Tinoda Zuva Rokudzivirira Hondo

By David Swanson, October 13, 2018.

Zvinosarudzika Resource Center yeRusviolence muSanta Cruz, Calif., Muna Gumiguru 12, 2018.

Izvo chaizvo pa 11th awa yezuva re11th yemwedzi we11th, mu1918, 100 makore apfuura ino iri kuuya November 11th, vanhu mhiri kweEurope vakangoerekana vamira kupfura pfuti. Kusvika panguva iyoyo, ivo vaiuraya vachitora mabara, vachidonha vachipopota, vachichema uye kufa, kubva kumabhuru uye kubva kune chepfu gasi.

Wilfred Owen akazvitaura seizvi:

Kana mune zvimwe zvinotyisa iwe iwewo unogona kufamba
Pamberi pengoro yatakamukanda nayo,
Uye tarisa maziso machena achikotamira muchiso chake,
Chiso chake chakarembera, sechirwere chedhiyabhorosi anorwara nechivi;
Kana iwe waigona kunzwa, pajolt yose, ropa
Uyai muchigunzva kubva kumapapu e-froth-akaora,
Inonyangadza sekenza, inorwadza seyeya
Pamusoro pezvakaipa, maronda asingagoneki mumitauro isina mhosva,
Shamwari yangu, iwe haugoni kutaura nezvakawanda zvakadai
Kuvana vane simba nokuda kwekubwinya kwakashata,
Izvo Zvekare; Dulce et Decorum iri
Pro patria mori.

Zvinotapira uye zvakafanira kufira rudzi. Saka vakadaro kwemazana emakore. Zvinogona kunge zvakakodzera, hazvitombova zvinotapira. Zvakare hazvibatsire. Zvakare usambofa wakakosheswa kana kuongwa kana kufungidzirwa kuve uri mhando yebasa kana kukudzwa, chete unochema nekuzvidemba. Huwandu hukuru hweavo vanozviita nhasi muUnited States vanofira nyika yavo kuburikidza nekuzviuraya. Veterans Administration yataura kwemakumi emakore kuti iyo imwechete yekufungidzira yekuzviuraya inokurira mhosva. Iwe hausi kuzoona izvo zvakashambadzirwa mune akawanda Veterans Day Parades. Chokwadi chakasimba hachina kumbove chakakodzera nenhema dzinotapira. Kune mashoma mashoma emusi weSangano reVanodzidzisa Vanoramba Zuva, asi munharaunda yakangwara yakanangiswa munzira kwayo chaipo.

Uye ipapo ivo vakamira, pa11: 00 mangwanani, zana rimwe rapfuura. Vakamira, pane purogiramu. Hakasi kuti ivo vaneta kana kuti vapengenuke. Zvese zvisati zvaitika uye mushure me11 oveni ivo vaingoteedzera mairairo. Chibvumirano cheArmistice chakapera Hondo Yenyika I yaive yakamisa 11 oiri sekusiya nguva.

Henry Nicholas John Gunther akaberekerwa muBaltimore, Maryland, kuvabereki vakanga vatama kubva kuGermany. MunaSeptember 1917 akange anyorwa kuti abatsire kuuraya maGerman. Paakange anyora kumusha achibva kuEurope kurondedzera kwaityisa iyo iyo hondo uye nekukurudzira vamwe kuti varege kunyorwa, iye akaburitswa pasi (uye tsamba yake yakadzvanywa).

Pashure paizvozvo, akaudza hama dzake kuti aizozviratidza. Sezvo nguva yekupedzisira ye11: 00 ndiri kusvika pazuva rekupedzisira munaNovember, Henry akasimuka, achipesana nekuraira, uye akashinga kupomhodza rake bayonet akananga kune maviri eGerman muchina pfuti. MaGerman aiziva nezveArmistice uye vakaedza kumuzungunusa. Akaramba achiswedera uye achipfura. Paakasvika padyo, kupfupika kupfupi kwemuchina pfuti moto wakapedza hupenyu hwake pa10: 59 am

Henry ndiye aive wekupedzisira pavarume ve11,000 kuurayiwa kana kukuvadzwa pakati pekusaina kweArmistice kwemaawa matanhatu apfuura uye kuitora kwayo. Henry Gunther akapihwa chinzvimbo chake kumashure, asi kwete hupenyu hwake.

Vakakuvadzwa mumuviri nepfungwa, uye nevarombo, vaizoramba vachifa kwenguva yakati. Furu yakapararira nehondo yaizotora kunyange vakawandisa, uye nzira isingafadzi yekupedzisira kutaurirana murunyararo yaifungidzira - nekufambisa sequel, Mass Insanity Chikamu II, Kudzoka kweSociopaths - kutora hupenyu hwakawanda kupfuura hwehondo uye nefurufesi yakasanganiswa. . Hondo huru (yandinotora kuti yakange iri huru munenge iyo Make America Great zvakare pfungwa) ichave iyo yekupedzisira hondo umo dzimwe nzira vanhu vachiri kutaura nekufunga nezvehondo dzingave dzechokwadi. Vakafa vanopfuura vakakuvadzwa. Vakawanda vemauto vaiuraya vakawanda. Kuuraya kwakaitika zvakanyanya pamakara ehondo. Iwo mativi maviri aisave, kazhinji, akapakata zvombo nemakambani mamwechetewo zvombo. Hondo yaive pamutemo. Uye vanhu vazhinji vakangwara vakatenda kuti kurwa kuri kwechokwadi uye nekubva vachinja pfungwa. Zvese izvo zvatoenda nemhepo, kunyangwe isu tine hanya nekuzvigamuchira kana kwete.

