NaDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, September 16, 2020
"Ndiri kuzoita zvemashiripiti nekuverenga pfungwa dzako," ndinoudza kirasi yevadzidzi kana horo kana vhidhiyo kufona izere nevanhu. Ini ndinonyora chimwe chinhu pasi. "Doma zita rehondo iro rakaruramiswa," ndinodaro. Mumwe munhu anoti "Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri." Ndinovaratidza zvandanyora: "WWII." Mashiripiti![I]
Kana ini ndikaomerera pamhinduro dzakawedzerwa, ivo vangangoita nguva dzose hondo kunyange kumberi munguva yakapfuura kupfuura WWII.[Ii] Kana ndikabvunza kuti sei WWII iri mhinduro, mhinduro yacho inogara iri "Hitler" kana "Holocaust" kana mazwi kune izvo.
Iyi shanduko inofungidzirwa, yandinowana kunyepedzera kuve nemasimba emashiripiti, chikamu chehurukuro kana musangano wandinowanzo tanga nekukumbira kuratidzwa kwemaoko kupindura mibvunzo miviri:
"Ndiani anofunga kuti hondo haimbofi yakaruramiswa?"
uye
"Ndiani anofunga kuti mamwe mativi ehondo dzimwe nguva anoruramiswa, kuti kupinda muhondo dzimwe nguva ndicho chinhu chakakodzera kuita?"
Kazhinji, iwo mubvunzo wechipiri unowana kuwanda kwemaoko.
Ipapo tinotaura kweawa kana kupfuura.
Ipapo ini ndinobvunza iyo mimwe mibvunzo zvakare kumagumo. Panguva iyoyo, wekutanga mubvunzo ("Ndiani anofunga kuti hondo haina kumbobvumirwa?") Inowana kuwanda kwemaoko.[Iii]
Kunyangwe iko kushanduka kwechinzvimbo nevamwe vatori vechikamu kunopera kuburikidza nezuva rinotevera kana gore kana hupenyu hwese handizive.
Ini ndinofanira kuita yangu yeWWII mashiripiti hunyengeri pakutanga kwehurukuro, nekuti kana ndikasaita, kana ndikataura kwenguva refu nezve kudzosera mari muchiuto nekudyara murunyararo, saka vanhu vakawandisa vanenge vatondikanganisa nemibvunzo yakadai sey "Zvakadii naHitler ? ” kana "Zvakadiniko neWWII?" Hazvimbokundikani. Ini ndinotaura nezve kusarongeka kwehondo, kana kudiwa kwekubvisa nyika yehondo nemabhajeti ehondo, uye mumwe munhu anounza WWII seyekupokana nharo.
Chii chinonzi WWII chine chekuita nemari yekushandisa muchiuto? Mupfungwa dzevakawanda zvinoratidza zvakapfuura uye zvingangodiwa zvekushandisa muchiuto kubhadhara hondo dzakakodzera uye dzinodikanwa seWWII.
Ini ndichakurukura uyu mubvunzo mubhuku idzva, asi rega ndimbozviratidze zvishoma pano. Inopfuura hafu yeUS federal discretionary bhajeti - iyo mari iyo Congress inosarudza zvekuita gore rega rega, izvo zvinosanganisa mari hombe yakatsaurwa yekurega basa uye hutano - inoenda kuhondo nekugadzirira zvehondo.[Iv] MaPoll anoratidza kuti vanhu vazhinji havazive izvi.[V]
Hurumende yeUS inoshandisa zvakawandisa kupfuura chero imwe nyika mune zvechiuto, zvakanyanya semauto mamwe makuru akabatanidzwa[vi] - uye mazhinji acho ari kumanikidzwa nehurumende yeUS kutenga zvombo zveUS zvakawanda[vii]. Kunyangwe vanhu vazhinji vasingazive izvi, ruzhinji runofunga kuti imwe mari inofanirwa kutamiswa kubva muchiuto kuenda kuzvinhu zvakaita sehutano, dzidzo, uye kuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo.
