Mufananidzo Kunobva: Zarateman - CC0
NaDaniel Falcone naStephen Zunes, Counterpunch, September 1, 2022
Stephen Zunes inyanzvi yekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika, muratidziri, uye purofesa wezvematongerwo enyika paYunivhesiti yeSan Francisco. Zunes, munyori wemabhuku akawanda uye zvinyorwa, kusanganisira zvake zvekupedzisira, Western Sahara: Hondo, Nationalism, uye Kusagadzirisa Kusawirirana (Syracuse University Press, yakagadziridzwa uye yakawedzera edition yechipiri, 2021) inyanzvi inoverengwa zvakanyanya uye anotsoropodza mutemo weAmerica wekune dzimwe nyika.
Mubvunzurudzo iyi yakakura, Zunes inotyora nhoroondo (1973-2022) yekusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika mudunhu. Zunes zvakare anoteedzera MaPresident George W. Bush (2000-2008) kuna Joseph Biden (2020-Present) sezvaanosimbisa nhoroondo yeUS diplomatic, geography, uye vanhu veiyi nhoroondo yemuganhu. Anotaura kuti nhepfenyuro "haisipo" sei panyaya iyi.
Zunes anotaura nezvekuti mutemo uyu wekunze uye nyaya yekodzero dzevanhu ichaitwa sei kubva pakasarudzwa Biden apo iye achiwedzera kuburitsa hukama hweWestern Sahara-Morocco-US maererano nechibvumirano chebipartisan. Anoputsa MINURSO (Bato reUnited Nations reReferendum muWestern Sahara) uye rinopa muverengi mamiriro ezvinhu, zvinangwa zvakarongwa, uye mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, kana nhaurirano, padanho remasangano.
Zunes neFalcone vanofarira nhoroondo dzakafanana. Vanoongororawo kuti sei uye nei zvirongwa zvekuzvimiririra zvine kutadza yeWestern Sahara uye chii chinoumba chiyero pakati pezvinowanikwa nevadzidzi uye zvinopihwa neveruzhinji, maererano nekudzidza nezve tarisiro yerunyararo mudunhu. Mhedzisiro yekuramba kweMorocco kuramba runyararo nekufambira mberi, uye kutadza kwevezvenhau kutaura pamusoro pazvo zvakananga, zvinobva mumutemo weUnited States.
Daniel Falcone: Muna 2018 akacherekedza mudzidzi Damien Kingsbury, akagadziridzwa Western Sahara: International Law, Justice, and Natural Resources. Unogona here kundipa nhoroondo pfupi yeWestern Sahara inosanganisirwa muakaundi ino?
Stephen Zunes: Western Sahara inzvimbo ine vanhu vashoma inenge saizi yeColorado, iri pamhenderekedzo yeAtlantic kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweAfrica, kumaodzanyemba kweMorocco. Maererano nenhoroondo, mutauro, hurongwa hwehama, uye tsika, ivo rudzi rwakasiyana. Pachivanhu aigarwa nemadzinza echiArab anotama, pamwe chete anozivikanwa se Saharawis uye nemukurumbira wenhoroondo yavo refu yekuramba hutongi hwekunze, nharaunda iyi yakagarwa neSpain kubva mukupera kwema1800 kusvika pakati pema1970. NeSpain yakabatirira mundima inopfuura makore gumi mushure mekunge nyika zhinji dzemuAfrica dzawana rusununguko kubva kuEuropean colonialism, mutungamiriri wenyika. Polisario Front yakatanga hondo yerusununguko yakarwa neSpain muna 1973.
Ikoku—pamwe chete nedzvinyiriro yaibva kuSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose—zvakazoita kuti Madrid ivimbise vanhu veyakanga ichiri kuzivikanwa panguva iyoyo seSpain Sahara referendamu pamusoro pezvichaitika kunharaunda yacho pakupera kwa1975. Dare Repamusorosoro reMarudzi (ICJ) rakanzwa. irredentist inotaura neMorocco neMauritania uye yakatonga muna Gumiguru we1975 izvo-zvisinei nemhiko dzehutendero kuna sultan weMoroccan kumashure muzana ramakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe nevamwe vatungamiriri vemarudzi vari kumuganhu nenharaunda, uye hukama hwepedyo pakati pevamwe. Sahrawi uye Mauritanian madzinza—kodzero yokuzvisarudzira ndiyo yainyanya kukosha. Basa rakakosha rekushanya kubva kuUnited Nations rakaita ongororo yemamiriro ezvinhu munharaunda gore iroro uye rakashuma kuti ruzhinji rwevaSahrawi vakatsigira rusununguko vachitungamirwa nePolisario, kwete kubatanidzwa neMorocco kana Mauritania.