Asi ini ndinoda kudzosera mwedzi mishoma kunaGunyana 28, 1918. Ndiro raive zuva remapenzi akapusa andisati ndambonzwa nezvawo. Uye, ngatitaurei, iyi nyika izere muupenzi. VaDonald Trump vakada kubata parade yezvombo muWashington muna Mbudzi uno. Iyoyo yanga isiri chaiyo zano rehungwaru. Izvo zvaisave zvakanyanyisa sekudana zita rezororo kune veterans asi vachirambidza Veterans For Peace zvitsauko kutora chikamu mumadhara, sezvakaita mamwe maguta munaNovember wese. Kufunga kwaTrump kwakawedzera kushatisa, uye zvakare kunyadzisa. Vulgar nekuti ingadai yakashambadza machina eanoponda echirume eruzhinji yeUS inofanirwa kufunga nezvayo seyeruzhinji. Vulgar nekuti ingadai yakasimudzira mamwe makuru ehurukuro, Ndiregere - vanopa mari, avo vanoshanda mukati mehurongwa hwekusarudzo hweUS hwatove mukutyisidzira kubva kunevenarious kana vachinyangadza kushambadzira kweFacebook nevadadari, ndinoreva maRussia. Uye kunyadzisa nekuti tsika nemaitiro emadhiza akashandiswa pakange paine fungidziro yekukunda, sepaive muhondo yeGulf. Mukomana akaita kukunda ikoko kwakabatsira munhu wese, huh? Kubata pfuti yezvombo nekuti yanga yave makore mazhinji kubvira chero munhu angafungidzira kukunda kwenguva yakareba kupfuura izvo zvinoita kumira pane anotakura ndege muSan Diego angave, seumwe munhu angave achidanha pamusoro pazvo. suwa.

Nei ichi chidimbu chakabviswa? Kuti ingangove inodhura mamirioni emadhora inoita sechikonzero chine musoro kunze kwekunge icho chikanganiso chakatenderedza mukukanganisa zvachose kubatwa zvisizvo zvachose neaka accountant gurus kuPentagon. Chikamu chechikonzero, kunyangwe chiri chekupedzisira chavangatiudza, ndechekuti ruzhinji, vezvenhau, nevemauto vakaratidza kufarira chinhu, uye vazhinji vakapokana nazvo, kusanganisira vazhinji vedu vakapikira pachena shandura munhu wese watinogona kuivhara, kuzvidza, uye panzvimbo iyoyo kupemberera Zuva reArmistice. Isu takazvipirawo kuenda kumberi nemhemberero iyoyo, uye zvakanyanya kudaro, kana gungano rakadzimwa. Asi payakadzimwa, mapoka akati wandei akarasikirwa nechishuwo chavo chekufambira mberi. Kuti ini ndinofunga kunyadzisa uye kuronga kuronga. Asi zvimwe zviyero zvekudzokera kumashure zvakarongerwa DC, uye mimwe yakanaka mienzaniso iripo yekusimudzira Armistice Zuva chero pasi pano. Zvimwe pane izvozvo pfupi.

Isu ngatisatorere pfungwa ipfungwa, zvakadaro, kuti mafungiro evoruzhinji akabatsira kudzima Trumparade. Kana VaTrump vatangisa Hondo nyowani huru ichave muchikamu nekuti anotenda kuti veruzhinji vachazvifarira. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nei zvakanyanya kukosha kuti isu titaure pachena kuti tichazvipa mhosva - uye zvakanyanya, isu hatizozviona. Ichawana zvakashata ratings. Kana tichigona kutaurirana kuti kuna Donald Trump tinogona kuve nerunyararo.

Ndiri kuda kudzokera kuparade iyo yaitove dhiri. Yeuka kuti Woodrow Wilson akange adzoreredzwa pachidimbu achiti "akatidzivirira kuti tirege kuenda kuhondo," kunyangwe anga achiedza kwenguva yakareba kuti US iende muhondo. Aitarisira kuwana maBritish nemaFrench kuti abvumirane nemaonero ake epasirenzi nyika nerunyararo isina anokunda, uye 14 yake poindi yakanyorwa naWalter Lippmann nevamwe uye kubatanidza Chinzwano chemarudzi kunoreva kuchengetedza runyararo. kutengeserana kwemahara uye kupera kwecolism. Zvisinei nekuramba kwavo, Wilson akaenderera mberi akanikidza US kuhondo vachishandisa manyepo ese enhema nezvengarava dzakanyura dzeUS uye mushambadzi wekuparadzira hunyengeri uyo waiita kuti munhu wese azive zvekufunga nekuvhara avo vasina kufunga nenzira kwayo.

