwa nemutungamiri wenyika yaVaObama ndezvekuti madrones anonongedzera chete kune avo vanokonzeresa, kutarisirwa kwakanyanya kunoitwa kudzivirira njodzi dzekukuvara kwevanhu, uye kuti maitiro akadaro anounza kukuvara kuduku nekuparadza kupfuura zvingakonzere kubva munzira dzakapfuura kutyisidzira kwakadaro kwaivimba iyo cruder tekinoroji yendege ndege uye bhutsu pasi. VaObama vakapindura mubvunzo unonetsa wekuti zviri mukati menzvimbo iyi here yekunongedzera vagari vemuAmerica vari kuita zvematongerwo enyika vachigara kune imwe nyika. VaObama vakashandisa nyaya yaAnwar Awlaki, muparidzi wechiIslam, kuti atsanangure chikonzero chekusarudza kumuuraya, achinongedzera kuhukama hwake hunofungidzirwa nezviito zvehugandanga zvakakundikana muUnited States: “. . . apo mugari weUS anoenda kunze kwenyika kunorwa neAmerica. . . kuva mugari wemo hakufanirwe kushanda senhovo sekungofanana nemupfuri anopfura neboka revanhu vasina mhosva anofanira kuchengetedzwa kubva kuchikwata chevatambi. ”[22] Asi zvakadaro tsananguro haipindure kune vanotsoropodza kuti sei pamberi pekuurayiwa pasina mhosva yaipomerwa Awlaki yakaiswa pamberi perimwe bato redzimhosva, zvichigonesa dziviriro yakasarudzwa nedare, kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti 'nzira yakafanira' mukati meboka iri kusarudza zvinangwa kwete chete tampu yerabha yeCIA nePentagon kurudziro, uye zvirokwazvo nei kusingakwanise kuve nekuburitswa kuzere post-facto kweuchapupu uye chikonzero.[23]
Zvinotonyanya kuvhiringidza, nekuti zvinoratidza kutenda kwakashata, kutadza kwaObama kuunza yakanyanya kunetsa dhoni yakanangana neboka revechidiki mune chimwe chikamu cheYemen pane pane iyo drone yakanamatira Anwar Awlaki. Boka rakanangwa raisanganisira mwanakomana waA Awlaki ane makore gumi nematanhatu, Abdulrahman Awlaki, hama yemurume, nevamwe vana vashanu pavakanga vachigadzirira barbecue yekunze muna Gumiguru 16, 14, vhiki nhatu mushure mekunge drone yauraya baba vaAbdrahrahman. Sekuru vaAbdulrahman, Yemeni ane mukurumbira uyo aimbova gurukota remakurukota uye mutungamiri weyunivhesiti, anotaura nezvekuyedza kwake kupokana mumatare eAmerica kutsamira pamazita akanyanya uye kusavapo kwekuzvidavirira kunyangwe mune dzakakomba zviitiko. Icho chiitiko cheichi chiitiko chinoratidza kuti nei chirevo chose chekushanda kwedrones chiri pasi peakadai rima gore rekusatenda. Mudiki Awlaki anoita kunge ndiye akabatwa pane izvo zvakanyorwa muchiuto jargon se 'siginicha ratidziro,' kureva kuti, runyorwa rwakaumbwa nevanhu vakasarudzwa asi rine boka iro vaongorori veCIA kana vePentagon vanowana vanonyumwira zvakakwana kupa chikonzero chekuuraya kwavo kubviswa. Sezvineiwo, Obama haana kumbotaura nezvekusaina siginecha muhurukuro yake, uye nekudaro haakwanise kuita kuti hurumende ipedze kunongedza kwakadai. Izvi zvinokanganisa chirevo chake chose chekuti kunanga kunoitiswa zvine mutsindo pasi pekutungamira kwake uye kunoitwa nenzira ine hungwaru zvakanyanya iyo inogumira tarisiro kune vanonzi 'vanokosha kwazvo' vanotyisidzira kuchengetedzeka kweUS nekuronga kurwisa kupi nekupi kuitira huwandu hunogona kuitika zvisina kunangana kune vanhuwo zvavo. Rudzi urwu rwekufungisisa nderwekunyepera kunyangwe rukatambirwa rwoga sekurohwa kwedrone nekutyisidzirwa nehunhu hwavo zvinoparadzira kutya kwakadzika kunharaunda dzese, uye nekudaro kunyangwe kana munhu mumwe chete akanangwa achiurayiwa kana kukuvadzwa, ratidziro inonzwika zvakanyanya munzvimbo, uye kwenguva yakareba munguva. Iyo yekuda kwekutyisidzira kwehurumende haina kuregedzeka yakafara kupfuura yakatarwa yakanangidzirwa yechinangwa chakatenderwa kunze kwekunge munhu akanongedzerwa ari kugara ari oga kumaruwa.
Pane zvimwe zvinhu zviviri mukutaura kwaObama izvo zvinoda kutarisirwa. Pfungwa yake yepakati ndeyekupa pekutanga kuchengetedza vanhu veAmerica kubva kumatyisidziro, kusanganisira vekumba kwavo vorudzi rwunoratidzwa neFort Hood kupfura neBoston Marathon bhomba, asi zvakadaro anosimbisa kuti hapana mutungamiriri wenyika yeAmerica anofanirwa "kuendesa zvombo zvehondo. Ivhu reUS. ”[24] Chekutanga pane zvese, ko kana paine chekudzivirira kana chekumanikidza chakakosha? Kechipiri, pane zvinoita sekunge mvumo yakapihwa, zvirinani zvinyoronyoro, kune vasina zvombo drones, zvinoreva kuti kuongororwa kubva mumhepo yezvinoitwa zvepamusha zvevanhu vari pasi pekufungirwa.
Nzira yaObama yekubvuma kuti vamiriri veAmerica vanotarisana nekutyisidzirwa nekuchengetedzeka kunodarika idzo dzakatarisana nedzimwe nyika zvinoita sekusanzwisisika, vachitsanangura kuti “[iye] ndiwo mutengo wekuva nyika ine simba pasi rose, kunyanya sehondo yeshanduko inoshamba pamusoro penyika yeArab. ” Zvakare kusanzwisisika kwekubvisa hakumbofi kwakaburitsa kukongiri: nei vamiriri veAmerica vakasarudzwa? Zvichemo zvavo zviri pamutemo kupokana neUnited States, izvo kana zvikabviswa, zvingasimudzira kuchengetedzeka kweAmerica kunyangwe nekuita mamishinari mumizinda nekuita kurwisa kwedrone chero kupi zvako pasi pano zvichingopihwa chete nemutungamiriri asingazvidavirire? Zvinotaurwa neumambo zveAmerica uye netiweki yepasirese yezvigadziko zvemauto nekuvapo kwemahombekombe zvine chekuita nekuongororwa kwepamutemo kwekutyisidzira kana kushandiswa kwesimba renyika dzese? Ko zvakadii nezve chirongwa chekutarisa pasirese chakaburitswa muzvinyorwa zvehurumende zvakaburitswa naEdward Snowden?
Zvakare izvo zvinodzorwa zvakanaka, dzimwe nguva kunyange kujekesa, pane yavo yega ndege yenyaya yehurukuro, kunze kwekunge uye kusvika pakuenzaniswa nekongiri yakagadzwa yemitemo, yakafukidzwa murima, ndiko kuti, kubviswa kwechiedza. Mukukurudzira matoni, mushure mekupa chikonzero chekuenderera nenzira yehondo, VaObama vanoona pakupera kwekutaura kwavo kuti hondo iyi "sehondo dzese, inofanira kupera. "Ndozvinorayirwa nenhoroondo, ndizvo zvinoda democracy." Anopedzisa nekusungirwa kutsigira nyika kuti ibudirire: "Ndo vanhu veAmerica - vakatsunga, uye vasingafanirwe kuvhiringidzwa." Brennan akasarudza mazwi akafanana pakumisa hurukuro yake yeHarvard Law School: "Sevanhu, serudzi, hatigone - uye hatifanire - kutera pamuedzo wekuisa parutivi mitemo nemitemo yedu patinotarisana nekutyisidzirwa kuchengetedzeka kwedu ... Isu ' zviri nani kupfuura izvo. Tiri vanhu vokuAmerica. ”[25] Pfungwa inosuruvarisa ndeyekuti mabviro acho ekunyepedzera. Zvatakaita muzita rekuchengetedza ndizvo chaizvo izvo Obama naBrennan vanoti hatifanire kuita zvine chekuita nemitemo uye hunhu hwenyika, uye manzwiro akadaro akambodzokororwa naBiden naBlinken. Iyi tsika yevakuru vakuru vemuAmerican kudanana nemutemo wepasi rese wakadzima kubva mukuitwa kwemutemo wezvekunze kana zvasvika kune 'chengetedzo' kana zano rakakura. Isu tinozviudza uye tinodzidzisa vamwe kuti vabatane nesu mukucherechedza nyika inotongwa, zvakadaro maitiro edu anoratidzira mapatani anoenderana nehungwaru nekuvanzika.