Muna Chikunguru 2020, sarudzo yeruzhinji yakawana huwandu hwakasimba hwevavhoti veUS vachida kufambisa 10% yebhajeti rePentagon kune zvido zvevanhu zvinokurumidza.[viii] Ipapo dzimba dzese dziri mbiri dzeUS Congress dzakavhotera chikumbiro ichocho nemasimba akasimba.[ix]
Kukundikana kwemumiririri hakufanirwe kutishamisa. Hurumende yeUS haimbomboita zvinopesana nesimba, hupfumi zvido nekuda kwekuti ruzhinji runofarira chimwe chinhu mumhedzisiro yekuvhota.[x] Zvakajairika kwazvo kune vakasarudzwa vakuru vakuru kuti vazvirumbidze nekuregeredza sarudzo kuti vatevedze misimboti yavo.
Kukurudzira Congress kuti ichinje mabhajeti ayo anokosheswa, kana kukurudzira makambani makuru enhau kuudza vanhu nezvavo, zvinoda zvakawanda kupfuura kungopa mhinduro chaiyo kune anofungisisa. Kuchinja 10% kubva muPentagon kwaizoda huwandu hukuru hwevanhu vanodisa uye kuratidzira shanduko yakakura kwazvo kupfuura iyoyo. Iyo gumi muzana yaizofanirwa kuve chibvumirano, bhonzo rakakandirwa kuchikwata chevanhu vazhinji richimanikidza 10% kana 30% kana kupfuura.
Asi pane chipingamupinyi chikuru munzira yekuvaka kufamba kwakadai. Paunotanga kutaura nezvekushandurwa kukuru kuita mabhizinesi ane rugare, kana kubviswa kwenyukireya, kana kupedzisa kubviswa kwemauto, unomhanya-mhanya musoro wenyaya mune chinokatyamadza chine chekuita nenyika yauri kugara iye zvino: WWII.
Haisi chipingamupinyi chisingakundiki. Iyo inogara iriko, asi pfungwa zhinji, mune yangu ruzivo, dzinogona kufambiswa kune imwe nhanho pasi peawa. Ndinoda kufambisa dzimwe pfungwa uye kuve nechokwadi chekunzwisisa kutsva kunonamira. Ndipo pane bhuku rangu inouya mukati, pamwe ne nyowani online kosi zvichibva mubhuku.
Iri bhuku nyowani rinoburitsa nyaya yekuti nei zvisirizvo fungidziro nezveHondo Yenyika II uye kukosha kwayo nhasi kusingafanirwe kunge kuchiumba mabhajeti eruzhinji. Kana isingasviki 3% yemari yekushandisa muchiuto yeUS inogona kupedza nzara pasi[xi], apo kusarudzwa kwekuisa kupi zviwanikwa kunoumba hupenyu hwakawanda uye kufa kupfuura hondo dzese[xii], zvine basa kuti tiwane izvi nemazvo.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kuve zvinogoneka kupa zano rekudzosera mari yemauto padanho remakore makumi maviri apfuura[xiii], pasina hondo kubva kumakore makumi manomwe nemashanu apfuura ichiva icho chinangwa chehurukuro. Pane zvirinani zvirinani kupokana uye kunetseka izvo munhu angamutse pane "Zvakadii neWWII?"
Hitler ari kuuya here? Chishamiso kudzokorora kwechimwe chinhu chakafanana neWWII chingangoita kana chinogoneka? Mhinduro kumubvunzo wese weiyi ndeye. Kuti unzwisise kuti sei, zvinogona kubatsira kukudziridza kunzwisiswa kuri nani kweiyo Hondo Yenyika II, pamwe nekutarisa kuti nyika yashanduka zvakadii kubvira WWII.
Kufarira kwangu muHondo Yenyika II hakufambiswe nekunakidzwa nehondo kana zvombo kana nhoroondo. Inotungamirwa nechishuwo changu chekukurukura nezvekudzikiswa kwemauto pasina kunzwa nezveHitler kakawanda nekudzokorora. Dai Hitler anga asiri munhu anotyisa kudaro ndingadai ndichiri kurwara uye ndaneta kunzwa nezvake.
Bhuku rangu idzva nharo yetsika, kwete basa rezvakaitika kare. Ini handina kubudirira kuteedzera chero rusununguko rweRuzivo rweMutemo chikumbiro, ndakawana chero diaries, kana kutyora chero kodhi. Ini ndinokurukura yakawanda nhoroondo. Zvimwe zvacho zvinozivikanwa zvishoma. Zvimwe zvacho zvinopesana nekusanzwisisana kwakakurumbira - zvekuti ndanga ndichitogamuchira maemail asingafadzi kubva kuvanhu vasati vaverenga bhuku iri.