Yeuka kuti Hondo Huru yakanga iri yekunyanyisa, chisimba chakanyanya chakaiswa nevachena chena pamusoro pavo, uye kuti havana kushandiswa nacho. Pamusoro pekufa kwakakura kwazvo, United States yakatumira mauto pamwe nevafambisi vezvikepe nemhepo yekuenda kumakomba eEuropean kubva kune icho chirwere chinouraya chakapararira nepasi rese, vachiuraya pamwe 2 kana 3 nguva yehuwandu hwevanhu vakaurayiwa zvakananga muhondo. Kusaziva nezve furuku uku kwakakurudzirwa nemitemo inorambidza mapepanhau kuti ataure chero zvakaderera pane kufara panguva yehondo. Spain yakanga isina izvo zvirambidzo. Saka nhau dze denda iri rakatanga kutaurwa muSpain, vanhu vakatanga kudana chirwere ichi kuti Spanish Flu.

Zvino, hurumende yeUS yaida kubata parade muPhiladelphia nezvombo zvakawanda kupfuura kunyange Trump angadai akadaidzira mapoka mazhinji evatambi vehutachiona vane flu achangodzoka kubva mumabhawa. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzehutano dzakataura kuti izvi zvaive zvakangwara sekuputika muchina uye kuuraya mamirioni evana vechidiki muzita rekupedzisira hondo - kana semupostori akakurumbira panezviratidziro zvichangobva kuitika akakuisa: hupombwe nekuda kwehumhandara. Asi director wehutano hwaPhilly, Wilmer Krusen akange aine ruremekedzo rwakanyanya kune ruzhinji sekufarira kwaFiladelphia Eagles kune timu inopikisa. Krusen akazivisa kuti furu yaive nhau dzenhema. Akakurudzira kuti vanhu varege kumira, kutsvoda, uye kupfira. Zvakasimba. MaChristian Scientist kana munamato wega gay kure vanhu ndivo vaitarisira. Regedza kupusha. Izvo zvinogadzirisa zvese.

Chimwe chinangwa cheparade iyi kwaive kutengesa zvisungo kubhadhara zvehondo, uye guta rega rega raida kutengesa zvakanyanya kusanganisira Philadelphia. Pane kudaro, izvo Philadelphia akabata rekodhi yaive kuparadzira zvakanyanya furuwenza. Kupararira kukuru kwakafanotaurwa uye zvakaitika.

Mumwe murume angangodaro akaburuka neiyo furu nekuda kwedenda iro rakanyanya kuwedzerwa neparade iyi aive Woodrow Wilson. Wilson paakaenda kuVersailles kuzokurukura nezve paradhiso yerunyararo yaakavimbisa nyika, akawana, sezvaitarisirwa, kuti veBritain neveFrance havana kuda mubato. Panzvimbo iyoyo ivo vaida kuranga maGerman nenzira yakaipa sezvinobvira. Chimwe chikonzero nei Wilson akaramba akahwinha kurwa chero kwaaive apikira kuti airwira yaive nguva chaiyo yaakapedza achirwara mumubhedha muFrance. Uye chimwe chikonzero airwara pamubhedha angangove ari akaomesesa mharidzo - gungano rakabatsira kuuraya pamwero wehondo uye pamwe rakakura zvakanyanya.

Vacherechedzi vakangwara vakafanotaura Hondo Yenyika II nguva yavakaona zvisirizvo zvechibvumirano cherunyararo chakaonekwa naWilson pamusoro pemubhedha wake wairwara. Iyo yechipiri inokodzera yekubatanidzwa kwemwedzi kwaizogona kuuraya, sezvandamboreva, kuuraya kupfuura yekutanga uye furu yavo yakabatanidzwa. Uye chinyorwa cheHondo Yenyika II chingave kusingaperi kuuraya kwemamiriyoni evarwi mune yakajairwa permawar yakagumisa rugare rwese. Uye izvo zvinosanganisira chisingaperi WWII manyepo ekupa zvisingakwanisi kubvunza WWII uye saka zvakanyanya nyore kwazvo kuti usambofunga nezve WWI. Saka, hunhu hwenhau ndohwe: ronga mapadza ako nokungwarira.

Chaizvoizvo, kune zvimwe zvetsika dzenyaya. Kana iwe ukaverenga bhuku raSigmund Freud raWoodrow Wilson, anokara nyaya yekuti zvichitevera njodzi kuVersailles, Wilson anogona kuzvipikisa pachinhu chisina kukodzera pamazuva kwemazuva seuchapupu hwekuti Wilson akarasika pfungwa. Hongu isu tave kufambira mberi kusvika parizvino kupfuura Freudian ngano sekuziva kuti mutungamiri weU.S. chaizvo anofanirwa kuzvipikisa pachinhu chemaminetsi.