“VANA VERERE”
Kutendeukira kuakaunda-rondedzero umo chokwadi chehondo yedrone chinoratidzwa mune yakasarudzika nzira. Izvi hazvireve kuti kuramba zvachose kwehondo dzedrone, asi zvinomiririra kuti matekiniki akadaro nekumisikidzwa kwazvino hazvina kutaurwa nenzira yakatendeseka kana kutendeseka, uye nekudaro, hazvigone kuyananiswa nyore nyore nemutemo webumbiro kana wepasi rose kana nemitemo yetsika iripo. Vatsoropodzi vehurukuro huru yeWashington vanogona kupomerwa mhosva yekufungidzira kuti hapana nzira yekudzora kuvimba nedrononi nenzira inoenderana nekukanganiswa kwemutemo nehunhu pane kungogara munzira dzinotambudza uye dzine njodzi mune ma drones anga ari uye ari kushandiswa neHurumende yeUS. Mune mamwe mazwi, kana iko kwekutadza kweiyo pro-drone vana yehurukuro yakajeka ndeyekuchengeta kutarisisa padanho risingabvumirwe iro rinofuratira matambudziko aripo anokonzerwa neicho chaicho uye anogona maitiro ekushandisa, iwo unowirirana kunyepa kwevana verima mamiriro kudzora kwavo kutaura kune iyo kongiri nhanho iyo inoregeredza zviri pamutemo chengetedzo dzvinyiriro dzinokurudzira kuvimba nedrones uye nevamwe vavo munzvimbo ye'inokosha mashandiro 'ine dzinza rinogona kuteverwa kumashure kuHondo Yenyika II, kana zvisiri pakutanga. Hurukuro yakakodzera pamadrones yaisanganisira iyo synthesis iyo yaitora nhoroondo yekuchengetedzwa kwekuchengetedzwa uku ichiona kusagadzikana kwekuita hondo isina muganho pane kutsanangura kutyisidzira seimwe yemhosva isina muganho, pamwe nekufunganya nezve zvinorehwa nekusimbisa kuvimba nerobhoti. nzira dzekukakavadzana uko kubatana kwevanhu nezviito zvehondo kwakatyoka kana kuitirwa kure.
Uku kuchinjika kutyisidziro kubva kune vasiri-venzvimbo vatambi hapana mubvunzo kuti zvairehwa naDick Cheney paakapa nenzira inotyisa pfungwa yake yekuti United States idzore kuchengetedzeka mumashure-9/11 nyika inoda zviito 'padivi rerima.' Vakatanga kuparadzira hurukuro ye'vana verima 'havana kunyunyutirwa mukumbundirana kwavo nemifananidzo iyi pamwe nehurongwa uhu. Chokwadi, Cheney akatsanangura kunaka kwekusateerera mutemo mune yaGunyana 16, 2001 hurukuro pa Taura neChirongwa: "Isuwo tinofanirwa kushanda, hazvo, takaisa divi rerima, kana muchida. Tinofanira kushandisa nguva mumimvuri yenyika yehungwaru. . . "Ndiyo nyika inoshandiswa nevanhu ava, saka zvichave zvakakosha kuti tishandise chero nzira dzatinogona, kuzadzisa chinangwa chedu."[26] Izvi zvaireva munguva chaiyo kwaive kuvimba nekutambudzwa, nzvimbo dzevatema kune dzimwe nyika, uye kuuraya zvinyorwa, uye kusiyiwa kwezvipingamupinyi zviri pamutemo kana kugadzirira kurwisa zvinoenderana nemitemo yavo kuti vasave nemitemo.[27] Izvi zvaireva kuvimba 'nenzvimbo dema' dzakateedzana nyika dzine hushamwari dzinobvumidza iyo CIA kuti ishandise nzvimbo dzadzo dzekubvunzurudza dzakavanzika dzakasununguka mirau yenyika, uye paisazove nemibvunzo yakamutswa. Izvo zvakatungamira kune 'inoshamisa kushandurwa,' kuendesa vafungidziri kuhurumende dzaizoita mukutambudzwa kupfuura izvo zvaionekwa sezvakagamuchirwa se'kubvunzurudzwa kwakakwidziridzwa 'pasi penzvimbo dzakananga dzeAmerica. Donald Rumsfeld zvinoita sekurudziro yekuwedzera kukuru kwePentagon Special Access Chirongwa cheJoint Special Operations Command (JSOC) yaive chikamu chekudzivisa kuenderera mberi neCIA nekuti zviito zvakasviba zvaive mumashoko ake zvichinzi "zvakatemerwa kufa."[28] Kana iyo PBS TV zvinyorwa Frontline yakaratidza kuratidzwa kwayo kwehondo yekutyisa yakabatana neeconservative purezidhendi waGeorge W. Bush muna2008, yakasarudza zita rekuti "Rima Rutivi," sezvakaita Jane Mayer mukutsoropodza kwake kwekucheka kwemaitiro akashandiswa neCheney / Rumsfeld vagadziri ve mhinduro yehurumende kuna 9/11.[29] Hazvishamise kuti Cheney anga achitoratidzika kunge akasununguka nekukandwa sechiratidziro chezvakaipa mutsika dzakakurumbira nenzira ye Star Wars hunhu hwaDarth Vader.[30]
Sezvazviri kuzivikanwa nazvino, 9/11 yakagadzirisa kugadziriswa kwekutanga naCheney naRumsfeld kuisa masimba ehondo muhutungamiriri uye kuratidzira simba reAmerica pasirese nekuda kweshure -Cold War mukana mukana uye zvekutanga zvisine hanya nenharaunda dzenyika. kuzvitonga kana zvidziviriro zvemutemo wepasi rese. Chinangwa chavo chaive chekutungamira shanduko mune zvechiuto zvaizounza hondo muma21st zana ramakore, izvo zvaireva kudzikisira zvombo zvakajairika nemaitiro, aiburitsa vakaurayiwa uye kupokana kwezvematongerwo enyika kumutemo une hukasha wekunze, uye kuvimba nehunyanzvi uye hunyanzvi hunyanzvi hwaizove nehunyanzvi hwekukunda chero muvengi chero kupi pasi. 9/11 pakutanga yakanga iri dambanemazwi apo zano guru reNeocon rakarongwa kuti riwane kukurumidza uye kwakachipa kukunda hurumende dzekunze dzakashatirwa pamuenzaniso weGulf War muna 1991, asi nekuwedzera kudisa kuve vezvematongerwo enyika mukumanikidza mhando yezvematongerwo enyika. mhedzisiro yaizosimudzira US kutonga pasi rose. Izvo zvaive zvisina kutarisirwa, zvisinei, uye zvakarova kutya mumoyo mizhinji, ndezvekuti vatambi vakuru vezvematongerwo enyika vane hukasha vaizove vasiri-vezvematongerwo enyika vane mauto akapararira munzvimbo zhinji uye vasina mhando yenzvimbo inogona kutarisirwa mu kutsiva (uye nekudaro, kwete pasi pekudzivirira). Kujairirana nerudzi irworwo rwekutyisidzirwa kwekuchengeteka ndizvo zvakaunza rima mativi matekiniki kumberi nepakati, sehungwaru hwevanhu hwaive hwakakosha, vatadzi vakuru vanogona kuvanda chero kupi kusanganisira muUnited States. Nekuti kuvapo kwavo kwaigara kuchipindirana nevanhuwo zvavo, paizofanira kuve nemhirizhonga isingasarudzwe kana kunyatso kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekuuraya kwakanangwa.
