Zvatakanganwa: Rondedzero Kubva "Pakarwiwa Hondo Yenyika" NaDavid Swanson
Muna 1927-1928 inotyisa-Republican kubva kuMinnesota inonzi Frank uyo akatuka pachedu pacifists akakwanisa kunyengetedza kunenge nyika dzose pasi pano kurambidza hondo. Akange akatamirwa kuita izvozvo, zvichipesana nechinangwa chake, nechishuwo chepasi rose chekune rugare uye ushamwari hweUnited States neFrance hwakasikwa kuburikidza nekupindirana kwemutemo kusina mvumo nevanokurudzira rugare. Ikokufambisa mukubudirira kwekugadzirisa uku kwakakosha kwaiva nekubatana kunoshamisa, kwakarongeka, uye kusingatauri sangano rekunyaradza kweUnited States nekusimbiswa kwayo kwakasimba muMidwest; vatungamiri varo vane simba zvakasimba, varairi, uye vakuru veyunivhesiti; manzwi ayo kuWashington, DC, avo veRepublican senators kubva kuIdaho neKansas; maonero ayo akagamuchirwa uye anokurudzirwa nemapepanhau, machechi, uye mapoka evakadzi munyika yose; uye kutsunga kwaro kusina kutaurwa nemakore gumi ekukundwa uye kupatsana.
Sangano racho rairemekedza chikamu chikuru pane simba idzva rezvematongerwe enyika revakadzi vanovhota. Kuedza kwacho kungave kwakakundikana kana Charles Lindbergh asina kutenderera ndege pane imwe mhenderekedzo yegungwa, kana Henry Cabot Lodge asina kufa, kana kuti zvimwe zvakaedza kurarama nerunyararo uye kusagadzikana hazvina kuora mwoyo. Asi kushamwaridzana kwevanhu vakawanda kwakaita kuti danho iri, kana chimwe chinhu chakafanana naro, chisingadziviriki. Uye apo yakabudirira - kunyange kubviswa kwehondo kwakanga kusingamboshandisi zvizere maererano nemarongwa evaridzi varo - vazhinji venyika vaidavira kuti hondo yakanga yaitwa zvisiri pamutemo. Hondo dzaiva, chaizvoizvo, dzakagadzirirwa uye dzakadziviswa. Uye apo, zvisinei, hondo dzakaramba dzichienderera mberi uye hondo yechipiri yenyika yakazara pasi rose, iyo nhamo yakazotevera nematambudziko evarume vaipomerwa nehuipi hutsva hwekuita hondo, uyewo nekugamuchirwa kwepasi rose kweSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose. zvakawanda kune zvayo zvekare zvisati zvagara zvichitangira asi zvichiri kukanganisa zvinangwa zveiyo mu1920s yainzi yePutlawry movement.
"Husiku husiku ndakaona kurota kwakanakisisa kwandaimborota," akanyora Ed McCurdy mu1950 mune zvakazova rwiyo rukuru rwevanhu. "Ndakarota nyika yose yakanga yabvumirana kuti ipedze hondo. Ndakarota ndakaona kamuri rine simba, uye imba yacho yakazara nevarume. Uye pepa ravakanga vachinyora vaiti havazomborwizve. "Asi chiitiko ichocho chakanga chaitika kare muna August 27, 1928, muParis, France. Chibvumirano chakasayirwa musi iwoyo, Kellogg-Briand Pact, chakazogamuchirwa neUnited States Senate muvhoti ye 85 kusvika ku1 uye inoramba iri mumabhuku (uye paUnited States Department's website) kusvikira nhasi sechikamu cheizvi Chinyorwa VI cheSouth Constitution chinodana "Mutemo mukuru weNyika."