Imwe tsika yakakomba yenyaya ndeye iyo Freud uye nevazhinji vese vanoregeredza, izvo - semazuva ese - pakanga paine vamwe vanhu vakawana zvinhu pakutanga chaizvo uye vasina kuterera: ivo varwiri verunyararo. Hatifanire kuregerera Hondo Yenyika I nekuda kwekuti hapana munhu aiziva. Hazvina kuita sekuti hondo dzinofanira kurwiwa kuti udzidze nguva yega yega gehena. Hazvina kuita sekunge mhando nyowani dzezvombo dzakangoerekana dzaita hondo yakaipa. Hazvina kuita sekuti hondo haisati yatove chinhu chakashata kupfuura zvese chakambogadzirwa. Hazvina kuita sekuti vanhu havana kutaura kudaro, vakaramba, havana kupokana neimwe nzira, havana kuenda kujeri pamusoro pezvavanotenda.

Mu1915, Jane Addams akasangana neMutungamiriri Wilson ndokumukurudzira kuti vape muyananisi kuEurope. Wilson akarumbidza mazwi erunyararo akanyorwa nemusangano wevakadzi werunyararo wakaitirwa muHague. Akagamuchira 10,000 teregiramu kubva kuvakadzi vaimubvunza kuti aite. Vamwe vanyori venhoroondo vanofunga kuti dai akaita mu1915 kana kutanga kwa1916 angangodaro akabatsira kuunza Hondo Huru kupera pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu angadai akakurisa rugare runyararo kupfuura irwo rwakaitwa pakupedzisira paVersailles. Wilson akaita maererano nezano raAdams, uye reMunyori wake Wenyika William Jennings Bryan, asi zvisati zvaitika. Panguva yaakaita chiito, veGerman havana kuvimba nomurevereri anga achibatsira kurwa kweBritish. Wilson akasiiwa kuti aratidze kusimudzira pachikuva cherunyararo uye nekukurumidza osimudzira nekupinza United States muhondo yeEurope. Uye huwandu hweanofambira mberi Wilson akaunza, angangoita muchidimbu, kudivi rehondo ine rudo kunoita kuti Barack Obama aratidzike senge amateur.

Kwete chete vaive varwiri verunyararo vechokwadi nezvekuti sei uye sei kuedza kupera Hondo Yenyika I, asi vamwe vacho vakakurumidza kufanotaura Hondo Yenyika II mushure meVersailles. Vamwe vacho vakafora uye vachiratidzira vachipokana nekuvaka kuenda kuhondo neJapan kwemakore mazhinji vachienda kuPearl Harbour, izvo zvakashamisa zvikuru saLindsey Graham achivhotera Brett Kavanaugh. Uye vamwe vavo vakaita nhamburiko dzese kuti vatore maJuda nevamwe vanhu vakatungamirwa kubva kuGermany kwemakore, nehurumende imwe chete inofarira kuvabatsira kuve vaAdolf Hitler.

Hondo Yenyika II yakanga isiri yekubatsira vanhu uye haina kuzotengeswa zvakadaro kusvikira yapera. United States yakatungamira kumisangano yepasi rose iyo sarudzo yakaitwa kuti isagamuchira hupoteri hwechiJudha, uye nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekusarurana, uye kunyangwe chikumbiro chaHitler chekuti aizovatumira chero ngarava dzezvikepe. Pakanga pasina poster yaikumbira kuti ubatsire Uncle Sam kuponesa maJuda. Chikepe chevapoteri vechiJuda kubva kuGerman chakadzingwa kubva kuMiami neCoast Guard. IUS nedzimwe nyika vakaramba kugamuchira vapoteri vechiJuda, uye ruzhinji rwevanhu veUS vakasimbisa chinzvimbo ichi. Mapoka erunyararo akabvunza Prime Minister Winston Churchill nemunyori wake wekunze nezvekutamisa maJuda kubva kuGermany kunovanunura vakaudzwa kuti, nepo Hitler achinyatsobvuma zano, zvinogona kunge zvakanyanya dambudziko uye zvichida zvikepe zvakawandisa. IU.S. haina kuita zvekumirira kana zvemauto kuponesa vakakuvadzwa mumisasa yevasungwa yeNazi. Anne Frank akarambidzwa vhiza rekuUS. Kunyangwe iyi poindi haina chekuita nenyaya yakakomba yemunyori weWWII seHondo Yechokwadi, iri pakati pehusimbe hweUS zvekuti ndichatora pano ndima yakakosha kubva kuna Nicholson Baker:

"Anthony Eden, munyori wekuBrithani wokune imwe nyika, uyo aive akatarisirwa neChurchill nekubata mibvunzo nezvevapoteri, akataura nechisimba kune umwe wevanhu vazhinji vakakurudzira, achitaura kuti chero dhigiriro rekutsvaga kwekusunungurwa kwevaJudha kubva kuna Hitler raive 'risinganzwisisike.' Ari parwendo rwokuenda kuUnited States, Edheni yakatsanangurira Cordell Hull, munyori wehurumende, kuti kunetseka kwechokwadi nekukumbira Hitler kuvaJudha ndiko kuti 'Hitler angatitora kune chero ipi zvayo, uye ipapo hapana zvingarava zvakakwana uye nzira dzokufambisa munyika kuti dzigadzirise. ' Churchill akabvumirana. 'Kunyange dai taive nemvumo yekubvisa vaJudha vose,' akanyora kudaro achipindura tsamba imwe inokumbira, 'kutakura voga kunounza dambudziko rinenge rakaoma kugadzirisa.' Kwete kutumira uye kutakura zvakakwana here? Makore maviri izvi zvisati zvaitika, vaBrithani vakanga vabuda varume vanenge 340,000 kubva kumahombekombe e Dunkirk mumazuva mapfumbamwe chete. IUnited Air Force yaiva nezviuru zve ndege itsva. Munguva yekutonga kwechidimbu, vaAllies vaigona kufamba ndege uye kutakura vapoteri vakawanda kwazvo kubva muGermany sphere. "