Paive pano apo mashandiro akasarudzika, senge kuurayiwa kwaOsama Bin Laden, ari chiratidzo, uye kurwa kwehondo nguva zhinji kwakava zano uye nzira dzesarudzo. Uye apa ndipo apo iye anopikisa-gandanga, kunyangwe akaputirwa mumucheka werima, iye amene anova anouraya akasarudzika zviri pamutemo marudzi egandanga. Anonyanyisa zvematongerwo enyika anoputisa zvivakwa zveruzhinji haana kunyanya kusiyana neanoshanda ehurumende anovhura dhoni kana kuenda kunouraya, kunyangwe hazvo munhu anoita zvematongerwo enyika asingataure nezve kunanga uye achiramba kubvuma chero mhosva yekuuraya munhu.
Mukupindura kusvika padanho rekuenderera rinoratidzirwa nehutungamiriri hwaObama kunyangwe ichivimba nehurukuro ye'vana vechiedza, vatsoropodzi vakasununguka vakatarisa pane maitiro yenyika seinoratidzirwa nekuvimba kwayo nerima mativi matekiniki. Vanyori vakaita saJeremy Scahill naMark Mazetti vanokurukura padanho rekuti zvakakosha zveCheney / Rumsfeld worldview zvakasimbiswa, kana kuwedzerwa, panguva yehutungamiriri hwaObama: Hondo mumumvuri; nhandare yenyika yose; kuongororwa kwevanofungidzirwa izvo zvinotsanangurwa kusanganisira chero munhu, kwese kupi; kubata kwekutyisidzira kuri padyo sekugona chero munhu (kusanganisira vagari vekuAmerica) mukati kana kunze kwenyika; kukurumidza kuvimba pakurwisa kwedrone sekubvumidzwa nemutungamiri wenyika; uye yakanangana nekuuraya se'nhandare yehondo 'yakabvumwa naObama achinongedzera kuurayiwa kwaOsama Bin Laden senzvimbo yepamusoro yekubudirira kwake muhondo yekurwisa al-Qaeda nevakabatana nayo.
Kune kumwe kunatsurudzwa mukuitwa kwehondo yekutyisa: kusimbiswa kunoiswa kune vasiri-nyika mhandu, uye hutongi-hunochinja kupesana nevanovenga nyika vatambi hunodzivirirwa kana zvichibvira; kushungurudzwa senge zano rinosundidzirwa zvakadzika murima, zvichireva kuti rakarambwa asi haribviswe. (semuenzaniso, kumanikidza-kupa gakava kuGuantánamo.) Mune mamwe mazwi, vana verima vachiri kudzora iyo 'chaiyo' gakava, rakasimbiswa zvinoshamisa nemhinduro dzakaomarara dzaObama kune vanoridza muridzo vakaita saChelsea Manning naEdward Snowden. Hurukuro yakasununguka yevana vechiedza inonyaradza nzanga dzeAmerica, asi inonzvenga matambudziko akakomba ari kunongedzwa kumutemo wepasi rose uye kurongeka kwepasirese nemaitiro anoenderera eiyo nzira yaObama kuhondo inopfuurira mukupindura 9/11 (ndiko kuti, kusvika nhasi, kunyatso kugovera iyo Cheney maonero ekuti chingave chikanganiso chakakura kubata 'hugandanga' semhosva kwete se'hondo. ').
MADHONI NEZVAMANGWANA EYENYIKA
Iyo yepakati gakava nezve drone hondo inotarisana nenyaya dzechitaira uye zvakavanzika, uye zvinodzikisira nyaya dzezvinhu. Vese vana vechiedza (vanomiririra hutungamiriri hwaObama nevatsigiri vakasununguka) uye vana verima (iyo Cheney / Rumsfeld cabal) vanotsigira vasingashandisi mauto eedrones, vachiregeredza matambudziko ezvombo zvakadaro nematekiniki kubva mumaonero emutemo wepasi rose uye nyika. kurongeka. Kusimbisa kukakavara uku, mareferenzi ekutanga ezvombo zvenyukireya akakosha. Kune drones, iyo pfungwa yekutanga odha zvipingamupinyi zve drones zvichibva pane zvisina ganhuriro kurambidzwa uye kudzora zvombo kuona kusava nekwavo kunoratidzika kunge kuri padanho rekupokana. Tichifunga nezve kusimuka kwevasiri-vezvematongerwo enyika vatambi vane transnational ajenda, uto utility yemadhoni, uye. yavo yekutengesa maoko kugona, yakakura zvekuti chero chirongwa chinotsvaga kurambidzwa kwavo panguva ino chingave chisingafadzi.
Mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana anezvipingamupinyi zvekuraira kwechipiri zvine chekuita nekutonga pakuparadzirwa kwavo zvichienzaniswa neiyo nzira yekusawedzera. Drones dzatove dzakazara kwazvo, tekinoroji yakajairika, musika wakagwinya, uye mashandisiro anoita matunhu akakurisa kufungidzira kuti chero akakosha nyika yekutonga kana asiri-nyika mutambi ane anonyanyisa ezvematongerwo enyika ajekesa zvikomborero zvakabatana iine madrones, kunyangwe kuisirwa kwekurwisa drones kunogona kusara kwenguva pfupi zvichienderana nemaonero ekutyisidzirwa kwekuchengetedza nehurumende dzakasiyana siyana. Naizvozvo, zvakanakisa zvinogona kutarisirwa panguva ino ndezvechokwadi zvakabvumiranwa pamusoro pemirayiridzo ine chekuita nekushandisa, izvo zvinganzi zvipingamupinyi zvechitatu-zvakatodzana nenzira iyo mutemo wehondo wakagara wakanganisa maitiro ehutsinye nenzira izvo zviri panjodzi nekuchinja kunonzwisisika kwe'mauto anodikanwa 'sezvombo uye hunyanzvi hunyanzvi hunounza shanduko munzira dzehondo.
Nyaya dzepasi rose dzakanzvengwawo mukukakavadzana kuri kuitika pakushandiswa kwemadhoni, kusambotaurwa nezvayo mukutaura kwaObama kwaMay 23rd, uye inongobvumwa zvisina kunangana muCheney / Rumsfeld maonero epashure-9/11 nzvimbo yehondo. Muchidimbu, kurapwa kwekurwiswa kwe9 / 11 se'zviito zvehondo 'pane kuti' mhosva 'kuve nekutsungirira kunokosha kupfuura kurwisa pachavo. Inotungamira zvisingaite nekufunga zvisina musoro kutarisa pasi senzvimbo yepasi rose yehondo, uye kuhondo iyo isina chokwadi kumagumo poindi sezvazvakange zvakaita mune dzakapfuura hondo. Mukudaro, inozviisa pasi pechirevo chehondo dzisingaperi, uye kugamuchirwa kwakabatana kwepfungwa yekuti munhu wese, kusanganisira vagari nevagari, vanogona kuve vavengi. Iyi pfungwa yehondo dzisingaperi yakakwikwidzana nekuzvipira kwaBiden kubvisa mauto eAmerica kubva kuAfghanistan mushure memakore makumi maviri ehurongwa hunodhura uye husina zvibereko muchiitiko che20 / 9. Vakarurama vezvematongerwo enyika uye vatungamiriri vemauto vepamusoro vakapangana nezvedanho rakadai, uye Biden akazvisiira nzvimbo yekuchinja nzira nedzimwe nzira kunze kwebhutsu pasi.