Frank Kellogg, Munyori weHurumende yeUnited States akaita kuti chibvumirano ichi chiitike, akapiwa mupiro weNobel Peace Prize ndokuona mukurumbira wake wepamusoro-soro-zvokuti zvekuti United States yakatumidza chikepe shure kwake, chimwe che "Mafambiso ezvikepe" akatakura hondo inopa kuEurope munguva yeHondo Yenyika II. Kellogg akanga afa panguva iyoyo. Saka, vazhinji vakatenda, vaiva netariro yehupenyu hwenyika. Asi Kellogg-Briand Pact uye kuregererwa kwayo kwehondo sechimbo chemutemo wenyika chimwe chinhu chatinoda kudzoka. Ichi chibvumirano chakaunganidza kusungirirwa kwenyika dzenyika nokukurumidza uye pachena, zvinotungamirirwa nekudiwa kwevanhu vakawanda. Tingafunga pamusoro pekuti maonero evanhu ezvo akadaro angasikwa patsva, chii chatinoziva chakanga chisati chizadzike, uye ndezvipi zvirongwa zvekukurukurirana, dzidzo, uye sarudzo zvingabvumira vanhu zvakare kushandura hurumende, sezvo kubvisa hondo - inonzwisiswa nevanotangira kuva chiito chezvizvarwa - inoramba ichikura.
Tingazotanga nekuyeuka izvo Kellogg-Briand Pact iri uye kwaibva kupi. Zvichida, pakati pekupemberera Veterans Day, Chirangaridzo Zuva, Zuva reRubbhoni, Zuva rePatriots, Zuva Rokuzvimirira, Zuva Remafuti, Pearl Harbor Rangarangaridzo Yezuva, uye Irak-Afghanistan Wars Day Day rakasarudzwa neCongress in 2011, kwete kureva mutambo wemhirizhonga unoitwa mabhomba isu svondo rese yaSeptember 11th, tinogona kumanikidza nezuva rekuisa danho rorugare. Ndinokurudzira kuti tiite saizvozvo maAgasti 27th. Zvichida chinangwa cheKellogg-Briand Day chinogona kunge chiri pachiitiko muNational Cathedral muWashington, DC, (kana yakasunungukazve mushure mekudengenyeka kwenyika ikozvino) uko zvakanyorwa pasi peKellogg Window inopa Kellogg, uyo akavigwa ikoko, chikwereti che "vakatsvaga kutendeseka nerunyararo pakati pemarudzi enyika." Mazuva mamwe aigona kukurudzirwa kuva mhemberero dzekurwisana, zvakare kusanganisira International Day Runyararo munaSeptember 21st, Martin Luther King Jr. Zuva reMuvhuro wechitatu weMuvhuro, uye Mazuva Masikati musi weSvondo yechipiri munaMay.
Tichave tichipembera danho rerugare, kwete kubudirira kwayo. Tinopemberera nhanho dzinotorwa pakugadzirisa kodzero dzevanhu, pasinei nokuti izvo zvakasara basa riri mberi. Nokucherechedza zvigaro zvishoma zvatinobatsira tinovaka kuvaka iyo ichazoita zvakawanda. Isu, zvakare, kuremekedza nekupemberera yekare mitemo yemitemo inorambidza kuponda nekuba, kunyange zvazvo kuuraya nekuba zviripo nesu. Mitemo yekutanga yekutanga kuita hondo kuva mhaka, chimwe chinhu chakanga chisati chavapo, chaicho chakakosha uye chicharamba chichiyeukwa kana sangano reMutlawry wehondo richibudirira. Kana zvisingaiti, uye kana kukura kwe nyukireya, kushandiswa kwemari, uye kukuvadza kwezvakatipoteredza izvo zvinouya nehondo dzedu zvinopfuurira, ipapo pasina nguva pangave pasina munhu anoyeuka chero chinhu zvachose.