NeMorocco ichityisidzira hondo neSpain, yakatsauswa nekufa kuri kuda kwemudzvanyiriri wenguva refu Francisco Franco, vakatanga kugamuchira kumanikidzwa kwakawedzera kubva kuUnited States, iyo yaida kutsigira mubatsiri wayo weMoroccan, Mambo Hassan II, uye vaisada kuona Polisario anosiya kuruboshwe achiuya kuzotonga. Nekuda kweizvozvo, Spain yakasiya vimbiso yayo yekuzvitonga uye panzvimbo pacho yakabvuma muna Mbudzi 1975 kubvumira kutonga kweMoroccan yekuchamhembe kwezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zveWestern Sahara uye nekutonga kweMauritanian yekumaodzanyemba kwechitatu.
Sezvo mauto eMorocco akatamira kuWestern Sahara, inoda kusvika hafu yevagari vemo yakatizira muAlgeria yakavakidzana, uko ivo nevazukuru vavo vachiri mumisasa yevapoteri nanhasi. Morocco neMauritania vakaramba zvakatevedzana United Nations Security Council zvisungo vachidaidzira kuti mauto ekunze abviswe uye kucherechedzwa kwekodzero yevaSahrawi yekuzvitonga. Ukuwo United States neFrance, kunyange hazvo dzakavhota dzichitsigira zvisungo izvi, dzakarambidza United Nations kuti itevedzere zvisungo izvi. Panguva imwe cheteyo, Polisario—iyo yakanga yadzingwa munzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda zvikuru kuchamhembe nekumadokero kwenyika—yakazivisa rusununguko senyika. Sarawi Arabhu Demokiratiki Ripabhuriki (SADR).
Tinotenda muchikamu kune maAlgerian achipa huwandu hwakakura hwezvombo zvechiuto nerutsigiro rwehupfumi, Polisario guerrillas yakarwa zvakanaka nemauto ese aigara uye akakunda Mauritania ne. 1979, zvichiita kuti vabvume kushandura yavo yechitatu yeWestern Sahara kuPolisario. Nekudaro, maMoroccan akabva atora chikamu chekumaodzanyemba chakasara chenyika zvakare.
VePolisario vakabva vatarisa kurwa kwavo nezvombo kurwisa Morocco uye pakazosvika 1982 vakanga vasunungura zvingangoita makumi masere neshanu muzana enyika yavo. Mumakore mana akatevera, zvakadaro, mafambiro ehondo akachinja mukufarirwa kweMorocco nekuda kweUnited States neFrance zvakanyanya kuwedzera rutsigiro rwavo kuhondo yeMoroccan, nemauto eUS achipa kudzidziswa kwakakosha kuuto reMoroccan mukurwisa mhirizhonga. tactics. Mukuwedzera, maAmerican neFrench vakabatsira Morocco kuvaka a 1200-kilomita "rusvingo," kunyanya iine maberms ejecha maviri akasimba akaenzana, ayo akazovhara anopfuura zvikamu zvitatu muzvina zveWestern Sahara-kusanganisira anenge ese maguta makuru enzvimbo nezviwanikwa-kubva kuPolisario.
Zvichakadaro, hurumende yeMoroccan, kuburikidza nerubatsiro rwedzimba uye nezvimwe zvinobatsira, yakabudirira kukurudzira makumi ezviuru zvevagari veMoroccan—vamwe vavo vaibva kumaodzanyemba kweMorocco uye vedzinza reSahrawi—kuti vatamire kuWestern Sahara. Pakazosvika makore ekuma1990, vagari vekuMoroccan ava vakapfuura zvizvarwa zveSahrawi zvasara nereshiyo inodarika vaviri kune mumwe.