Sezvo kuzivikanwa kwekutyisidzirwa kwekuchengetedzwa kuchikurudzirwa nekuunganidzwa kwehungwaru, kunoitwa muchivande, hukuru hwakapihwa kuchengetedza nyika pamwe nehuwandu hwayo kunopa vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika uye husingaverengeki manejimendi rezenisi rekuuraya, kumisikidza mutongo wekuwedzera mutongo pasina kupindira kwakakodzera kugadzirisa matanho ekupomedzerwa, kupomerwa, uye kutongwa. Sezvo nguva inopfuura, hunyanzvi hwehutongi hwemasimba ehurumende sezvo hunova hwakajairwa hunokanganisa zvese mukana we'runyararo 'uye' democracy, 'uye zvinokonzeresa' nzvimbo yakadzika 'seyakajairika mashandiro ehutongi hwazvino. Kana ikabatanidzwa mukubatanidzwa kwemari nemari muhurongwa hwehutongi hwehutongi, kuuya kweshanduko nyowani dzefascism kunova kunenge kusingadzivisike, chero chimiro chenyika chengetedzo.[31] Mune mamwe mazwi, drones inosimbisa mamwe maitiro muhurongwa hwepasirese ari kukanganisa kodzero dzevanhu, kururamisira kwepasirese, uye kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu zvido zvepasirese. Aya maitiro anosanganisira kudyara kwakakura munzvimbo dzakavanzika dzepasi rese dzekuongorora dzinoongorora hupenyu hwepachivande hwevagari vekumba, vanhu vakasiyana siyana kunze kwenyika, uye kunyangwe manejimendi ekufambisa ehurumende dzekunze pane hwaro hwakakura uye hunopokana kupfuura hutsinye hwetsika. Chikamu chakazvimiririra chinofarira mukuwedzera kwekutenga zvombo nekutengesa kunze kwenyika zvinoumba nyika / nzanga zvinongedzo zvinoruramisa mabhajeti ekudzivirira, kuwedzeredza kutyisidzira kwekuchengetedza, uye kunotsigira hutongi hwepasi rose kuodza moyo zviitiko zvese zvekugara pamwe nerunyararo.
DHONI YEMAHARA NEMUTEMO WENYIKA: KUSIMUDZA KUDZOKA
Iko kune zvimwe zvakasarudzika mhedzisiro yehondo yedrone iyo inokonzeresa kuyedza kwemutemo wepasi rose kumanikidza mashandisiro esimba uye kutonga mafambiro ehondo. Izvi zvakakurukurwa nevamwe 'vana vechiedza' vatsoropodzi vepamutemo maringe nezve chiyero chekutenderwa kushandiswa kwedrones. Mukudaro, drones haina kupikiswa sega, asi chete yavo nzira yemvumo uye nemitemo yekubatana ine chekuita nekushandisa.
Kudzokorora kuHondo
Kuedza kwekutanga kwemutemo wemazuva ano wepasirese kwave kuri kukurudzira kushandisirwa kuhondo kugadzirisa kupokana kwenyika dzese dzinobuda pakati penyika dzakazvimiririra. Mune zvakawanda nzira, icho chiitiko chakabudirira muhukama pakati penyika huru zvine chekuita ne pasi rose Hondo dzakasiyana ne zvemukati hondo. Kuparadzwa kwehondo, kuderera kwekukwira kwenzvimbo, uye kusimuka kwehupfumi hwepasi rose hunovimbisa kuti pfungwa iyi yehondo senzira yekupedzisira kuita kwakakosha kweichi chikamu chazvino chehurongwa hwepasirose-hwepasi. Kubudirira kwakadai kwave panjodzi nekuda kwekukwira kweasina-nyika mhirizhonga yenyika uye kupindura nenzira yedroni nemauto akasarudzika anoshanda asingatarise miganho. Izvi zvinoreva kuti hondo dzepasirese dzinowedzera kushanda, uye mafungiro ehondo anochinjirwa kuhondo nyowani dzakarwiwa nenyika yepasirese kurwisa vatambi vezvematongerwo enyika. Uye idzi hondo, idzo dzinoitwa zvakanyanya kuseri kwechidzitiro chakavanzika, uye nenjodzi dzakaderera dzevakakuvadzwa padivi vachivimba nekurwiswa nedrone, vanoita kuti hondo irambe ichinetsa kumberi kwepamba: veruzhinji havafanirwe kugutsikana, DRM kutenderwa kunogona kuwanikwa muzvikamu zvakavanzika, uye hapana zvingangodaro kukuvara kwemauto eUS kana kutsauka kukuru kwezviwanikwa. Idzi hondo dzakabatana-chete dzeasymmetrical hunhu dzakachipa uye dzakareruka, kunyangwe zvisiri zvevanhuwo zvavo vari pasi pemhirizhonga yevatambi vezvematongerwo enyika vane hukasha. Kuongorora uku kuri kukurumidza kupera nekuda kwekukurumidza kukura kwezvombo zveedrone, kusanganisira kune vasiri-vezvematongerwo enyika varwi uye nekukurumidza kukudziridzwa kwetekinoroji yedrone.
Mune zviitiko zvichangopfuura, Azerbajan yakashandisa kurwisa drones zvinobudirira kurwisa maArmenian matangi mukutanga kwehondo kwe2020 muNagorno-Karabakh enclave. VaHouthis vakapindura kupindira kweSaudi Arabia muYemen nekurwiswa kwakaipisisa kwedrone munaGunyana 14, 2019 paKhurais Oiri munda nenzvimbo dzakakura dzeAqaiq dzekugadzirisa mafuta. Zvinotaridza kuti vese vatambi vakuru muMiddle East vava nedrones senhengo dzezvombo zvavo. Pasina mubvunzo, nhangemutange yezvombo inosanganisira mhando dzakasiyana dzedrones yatove kutoenderera, uye inogona kuve nefivha, kana zvisati zvadaro.
Kutya kweHurumende
Ikoko kwaigara kuine kumwe kuda kwemaitiro ehondo kunosanganisira kuvimba zvakajeka nehurumende kutyisidzira, ndiko kuti, mauto ehondo anotungamirirwa kune vanhuwo zvavo. Kubhomba zvisina tsarukano kwemaguta eGerman nemaJapan mukati mematanho ekupedzisira eHondo Yenyika yechipiri yaive imwe yenzira dzakanyanya, asi kuvharirwa kweGerman nemaguta eSoviet, maroketi akapfura mumaguta eEngland, uye kusimuka kwehondo yepasi pegungwa kurwisa ngarava dzakatakura zvekudya nekubatsira vanhu. zvekuwanisa vanhuwo zvavo mimwe mienzaniso yakatanhamara. Asi zvakadaro 'hondo dzakasviba' dzakaitwa mushure me9 / 11 dzakatambira kutyisidzira kwenyika seicho chinhu chakasvibisa maitiro ekuedza kuparadza nhare yeAl-Qaeda, uyezve kuita kuparadzwa kweanonzi magandanga ekutyisa epasirese kana dunhu. kusvika. Sekureva kweAmerican mashandiro muYemen neSomalia, pfungwa ye'kusvika pasirese 'yakatsiviwa nemauto akapakata kana mapoka ane zivo yejihadist kunyangwe huwandu hwezvido zvavo hwakaganhurirwa kumiganhu yenyika, vasingatyisidzi, padhuze kana neimwe nzira. Kuchengetedzwa kwenyika yeAmerica kana ikabatwa nenzira dzetsika.
Kukakavadzana uku pakati pekubata vanopandukira nyika 'semagandanga' senzira yakaipa kwazvo yekupara iyo inomisa kuchengetedzwa zviri pamutemo uku ichiti inoita zvemhirizhonga yakafanana ndeyokutorera mutemo wepasi rese chiremera chawo. Kusvikira iyo Cheney / Rumsfeld yambundirana yehondo yakavanzika nekuurayiwa, United States haina kutevera kugamuchirwa kweIsrael kwekutyisidzira kurwisa kurwisa kwehondo kwakashanduka kubva mumumvuri wedanho reIsrael kusvika pakuratidzwa chaiko kwemutemo muna 2000 (mushure memakore ekusavimbika ). Pamusoro pekugadziriswa kwemaitiro emagandanga ekuderedza muvengi, pane kutyisidzira kwenzanga seyese ino ndiyo nzvimbo yekurwiswa kwedrone. Ndokunge, haizi chete yakanangwa munhu kana boka, asi ruzivo rwekuva nedrone stereki, izvo zvinoumba kushushikana kwakanyanya uye kukanganisa kwakanyanya mukati memharaunda dzakarwiswa.[32]
Kunangwa Kuuraya
Ose ari maviri mutemo wekodzero dzevanhu wepasi rose uye mutemo wepasirese wehondo unorambidza kuuraya kwakawedzera.[33] Kusimbirira kunoitwa kuti kunongedza kwakadaro kuri pamutemo kana kutyisidzira kwacho kuchionekwa sekukura uye kuri padhuze, sekugadzwa nemaitiro epachivande, asiri pasi pemaitiro epashure pekuferefeta nekugona kuzvidavirira. Kuvimba kwemaitiro akadaro ekumisikidza miitiro inosanganisirwa nehondo yedrone uye akakosha mashandiro anoita mhando mbiri dzekukuvara kumutemo wepasi rese: (1) inomisikidza kuuraya kwakanangana nemutemo usingakwanisike, uye kunoenderana nekusagona kudzokororwa kwehurumende vakuru, kusanganisira kuzviisa pasi kwekuonga kwekutyisidzirwa (chikonzero chakadai chinonyanya kuita 'kuvimba nesu'); uye (2) zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya kurambidzwa kwekutarisana nevanhu vasingaite zvehondo, uye panguva imwechete inobvisa nzira dzakakodzera dzekuti avo vakapomerwa mhosva vane kodzero yekufungidzirwa kusava nemhosva uye kodzero yekudzivirira.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, mutemo wepasi rose mutemo pakati pemasoja nevasiri vemauto zvinoshomeka uye kuedza kwekodzero dzevanhu kuchengetedza kusava nemhosva kwevanhu kwakazvidzwa zvachose. Zvakare, kukakavara kuri pamusoro pekuti kuuraya kwakanangana nekutonga kunoitwa zvishoma uye pamberi pekutyisidzirwa kuri padhuze sekutsigira kuda kwekuti 'kufunga' hakukwanisike nekuda kwekuvanda kwakakomberedza uku kushandiswa kwedrones, uye kuongororwa kwakazvimirira kwakazvimirira kwemaitiro chaiwo kushandiswa nevatori venhau nevamwe hakutsigire zvirevo zvehurumende zvehunhu hwakanaka. Ndokunge, kunyangwe kana gakava rikagamuchirwa kuti mutemo wehondo nemutemo wekodzero dzevanhu unofanirwa kukotama zvine chekuita nekutyisidzira kuri pedyo nekutyisidzira kwekuchengetedza, hapana chinoratidza kuti zvipingamupinyi izvi zvakave zvichionekwa mukuita. Mutsara wehukama, kunyangwe kana ukadudzirwa mukutenda kwakanaka, inozivikanwa nekuzviisa pasi.
