NaDavid Swanson, Zvita 15, 2020
Wakambozvibvunza here kuti tsika dzekuMadokero dzakanangana nekuparadza pane kudzivirira gomarara, uye kutaura nezvazvo nemutauro wese wehondo yekurwisa muvengi, nekuda kwekuti ndizvo zvinoita tsika iyi, kana kuti nzira yekenza yakanyatsogadzirwa nevanhu kurwa hondo chaiyo?
Iyi nyaya yanga isiri chakavanzika futi, asi ini ndanga ndisingazive zvakawanda nezvayo kusvikira ndaverenga Chakavanzika Chikuru rakanyorwa naJennet Conant.
Bari iguta rakanaka rekumaodzanyemba kweItaly rine chiteshi chekereke uko Santa Claus (Saint Nicholas) akavigwa. Asi Santa achifa ari kure nechizaruro chakaipisisa kubva munhoroondo yaBari. Bari anotimanikidza kurangarira kuti munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, hurumende yeUS yakaisa mari zvakanyanya mukutsvaga nekugadzira zvombo zvemakemikari. Muchokwadi, kunyangwe US isati yapinda muWWII, yaive ichipa Britain huwandu hwakawanda hwezvombo zvemakemikari.
Zvombo izvi zvaifungidzirwa kuti hazvifanirwe kushandiswa kudzamara maGerman ashandisa yavo kutanga; uye haana kushandiswa. Asi vakamhanyisa njodzi yekumhanyisa nhangemutange yemaoko emakemikari, yekumisikidza hondo yemakemikari, uye yekukonzera kutambura kunotyisa kuburikidza nenjodzi yekukanganisa. Izvo zvekupedzisira zvakaitika, zvinotyisa muBari, uye kuzhinji kwekutambura nerufu zvinogona kuve pamberi pedu.
Mauto eUS neBritain pavakapinda muItari, vakauya nemidziyo yavo yezvombo zvemakemikari. Musi waZvita 2, 1943, chiteshi chengarava cheBari chakazara ngarava, uye ngarava idzodzo dzaive dzakazara maturusi ehondo, kubvira pamidziyo yechipatara kusvika pagasi yemasitadhi. Asingazivikanwe nevanhu vazhinji muBari, vanhuwo zvavo nemauto zvakafanana, ngarava imwe, iyo John Harvey, yanga yakabata mabhomba zviuru gumi nemazana maviri-girabhadhi yegasi yemasitadhi pamwe nemazana manomwe ezviuru emabhomba machena phosphorus. Dzimwe ngarava dzaibata mafuta. (Conant mune imwe nzvimbo anotora mushumo pamusoro pe "2,000 100-lb. H [masitadhi] mabhomba" asi kwese kwese anonyora "700" sezvinoita mamwe manyuko.)
Ndege dzeGerman dzakabhomba chiteshi chengarava. Zvikepe zvakaputika. Imwe chikamu cheiyo John Harvey sezviri pachena yakaputika, yakakanda mamwe emabhomba ayo emakemikari mudenga, ichinaya gasi yemasitadhi pamusoro pemvura nengarava dzakavakidzana, uye chikepe chakanyura. Kudai chikepe chose chakaputika kana mhepo ichivhuvhuta ichienda kumahombekombe, njodzi ingadai yakanyanya kuipa kupfuura zvayaive. Zvaive zvakaipa.
Avo vaiziva nezve gadhi yemasitadhi havana kutaura kana izwi, vachiratidza kukoshesa zvakavanzika kana kuteerera pamusoro pehupenyu hweavo vakanunurwa kubva mumvura. Vanhu vaifanira kunge vakakurumidza kushambidzwa, nekuti vanga vakanyoroveswa musanganiswa yemvura, mafuta, uye gasi yemasitadhi, vakadziirwa nemagumbeze ndokusiiwa kuti vafambe. Vamwe vakaenda pazvikepe uye havana kushamba kwemazuva. Vazhinji vakasara vaisazoyedzwa nezve gardard yemakumi emakore. Vazhinji havana kupona. Vamwe vazhinji vakatambura zvakaipisisa. Mumaawa ekutanga kana mazuva kana vhiki kana mwedzi vanhu vangadai vakabatsirwa neruzivo rwechinetso, asi vakasiyiwa vachirwadziwa uye kufa.