Kunyange isingawanzo kwanisa kupinda munzvimbo inodzorwa neMoroccan, Polisario yakaramba ichirwisa mauto eMoroccan akamira pamadziro kusvika 1991, apo United Nations yakaraira kuti kumisa kupfurwa kutariswe neuto reUnited Nations rinochengetedza runyararo. MINURSO (Musangano weUnited Nations weReferendum muWestern Sahara). Chibvumirano ichi chaisanganisira zvisungo zvekudzokera kwevapoteri veSahrawi kuWestern Sahara zvichiteverwa nereferendamu inotungamirwa neUnited Nations pamusoro pemamiriro enzvimbo iyi, izvo zvaizobvumira maSahrawis akaberekerwa kuWestern Sahara kuvhota rusununguko kana kubatana neMorocco. Kudzoserwa kumusha kana referendamu haina kuitika, zvisinei, nekuda kwekusimbirira kweMoroccan kurongedza magwaro evavhoti nevatorwa vekuMoroccan nevamwe vagari vekuMoroccan avo vaiti vane hukama hwemadzinza neWestern Sahara.
Secretary General Kofi Annan akanyora kare US Secretary of State James Baker semumiriri wake akakosha kuti abatsire kugadzirisa dambudziko. Morocco, zvisinei, yakaramba ichifuratira zvakadzokororwa kuUnited Nations kuti ishande pamwe nehurongwa hwereferendamu, uye kutyisidzira kweFrance neAmerica nezve veto kwakatadzisa Security Council kuita basa rayo.
Daniel Falcone: Iwe wakanyora mukati Foreign Policy Journal muna Zvita wa2020 nezve kushomeka kweiyo flashpoint payakakurukurwa munhau dzekumadokero mukutaura kuti:
"Hazviwanzoiti kuti Western Sahara iite misoro yenhau dzepasi rose, asi pakati paMbudzi zvakazoitika: Mbudzi 14 yakaratidza kusiririsa - kana zvisingashamise - kuparara kwemakore makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe ekumisa kurwa muWestern Sahara pakati pehurumende yeMoroccan yaitora nevatsigiri. -varwi verusununguko. Kubuda kwemhirizhonga hakusi kungoreva chete nekuti yakabhururuka pamberi peanosvika makumi matatu emakore ehukama, asiwo nekuti hurumende dzekuMadokero 'mhinduro yakadzama kugakava riri kudzoka ringave rekusimudzira - uye nekudaro kukanganisa uye kupa mvumo yekusingaperi-kupfuura makumi manomwe neshanu. makore emisimboti yemitemo yenyika yose. Zvakakosha kuti nharaunda yepasi rose ione kuti, muWestern Sahara neMorocco, nzira yekuenda mberi iri mukutevedzera mutemo wepasi rose, kwete kuupfuura. "
Ungatsanangura sei kuburitswa kwevezvenhau nezvebasa nepepanhau reUnited States?
Stephen Zunes: Zvikuru zvisipo. Uye, kana paine kuvharwa, iyo Polisario Front uye kufamba mukati menzvimbo inogarwa inowanzonzi "secessionist" kana "separatist," izwi rinowanzo shandiswa kureva mafambiro enyika mukati memiganhu yenyika inozivikanwa pasi rose, iyo Western Sahara isiri. Saizvozvo, Western Sahara inowanzo kunzi kuve a ndima “ine gakava, sekunge inyaya yemuganhu umo mapato ese ane zvirevo zviri pamutemo. Izvi zvinouya kunyangwe hazvo United Nations ichiri kucherechedza zviri pamutemo Western Sahara senzvimbo isingazvitonge (ichiita kuti ive koloni rekupedzisira reAfrica) uye UN General Assembly ichidaidza kuti inzvimbo yakatorwa. Pamusoro pezvo, SADR yakacherechedzwa senyika yakazvimirira nehurumende dzinodarika makumi masere uye Western Sahara yave nyika izere nhengo yeAfrican Union (yaimbonzi Organisation for African Unity) kubvira 1984.
Munguva yeHondo Yemashoko, the Polisario yakange ichinzi "Marxist" uye, nguva pfupi yadarika, kwave nezvinyorwa zvinodzokorora zvisina musoro uye zvinowanzopokana neveMoroccan vanoti Polisario inobatana neAl-Qaeda, Iran, ISIS, Hezbollah, uye mamwe anonyanyisa. Izvi zvinouya zvisinei nekuti maSahrawi, nepo maMuslim akazvipira, vanoita dudziro yakasununguka yekutenda, vakadzi vari munzvimbo dzakatanhamara dzehutungamiriri, uye havasati vamboita zvehugandanga. Vezvenhau vemazuva ose vagara vaine nguva yakaoma kugamuchira pfungwa yekuti bato renyika rinopikiswa neUnited States-kunyanya kurwisana kweMuslim neArab-rinogona kunyanya kuve nedemokrasi, yenyika, uye kunyanya kusava nechisimba.