Chimwe chikonzero ivo vatevedzeri verunyararo vasati varipo uye nanhasi vasati vateererwa maitiro ekuparadzira akatanga kugadzirwa Hondo Yenyika I. Muchina wekuparidzira wakagadzwa neMutungamiri Woodrow Wilson neDare Rake paruzhinji Ruzivo vakakwevera maAmerican kuhondo nenyaya dzenhema uye dzenhema. yehutsinye hweGerman muBelgium, zvikwangwani zvinomiririra Jesu Kristu mune khaki kuona pasi pfuti, uye zvipikirwa zvekuzvipira kuzvipira kuita kuti nyika ichengeteke kurusununguko. Ukuru hwezviitiko zvakavanzika kubva kune veruzhinji zvakanyanya sezvinobvira mukati mehondo, asi nekufamba kwenguva yakanga yapfuura vazhinji vakadzidza chimwe chinhu chechokwadi chehondo. Uye vazhinji vaive vauya kuzopokana nekushomeka kwemanzwiro akanaka ayo aikwevera nyika yakazvimirira muhurikidzwa hwekunze.

Nekudaro, nhema dzaikurudzira kurwira hadzina kubviswa pakarepo kubva mundangariro dzevanhu. Hondo yekupedza hondo uye kuita kuti nyika ive yakachengeteka nedemokrasi haigone kupera pasina kumwe kudikanwa kwerunyararo nerunyararo, kana zvimwe chinhu chakakosha kudarika furu nekurambidzwa. Kunyangwe avo vanoramba pfungwa yekuti iyo hondo inogona nenzira ipi neipi kubatsira kusimudzira chikonzero cherunyararo chakawiriraniswa nevaya vese vanoda kudzivisa hondo dzese dzinouya - boka iro pamwe raisanganisira ruzhinji rweUS. Sezvo Wilson akange ataura runyararo sechikonzero chekuenda kuhondo, mweya isingaverengeke yakanga yamutora zvakanyanya. “Hakusi kuwedzeredza kutaura kuti pakanga paine zvirongwa zvishoma zverunyararo Hondo Yenyika isati yasvika,” anonyora Robert Ferrell, “zvino kwaive nemazana uye kunyange zviuru” muEurope nekuUnited States. Makumi akatevera Hondo yaive makore gumi ekutsvaga rugare: "Runyararo rwakanzwika kuburikidza nemharidzo dzakawanda, mataurire, uye mapepa ehurumende zvekuti akazviisa mukuziva kwemunhu wese. Hakuna kumbobvira kwaitika munhoroondo yepasi rose runyararo rwakadaro kusuwa kukuru, kutaura zvakawanda, kutarisa, nekuronga, semakore gumi mushure me 1918 Armistice. "

Izvo zvinoramba zviripo nhasi. Runyararo rwendo rwema1960s rwakanga rwakakura. Iyoyo ye1920s yaive zvese-zvaisanganisira.

Congress yakapedza chisarudzo chezuva reArmedistice ichikumbira "miitiro yakagadzirirwa kupfuurira runyararo kuburikidza nekuda kwakanaka uye kutendana pamwe chete ... kukoka vanhu veUnited States kuchengeta zuva muzvikoro uye makereke nemitambo yakakodzera yehukama hwehukama nevamwe vanhu vose." Gare gare, Congress yakawedzera kuti November 11th yaifanira kuva "zuva rakatsaurirwa kune chinokonzera rugare rwepasi."

Ndiyo tsika yatinoda kudzoreredza. Izvo zvakagara muUnited States kumusoro kuburikidza ne1950s uye zvakare zvakare mune dzimwe nyika mune zita rekuti Kurangarira Zuva. Pakanga pangoita chete kuti United States yarovere Japan, iparadze Korea, yatanga Hondo Yemashoko, ikagadzira CIA, uye ikagadzira chisimba chemauto chechiuto nemahofisi makuru epasi rose, iyo hurumende yeUS yakapa zita reArmistice Zuva seVeterans Day musi waChikumi. 1, 1954.

Veterans Day haisisiri, kune vanhu vazhinji, zuva rekufara kupera kwehondo kana kunyange kuda kusuwa kwayo. Zuva reVeterans harisi kunyange zuva rekuchema kana kubvunza kuti nei kuzviuraya kuri pamusoro kuuraya mauto eUS kana kuti sei veterans vakawanda vasina dzimba.