Kunyangwe zvikave zvisingarambike kuti vakauraiwa vakapakatira muzvipatara zvese zvepedyo vakatambura nezvombo zvemakemikari, zviremera zveBritain zvakaedza kupomera ndege dzeGerman kurwisa kwemakemikari, nokudaro zvichiwedzera mukana wekusvetukira muhondo yemakemikari. Chiremba weUS Stewart Alexander akaferefeta, akawana chokwadi, ndokufonera vese FDR naChurchill. Churchill akapindura nekuraira munhu wese kuti areve nhema, zvese zvinyorwa zvekurapa kuti zvichinjwe, kwete izwi rinofanira kutaurwa. Chikonzero chekunyepa kwese kwaive, sezvazvinowanzo, kudzivisa kutaridzika. Kwaive kusiri kwekuchengetedza chakavanzika kubva kuhurumende yeGerman. MaGerman aive atumira pasi mutengesi uye vakawana chikamu chebhomba reUS. Ivo havana kungoziva chete zvainge zvaitika, asi vakawedzera basa ravo rezvombo zvemakemikari vachipindura, uye vakazivisa chaizvo zvainge zvaitika pawairesi, vachiseka veAllies nekufa kubva kumakemikari avo zvombo.
Zvidzidzo zvakadzidzwa hazvina kusanganisira njodzi dzekuchengetera zvombo zvemakemikari munzvimbo dziri kubhombwa. Churchill naRoosevelt vakapfuurira kuita izvozvi muEngland.
Zvidzidzo zvakadzidzwa hazvina kusanganisira njodzi dzekuvanzika uye kunyepa. Eisenhower achiziva kunyepa mune yake 1948 memoir kuti pakange pasina vakaurayiwa kuBari. Churchill achiziva kunyepa mune yake 1951 memoir kuti pakange pasina tsaona yemakemikari tsaona zvachose.
Zvidzidzo zvakadzidzwa hazvina kusanganisira njodzi yekuzadza ngarava nezvombo nekuzvirongedza kuchiteshi cheBari. Musi waApril 9, 1945, imwe ngarava yekuUS, iyo Charles Henderson, yakaputika apo nhumbi dzayo dzemabhomba nepfuti dzaiburitswa, zvichiuraya vashandi vevashandi makumi mashanu nevatanhatu nevashandi vengarava 56
Zvidzidzo zvakadzidzwa zvechokwadi hazvina kusanganisira njodzi yekuisa chepfu pasi nezvombo. Kwemakore akati wandei, zvichitevera WWII, paive nezviitiko zvakawanda zvakataurwa nezve mustard gasi muchetura, mushure mekuredza mambure kuburitsa mabhomba kubva pakadzika John Harvey. Ipapo, muna 1947, basa rekuchenesa kwemakore manomwe rakatanga kuwanikwa, mumazwi aConant, “zviuru zviviri zvemagetsi emasitadhi. . . . Vakanyatso kuendeswa kubarge, iyo yakadhonzerwa mugungwa ndokunyudzwa. . . . Rimwe gaba rinongodzungaira rinombobuda mumatope ndokukuvadza. ”
Oo, zvakanaka, chero bedzi vakawana akawanda acho uye zvaiitwa “nokungwarira.” Dambudziko diki rinosara rekuti nyika haina magumo, kuti hupenyu hunotsamira pagungwa umo izvi zvombo zvemakemikari zvakakwenenzverwa nekunyudzwa, uye nekuwanda kwazvo kwaive, pasi rese. Dambudziko rinosara rekuti zvombo zvemakemikari zvinogara kwenguva refu kupfuura macasings anazvo. Izvo zvakanzi nemumwe muzvinafundo weItari "bhomba yenguva pazasi pechiteshi cheBari" yave bhomba yenguva pazasi pechiteshi chepasi.