Daniel Falcone: VaObama vakaita sevasina hanya nekugara kweMorocco zvisiri pamutemo. Yakawanda sei iyo Trump yakawedzera dambudziko revanhu mudunhu?
Stephen Zunes: Kuchikwereti chaObama, akasiya zvimwe kubva kumitemo yeMoroccan yeReagan, Clinton, uye Bush manejimendi kune imwe nzvimbo isina kwayakarerekera, akarwisa kuyedza kweBipartisan muCongress kuti ive pamutemo hutongi hweMoroccan, uye akasundira Morocco. kuvandudza mamiriro ekodzero dzevanhu. Kupindira kwake kungangove kwakaponesa upenyu hwa Aminatou Haidar, mukadzi wechiSahrawi uyo akatungamirira hondo yekuzvitonga isina chisimba mukati menzvimbo yakatorwa vanhu vachisungwa kakawanda, kuiswa mujeri, uye kutambudzwa. Nekudaro, haana kuita zvishoma kumanikidza hurumende yeMoroccan kuti ipedze basa uye kubvumira kuzvisarudzira.
Mitemo yaTrump pakutanga yakanga isina kujeka. Dhipatimendi rake reHurumende rakaburitsa zvimwe zvirevo zvairatidza kucherechedza hutongi hweMorocco, asi National Security Advisor wake John Bolton-pasinei nemaonero ake akanyanyisa panyaya dzakawanda-akashanda kwekanguva pachikwata cheUnited Nations chakanangana neWestern Sahara uye chaive nechishuvo chakasimba chevaMoroccan nemitemo yavo, saka kwekanguva angave akafurira Trump kuti atore chimiro chine mwero.
Nekudaro, mumavhiki ake ekupedzisira ari muhofisi muna Zvita 2020, VaTrump vakakatyamadza nharaunda dzepasirese nekuziva zviri pamutemo kutorwa kweMoroccan kweWestern Sahara - nyika yekutanga kuita kudaro. Izvi sezviri pachena zvaive mukudzorera kuMorocco kuziva Israeri. Sezvo Western Sahara iri nyika izere nhengo yeAfrican Union, VaTrump vakatsigira kukundwa kweimwe nyika yeAfrica inozivikanwa neimwe. Kwakanga kuri kurambidzwa kwekukunda kwenzvimbo dzakadaro kwakanyorwa muUN Charter iyo United States yakasimbirira kuti yaifanira kutsigirwa nekutanga. Gulf War muna 1991, kudzosera kukundwa kweIraq Kuwait. Ikozvino, United States iri kutaura kuti nyika yeArab inopinda nechisimba uye nekutora muvakidzani wayo mudiki wekumaodzanyemba zvakanaka.
VaTrump vakataura nezve "hurongwa hwekuzvimiririra" hweMorocco hwenzvimbo iyi se "yakakomba, inovimbika, uye yechokwadi" uye "iyo CHETE hwaro hwemhinduro yakarurama uye inogara" kunyangwe ichitadza kutsanangurirwa kwemutemo wepasi rose we "kuzvitonga" uye zvichizoitika. kungoenderera mberi nebasa racho. Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International uye mamwe mapoka ekodzero dzevanhu akanyora kudzvinyirira kwakapararira kwemauto eMoroccan kwevatsigiri vane runyararo verusununguko, zvichimutsa mibvunzo yakakomba pamusoro pekuti "kuzvitonga" pasi peumambo kwaizotaridzika sei. Freedom House inogarwa Western Sahara ine rusununguko rushoma rwezvematongerwo enyika chero ipi zvayo pasi rose kunze kweSyria. Urongwa hwekuzvimirira netsananguro hunotonga sarudzo yekuzvimirira iyo, maererano nemutemo wenyika dzakawanda, vagari venzvimbo isina kuzvitonga seWestern Sahara vanofanira kuva nekodzero yekusarudza.