Imwe nzira yekusimudza nayo chibvumirano icho chaicho chiripo chinoramba chiri mutemo, zvirokwazvo, unofanira kutanga kutenderana naro. Apo magweta, vezvematongerwo enyika, uye vatongi vanoda kupa hukodzero dzevanhu pamakambani, vanoita kudaro zvikurukuru maererano neshoko remunyori wenhau rezvematongerwo enyika rakawedzerwa kune, asi kwete chikamu chechirevo cheDare Repamusorosoro kubva kumakore anopfuura zana shure. Apo Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro rinoda "kutonga" kutambudzwa kana, nokuda kwechocho, hondo, inodzokera kumashure kuverengera kusinganzwisisiki kweimwe yePublicist Papers kana kutonga mudare kubva kune imwe nguva yakakanganwa nguva. Kana mumwe munhu ane simba nhasi ane runyararo rwakave nerugare, paizove nekururamiswa kwose kwekuyeuka uye kushandisa Kellogg-Briand Pact. Iko chaizvoizvo mutemo. Uye iri mutemo mukuru pfupi kupfuura yeUnited States Constitution pachayo, iyo vatasarudzwa vedu vasati vati, kunyanya kusagutsikana, kutsigira. Chibvumirano, kusina mitemo uye nyaya dzomutambo, inoverengwa zvakakwana,
The High makaita Mapato solemly [sic] ndizivise ari mazita avo vanhu kuti mhosva pekuhwa- nda kuhondo kuti agadzirise zviri Mumagakava dzakawanda, uye pachena naro, ive chishandiso nenyika ukama hwavo nevamwe.
Iko Mapoka Anobvumirana anobvumirana kuti kugadziriswa kana kugadzirisa kwemakakatanwa ose kana kukakavadzana kwezvisikwa zvipi zvese kana zvingabva kupi zvingava, zvinogona kubuda pakati pavo, hazvingazombotsvakurwi kunze kwepakati pemazwi.
Mutungamiri weFrance wekune dzimwe nyika Aristide Briand, uyo ainge atanga kuita kuti apiwe Pact uye uyo basa rake rekuita runyararo rakanga raita kuti amuwane muNobel Peace Prize, akataura pamusangano wemasaini,
Kwenguva yekutanga, pamwero wakakwana semhedziso yakareba, chibvumirano chave chakazvipira zvechokwadi kune chigadziro chorugare, uye chakaisa mitemo iyo itsva uye isina zvematongerwe enyika ose. Sungano yakadaro inoreva kutanga uye kwete kuguma. . . . [E] elfish uye hondo yezvokuda iyo yave ichionekwa kubva kare kare sechichibva kune kodzero yaMwari, uye yakaramba iri mumitemo yenyika dzakawanda sechikonzero chehuchangamire, yakaguma ichinyorwa nemutemo weiyo yakave dambudziko rekukuvadza, kubvumirana kwayo. Nezveramangwana, rinonzi risina kutenderwa, rinobvumirana pamwe uye rinogara richidzivirirwa kuitira kuti munhu ane mhosva anofanira kutongerwa mhosva uye pamwe nekuvengana kwevamwe vashandi vake.
HONDO YOKUTANGA HONDO
Sangano rerugare rakaita kuti Kellogg-Briand Chibvumirano chiitike, sehondo yekurwisana nayo, yakapiwa simba guru neHondo Yenyika I - nekukura kwehondo iyoyo uye kukanganisa kwayo vanhu, asiwo nehuwandu huripo United States yakanga yatorwa muhondo mu1917. Mune nhoroondo yake ye1952 yenguva iyi Rugare Munguva Yadzo: Mhemberero dzeKellogg-Briand Pact, Robert Ferrell vakataura mari inoshamisa yevanhu vemari nehondo:
Kwemakore akazotevera, kusvikira Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri yakaita kuti zviyero zvakakura zvakadaro zvive zvinotyisa, vanyori vehurumende vakafadzwa pamusoro pemafungiro akakurumbira nhamba yeimba kana makirasireji kana makoroji kana zvipatara zvingadai zvakatengwa nokuda kweMari yeHondo Yenyika. Dhaka revanhu rakanga risina kukwana. Hondo iyi yakanga yauraya varume mamiriyoni gumi pachena-hupenyu humwe kwemaminitsi gumi gumi ehondo. Hapana zviyero zvinogona kutaurira mari mumitambo yakaoma uye yakaremara uye mupfungwa dzakakanganisika.