Chinoitika chidiki kuBari muna 1943, munzira dzinoverengeka dzakafanana uye dzakaipisisa kupfuura iya ya1941 paPearl Harbor, asi isinganyanyo shandiswa mumashoko anoparadzirwa (hapana anopemberera Bari Zuva mazuva mashanu Pearl Harbor Day risati rasvika), inogona kunge iine kuparadzwa kwakawanda. ndichiri mune ramangwana.
Zvidzidzo zvinodzidziswa zvinofungidzirwa kuita zvinosanganisira chimwe chinhu chakakosha, inova nzira nyowani yeku "kurwisa" kenza. Chiremba wemauto eU.S. uyo akaongorora Bari, Stewart Alexander, akakurumidza kuona kuti kuburitswa kwakanyanya kwakatambudzwa nevanhu vaBari kwakadzvanya chena masero eropa, uye akashamisika kuti izvi zvingaitirei kune vanobatwa nekenza, chirwere chinosanganisira kunze kwekudzora maseru kukura.
Alexander aisada Bari pakuwanikwa uku, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvishoma. Kutanga, anga ari munzira inoenda mukuwana kumwechete achishanda pamakemikari zvombo kuEdgewood Arsenal muna 1942 asi akarairwa kuti afuratidze hunyanzvi hwekurapa kuitira kuti vatarise zvakanyanya pane zvingangoitika zvombo. Chechipiri, zvakawanikwa zvakafanana zvakaitwa panguva yeHondo Yenyika I, kusanganisira naEdward naHelen Krumbhaar paYunivhesiti yePennsylvania - kwete mamaira makumi manomwe kubva kuEdgewood. Yetatu, mamwe masayendisiti, anosanganisira Milton Charles Winternitz, Louis S. Goodman, naAlfred Gilman Sr., kuYale, vaigadzira dzidziso dzakafanana panguva yeWWII asi vasingagovane zvavaive nekuda kwekuvanzika muchiuto.
Bari inogona kunge yanga isingadiwe kurapa cancer, asi zvakakonzera cancer. Vemauto eUS neBritain, pamwe nevagari vemuItaly, mune dzimwe nguva havana kumbodzidza kana kudzidza makumi emakore gare gare kuti chii chaigona kunge chiri chirwere chavo, uye izvo zvirwere zvaisanganisira cancer.
Mangwanani mushure mekudonhedzwa kwebhomba renyukireya paHiroshima, musangano wevatori venhau wakaitirwa kumusoro kwechivako cheGeneral Motors muManhattan kuzivisa nezvehondo yekurwisa gomarara. Kubva pakutanga, mutauro wayo waive wehondo. Bhomba renyukireya rakasimudzwa semuenzaniso wezvishamiso zvine mbiri izvo sainzi nemari hombe zvingasangana kugadzira. Mushonga wekenza waifanira kuve unotevera kushamisika kushamisika pamwe chete nemitsetse. Kuuraya vanhu vechiJapan uye kuuraya cancer maseru zvaive zviitiko zvakafanana. Ehe, mabhomba muHiroshima neNagasaki, senge muBari, zvakakonzera kugadzirwa kwechirwere chakawanda chegomarara, sezvakangoitwa nezvombo zvehondo pamwero unowedzera kwemakumi emakore kubvira, nevanobatwa munzvimbo dzakaita senge zvikamu zveIraq. kutambura kwakanyanya zvakanyanya kenza mitengo kupfuura Hiroshima.
Iyo nyaya yemakumi emakumi emakore ekutanga ehondo yechirwere chegomarara yakataurwa naConant ndeimwe yekunonoka uye kuomesa musoro kuomerera pakufa-magumo uchingogara uchifungidzira kukunda kuri pedyo, zvakanyanya muhondo yehondo kuVietnam, hondo yeAfghanistan, nezvimwe. Muna 1948, iyo New York Times yakatsanangura kuwedzera muhondo yegomarara se "C-Day Landing." Muna 1953, mune mumwe muenzaniso wevakawanda, iyo Washington Post yakazivisa "Cancer Cure Pedyo." Vanotungamira vanachiremba vakaudza vezvenhau kuti hausisiri iwo mubvunzo wekuti, asi riini, gomarara raizorapwa.