Daniel Falcone: Unogona here kutaura nezve iyo US-mapato maviri system inosimbisa humambo hweMoroccan uye / kana neoliberal ajenda?
Stephen Zunes: Vese maDemocrats nemaRepublicans muCongress vakatsigira Morocco, inowanzo ratidzwa senyika yeArab “ine mwero”-sekutsigira zvinangwa zveUS yekune dzimwe nyika uye kugashira neoliberal modhi yebudiriro. Uye hutongi hweMoroccan hwakapihwa mubairo nerupo rubatsiro rwekunze, chibvumirano chekutengeserana chemahara, uye hukuru husiri hweNATO ally chinzvimbo. Zvose George W. Bush semutungamiri uye Hillary Clinton seMunyori weNyika akaramba achirumbidza mambo weMoroccan anozvitonga, Mohammed VI, kwete kungofuratira basa, asi zvakanyanya kuramba hurumende kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, huwori, uye kusaenzana kwakanyanya uye kushaikwa kwemabasa mazhinji akakosha maitiro ayo akaunza kuvanhu veMoroccan.
The Clinton Foundation yakatambira kupihwa ne Office Cherifien des Phosphates (OCP), kambani yehurumende yemigodhi iyo ichishandisa zvisiri pamutemo nzvimbo dzephosphate munzvimbo inogarwa yeWestern Sahara, kuti ive mupi wekutanga kumusangano weClinton Global Initiative wa2015 kuMarrakech. Zvisungo zvakatevedzana uye tsamba dzeVadikani dzinotsigirwa neruzhinji rweCongress dzakatsigira chirevo cheMorocco chekucherechedzwa kwekutorwa kweWestern Sahara mukutsinhana nehurongwa husina kujeka uye hushoma hwe "kuzvitonga".
Kune vashoma venhengo dzeCongress vakapokana nerutsigiro rweUS pabasa uye vakadaidzira kuzvisarudzira kwechokwadi kuWestern Sahara. Sezvineiwo, havangosanganisire vakasununguka vane mukurumbira vakaita saRep. Betty McCollum (D-MN) naSen. Patrick Leahy (D-VT), asi vakadai saRep. Joe Pitts (R-PA) naSen. Jim Inhoffe (R- OK.)[1]
Daniel Falcone: Iwe unoona chero zvigadziriso zvezvematongerwo enyika kana matanho emasangano anogona kutorwa kugadzirisa mamiriro acho?
Stephen Zunes: Sezvakaitika panguva ye 1980s muSouth Africa uye neIsrael-yakatorwa nzvimbo dzePalestine, nzvimbo yekurwira rusununguko rweWestern Sahara yasiya kubva mumauto nevezvematongerwo enyika eboka rakashongedzerwa rakadzingwa kuenda kukurwisa kukuru kusina pfuti kubva mukati. Varatidziri vechidiki munharaunda inogarwa uye kunyangwe munzvimbo dzine vanhu veSahrawi dzekumaodzanyemba kweMorocco vakatarisana nemauto eMoroccan mukuratidzira mumigwagwa uye nedzimwe nzira dzekusaita mhirizhonga, kunyangwe paine njodzi yekupfurwa, kusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda uye kutambudzwa.
MaSahrawi anobva kumapoka akasiyana enzanga akaita kuratidzira, kuramwa mabasa, mhemberero dzetsika, uye dzimwe nzira dzekupikisa veruzhinji dzakanangana nezvinhu zvakaita segwaro redzidzo, kodzero dzevanhu, kusunungurwa kwevasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika, uye kodzero yekuzvitonga. Vakasimudzawo mutengo wekugara kuhurumende yeMoroccan uye vakawedzera kuoneka kwechikonzero cheSahrawi. Chokwadi, zvimwe zvakanyanya kukosha, kuramba kwevanhu kwakabatsira kuvaka rutsigiro rwesangano reSahrawi pakati penyika dzese NGOs, zvikwata zvekubatana, uye kunyange vaMorocan vanonzwira tsitsi.
