Chii Chinopona Muhupenyu?

NaDavid Swanson, June 18, 2019

Jeffrey Ostler's Kuponesa Kutambudzwa: Native Nations uye United States kubva kuAmerican Revolution kusvika kuBleeding Kansas, rinotaurira nyaya yakaoma, yakatendeseka, uye yakasununguka yezvakakosha uye mune zvimwe zvikamu zvinokodzera kufanirwa kweUUN uye inozivikanwa yakakurumbira yekuparadza. Saka, zvechokwadi, inonyanya nyaya yenyaya kwete kupona kuparadzwa kwevanhu, kunyange ini ndinofungidzira kuti ingadai yakave yakawanda ye "Imbwa Bits Man" musoro wevapi vaparidzi.

Asi zvikamu zve nyaya yacho ndezvokupona. Zvimwe zvekupona ndezvenguva pfupi. Vanhu vakaderera uye vakaderedza dambudziko racho. Kune zvidzidzo ikoko kune vanhu vose sezvo inoparadza kupisa kwayo. Kune zvidzidzo zvakanyanya kune vePalestine nevamwe vanotarisana nekurwa kwakadaro nhasi. Uye zvimwe zvekupona zvakagara kusvikira ikozvino. Yakaderedzwa nhamba, nyika zhinji dzakapona.

Ichokwadi, kuburikidza nekutengesa nyika dzekumadokero kumavirira uye kuvarova, pane zvakawanda zvakanyanya kuponesa kupfuura zvaiwanzobvumirwa. Munhoroondo yeOstler, hurumende yeUnited States yaiva nemutemo wakajeka kubvira pakutanga, kwete mu1830 chete, yekufambisa vanhu veAmerica kumadokero kweMisissippi, uye vakagadza mutemo iwoyo. Asi, pakati pe1780s ne1830, vanhu vemuAmerica kumabvazuva kwe Mississippi vakawedzera. Iyo yakagadziriswa uye yakakurumidza mitemo yekudzingwa yakaiswa munzvimbo ye1830 yakatungamirirwa nemakaro enyika uye ruvengo rwechisarura, kwete nechinangwa chekuita rubatsiro kubatsira vanhu vomunharaunda kuti vararame nekuita kuti vaende kunzvimbo dziri nani apo vaisazofungidzirwa kutarisana nekudziviswa. Vangadai vakapona zviri nani kana vakasara vari voga, panzvimbo pokumanikidzwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakaoma munyika dzainge dzambogara uye nyika dzisingakwanisi kuchengetedza.

Makaro enyika yakaratidza kuti ndiyo ndiyo yakakurudzira. Mapoka maduku evanhu vekuAmerica kuEast havana kugara munharaunda yakanaka kwazvo vakabvumirwa kuramba, uye mune dzimwe nguva vakaramba varipo nhasi. Vamwe vakasimudza hondo huru vakabvumirwa kugara kwechinguva. Vamwe vakagamuchira nzira dzekuEurope dzekurima uye zvese zvinonzi "mararamiro" (kusanganisira varanda) vakabvumirwa kuramba varipo kusvikira nyika yavo ikava yakakosha zvikuru. Iko kunonzi kukanganisa kwemarudzi ekuzvarwa kuti ave "kubudirira" kunoratidzika kunge kusisina chikonzero chaicho sechikonzero chekudzinga kunze kwekuti vanofunga kuti vanofa kunze. Uyewo hazvirevi izvo zvinofanirwa kuita rugare pakati pavo. Mamwe marudzi akarwisana mumwe nomumwe sezvaainge achiendeswa kune imwe nharaunda yomumwe nomumwe nevana veSouth colonist.

IUnited States dzimwe nguva yakaita rugare pakati pemarudzi ane hondo, asi chete apo yakashanda chimwe chinangwa, sekutungamirira kushandiswa kwemamwe vanhu munyika yavo. Basa reumambo rakanga risina basa rekuvimbika kwega. Zvakawanda "diplomacy" zvaidiwa. Mitemo yaifanira kuitwa muchivande nemapoka maduku mukati memarudzi emarudzi. Mitemo yaifanira kunge ichinyorwa muchivande kuti iire zvinopesana nezvakaratidzwa. Vatungamiri vaifanira kurohwa kana kuiswa mukati musangano, ndokuzotorwa kana kuurawa. Karoti netsvimbo zvaifanira kushandiswa kusvikira vanhu "vachizvidira" vakasarudza kusiya misha yavo. Propaganda yaifanira kukurudzirwa kuchenesa utsinye. Hondo dzeumambo dzave ikozvino dzinodanwa kune vekuAmerica uye dzakarwisana nezvombo zvinonzi zita reNative Americans chikamu chenhoroondo yemumambo yakatanga pamberi pe1776. Hurumende yeUnited States yave ichizivisa kuti Iran yakarwisa ngarava, kana kuti yakaenzana, kwenguva refu.