Iyi hondo yekenza haina kunge isina kubudirira. Kufa kwehuwandu hwemhando dzakasiyana dzekenza kwakadzika zvakanyanya. Asi zviitiko zvegomarara zvakawedzera zvakanyanya. Pfungwa yekurega kusvibisa magariro, kumira kugadzira zvombo, kurega kuburitsa chepfu "kuenda kugungwa," haina kana kumbove nekukwezva kwe "hondo," isina kumbobvira yagadzira kufora kwepingi-kupfeka, haina kumbobvira yahwina mari ye oligarchs.
Izvo zvaisafanirwa kuve nenzira iyi. Yakawanda yemari yekutanga mari yehondo yechirwere chegomarara yakabva kuvanhu vachiedza kunyora bepa pamusoro pekunyadziswa kwekutakura zvombo zvavo. Asi zvaingova zvinyadzi zvemasangano eUS akavakira maNazi zvombo. Vakanga vasina chinhu kunze kwekudada nekuvaka zvombo panguva imwe chete kuhurumende yeUS. Saka, kutama kubva kuhondo hakuna kupinda mukuverenga kwavo.
Mumwe anokosha wekutsvagisa gomarara ndiAlfred Sloan, ane kambani, General Motors, yakanga yavaka zvombo zvevaNazi munguva yehondo, kusanganisira nekumanikidzwa. Zvinozivikanwa kuratidza kuti GM's Opel yakavaka zvikamu zvendiza dzakabhomba London. Ndege dzimwe chete dzakabhomba zvikepe zviri pachiteshi cheBari. Iyo yekubatana nzira yekutsvaga, kusimudzira, uye kugadzira iyo yakanga yavaka iyo ndege, uye zvese zveGM zvigadzirwa, zvino zvaizoiswa pakurapa kenza, nokudaro ichitsigira GM uye nzira yayo kune nyika. Nehurombo, iyo indasitiri, yekudyora, kusvibisa, kushandisa zvisizvo, uye kuparadza izvo zvese zvakaburitswa pasirese panguva yeWWII uye zvisati zvamboreruka, zvave chinhu chakakura chekupararira kwegomarara.
Anokosha fundraiser uye mutsigiri wehondo negomarara, uyo chaiye akafananidza kenza nemaNazi (uye zvinopesana) aive Cornelius Packard "Dusty" Rhoads. Akatora pamishumo kubva kuBari uye kubva kuYale kugadzira indasitiri yose mukutsvaga nzira nyowani yekenza: chemotherapy. Ava vaive ivo maRhoads akange anyora katsamba muna 1932 achitsigira kuparadzwa kwevanhu vePuerto Ricans uye achivazivisa kuva "vakaderera kupfuura maItari." Akataura kuti akauraya maPuerto Ricans masere, akaisa kenza mune mamwe akati wandei, uye akawana kuti varapi vakafarira kushungurudza nekutambudza Puerto Rico mavakayedza. Izvi zvaifungidzirwa kuti zvinonyangadza zvishoma zvinyorwa zviviri zvinozivikanwa mukuferefeta kwakazotevera, asi zvakagadzira chinyadzo chinomutsiridza chizvarwa chese kana zvakadaro. Muna 8 Time Magazine isa Rhoads chifukidziro chayo se "Cancer Fighter." Muna 1950, vaPuerto Ricans vanofungidzirwa kuti vakakurudzirwa netsamba yaRhoads, vakapotsa vabudirira kuuraya Mutungamiri Harry Truman muWashington, DC.
Zvinosuruvarisa kuti Conant, mubhuku rake, anochengetedza kunyepedzera kuti Japan yaisada runyararo kusvikira mushure mekuputika kweHiroshima, zvichiratidza kuti bhomba raive nechekuita nekugadzira runyararo. Zvinosuruvarisa kuti iye haabvunze iro rese bhizinesi rehondo. Kunyange zvakadaro, Chakavanzika Chikuru inopa hupfumi hweruzivo rwunogona kutibatsira kunzwisisa kuti takasvika sei patiri - kusanganisira avo vedu vanogara muazvino United States vakangowana madhora zviuru mazana manomwe nemakumi mana emazana ePentagon ne $ 740 yekurapa denda idzva rinouraya.