Morocco yakakwanisa kuramba ichityora zvisungo zvayo zvepamutemo zvepasi rose kuWestern Sahara zvakanyanya nekuti. Furanzi uye United States yakaramba ichipa mauto eMoroccan uye kuvharisa kutevedzerwa kwezvisarudzo muUN Security Council ichida kuti Morocco ibvumidze kuzvitonga kana kungobvumira kutariswa kwekodzero dzevanhu munyika inogarwa. Zvinosuwisa, saka, kuti kwave kushoma kutariswa kwakapihwa kuUS rutsigiro rwekutorwa kweMoroccan, kunyangwe nerunyararo nevanorwira kodzero dzevanhu. MuEurope, kune diki asi iri kukura boycott/divestment/sanctions campaign (BDS) kutarisa kuWestern Sahara, asi kwete basa rakawanda kudivi rino reAtlantic, pasinei nebasa rinokosha rakaitwa neUnited States mumakumi emakore.
Zvakawanda zvenyaya dzakafanana-sekuzvisarudzira, kodzero dzevanhu, mutemo wepasi rose, kusabvumirwa kwekoloni nharaunda yakagarwa, kururamisira kwevapoteri, nezvimwe-izvo zviri panjodzi maererano nekugara kweIsrael zvinoshandawo kuMoroccan. maSahrawi anokodzera rutsigiro rwedu sezvakaita maPalestine. Hongu, kusanganisira Morocco muBDS kufona parizvino kwakanangana neIsrael kwaizosimbisa kuedza kwekubatana nePalestine, nekuti zvaizopokana nepfungwa yekuti Israeri yakasarudzwa zvisiri izvo.
Zvakanyanya kukosha sekuramba kusinga tsigirwe neSahrawis, ndiko kugona kwechiito chisina chisimba nevagari veFrance, United States, nedzimwe nyika dzinogonesa Moroko kuchengetedza yayo. basa. Mishandirapamwe yakadaro yakaita basa guru mukumanikidza Australia, Great Britain, neUnited States kuti dzisiye kutsigira kwadzo kutorwa kweIndonesia kweEast Timor, izvo zvakazoita kuti yaimbova nyika yePortugal isunungurwe. Iyo chete tariro yechokwadi yekupedza kugarwa kweWestern Sahara, kugadzirisa gakava, uye kuchengetedza zvakakosha zvakanyanya mushure meHondo Yenyika II misimboti yakanyorwa muCharter yeUnited Nations iyo inorambidza chero nyika kuwedzera nharaunda yayo kuburikidza nemauto, inogona kunge iri mushandirapamwe wakafanana. nemasangano epasi rose.
Daniel Falcone: Kubva pakusarudzwa kwe Biden (2020), unogona here kupa yekuvandudza pane ino diplomatic nzvimbo yekunetsekana?
Stephen Zunes: Paive netariro yekuti, kana vangove muhofisi, Mutungamiri Biden vaizodzoreredza kucherechedzwa kwe Kutora kweMorocco zvisiri pamutemo, sezvo aine mamwe maitiro aVaTrump ezvekune dzimwe nyika anomhanyirira, asi aramba kuita izvi. Mamepu ehurumende yeUS, mukupesana nechero mamwe mamepu epasi rose, anoratidza Western Sahara sechikamu cheMorocco isina muganho pakati penyika mbiri idzi. The State Department's gore negore Mushumo wekodzero dzevanhu uye mamwe magwaro ane Western Sahara yakanyorwa sechikamu cheMorocco kwete yekupinda yakaparadzana sezvavaimboita.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, kusimbirira kwaBiden maererano Ukireni kuti Russia haina kodzero yekushandura miganhu yepasirese kana kuwedzera nharaunda yayo nechisimba — asi chokwadi — ichokwadi zvachose, zvichipihwa neWashington kuramba ichicherekedza kusazivikanwa kweMorocco zvisiri pamutemo. Hutongi hunenge huchitora danho rekuti kunyangwe zvisiri izvo kuti nyika dzine mhandu dzakaita seRussia dzityore UN Charter nemamwe mitemo yepasi rose inorambidza nyika kupinda nekupinda nechisimba zvese kana zvikamu zvedzimwe nyika, havapokane kuti vanobatana neUS vakaita seMorocco. ita saizvozvo. Chokwadi, kana zvasvika kuUkraine, rutsigiro rweUS rwekutora kweMorocco kuWestern Sahara ndiyo muenzaniso wekutanga wehunyengeri hweUS. Kunyange Stanford purofesa Michael McFaul, akashanda semumiriri waObama kuRussia uye anga ari mumwe wevakanyanya vatsigiri vakasununguka yerutsigiro rwakasimba rweUS kuUkraine, yakabvuma kuti mutemo weUS wakanangana neWestern Sahara wakakuvadza sei kuvimbika kweUS mukukurudzira rutsigiro rwepasirese kurwisa hutsinye hweRussia.