Mumakore akatevera Hondo Yenyika I, hondo yaive chimwe chinhu chaifanira kuchema, kunyatsoita kunge chaisadikanwa. Hondo Yenyika I yakange yabhadhara, semunyori mumwe akaireva panguva iyoyo, mari yakaringana yekupa imba ye $ 2,500 nemadhora akakosha e $ 1,000 uye maeka mashanu epasi kumhuri imwe neimwe muRussia, mazhinji emarudzi eEuropean, Canada, iyo United States, neAustralia, pamwe zvakaringana kupa guta rega rega rinopfuura 20,000 raiti yemamiriyoni emadhora 2, chipatara chemamirioni 3 miriyoni, $ 20 mamirioni kukoreji, uye zvichiri zvakakwana zvakasara kutenga imwe nzvimbo yepfuma kuGermany neBelgium. Uye zvese zvaive pamutemo. Zvinoshamisa kupusa, asi zviri pamutemo zvachose. Hutsinye hwaityora mitemo, asi kurwa kwaisava kuparwa mhosva. Izvo hazvina kumbove zvakadaro, asi zvichakurumidza kuitika.

Outlawry Movement ye1920s - iyo yekuenda kuhondo zvisiri pamutemo-yakatsvaga kutsiva hondo nekuitirana nharo, nekutanga kurambidza hondo uye kugadzira kodhi yemutemo wepasi rese nedare rine mvumo yekugadzirisa makakatanwa. Nhanho yekutanga yakatorwa mu1928 neKellogg-Briand Pact, iyo yakarambidza hondo dzese. Mazuva ano 81 nyika dzakabatana pachibvumirano ichocho, kusanganisira United States, uye mazhinji acho anozvitevedzera. Ndinoda kuona mamwe marudzi, nyika dzehurombo dzakasiiwa muchibvumirano ,joinha icho (izvo zvavanogona kuita nekungotaura chinangwa ichocho kuUS State Department) uye ndokurudzirawo vabati vechikuru vechisimba munyika vateerere. .

Ndakanyora bhuku nezve mafambiro akagadzira chibvumirano ichocho, kwete nekuti tinoda kuenderera mberi nebasa raro, asiwo nekuti tinogona kudzidza kubva munzira dzaro. Pano pakanga paine kubatana kwakabatanidza vanhu mhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika, iya yekurwisa uye yekudhakwa, iyo yekurwisa uye Yakapokana Sangano reMarudzi, nechirongwa chekuda kupara mhosva. Iyo yaive mubatanidzwa wakakura usina kugadzikana. Pakange paine hurukuro uye mapepa erunyararo pakati pemapato anopikisa runyararo. Paive neyetsika yakagadzirwa yaitarisira zvakanakisa vanhu. Hondo haina kupikiswa nekuda kwehupfumi chete kana kuti nekuti inogona kuuraya vanhu vanobva kune imwe nyika. Yakapikiswa sehumhondi hwekuuraya, zvisingaite zvishoma sekunyarara senzira yekugadzirisa kusawirirana kwevanhu. Apa pakanga paine kufamba-famba kwenguva refu-kwakavakirwa pakudzidzisa uye kuronga. Paive nedutu risingaperi rekukumbira, asi hapana kugumisa kwevezvematongerwo enyika, pasina kuwirirana kwekusimuka shure kwebato. Pane kupesana, ese mana - hongu, mana - mapato makuru akamanikidzwa kuenderana kumashure kwesangano. Panzvimbo yaClint Eastwood kutaura neasachigaro kana izwi raDonald Trump re4th-giredhi, Republican National Convention ye1924 yakaona Mutungamiri Coolidge achivimbisa kupomora hondo kana adzoreredza.

Uye musi waAugust 27, 1928, muParis, France, chiitiko icho chakaitika chakazoita rwiyo rwevanhu ve1950s seimba yakasimba yakazara nevarume, uye mapepa avakange vachisayina vakati havafi vakarwa zvekare. Uye yaive varume, vakadzi vaive panze vachiratidzira. Uye chaive chibvumirano pakati penyika dzakapfuma kuti zvakadaro vaizoenderera mberi nekurwa uye kuunganidza varombo. Asi chaive chibvumirano cherunyararo chakapedza hondo uye chakapedza kugamuchirwa kwenzvimbo dzakaitwa kuburikidza nehondo, kunze kwePalestine, Sahara, Diego Garcia, nezvimwewo zvakabuda. Chakanga chiri chibvumirano icho chaitoda muviri wezvemitemo pamwe nedare repasi rose iro isu tisati tave naro. Asi icho chaive chibvumirano kuti mumakore 90 nyika idzo dzakapfuma dzinga, mune imwe neumwe, kutyora kamwe chete. Kutevera Hondo Yenyika II, Kellogg-Briand Pact yakashandiswa kutsikisa kururamisira kwemukundi. Uye nyika hombe dzakashonga hadzina kumboenda kuhondo neimwe neimwe zvakare, zvakadaro. Uye saka, pact inowanzo fungidzirwa seyakundikana.