Pandinoverenga mukati Kupona Nenzira Yenhamo kuti hurumende huru iyo hurumende yehurumende yakashandiswa kuita kuti maCreeks ashungurudzike zvokuti aizotamira kumadokero kwaiva hurumende yeAlabama, iyo inoratidzika isinganzwisisiki kwandiri. Ndinofunga nezvehurumende yeAlabama semunhu ane ruzivo rwakanyanya pakuita kuti vanhu vashungurudzike. Asi, hongu, ingadai yakagadzirisa unyanzvi ihwohwo sezvahuchishandiswa pakurwisana neCreeks, uye chero ani zvake akaita nhamo kuburikidza neAlabama kubva panguva iyo angave akawana zviitiko zvehuwandu.

Paiva nezvakawanda zvechisimba. Machechi anoratidza kuti vakuru veUnited States vakagadzira purogiramu iyo "hondo dzekuparadza" dzakanga dzisiri "zvinodiwa chete, asi dzakanaka uye dzepamutemo." Zvinokonzera kuparara pakati pevanhu vemuvanhu vemuvanhu vaisanganisira kuurayiwa zvakananga, humwe hutsinye hunotambudza hunosanganisira kubata chibharo, kupisa kwemaguta uye zvirimwa, kuendeswa kune dzimwe nyika, uye kushandiswa kwechirwere uye kusava nechinangwa chezvirwere uye zvekudhakwa kuderedza vanhu. Ostler anonyora kuti ruzivo rwemazuva ano rwekutsvaga hunoona kuparadzwa kunokonzerwa nezvirwere zveEurope kunokonzera kudarika kushayikwa kwevanhu vekuAmerica, uyezve kubva kuhutera uye nzara zvakasikwa nekuparadzwa kwechisimba kwemisha yavo.

Hondo yeAmerica yeUkuzvidzivirira (kune umwe mukuru kubva kune mumwe zvichibhadhara vanhu vekuzvarwa nevaranda) yakabatanidza kuparadza kwakaipisisa kune vasiri veAmerica pane kuva nehondo dzakapfuura iyo George Washington yakanga yawana zita rokuti Guta Muparadzi. Mhedziso yehondo yaive yakaipisisa nhau.

Kuparara kwevanhu vedzinza kwaizouya kubva kuhurumende yeUnited States, hurumende dzehurumende, uye vanhuwo zvavo. VaTettlers vaizopikisa kupesana mberi, uye pakagadzirisa zvimwe zveEast apo vanhu veAmerica vakasara, vanhu vaizoba nyika yavo, kuuraya, uye kuvashungurudza. Paiva nemapoka akafanana neveQuaker avo vaibata zvinyanyisa zvakanyanya nevanhu vemunharaunda. Kwakanga kune ebbs uye inoyerera, uye nyika yose ine nyaya yakasiyana. Asi chaizvoizvo, United States yakaronga kubvisa vaMamerica veAmerica uye vakabvisa vakawanda vavo uye vakatora nzvimbo dzakawanda dzavakagara.

Zvechokwadi, chimwe chinhu chinopona mukurwisana nderuzivo rwacho, chokwadi icho chinobvumira chiyeuchidzo chakarurama uye chakakodzera uye kuedza kwechokwadi kuita zvakanaka zvirizvino.

Ndakave ndakafuridzirwa kuti ndiite chikumbiro kuna Mutungamiri weYunivhesiti yeVirginia James Ryan akadana "Bvisa Chikumbaridzo kuChitaturo Iyo Inogamuchira Vanhu kuUVA. "

Chikumbiro

Bvisa chifananidzo chaGeorge Rogers Clark akabatana mukurwisana kumusamuziyamu uko inogona kuratidzirwa sechinyadzisa chiyeuchidzo.

Nei izvi zvichikosha?

"George Rogers Clark, Mukunda weNorth West" ndicho chifananidzo chikuru chakaiswa muZ1920s, sezvifananidzo zveCharlottesville zvaLee naJackson (uye mumwe weMeriwether Lewis naWilliam Clark). Yaiva yakabhadharwa nehaulist gazillionaire mumwechete uyo akabhadhara zvifananidzo zvaLee naJackson (uye imwe yaLee naClark). Yakabatanidzwa nehutano hwakafanana hwekuita sarudzo dzevanhu nemaonero evanhu veCharlottesville, kwete. Izvo, zvakare, inoratidzira murume mutsvuku pabhiza, akapfekedzwa hondo. Izvo, zvakare, inogona kuramba iri chigadziko chehondo, uye saka inodzivirirwa nemitemo yehurumende, yakasununguka zvachose kana tichifanira kusarudza kuti hatiifariri. Zvisinei, hondo dzaCl Clark haisi munyaya yehondo iyo nyika yeVirginia inoti inofanirwa kuchengetwa zvivigiro zvavo. Kazhinji hondo dzevanhu vekuAmerica hazviverengwi sehondo chaiyo, uye izvo zvingangobatsira pano. UVA, inoratidzika, ine simba rekubvisa hutsvene huno uye hauna kuzviita.