Panguva imwecheteyo, zvakakosha kuziva kuti hutongi hweBiden hauna kutsigira zviri pamutemo kucherechedzwa kwaTrump kwekutora kweMorocco. Hutongi hwakatsigira United Nations mukugadza mumiriri mutsva mushure mekusavapo kwemakore maviri uye kuenderera mberi nenhaurirano pakati peHumambo hweMorocco nePolisario Front. Pamusoro pezvo, havasati vavhura iyo yakarongwa consulate mukati Dakhla munzvimbo inogarwa, zvichiratidza kuti havanyatsoona kuwedzererwa se fait accompli. Muchidimbu, vanoita sevanoedza kuva nazvo nenzira mbiri.
Mune mamwe maitiro, izvi hazvishamise, nekuti zvese zviri zviviri Mutungamiri Biden uye Secretary of State Blinken, kunyangwe isiri kuenda kune yakanyanyisa kutonga kwaTrump, haina kunyanya kutsigira mutemo wepasi rose. Ivo vaviri vakatsigira kurwisa kweIraq. Pasinei nekutaura kwavo kwedemocracy, vakaramba vachitsigira vatsigiri vehurumende. Zvisinei nekudzvinyirirwa kwavo kwekumisa moto muhondo yeIsrael paGaza uye zororo pakubva kwaNetanyahu, vakatonga zvine mutsindo kunze kwekumanikidza hurumende yeIsrael kuti iite zvibvumirano zvinodiwa parunyararo. Hongu, hapana chinoratidza kuti manejimendi achadzosera kucherechedzwa kwaTrump kwekutorwa kweIsrael zvisiri pamutemo kweSyria Golan Heights, kana.
Zvinotaridza kuti vazhinji vevashandi veDhipatimendi reHurumende vanoziva dunhu iri vakapikisa zvakanyanya danho raTrump. Boka diki diki asi rine mativi maviri evamiriri vemitemo vane chekuita nenyaya iyi vakazeya pamusoro payo. The United States inenge iri yoga munharaunda yenyika mukuziva zviri pamutemo kutora kweMorocco zvisiri pamutemo uye panogona kunge paine kumanikidzwa kwakanyarara kubva kune vamwe vanobatana neUS zvakare. Nekune rimwe divi, zvakadaro, kune ma pro-Moroccan muPentagon uye muCongress, pamwe nemapoka anotsigira Israel anotya kuti US kumisa kubvuma kutorwa kweMorocco kuchaita kuti Morocco ibvise kucherechedzwa kwayo kweIsrael, izvo zvinoita. kuve hwaro hwechibvumirano chaDecember apfuura.
Daniel Falcone: Unogona here kuenda mberi mune zvakarongwa zvematongerwo enyika kune kunetsana uku uye ongorora tarisiro dzekuvandudzwa pamwe nekugovera pfungwa dzako pamusoro penzira yekufambisira mberi kuzvisarudzira mune ino chiitiko? Pane here kufanana kwenyika dzese (zvemagariro, zvehupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika) kune iyi nhoroondo borderland?
Stephen Zunes: Senzvimbo isina kuzvitonga, sezvinozivikanwa neUnited Nations, vanhu veWestern Sahara vane kodzero yekuzvisarudzira, iyo inosanganisira sarudzo yekusununguka. Vazhinji vanocherekedza vanotenda kuti ndizvo chaizvo izvo vazhinji vevagari venzvimbo - vagari venzvimbo (kwete kusanganisira vagari vekuMoroccan), pamwe nevapoteri - vangasarudza. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nei Morocco yave nemakumi emakore ichiramba kubvumidza referendamu sezvakarairwa neUN. Kunyangwe paine akati wandei nyika dzinozivikanwa sechikamu chedzimwe nyika idzo vazhinji vedu vanofunga kuti tsika dzine kodzero kuzvidzora (zvakadai seKurdistan, Tibet, uye West Papua) uye zvikamu zvedzimwe nyika dziri pasi pekugara kunze kwenyika (kusanganisira Ukraine neCyprus), chete Western Sahara neIsrael-inogarwa West Bank uye akakomba Gaza Strip dzinoumba nyika dzese dziri pasi pekugara kune dzimwe nyika dzakanyimwa kodzero yekuzvitonga.