Asi hapana kana chimwe chazvo chinopikiswa zvakanyanya kana kupokana pakati pevanyori venhoroondo. Ini ndatsvaga kusaisa chero chinhu chisina chakakomba magwaro, uye pandinenge ndichiziva chero gakava pamusoro pechero ruzivo, ndanga ndichichenjerera kuti ndione. Ini handifunge kuti nyaya inopesana neWWII sekurudziro yekuenderera mberi nehondo mari inoda chero chinhu kupfuura chokwadi chatingawirirane tese nacho. Ini ndinongofunga izvo izvo chokwadi zvinotungamira zvakajeka kune zvimwe zvinoshamisa uye kunyange zvinokanganisa mhedziso.
[I] Heino PowerPoint yandakashandisa iyi mharidzo: https://worldbeyondwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/endwar.pptx
[Ii] MuUnited States, mune ruzivo rwangu, varikutungamira vanokwikwidza vari WWII, uye munzvimbo iri kure yechipiri neyechitatu, iyo Hondo yevagari vemuUS uye iyo American Revolution. Howard Zinn akakurukura izvi mumharidzo yake "Hondo Tsvene Nhatu," https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6i39UdpR1F8 Zvakaitika kwandiri zvinowirirana nekuvhota kwakaitwa mu2019 naWeGov, iyo yakawana 66% yevaAmerican vakaferefeta vachiti WWII yakanga yakanangana nezvakakwana kana zvimwe kururamiswa (chero zvazvaireva), zvichienzaniswa ne62% yeAmerican Revolution, 54% yeiyo US Civil War, 52% yeWWI, 37% yehondo yeKorea, 36% yeiyo Yekutanga Gulf Hondo, 35% yehondo iri kuenderera kuAfghanistan, uye 22% yeHondo yeVietnam. Ona: Linley Sanders, YouGov, "America nevabatsiri vayo vakakunda D-Day. Vangagona kuzviitazve? ” Chikumi 3, 2019 https://today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2019/06/03/american-wars-dday
[Iii] Ini ndakaitawo nhaurirano napurofesa weWest Point pamusoro pekuti hondo inogona kumbobvumidzwa here, nekuvhoterwa kwevateereri kuchichinja zvakanyanya kupokana nepfungwa yekuti hondo inogona kumbobvumidzwa kubva pamberi pekupokana kuenda shure. Maona https://youtu.be/o88ZnGSRRw0 Pazviitiko zvakaitwa nesangano World BEYOND War, isu tinoshandisa mafomu aya kuongorora vanhu pane shanduko yavo mumaonero: https://worldbeyondwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/PeacePledge_101118_EventVersion1.pdf
[Iv] National Priorities Project, "Iyo Yakagadziriswa Hondo 2020," https://www.nationalpriorities.org/analysis/2020/militarized-budget-2020 Kuti uwane tsananguro yeiyo discretionary bhajeti uye chii chisiri mairi, maona https://www.nationalpriorities.org/budget-basics/federal-budget-101/spending
[V] Dzimwe nguva sarudzo dzakabvunza kuti vanhu vaifunga chii bhajeti remauto, uye avhareji mhinduro yanga iri yechisimba. Imwe yaFebruary 2017 yekuvhota yakawana ruzhinji rwekutenda kushandisa kwemauto kwaive kushoma pane zvazvaive chaizvo. Ona Charles Koch Institute, "Nyowani Nyowani: MaAmerican Crystal Akajeka: Kunze kwenyika Maitiro Asiri Kushanda," Kukadzi 7, 2017, https://www.charleskochinstitute.org/news/americans-clear-foreign-policy-status-quo-not-working Izvo zvakare zvinokwanisika kuenzanisa ongororo umo vanhu vanoratidzwa bhajeti remubatanidzwa uye vakabvunzwa kuti vaizoichinja sei (vazhinji vanoda mari hombe kubva muchiuto) nemapolls anongobvunza kuti bhajeti remauto rinofanira kudzikiswa kana kuwedzerwa (tsigiro kucheka kwakadzika kwazvo). Semuenzaniso wekare, ona Ruy Texeira, Center for American Progress, Mbudzi 7, 2007, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2007/11/07/3634/what-the-public-really-wants-on-budget-priorities Semuenzaniso wezvekupedzisira, ona Frank Newport, Gallup Polling, "MaAmerican Ramba Wakakamurwa Pamashandisiro Ekuchengetedza," Kukadzi 15, 2011, https://news.gallup.com/poll/146114/americans-remain-divided-defense-spending.aspx