Kune kusiyana kwezvifananidzo zveLee naJackson. Muchiitiko ichi, Clark ane vamwe varume vaviri vane pfuti shure kwake, uye ari kusvika kumashure kwepfuti. Kune vatatu vemuAmerica vari pamberi pake. Mupepeti weUVA mudzidzi wakapemberera chifananidzo apo chakatanga kusikwa se "kutsanangura kusakosha kwekumanikidzwa." Nheyo yezvigadzirwa inonzi Clark "Mukunda weNorth West-West." Northwest inoreva nzvimbo yakawanda yeItaly nhasi. Kukunda kunoreva kusanganisa rudzi. Mumwe wevatatu vokuAmerica vanoita sevari kutakura mwana.

Handidi kuderedza kutyisa kwakasungirirwa kune zviyeuchidzo kuHondo Yenyika kana Hondo yeVietnam kana Hondo Yenyika I kana imwe yeCharlottesville uye yeUVA's pecumental peeans kuurayiwa kwevanhu vakawanda, asi izvi chete zvisiri izvo zvisiri izvo zvinoratidzira pachena kurwisana kunopesana nevanhu nekudada kusina kukodzera uye kusuruvara. Robert E. Lee aigona kunge akatasva mubhidhiro kuti chero munhu upi noupi anogona kutaura kubva pachigaro chake. Kwete Clark. Anoratidzwa akabatanidzwa mune zvaakatsigira zvakajeka uye akazviita pa: kuuraya kusina kusarudzwa kwevanhu vekuAmerica mukutsvaka kubviswa kwavo.

George Rogers Clark pachake akataura kuti angadai aida "kuona dzinza rose revaIndia richipera simba" uye kuti "haazomborega Mukadzi mukadzi kana mwana wavo waanogona kuisa maoko kwaari." Clark akanyora chirevo kumarudzi akasiyana siyana eIndia maakatyisidzira "Vakadzi Vako Nevana vakapihwa Imbwa kuti vadye." Nepo vamwe vangaramba kunyangwe kune yakavezwa yakajeka kune iyi mhondi, imwe yaakamira kana kukwira ari ega, Charlottesville haina imwe yeaya. Iine chiyeuchidzo chekuparadza rudzi, isinganyari kuratidza kuurayiwa.

Charlottesville / UVA anewo zvigumbuso kuna Thomas Jefferson, uyo, seGavhuna weVirginia, akatumira Clark kumadokero kunorwisa vanhu vekuAmerica, kunyora kuti chinangwa "chinofanira kuva kuparadzwa kwavo, kana kuti kubviswa kwavo pamvura kana Illinois." Clark akauraya akabatwa uye akaparadza zviyo zveavo vakatumwa naJefferson kuti vatsakatise kana kuti vabvise. Clark gare gare haana kubudirira kuenderera mberi kune mamwe mauto kuenda kuVirginia Gavhuna Benjamin Harrison kuitira kuratidza "kuti tinogara tichikwanisa kuvakuvadza pavanofarira."

Clark yaionekwa segamba nokuti zvaitenda uye zviito zvakagamuchirwa zvakanyanya kana kutsigirwa. Chikamu chake chakanga chakaitwa mukurwisana nekusingaperi kwenguva refu kwevanhu vedzinyika ino. Zvose zvakataurwa pamusoro pechirevo cheClark pamusoro apa zvinoratidzwa mubhuku idzva rinobva kuYale University Press rinonzi "Kuponesa Kutambudzwa" naJeffrey Ostler. Machechi anoratidza kuti vakuru veUnited States vakagadzira purogiramu iyo "hondo dzekuparadza" dzakanga dzisiri "zvinodiwa chete, asi dzakanaka uye dzepamutemo." Zvinokonzera kuparara pakati pevanhu vemuvanhu vemuvanhu vaisanganisira kuurayiwa zvakananga, humwe hutsinye hunotambudza hunosanganisira kubata chibharo, kupisa kwemaguta uye zvirimwa, kuendeswa kune dzimwe nyika, uye kushandiswa kwechirwere uye kusava nechinangwa chezvirwere uye zvekudhakwa kuderedza vanhu. Ostler anonyora kuti ruzivo rwemazuva ano rwekutsvaga hunoona kuparadzwa kunokonzerwa nezvirwere zveEurope kunokonzera kudarika kushayikwa kwevanhu vekuAmerica, uyezve kubva kuhutera uye nzara zvakasikwa nekuparadzwa kwechisimba kwemisha yavo.

Muzuva raGeorge Rogers Clark, John Heckewelder (mumishinari uye munyori wemabhuku pamusoro pemitemo yevaNative America) vakataura kuti vanhu vemiganhu vakanga vatora "dzidziso. . . kuti maIndia vakanga vari vaKanani, avo nemirairo yaMwari vaifanira kuparadzwa. "Muzuva redu, tinoita chivako cheClark chiri pakati pehupenyu hwedu hwevanhu muCharlottesville, uko inokurudzira avo vanobva kuguta vachienda kumusasa weYunivhesiti yeVirginia.