Kuwedzera Kuzvidzivirira
Nhaurwa yakakosha kwazvo maererano nehondo yedrone ndeyekuti kupihwa hunhu hwekutyisidzira kunounzwa nevanyanyisi vezvematongerwo enyika vachiteedzera nyika dzepasi rose uye dzakagara chero pese pese nekwese, matekiniki ekugadzirira anofanirwa kupihwa mvumo senhengo dzekodzero yekuzvidzivirira. Reactive matekisiki anoenderana nekutsiva muchiitiko chekuti kudzivisa kutadza kuri
isingashande, uye sezvo masimba ekuparadza evasina-nyika vatambi achiisa kutyisidzira kukuru kurunyararo nekuchengetedzeka kunyangwe akasimba ematunhu, kuramwa mabasa kwekutanga kunokosha uye kunonzwisisika. Kuzviisa pasi kwakadaro kwakazara mukutyisidzira kwekuona, uye sekushandisirwa kune zvine chekuita nehondo dzedrone, kunokanganisa kuyedza kwese kudzikisira mashandisirwo epasi rose emasimba kuti zvimisike zvirevo zvekuzvidzivirira izvo zvinogona kuongororwa nezvekunzwisisa uye zvine chekuita nezvinangwa zvakaita seizvo zvakanyorwa muChitsauko 51 weUnited Charter. Chinangwa chepakati cheCharter chaive chekurambidza kusvika pazvinogoneka chiyero chekuzvidzivirira pasi pemutemo wepasi rose. Kuregedza kwesimba iri kunomiririra kudzoka kusingazivikanwe kune yakasarudzika pre-Charter nzira yekudzokera kuhondo nenyika dzakazvimiririra.[34]
Iyo Pfungwa Yekudzokorora
Chinhu chakakosha pamutemo wehondo ipfungwa yezvakaitika kare uye kugamuchirwa kweshanduko yekuti izvo zvinonzi zviri pamutemo nenyika ine simba hazvigone kurambwa kune isina kusimba nyika.[35] United States yakagadza nhoroondo ine makakatanwa uye inokuvadza kuburikidza nekuyedza mumhepo zvombo zvenyukireya, ichitadza kupa zvichemo apo dzimwe nyika, kusanganisira France, Soviet Union, neChina, pavakazoedza zvombo zvavo, nokudaro vachiremekedza pfungwa yekudzokedzana. Yakaita izvi kunyangwe panguva iyoyo dzimwe nyika dzaive dzichiita bvunzo dzemuchadenga United States yaive ichitenderedza kuyedza kwayo kune nzvimbo dzepasi pevhu pasina zvinokuvadza zvakatipoteredza.
Nemapatani ekushandisa kwedrone, zvisinei, nyika ichave ine nyonganiso kana izvo izvo United States iri kuzviti zviri pamutemo pane zvavanoita nedrones kunoitwa nedzimwe nyika kana zvematongerwo enyika. Icho chinongova chirevo chezvematongerwe enyika neUnited States maererano nekushandiswa kwesimba kunogona kuratidzirwa mune ramangwana sechinhu chinogara chiripo chehurongwa hwepasi rose, uye nekudaro, zvinoreva kuramba kweWestphalian pfungwa dzekuenzana kwemitemo yenyika, se pamwe nekodzero dzezvematongerwo enyika kuti varambe vasina kwavakarerekera zvine chekuita nekukonana kwavasiri ivo bato. Iyo nharo yedrone yakave kusvika parizvino isina kubatanidzwa mutsika yepamutemo iyo inotora yakasarudzika yeAmerica kurerutsa. Nekupararira kwezvombo zve drone iyi mhando yekusarudzika sarudzo yakafanotaurwa. Mifungo yeWestphalian yehurongwa yakavakirwa kumatunhu ehurumende inoda kubviswa kwese kwekutorerwa zvombo kwemadhoni kana kupara mhosva kwekushandisa kwavo kunze kwenzvimbo dzekurwa.
Hondo Yenyika Yose
Munzira dzakakosha, Hondo Yemashoko yakashandura pasi rose kuita nhandare yepasi rose, neCIA ichitarisira mashandiro ekuhwanda munyika dzekunze sechikamu chekurwisa kupararira kwesimba reCommunist ('varwi vasina miganhu' kana mayunifomu). Mushure me9 / 11 uku kudyidzana kwepasi rose kwekukonana kwakavandudzwa nenzira yakajeka, uye kwakanangiswa zvakanyanya kukutyisidzira kwekuchengetedzwa kunounzwa netiweki yeAl Qaeda iyo yakanzi ichavakirwa mune dzakawanda senyika makumi matanhatu. Sezvo kutyisidzira kwakabva kunzvimbo dzisiri dzevhu dzekuvhiya, ungwaru hwakavanzika, kuongororwa kwakasarudzika, uye kuzivikanwa kwevanhu vane njodzi vanorarama hupenyu hwakajairika 'mumasero akarara' pakati pevanhuwo zvavo kwakazonyanya kukoshesa kufarira. Hurumende dzekunze, kunyanya Pakistan neYemen, vanonzi vakapihwa mvumo yavo yekuvanzika kwekuratidzira kwedrone mukati mendima yavo, yaive nyaya yekurambwa uye kutsutsumwa nehurumende dziri kutaurwa. Maitiro akadaro 'ekubvumidza' akakanganisa kuzvitonga kwenzvimbo zhinji dzinozvitonga, uye kwakakonzera kusavimba kwakanyanya muhukama pakati pehurumende nevanhu. Izvo zvinomutsawo mibvunzo nezve inganzi 'mvumo yekumiririra.' Zviri kusahadzika kana chimiro chisina kugadzikana chemvumo yekuramba chinopa ruramisiro yakakwana yekukanganiswa kwakadai kwekusununguka kwezvematongerwo enyika kumatunhu akazvimirira.