Izvo zvakakundikana ipfungwa yeUnited States semitemo inoteerera. US National Security Advisory, uyo anotyisidzira kuchengetedzeka chaiko, haingobata United States kunge iri pamusoro pemutemo, asi inotyisidzira pachena nyika chero inotsigira kutonga kwemutemo, kunyangwe ichityora UN Charter nekutyisidzira hondo kune vamwe vari pasi chirevo chekumanikidza mutemo. Uye kunyange vanhu vazhinji muUnited States vasingafarire zvehondo dzakawanda, uye kwaisazove nekumukira kana tikapihwa rugare, pane kuwirirana kwakatarisana nekutarisanudza kwezvematongerwo enyika muUnited States kuti United States inokosha, yakakosha sekureva inokodzera zviyero uye kodzero dzayo dzakarambidzwa zvakakodzera kune chero rumwe rudzi.

Ndingawedzera apa kuti pane zvakaipa pamwe nekunaka muvanhu vanodzivisa Saudi Arabia pamusoro pekuuraya kwemumwe mutori venhau veku US asi kwete pamusoro pekuuraya zviuru zvevanhu vasiri vekuAmerican. Pane chimwezve chinhu chinoshungurudza mukufunga kwakagamuchirwa kuti munhu anofanirwa kutengesa mabhomba chete kune hurumende dzisishandise kodzero dzevanhu, zvichireva kuuraya chero munhu asina mabhomba. Pane chimwezve chakashata uye chisina kukodzera kuna VaTrump vachipokana kuti iwe unozvitengesa zvombo zvakadaro kugadzira mabasa, sezvo kushandisa kwemauto kuri kurasa mabasa uye nhangemutange yemaoko maoko iyo United States inogona kutungamira inogona kuitirwa hupfumi kubatsira munhu wese. .

Mubhuku rangu razvino, Kurapa Kunze kwekuda, Ini ndinotarisa kuti United States inofananidzwa sei nedzimwe nyika, vanhu vanofunga sei pamusoro pazvo, zvinokuvadza kufunga uku zvinoita, uye maitiro ekufunga zvakasiyana. Muchikamu chekutanga chezvikamu zvina izvi, ini ndinoedza kuwana imwe mwero iyo iyo United States ndiyo huru pane dzose, nhamba yekutanga, irwo rudzi rusingaenzaniswi, uye ini ndakundikana.

Ndakaedza rusununguko, asi chinzvimbo chega chega masangano ega ega kana chikoro chedzidzo, kunze kwenyika, mukati meUnited States, chakapihwa mari pachivande, chakashandisirwa mari neCIA, nezvimwewo, chakatadza kumisikidza United States kumusoro, kungave kururamisa kwemubatari rusununguko kushandisa, kuruboshwe. rusununguko rwekutungamira hupenyu hunogutsa, rusununguko mukusununguka masununguko, rusununguko rwekuchinja chinzvimbo chehupfumi, rusununguko neiyi tsananguro pasi pezuva. United States uko “kunyange ndimboziva kuti ndakasununguka” mumashoko enziyo yenyika inoisiyanisa nedzimwe nyika uko kwandinoziva ndinosununguka.

Saka ndaitarisisa. Ndakatarisa dzidzo padanho rega rega, ndikawana United States iri pachinzvimbo chekutanga mune chikwereti chevadzidzi. Ndakatarisa hupfumi ndikawana United States iri pachinzvimbo chekutanga mukusaenzana kwekugoverwa kwehupfumi pakati penyika dzakapfuma. Muchokwadi, United States inomira pasi penyika dzakapfuma mune rakareba matanho ehupenyu hwehupenyu. Iwe unorarama zvakareba, uine hutano, uye uchifara kune imwe nzvimbo. United States ndiyo yekutanga pakati penyika dzese munzira dzakasiyana siyana munhu haafanire kudada nayo: kusungwa, marudzi akasiyana-siyana ekuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, uye akawanda matanho ehondo, pamwe nemamwe mapoka asina chokwadi, akadai - - usandimhan'arira - magweta per capita. Uye inotanga kuve mune dzinoverengeka yezvinhu zvandinofungidzira avo vanopururudza "Tave Nhamba 1!" Kudzikisira pasi munhu wese anoshanda kugadzirisa zvinhu hazvisi mupfungwa: kutarira terevhizheni kwakawanda, kwakarukwa matanda pasofa, kana padyo nepamusoro. mukufutisa kwakawanda, kudya kwakawanda kwakadyiwa, kuvhiyiwa kwechimono, kuona zvinonyadzisira, kunwa cheki, nezvimwewo.

Munyika ine runyararo, nyika dzainge dzawana zvakanakisa marongero ehutano, mhirizhonga pfuti, dzidzo, kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, rugare, kubudirira uye mufaro zvaizonyanya kusimudzirwa semhando dzakakodzera kufungwa nezvazvo. Munyika ino, kuwanda kwemutauro wechirungu, hutongi hweHollywood, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinoisa muUnited States mukutungamira kwechinhu chimwechete: mukusimudzira kwese kwepakati muhurongwa hwenjodzi.