Uye heino Thomas Hall Shastid mubhuku rake re1927 Ipai Vanhu Vadzo Vane Hondo Simba, iyo yakakakavhiringidza kubvunzurudza kweperendamende pamberi pevanhu vasati vatanga hondo ipi zvayo:
[O] nNovember 11, 1918, ikoko kwakaguma zvakanyanya kusakosha, kunyanya kunetseka mune zvemari, uye iyo yakaipisisa zvikuru yehondo dzose dzati dzambozivikanwa. Mamiriyoni makumi maviri evarume nevakadzi, muhondo iyoyo, vakaurayiwa zvachose, kana vakafa pashure pemaronda. Iyo furuwenza yeSpain, inobvumirwa kuti yakakonzerwa neHondo uye hapana chimwezve, inourawa, munyika dzakasiyana-siyana, zana nemamiriyoni vanhu vazhinji.
Maererano neU.S. Socialist Victor Berger, yose yeUnited States yakanga yawana kubva pakupinda muHondo Yenyika I yaiva chirwere uye kurambidzwa. Yakanga isiri yemaonero asingawanzo. Mamiriyoni eAmerica ainge akatsigira Hondo Yenyika I akauya, mumakore ekutevera kupera kwazvo musi waNovember 11, 1918, kuramba pfungwa yokuti chinhu chipi zvacho chaigona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nehondo. Sherwood Eddy, uyo akabvumirana neAbolition of War mu1924, akanyora kuti akanga ari mutsigiri wekutanga uye ane chekuda weUnited States kupinda muHondo Yenyika I uye aisema pacifism. Akanga aona hondo sechitendero chechitendero uye akanga asimbiswa nechokwadi chokuti United States yakapinda muhondo yeChishanu Chishanu. Pamberi pehondo, sezvo hondo dzacho dzagumburwa, Eddy akanyora, "takaudza varwi kuti dai vaizokunda tichavapa nyika itsva."
Eddy inoratidzika, nenzira yakangodaro, kuti ave nokutenda zvake propaganda yake uye kuti asarudza kuita zvakanaka pane vimbiso. "Asi ini ndinogona kurangarira," akanyora kudaro, "kunyange panguva yehondo ini ndakatanga kutambudzika nekusava nechokwadi nekusava nehana kwehana." Zvakamutora makore 10 kuti asvike panzvimbo yeElllawry yakakwana, ndiko kuti, vachida kuparadzanisa zvese pamutemo hondo. Ne 1924 Eddy aidavira kuti mushandirapamwe wePorlawry wakave, nokuda kwake, kune chikonzero chakanaka uye chinokudzwa chakakodzera chibayiro, kana muzivi weUnited States ainzi William James ainzi "tsika dzakakodzana nehondo." Eddy iye zvino akataura kuti hondo "yakanga isiri yechiKristu." Vakawanda vakauya kuzotarisa maonero avo avo makore gumi apfuura vakanga vatenda kuti chiKristu chaida hondo. Chimwe chikonzero chekuchinja uku chaive chiitiko chakananga negehena yehondo yemazuva ano, chiitiko chakatorwa kwatiri nechechichiti cheBritish Wilfred Owen mumutsara anozivikanwa:
Kana mune zvimwe zvinotyisa iwe iwewo unogona kufamba
Pamberi pengoro yatakamukanda nayo,
Uye tarisa maziso machena achikotamira muchiso chake,
Chiso chake chakarembera, sechirwere chedhiyabhorosi anorwara nechivi;
Kana iwe waigona kunzwa, pajolt yose, ropa
Uyai muchigunzva kubva kumapapu e-froth-akaora,
Inonyangadza sekenza, inorwadza seyeya
Pamusoro pezvakaipa, maronda asingagoneki mumitauro isina mhosva,
Shamwari yangu, iwe haugoni kutaura nezvakawanda zvakadai
Kuvana vane simba nokuda kwekubwinya kwakashata,
Izvo Zvekare; Dulce et Decorum iri
Pro patria mori.