Chirevo cheAmerica chave chekuti chine mukana wepamutemo wekushandisa drones kupokana nezvinangwa zvinogona kutyisidzira kana hurumende yekune dzimwe nyika isingade kana kutadza kutora danho iri roga kubvisa kutyisidzira, nekufungidzirwa kuri pamutemo kuri kuti hurumende ine chisungo chekurega kubvumidza nharaunda yayo kuti ishandiswe sedanho rekutanga remhirizhonga yenyika. Izvo zvinova pachena, zvakadaro, ndezvekuti zvese kudyidzana kwenyika kwekukonana, uye kwekutyisidzira uye mhinduro, hazviwirirane nehurongwa hwepakati-chemutemo nemutemo unobudirira wepasi rose. Kana mutemo wepamutemo uchiramba uri pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, unofanirwa kuve wepasi rose, zvakare, asi hapana kukwana kwezvematongerwo enyika kuda kwekumisikidza nekupa simba kwechokwadi maitiro epasirese nemasangano ane masimba akadaro anoshanda.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, izvo chete zvinotsiva zvinoita kunge hutongi hwehutongi hwerudzi irworwo rwuripo, kana hutongi hwakajeka hwepasi rose hunoramba nenzira yakajeka pfungwa yekudzokedzana uye pfungwa yekutonga yekuenzana kwenyika dzakazvimiririra. Kusvika pari zvino, hapana imwe yeiyi dzimwe nzira dzekuWestphalian world order yakagadzwa kana yaizogamuchirwa kana ikaziviswa. Nyika zhinji dzinogona kukwikwidza, nechikonzero, kuti iyo nharaunda yechitatu bato nyika iri kushandiswa senzvimbo yakachengeteka yevavengi. Cuba inogona kuisa nharo dzakadaro zvine chekuita neUnited States, uye ndiko kusaenzana kwematunhu kupfuura kudzvinyirirwa kwemutemo, izvo zvinoita kuti varwi vekuCuba vabatwe muFlorida vakasununguka pakurwiswa.
Imwe-Yakabatana Hondo
Drone warfare inotakura nzira dzakasiyana siyana dzehondo idzo dzisina njodzi yevanhu kudivi rine hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi uye hwakaomarara muhondo, uye vakatora mukurumbira munguva pfupi yadarika nekuda kwemaitiro uye zvombo zvakashandiswa neIsrael neUnited States. Maitiro ehondo-imwe-yakatarisana nehondo yakaguma iyo ichichinjisa mitoro yehondo kune muvengi kusvika pazvinogoneka. Kusvika padanho, shanduko yakadaro inoratidza hunhu hwehondo iyo inotsvaga kuchengetedza divi rako kusvika padanho rinokwanisa kubva kurufu nekuparadzwa, uku ichikuvadza zvakanyanya kune rimwe divi. Chii chakasarudzika muzviitiko zvenguva pfupi yapfuura yekupindira kwemauto uye kupokana nehugandanga, iwo makuru makuru emitambo yehondo, ndiko kusarudzika kweanokuvara manhamba. Nhevedzano yekushanda kwemauto inoratidzira uyu muenzaniso: Gulf War (1991); NATO Kosovo Hondo (1999); Iraq Invasion (2003); NATO Libya Hondo (2011); nemauto eIsrael akarwisa Lebanon neGaza (2006; 2008-09; 2012; 2014). Kuwedzera kwekushandisa kwekurwisa drones muAfghanistan muenzaniso unoguma wehondo-yakatarisana, kubvisa vashandi vanoshanda nedrone munhandare yehondo zvachose, vachiita ratidziro nemirairo yakapihwa kubva kure kure kunoshanda dzimbahwe (semuenzaniso muNevada). Kurambwa kwekushungurudzwa senzira inogamuchirwa yehondo kana kutevedzwa kwemutemo pamwe chete kunoratidza kusarongeka kwehukama pakati pemutambudzi neanotambudzwa sekurambidzwa mutsika nemutemo parutivi nenharo dzakasununguka dzichiti kushungurudzwa hakubatsiri uye hakutenderwe.[36] Seti yekufananidza yekuita kuhondo yedrone iripo, kusanganisira kukakavara kwakasununguka kwekuti hasha uye chigumbu chevanhu vari pasi pekurwiswa nedrone zvinokurudzira kuwedzera kwechimiro chaicho chekunyanyisa kwezvematongerwo enyika uko drones yakatumirwa kurwisa, pamwe nekuparadzanisa hurumende dzekunze.
Ehezve, nekupararira kwezvombo zve drone, zvakanakira asymmetry inokurumidza kubuda.
Futuristic Drone Hondo
Nepo vezvematongerwo enyika vakabatikana nekupindura kutyisidzira nekukasira, vagadziri vezvombo nevePentagon varongi vepamberi vari kutsvaga miganho yehunyanzvi yehondo yedrone. Iyi miganho yakafanana nesainzi fikisheni nhoroondo dze robotic warfare ine yekupedzisira-zvombo zvombo, uye muhombe michina yekuuraya. Kune mikana yezvikwata zvemadhoni izvo zvinogona kuitisa mhirizhonga neine vashoma agency yevanhurume, vachitaurirana nekuronga mhirizhonga inouraya kumuvengi, iyo inogona zvakare kuve yakashongedzerwa nedrones inodzivirira. Kuvimba nemadrononi mune echazvino maitiro ehondo kune iyo isingadzivisike mhedzisiro yekupa kutarisisa kune izvo zvinogona kuitwa kusimudzira mashandiro uye kukudziridza mishini nyowani yemauto. Kunyangwe hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hwaburitswa hunogona kudzorwa kana kuvharirwa hunoratidzika kunge husina chokwadi, uyezve fananidzo nekombiki yemauto yenyukireya inodzidzisa. Asi zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti madrones anofungidzirwa kwakawanda sezvombo zvinoshandiswa, zvinosanganisira zvikonzero zviri pamutemo nemitemo, nepo parizvino zvombo zvenyukireya zvichitorwa sezvisingashandisike kunze kwekufungidzirwa mumamiriro ekupedzisira ekupona. Kukundikana kuchangobva kuitika kuri kuwedzera kutaura kwekutyora zvisina kurongwa pamusoro pekushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya nekugadzirwa uye kugadziridzwa kwemisoro yenyukireya inoitirwa kushandiswa pakurwisa pasi penzvimbo dzenyukireya.
CHERECHEDZO CHOKUPEDZISIRA
Mitsara mina yekupedzisa inobuda kubva kuongororo iyi yakazara yemhedzisiro yehondo yedrone, sezvinoitwa neUnited States, pamutemo wepasi rese uye kurongeka kwenyika. Kutanga, hazvibvumirwe kubvisa drones kubva kuhondo chero bedzi chengetedzo yenyika ichivakirwa pane yeuto-yekubatsira system. Sechombo chehurongwa, chakapihwa kutyisidzira kwazvino kunounzwa nevasiri venyika vatambi uye ndangariro dze9 / 11, drones dzinoonekwa sezvombo zvakakosha. Chero zvazvingaitika, kumisikidza kwesekinoroji uye zvekurudziro zvinokurisa zvakakurisa kumisa kugadzirwa nekupararira kwedrones.[37] Nekuda kweizvozvo, yekutanga-kuraira mutemo wepasirese zvipingamupinyi sekurambidzwa kusingabvumirwe kwedrones sekugamuchirwa maererano neabayiki uye zvemakemikari zvombo, uye zvakarongedzwa zvine chekuita nezvombo zvenyukireya, hazvigoneke.
Kechipiri, gakava nezvehunhu hwehondo dzedrone rakaitwa mukati meiyo mamiriro eAmerica umo njodzi dzekumisikidza nenjodzi dzekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yemberi dzinopihwa tarisiro shoma. Iyi nharo yakadzokororwa nekuitiswa zvakanyanya pakati peavo vaizokanda parutivi mutemo wepasi rose nevaya vanoutambanudzira kuti vashandure shanduko dzekutanga dzenyika chengetedzo yemutemo wekunze weAmerica. Mune mamwe mazwi, zvirevo zviri pamutemo zvinogona kukandirwa parutivi kana kushandurwa sekubvumira drone kuti ishandiswe sezvombo 'zviri pamutemo'.
Chechitatu, gakava pamadrones rinoratidzika kunge risingakoshese kuhukuru hwepasirese hwekugadzira nhandare yepasi rose nekumanikidza mvumo yehurumende dzekunze. Iwo maumbirwo ari kuiswa anogona kunge achivimbwa neakasiyana vatambi mune ramangwana kuteedzera zvinangwa zvinopesana nekuchengetedza mutemo wepasirese. Drone tekinoroji yakatowedzera kuwanda senyika dzinosvika zana uye vasingaverengeke vasiri-nyika vatambi.
Chechina, kumbundikira kwekutyisidzira kwenyika kurwisa vasiri-nyika vatambi vanoita hondo kuita rudzi rwekutyisa, uye inokombamira kuita kuti miganho yese yesimba iite seinopokana, kana zvisiri zvekupusa.