Zvichida mufananidzo wepedyo waizova wekutanga Basa reIndonesia reEast Timor, iyo-seWestern Sahara-yakanga iri nyaya yekunonoka kubviswa kwekoloni kwakavhiringidzwa nekupinda kwemuvakidzani mukuru zvikuru. Kufanana neWestern Sahara, kurwisana nezvombo kwakanga kusina tariro, kurwisana kusina mhirizhonga kwakadzvinyirirwa zvisina tsitsi, uye nzira yezvematongerwo enyika yakavharwa nemasimba makuru akaita seUnited States achitsigira mugari uye achivhara United Nations kuti iite zvisungo zvayo. Yaingova danidziro yakaitwa nevepasi rose yakanyadzisa vatsigiri veIndonesia vekuMadokero kuvamanikidza kuti vabvumire referendamu yekuzvisarudzira izvo zvakazoita kuti East Timor isununguke. Iyi inogona kunge iri tariro yakanakisa yeWestern Sahara zvakare.
Daniel Falcone: Chii chinogona kutaurwa parizvino nezve MINURSO (Bato reUnited Nations reReferendum muWestern Sahara)? Unogona here kugovera kumashure, zvibodzwa zvakarongwa, uye mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika kana nhaurirano padanho remasangano?
Stephen Zunes: MINURSO yatadza kuzadzisa basa rayo rekutarisa referendamu nekuti Morocco iri kuramba kubvumidza referendamu uye United States neFrance dziri kuvharira UN Security Council kuti isaite zvayaifanirwa kuita. Vadzivisawo MINURSO kubva pakuongorora mamiriro ekodzero dzevanhu sezvakaita mamwe mabasa ese eUN ekuchengetedza runyararo mumakumi emakore achangopfuura akaita. Morocco yakadzingawo zvisiri pamutemo vazhinji vevanhuwo zvavo MINURSO vashandi muna 2016, zvakare neFrance neUnited States vachidzivirira UN kuita basa. Kunyangwe basa ravo rekutarisa kupera kwemoto harisisina basa nekuti, mukupindura kwakateedzana kutyorwa kweMoroccan, Polisario yakatangazve hondo yezvombo muna Mbudzi 2020. Kungovandudzwa kwegore negore kwechinangwa cheMINURSO kunotumira meseji kuti, kunyangwe neUS kucherechedzwa. Kutorwa kweMorocco zvisiri pamutemo, nharaunda dzepasi rose dzichiri kuita mubvunzo weWestern Sahara.
Bibliographie
Falcone, Daniel. "Chii Chatingatarisire kubva kuna Trump paKugara kweMorocco muWestern Sahara?" Zvakashata. Chikunguru 7, 2018.
Feffer, John naZunes Stephen. Kuzvisarudzira Kusawirirana Nhoroondo: Western Sahara. Foreign Policy In Focus FPIF. United States, 2007. Web Archive. https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwaN0011279/.
Kingsbury, Damien. Western Sahara: International Law, Justice uye Natural Resources. Yakarongedzwa naKingsbury, Damien, Routledge, London, England, 2016.
UN Security Council, Chirevo cheMunyori Mukuru pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu maererano neWestern Sahara, 19 Kubvumbi 2002, S/2002/467, inowanikwa pa: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3cc91bd8a.html [yakawanika 20 Nyamavhuvhu 2021]
United States Department of State, 2016 Country Reports pamusoro peHuman Rights Practices - Western Sahara, 3 March 2017, inowanikwa pa: https://www.refworld.org/docid/58ec89a2c.html [yakasvika 1 Chikunguru 2021]
Zunes, Stephen. "Muenzaniso weEast Timor Unopa Nzira yekuenda kuWestern Sahara neMorocco:
Dambudziko reWestern Sahara riri mumaoko eUN Security Council.” Foreign Policy (2020).
Zunes, Stephen "Chibvumirano chaTrump pamusoro pekutorwa kweMorocco kuWestern Sahara kunoisa njodzi kune mhirizhonga yepasirese," Washington Post, Zvita 15, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/12/15/trump-morocco-israel-western-sahara-annexation/