Chatinoda haisi nyadzi pachinzvimbo chekudada, kana imwe vhezheni itsva yerudzi. Chatinoda ndechekuti tirege kuzvizivisa zvakanyanya nehurumende yenyika neuto. Tinofanirwa kuziva zvimwe nenharaunda diki diki, uye neruzhinji rwenharaunda nevanhu venyama yepasi rino. Tinoda zuva idzva reArmistice rakatorwa nevanhu vanoona nyika uye mumwe nemumwe nenzira idzo.

Pane webhusaiti WorldBEYONDWar.org/ArmisticeDay iwe unowana runyorwa rwezviitiko zvakatenderedza pasirese uye mukana wekuwedzera chiitiko chisati chakanyorwa. Iwe zvakare uchawana zviwanikwa zvinosanganisira vakurukuri, mavhidhiyo, zviitwa, zvinyorwa, ruzivo, mapostori uye maflaya kubatsira nechiitiko chako. Imwe chiitiko chinokurudzirwa neVeterans For Peace ndiko kurira kwemabhero panguva iyoyo ye11 oveni pazuva re11th remwedzi we11th. Mapoka anogona kutibata nesu World BEYOND War yekubatsira kuronga chero zviitiko. Asi ini ndinofunga vangangoda zvakare kubata Santa Cruz runyararo nzanga sezvo iwe wakatungamira kutungamira mukudzoreredza iyi zororo rerunyararo nekuimaka uye zuva rimwe mwedzi pamberi payo uye mwedzi miviri isati yasvika, nezvimwewo. Zvinoshamisa izvo zvaunazvo zvaitwa. Inoshamisa zvakare ndeyeCollateral Kukuvadzwa kwechimiro muSanta Cruz - muenzaniso weiyo tsika yerunyararo.

Ini zvakare ndinoda kudyara imwe nguva yemberi yekuita pfungwa mumisoro yenyu yandichangodzidza nezve vhiki ino. Zvinotaridza kuti April anotevera 4th haasati achingova makore e51 kubva kuuraiwa kwaDr. Martin Luther King Jr. uye makore 52 kubva paakataura achizivikanwa kwazvo kupesana nehondo, asiwo izuva rekuzvarwa re70th rechinoshamisa iro zita rakanzi NATO. Saka, kuchave neMusangano mukuru weNATO muWashington, DC, muna Kubvumbi 4, 2019, uye isu ku World BEYOND War tenda kuti panofanirwa kunge paine runyararo runyararo ikoko zvakare. Isu tiri kutanga kuvaka mubatanidzwa, kuronga kutaura zviitiko uye nezvimwe mutambo-like -mitambo-yakakura yeveratidziro zviitiko panguva iyoyo uye vhiki rapfuura.

Zvino, ndoziva kuti VaTrump vakati NATO inofanira kubviswa, iye asati adzokera kuenderera mberi nekuwedzera NATO uye kubheji nhengo dzeNATO kuisa mari yakawanda muNATO uye zvombo. Saka, saka, NATO ndeye anti-Trump. Uye saka NATO yakanaka uye yakanaka. Uye saka ini handina bhizinesi rinoti Kwete kuNATO / Hongu kune Runyararo. Kune rimwe divi, NATO yakasundidzira zvombo uye kuvengana pamwe nemitambo inonzi yakakurumbira yehondo kusvika kumuganhu weRussia. NATO yakarwa hondo dzine hukasha kure neNorth Atlantic. NATO yakawedzera Colombia, ichisiya kunyepedzera kwese kwese kwekushandira chimwe chinangwa muNorth Atlantic. NATO inoshandiswa kusunungura iyo US Congress kubva kumutoro uye kodzero yekutarisa hutsinye hwehondo dzeUS. NATO inoshandiswa sechavha neNATO hurumende dzenhengo kuti vabatane nehondo dzeUS pasi pekunyepedzera kuti neimwe nzira zviri pamutemo kana zvinogamuchirika. NATO inoshandiswa sechiputi kuviga zvisiri pamutemo zvombo zvenyukireya pamwe nenyika dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzisiri dzenyukireya. NATO inoshandiswa, sekubatana kwakaita iyo Hondo Yenyika I, kupa nyika mutoro wekuenda kuhondo kana dzimwe nyika dzikaenda kuhondo, uye nokudaro kuve wakagadzirira kuhondo. NATO inofanirwa kuvigwa muArlington Cemetery uye isu vamwe vese tinobviswa mumatambudziko edu. Shanduko inopesana neNATO muChicago makore mashanu pasati pari kuuya summit iyi yaikurudzira. Ini ndaronga kuva kunze mumigwagwa zvakare panguva ino kuti nditi Kwete kuNATO, Hongu kune rugare, Hongu kubudirira, Hongu kunharaunda yakasarudzika, Hongu kune rusununguko rwevanhu, Hongu kune dzidzo, Hongu kune tsika yekusazvibata uye mutsa uye kusimba , Hongu kuyeuka Kubvumbi 4th sezuva rakabatana nebasa rerunyararo rwaMartin Luther King Jr. Ndinovimba muchabatana nesu mudutu munguva yekupedzisira.

Ndinokutendai pane zvese zvamunoita kuitira rugare! Ngatiitei zvimwe!