Zviri pamusoro peiyi mamiriro ekuti nharo inopokana-inoiswa inoiswa pamberi kuti mhirizhonga yehondo, uye ingangoita, inoparadza mutemo wepasi rese uye kurongeka kwepasirese kupfuura hondo yenyukireya. Kukakavara kwakadai hakuna kuitirwa kuratidza kuti kuvimba nezvombo zvenyukireya kungave kuri nani pane ramangwana revanhu pane kugamuchirwa kwemafungiro ekushandisa kwedrone. Izvo zvinongoreva kuti kusvika parizvino, chero zvakadaro, mutemo wepasi rese uye kurongeka kwepasirese vakakwanisa kuona hutongi hwehukama hwechisungo chakakodzera zvezvombo zvenyukireya zvakachengetedza runyararo, asi vasina kukwanisa kuzviitira drones, uye zvichave zvisingaite kudaro chero pfungwa yemauto yehondo dzakasviba ichibvumidzwa kudzora kuumbwa kwenzvimbo yekuchengetedza nyika muUnited States nekumwewo. Nguva yapera, uye ingangodaro yaigara isingabatsiri, kufunga nezve isiri-kuwanda hutongi hwetekinoroji yedrone.
[*] Iyo yakagadziridzwa vhezheni yechitsauko chakaburitswa muna Marjorie Cohn, ed., Drones uye Targeted Kuuraya (Northampton, MA, 2015).
[1] Asi ona ongororo yekudzidza inoratidza zvinogutsa kuti kudzivirira kwehondo yenyukireya yaive nyaya yerombo kupfuura kuzvidzora kwepfungwa. Martin J. Sherwin, Kubhejera neAmagedhoni: Nyukireya Roulette kubva kuHiroshima kuenda kuCuba Missile
Dambudziko, 1945-1962 (Knopf, 2020).
[2] Pakushanda kwehurongwa hwepasi-centric yepasi rose, ona Hedley Bull, Iyo Anarchical Society: Kuongorora kurongeka mune zvematongerwo enyika (Columbia Univ Press, 2nd ed., 1995); Robert O. Keohane, Mushure meHegemony: Kubatana pamwe nekusawirirana muhupfumi hwepasi rose (Princeton Univ. Press, 1984); iyo axis yakatwasuka yekurongeka kwenyika inoratidza kusaenzana kwematunhu, uye rakakosha basa rinoitwa nenyika dzakakunda; iyo axis yakatetepa inomiririra mutemo wekuenzana pakati penyika inova ndiyo hwaro hwehutongi hwepasi rose hwemutemo. Kutanga kuomeswa kwezvipingamupinyi kunosanganisira kurambidzwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya uye danho uye rakasimbiswa rezvombo zvombo rakabvisa zvombo zvenyukireya. Zvekutsoropodza kwekukundikana kwedhipatimendi kuita zvipingamupinyi zvekutanga-kura, ona Richard Falk & David Krieger, Iyo Nzira yeZero: nhaurirano pamusoro penjodzi yenyukireya (Paradigm, 2012); Richard Falk & Robert Jay Lifton, Indefensible Weapons: Nyaya yepfungwa neyematongerwo enyika inopokana nenyukireya (Basic Mabhuku, 1982); Jonathan Schell, Mugumo wePasi (Knopf, 1982); EP Thompson, Beyond the Cold War: Mujaho mutsva wemaoko uye kuparadza kwenyukireya (Pantheon, 1982). Onawo Stefan Andersson, ed., PaNyukireya Zvombo: Denuclearization, Demilitarization uye Disarmament: Yakasarudzwa Kunyora kwaRichard Falk (Cambridge University Press, 2019).
[3] Nezve zvakajairika dzidziso yekudzivirira dzidziso iyo yakaita chinzvimbo panguva yeCold War, kunyangwe sekureva kwaJohn Mearsheimer, kudzivirira Hondo Yenyika III. Zvemaonero epasi rese anotsigira kwakanyanya kuita kwezvematongerwo enyika, ona Mearsheimer, Dambudziko reGreat Power Politics (Norton, 2001); onawo Mearsheimer, Back to Ramangwana, Kuchengetedzwa Kwepasi Pose 15 (Kwete. 1): 5-56 (1990). Ichokwadi kuti kune dzimwe nyika dzakasarudzika diki nepakati, zvombo zvenyukireya zvinogona kushanda seyakaenzana uye kukanganisa chiyero chegadziriro yenyika. Kune zvakare basa rinoitwa nezvombo zvenyukireya mukutyisidzira kudyidzana kwakaongororwa nevanyori vazhinji. ona Alexander George & Willima Simons, eds., Miganhu yeCoercive Diplomacy, (Westview Press, 2nd ed., 1994). Vamwe vanyori vakasundidzira kufunga kune zvinotyisa zvakanyanya kuti vawane nzira dzekutora mukana wepamusoro weAmerica mukurwisa zvombo zvenyukireya. ona Henry Kissinger, Nuclear Weapons uye Foreign Policy (Doubleday, 1958); Herman Kahn, Pa Thermonuclear War (Princeton Univ. Dhinda, 1960).
[4] Hurumende yekudzora maoko, kunyangwe paine chikonzero chekutarisira, yagara ichiramba chero kurambidzwa kwekutanga ratidziro, nekudaro inokanganisa kusafunga nezvehunhu uye nemipiro inobatsira yezvipingamupinyi zvechipiri.
[5] Hutongi hwekusasimudzira, hwakamisikidzwa muNuclear Nonproliferation Chibvumirano (NPT) (729 UNTS 10485), ndiyo muenzaniso wegadziriro yakatwasuka, ichibvumira nyika dzine masimba chete kuchengetedza zvombo zvenyukireya, uye ndiyo fomu hombe yakatorwa nezvisungo zvechipiri. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti iyo International Dare reJustice mune yayo yakakosha Advisory Opinion ye1996 yakapa maonero mumaonero ayo mazhinji kuti kushandiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya kungave kuri pamutemo, asi chete kana kupona kwenyika kwaive nengozi. Mune izvo zvinoita sechinhu chisina maturo vatongi vakabatana mukutenda kwavo kuti zvombo zvenyukireya zvine mvumo yakajeka yepamutemo muArt VI yeNPT yekuita mukutenda kwakanaka kutaurirana zvombo, zvichiratidza mutemo wakasarudzika wakakombama uyo ungangodaro usina hunhu hwehunhu. . Zvombo zvenyukireya zvinoti, pamusoro peese United States, zvakabata chirevo chine chiremera chekutakurwa kwemutemo wepasi rose sezvisingakoshese pamaonero avo nezvechombo chezvombo zvenyukireya muhurongwa hwekuchengetedza nyika
[6] Mutungamiri Obama pakutanga kwehutungamiriri hwake akapa tariro kune avo vanga vagara vachitsvaga kubviswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya paakataura achida nyika isina zvombo zvenyukireya, asi akavakira chirevo chake chemuono nezvikwanisiro zvakavanzika izvo zvakaita kuti zvisakwanisika kuenda kure zvakanyanya. ona Mutungamiri Barack Obama, Mashoko aMutungamiri Barack Obama muPrague (Kubvumbi 5, 2009); iyo yakasununguka realist maonero anosimbirira kuti zvombo zvenyukireya chinangwa chinodikanwa, asi hachifanirwe kuitika mukutarisana nemhirizhonga dzenyika dzisina kugadziriswa. Hazvina kumbobvira zvajekeswa kuti nguva yacho inenge yakwana nguvai, iyo ine mhando yemamiriro ekunze anodzivirira mutsika, zviri pamutemo, uye zvematongerwo enyika nharo dzinomanikidza zvombo zvenyukireya. Nezve chirevo chaicho cheakanyanya akasununguka maonero, ona Michael O'Hanlon, Skeptic's Nyaya yeNyukireya Kuzvidzivirira (Brookings, 2010).
[7] Pakati pevamwe, ona Robert Jay Lifton, Superpower Syndrome: Hondo yeAmerican apocalyptic nenyika (Nation Books, 2002); kubvumidza kusazeza chinzvimbo chenyukireya, ona Joseph Nye, Nyukireya Ethics (Yemahara Press, 1986).