[vi] Mari yedzimwe nyika yemauto inoratidzwa pamepu yenyika ku https://worldbeyondwar.org/militarism-mapped Iyo data inouya kubva kuStockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), https://sipri.org Mari yemauto eUS senge ya2018 yaive $ 718,689, inojekesa pachena kusabvisa kwakawanda kwekushandisa kwemauto eUS, uko kwakapararira pamadhipatimendi mazhinji nemasangano. Kuti uwane yakazara yakazara $ 1.25 trillion mumashandisirwo egore, ona William Hartung naMandy Smithberger, TomDispatch, "Tomgram: Hartung naSmithberger, Dhora-ne-Dhora Rwendo rweNational Security State," May 7, 2019, https://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176561
[vii] Nyika dzinounza zvombo zveUS dzinoratidzwa pamepu yenyika pa https://worldbeyondwar.org/militarism-mapped Iyo data inouya kubva kuStockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php
[viii] Data Yekufambira Mberi, "Vanhu veAmerican Vanobvumirana: Cheka Pentagon's Budget," Chikunguru 20, 2020, https://www.dataforprogress.org/blog/2020/7/20/cut-the-pentagons-budget Na56% kusvika 27% yevavhoti veUS vanofarira kufambisa 10% yebhajeti remauto kune zvinodiwa nevanhu. Kana akaudzwa kuti imwe yemari yacho yaizoenda kuCentre for Disease Control, rutsigiro rweveruzhinji rwaive 57% kusvika 25%.
[ix] MuImba, vhoti paPocan yeWisconsin Amendment Nhamba 9, Roll Call 148 muna Chikunguru 21, 2020, yaive 93 Yeas, 324 Nays, 13 Kwete Kuvhota, http://clerk.house.gov/cgi-bin/vote.asp?year=2020&rollnumber=148 MuSeneti, vhoti yeSanders Amendment 1788 muna Chikunguru 22, 2020, yaive 23 Yeas, 77 Nays, https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=116&session=2&vote=00135
[x] Martin Gillens naBenjamin I. Peji, "Kuedza Dzidziso dzeAmerican Politics: MaElite, Mapoka Ekufarira, uye Avhareji Citizens," Gunyana 2014, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/testing-theories-of-american-politics-elites-interest-groups-and-average-citizens/62327F513959D0A304D4893B382B992B Yakataurwa muBBC, "Kudzidza: US Is Oligarchy, Kwete Democracy," Kubvumbi 17, 2014, https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-echochambers-27074746
[xi] Muna 2008, United Nations yakati madhora makumi matatu emadhora pagore anogona kupedza nzara pasi pano. Onai Food and Agriculture Organisation yeUnited Nations, "Nyika inongoda mabhiriyoni makumi matatu emadhora pagore kupedza denda renzara," June 30, 30, http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/ 3/2008 / index.html Izvi zvakataurwa mu New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/04/news/04iht-04food.13446176.html and Los Angeles Times, http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/23/opinion/ed-food23 uye zvimwe zvakawanda zvekutengesa. Chikafu neKurima Organisation yeUnited Nations yakandiudza kuti nhamba iyi ichiri kusvika pari zvino. Kubva muna2019, gore rega rega Pentagon base bhajeti, pamwe nehondo bhajeti, pamwe nezvombo zvenyukireya muDhipatimendi reMagetsi, pamwe neDhipatimendi reHomeland Security, uye imwe mari yemauto yakadarika pamadhora 1 trillion, uyezve $ 1.25 trillion. Ona William D. Hartung naMandy Smithberger, TomDispatch, "Boondoggle, Inc.," Chivabvu 7, 2019, https://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176561 Matatu muzana yetriliyoni ari mabhiriyoni makumi matatu. Zvimwe pane izvi pa https://worldbeyondwar.org/explained
[xii] Sekureva kweUNICEF, 291 mamirioni evana vari pasi pemakore gumi neshanu vakafa nezvikonzero zvinodzivirirwa pakati pa15 na1990. Maona https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/starts-with-u/health-for-children
[xiii] Sekureva kweStockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), mari yemauto eUS, inogara iri 2018 madhora, yaive $ 718,690 mu2019 uye $ 449,369 muna 1999. https://sipri.org/databases/milex