Mishonga yemaparaganda yakagadzirwa naMutungamiri Woodrow Wilson uye Komiti Yake yeZvenhau yakange yakonzera vaAmerica muhondo nemashoko ekunyanyisa uye ezvinyorwa zvekutambudza kweGermany muBelgium, mapepa anoratidza Jesu Kristu mukucherechedza pasi pfuti, uye zvipikirwa zvekuzvipira kuzvizvipira pakuita nyika yakachengeteka nokuda kwehurumende. Kuwanda kwevanhu vakaurayiwa kwakange kwakavanzwa kubva kuvanhu vakawanda sezvingagona panguva yehondo, asi panguva yaive pamusoro pevakawanda vakange vadzidza chimwe chinhu chechokwadi chehondo. Uye vazhinji vakange vauya kuzotsamwisa kushandiswa kwemashoko akanaka ainge atora rudzi rune kuzvimirira kuenda kune dzimwe nyika mhirizhonga.
Eddy akashuva kuparidzira kweHondo Yenyika I ndokuona hondo sekudaidzira evhangeri: "Hatingagoni kubudirira kurwisa hondo yemazuva ano kana tikataura chokwadi, chokwadi chose, uye hapana chinhu kunze kwechokwadi. Tinofanira kugara tichizvidzora zvinyoronyoro zviviri: zvirevo zvose zvinopa rupo pamusoro pemuvengi uye zvose zvisingabvumirwi mhinduro pamusoro pedu uye 'Allies edu anokudzwa.' "
Zvisinei, kuparidzira kwakasimudzira kurwisana kwaisati kwadzimwa kubva mupfungwa dzevanhu. Hondo yekugumisa hondo uye kuita kuti nyika ive yakachengeteka nokuda kwehurumende yehurumende isingagoni kuguma pasina imwe nguva inoda kudiwa nerunyararo uye kururamisira, kana kuti pane chimwe chinhu chinokosha kupfuura chirwere uye kurambidza. Kunyangwe avo vanoramba pfungwa yokuti hondo inogona nenzira ipi zvayo kubatsira kukonzera chikonzero cherugare chinowirirana nevaya vose vanoda kuedza hondo dzose dzomunguva - boka rinogona kunge rakapoteredza vazhinji vevanhu veUnited States.
Zvimwe zvekupomerwa kwekutanga kweHondo Yenyika zvakange zvave pakaitwa zvibvumirano zvakavanzika uye zvibvumirano. Mutungamiri Wilson vakatsigira zvakanakira zvibvumirano zvepaguru, kana zvisingaiti zvibvumirano zvinotaurirana pachena. Akaita iyi yekutanga mumashoko ake akakurumbira e14 muJanuary 8, 1918, kutaura kune Congress:
Kuvhura zvibvumirano zverugare zvinofanira kusvika pane, mushure mezvo zvichange pasina chekuita sangano rekudzivirira pasi rose kana kutonga kwemhando ipi zvayo, asi kupopotedzana kuchaenderera mberi nguva dzose uye pachena kuvanhu.
Wilson akauya kuzoona maonero evanhu vakawanda sechinhu chaaizoshandisa, panzvimbo pokudzivisa. Asi akanga adzidzira kuishandisa nemaitiro anyanzvi, sezvakaitika kubudirira kwekutengesa kweSU kupinda muhondo mu1917. Kunyange zvakadaro, yakaonekwa yechokwadi ipapo, uye inoonekwa sechokwadi ikozvino, kuti njodzi dzakakura dziri muhurumende huri pakavanzika pane hurumende inotungamirirwa nemaonero evanhu.