[8] Pane nzira mbiri dzakanyanyisa pakufunga nezvematongerwo enyika — tsika yechiKantian yekusahadzika pamusoro pemutemo wepasi rose, asi kusimbiswa kwetsika dzepasi rose, maringe netsika yeMachivavellian yekuzvibata neyekuzvifarira iyo inoramba hunhu pamwe nemvumo yepamutemo mukufambiswa kwenyika. zvematongerwo enyika. Iyeye aripo tenzi weMachiavellian maitiro aive Henry Kissinger, nzira inodada yakabvumidzwa muKissinger, Dhipatimendi (Simon & Schuster, 1994).
[9] Zvisinei nekuwedzera kwavo kutora chikamu muzvinhu zvese zvehupenyu hwepasirese, vatambi vasiri vehurumende vanoramba vari kunze kwedenderedzwa revatambi vezvematongerwo enyika veWestphalian vanogumira kuve nhengo muUnited Nations uye mazhinji epasi rose masisitimendi kumatunhu akazvimirira.
[10] Kune maonero ayo mutemo wepasi rose wekubatsira uye mutemo wehondo kazhinji zvinokatyamadza mipiro kuhupenyu hwevanhu sezvavanowanzoita kuita hondo chinogamuchirwa chemagariro, ona Richard Wasserstrom, ed., Hondo nehunhu (Wadsworth, 1970); onawo Raymond Aron, Runyararo neHondo: Mufungo wehukama hwepasi rose (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966); Richard Falk, Mutemo Wemutemo muNyika Yemhirizhonga (Princeton Univ. Press, 1968).
[11] Chiaroscuro inowanzo tsanangurwa sekurapa kwechiedza uye rima mukupenda; Mupfungwa inoshandiswa pano inoreva kusiyanisa kwechiedza nerima mumaonero ebasa repasi rose reAmerica.
[12] Hutungamiri hwezvematongerwo enyika hunotenderwa nesarudzo dzemahara, mutemo uye kurongeka, budiriro sezvinoyerwa nematanho ekukura, uye hunyanzvi hwezvematongerwo enyika, kusanganisira kutaurirana neveruzhinji, uye chechipiri nekutendeka kumutemo nehunhu. Kuona kwakadai kwakanyatsojeka kana kuchishandiswa kumutemo wekunze, uye zvakanyanya zvakadaro, kana nyika yehondo ikakunda.
[13] Zvekuratidzwa kwechinyakare, ona Reinhold Niebuhr, Vana veChiedza uye Vana veRima (Vanyori, 1960).
[14] ona Kissinger & Kahn, Cherekedza 2, uyo, pakati pevamwe, akapokana muCold War mamiriro ekuti zvombo zvenyukireya zvaidikanwa sekukanganisa kunzi kwakajairika kweSoviet Union mukudzivirira Europe, uye kuti mari yemunhu neyepanyama yedunhu. hondo yenyukireya yaive mutengo unogamuchirwa kubhadhara. Izvi zvinoratidzira kunyanyisa kune avo vanofunga kwechokwadi vakagadzirira kuenda vakamirira zvinangwa zvine hungwaru.
[15] Mutungamiri Barack Obama, Anotaura neMutungamiriri weNational Defense University (Chivabvu 23, 2013) (chinyorwa chinowanikwa pa http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/05/23/remark-president-national -defense-yunivhesiti).
[16] H. Bruce Franklin, Kosi Yenjodzi: Kubva kuHondo Yakanaka kuenda kuHusingaperi Hondo (Rutgers University Press, 2018).
[17] Lisa Hajjar, Anatomy yeUS Targeted Kuuraya Policy, MERIP 264 (2012).
[18] Obama, pamusoro chinyorwa 14.
[19] Semuenzaniso, hapana kutariswa kwekukanganiswa kwenzanga dzemadzinza, senge muPakistan, kuburikidza nekushandisa drones kana 'blowback' munyika dzakaita sePakistan kubva kune izvo zvinoita senge veruzhinji kutyora kwakasimba kwehutongi hwenyika. Nezve yakakosha kuratidzwa kwemhedzisiro ye drone hondo pavanhu vemadzinza, ona Akbar Ahmed, The Thistle uye Drone: Hondo yeAmerica yekutyisa yakava sei hondo yepasirese kurudzi rweIslam (Brookings Inst. Press2013); yeakajairwa ongororo yemabherobackback emari yekuvimba nedrones, ona Scahill, Dzakasviba Hondo: Nyika senzvimbo yehondo (Nation Mabhuku, 2013); nenzira dzakafanana, ona Mark Mazzetti, Nzira yeKisipiti: Iyo CIA, rakavanzika uto, uye nehondo kumagumo epasi (Penguin, 2013).
[20] Pamberi paBrennan, aive Harold Koh, Advisor wezveMutemo kuna Secretary of State, uyo akaisa chikonzero chepamutemo chekuvimba nedrones mune kero yakapihwa kuAmerican Society yeInternational Law, Kurume 25, 2010.
[21] John Brennan, Obama Administration Mitemo uye Maitiro (Gunyana 16, 2012).
[22] Obama, pamusoro chinyorwa 14.
[23] ona Jeremy Scahill pane isiri-gweta raal-Awlaki, Cherechedzo 17.
[24] Obama, pamusoro chinyorwa 14.
[25] Supra chinyorwa 19.
[26] Sangana neVatori venhau: Dick Cheney (NBC terevhizheni kutepfenyura Gunyana 16, 2001), inowanika pa http://www.fromthewilderness.com/timeline/2001/meetthepress091601.html.
[27] Kune zvinyorwa uye kutaura pamusoro pekutambudzwa panguva yehutungamiriri hweBush, ona David Cole, ed., Iwo Anotambudza Memos: Kuenzanisa Izvo Zvisingafungidzike (New Press, 2009).
[28] ona Scahill, Cherekedza 17, loc. 1551.
[29] Jane Mayer, Rima Rutivi (Doubleday, 2008); onawo Laleh Khalili Nguva muMimvuri: Kusungwa munzvimbo dzinopesana (Stanford Univ. Dhinda, 2013).
[30] Panyaya iyi, zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti Richard Perle, akangwara kusimukira munyika yechiLiputiya yeNeocons akatumidzwa 'muchinda werima,' iro raibatwa munhau senge chikamu chemitambo, chikamu chinopesana, uye chikamu chinokudzwa mukuona kwake pesvedzero.
[31] Kuti uongorore pamwe nemitsetse iyi, ona Sheldon Wolin, Democracy Inosanganisirwa: Inotungamira Democracy uye Specter yeTotalitarianism (Princeton Univ. Press, 2008).
[32] Nezve zvakadzama zvinyorwa, ona Ahmed, Cherechedzo 17.
[33] Mumashure meChechi nePike Congressional misangano muma1970, nhevedzano yemitemo yepamusoro yakapihwa nevatungamiri venyika dzeAmerica vachirambidza kuurayiwa kwemutungamiri wezvematongerwo enyika wekune dzimwe nyika. Ona Executive Orders 11905 (1976), 12036 (1978), uye 12333 (1981) yekumisikidzwa zviri pamutemo. Kuurayiwa kweDrone kunoonekwa sezvinhu zvehondo kwete sekuuraiwa mupfungwa yeaya manejimendi ekuraira, asi kunyangwe maitirwo acho ari kuenderana haana kutaurwa zvinogutsa.
[34] Zvakanyatsojeka, kuvimba nemaitiro akasarudzika ehondo kudzosera kune chinzvimbo chehondo mune zvematongerwo enyika pasati paitwa Kellogg-Briand Pact (inozivikanwa zvakare sePact yeParis) muna 1928, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa neayo kuramba zvehondo sechishandiso chemitemo yenyika. ”
[35] ona David Cole, Rezinesi Chakavanzika Chekuuraya, NYR Blog (Sept 19, 2011, 5:30 PM), http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2011/sep/19/secret-license-kill/.
[36] Zvekuwedzera, ona Richard Falk, Kutambudzwa, Hondo, uye neMiganhu yeRiberal Legality, in United States uye Kutambudzwa: Kubvunzurudzwa, Kuvharirwa, uye Kushungurudzwa 119 (Marjorie Cohn ed., NYU Press, 2011).
[37] Nezve hurukuro inobatsira uye zvinyorwa, ona Medea Benjamin, Drone Hondo: Kuuraya nekutonga kure (Verso, rev. Ed., 2013).
