By Independent Global News, democracynow.org, February 10, 2022
Sangano reAfrican Union riri kushoropodza mhirizhonga yakaitika muAfrica, uko mauto akatora masimba mumwedzi gumi nemisere yadarika kuMali, Chad, Guinea, Sudan uye, nguva pfupi yadarika, muna Ndira, Burkina Faso. Vanoverengeka vaitungamirwa nevakuru vakadzidziswa neUS sechikamu chekukura kwemauto eUS mudunhu iri pasi pehugandanga, inova pesvedzero yehumambo hunowedzera nhoroondo yehukoloni hweFrance, anodaro Brittany Meché, mubatsiri purofesa paWilliams College. Kumwe kupandukira hurumende kwasangana nemhemberero mumigwagwa, zvichiratidza kumukirana nepfuti ndiyo yave nzira yekupedzisira kune vanhu vasingagutsikane nehurumende dzisingateereri. "Pakati pehondo inotungamirwa neUnited States pamusoro pehugandanga uye kugadzirisa nharaunda dzepasirese pa'kuchengetedzwa," iyi inyaya inoisa, kana isiri ropafadzo, mhinduro dzemauto kumatambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika," anowedzera Samar Al-Bulushi, mupepeti weAfrica. Inyika.
inopangidza
Iyi ichinyorwa chichinyorwa. Kopi ingangodaro isingave iri mumamiriro ayo ekupedzisira.
AMY GOODMAN: Musi waNyamavhuvhu 18, 2020, masoja eMali akapidigura Mutungamiri Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, zvichikonzera mhirizhonga muAfrica yose. Kubvumbi wapfuura, kanzuru yemauto muChad yakabvuta masimba zvichitevera kufa kweMutungamiriri wenyika yeChad kwenguva refu, Idriss Déby. Zvino, Chivabvu 24, 2021, Mali yakaona kupikiswa kwayo kwechipiri mugore. Musi waGunyana 5, mauto eGuinea akatora mutungamiri wenyika ndokuparadza hurumende nebumbiro reGuinea. Zvino, muna Gumiguru 25, mauto eSudan akatora simba ndokuisa Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok muhusungwa, zvichipedza kusundidzirana muSudan kune hutongi hwevanhu. Uye pakupedzisira, masvondo maviri apfuura, muna Ndira 23, vatungamiriri vemauto eBurkina Faso, vachitungamirwa nemukuru akadzidziswa neUS, vakabvisa mutungamiri wenyika, vakamisa bumbiro remitemo uye vakaparadza paramende. Ndiko kutora masimba kutanhatu munyika shanu dzemuAfrica mukati megore nechidimbu.
Mukupera kwesvondo, African Union yakashora mhirizhonga yakaitika nemauto. Uyu ndiye Mutungamiri weGhana, Nana Akufo-Addo.
PRESIDENT NANA AKUFO-ADDO: Kumukazve kwevapanduki mudunhu redu kuri kutyora zvakananga dzidziso dzedu dzegutsaruzhinji uye zvinomiririra kukanganisa runyararo, kuchengetedzeka nekugadzikana muWest Africa.
AMY GOODMAN: African Union yakamisa nyika ina: Mali, Guinea, Sudan uye, nguva pfupi yadarika, Burkina Faso. Mazhinji emacoups akatungamirwa nevakuru vemauto vakadzidziswa kuUS, avo veUS [sic] mapurisa. The Intercept munguva pfupi yapfuura Zvinonzi Vakuru vakadzidziswa neUS vakaedza kutora masimba mapfumbamwe, uye vakabudirira mune zvingangoita sere, munyika shanu dzeWest Africa kubvira 2008, kusanganisira Burkina Faso katatu; Guinea, Mali katatu; Mauritania neGambia.
Kuti titaure zvakawanda nezve mhirizhonga iyi muAfrica yose, takabatanidzwa nevaenzi vaviri. Samar Al-Bulushi inyanzvi yeanthropologist paUniversity yeCalifornia, Irvine, inotarisa nezvechipurisa, mauto uye inonzi hondo yehugandanga muEast Africa. Bhuku rake riri kuuya rakanzi Kuita Hondo seKugadzira Nyika. Brittany Meché mubatsiri purofesa wezvidzidzo zvezvakatipoteredza kuWilliams College, kwaanotarisa kunetsana uye shanduko yezvakatipoteredza muWest Africa Sahel.
Brittany, ngatitange newe, Muzvinafundo Meché. Kana iwe uchigona kutaura nezve dunhu rino reAfrica uye nei uchitenda kuti vari kuita iyi nhamba yekupidigura kana kuedza kupidigura?
BRITTANY MECHÉ: Waita hako Amy. Zvakanaka kuva pano.
Saka, imwe yemashoko ekutanga andinoda kupa ndeyekuti kazhinji kana zvinhu zverudzi urwu zvikaitika, zviri nyore kuronga kuisa chimiro chekusadzivirika pane zvese izvi coups. Saka, zviri nyore kungotaura kuti West Africa, kana kuti kondinendi yeAfrica yakakura, ingori nzvimbo inoitika kupidigura hurumende, kusiyana nekubvunza mibvunzo yakaoma kwazvo pamusoro pezvese zviri mukati mesimba remukati asiwo nekunze kwemasimba anobatsira kune izvi coups.
Saka, maererano nemasimba emukati, izvo zvinogona kuve zvinhu zvakaita sehuwandu hwevanhu vanorasikirwa nekutenda muhurumende dzavo kuti vapindure kune zvinodiwa zvakakosha, rudzi rwekusafarira kwakawanda uye pfungwa yekuti hurumende hadzigone kupindura munharaunda, asiwo masimba ekunze. . Saka, takataura zvishoma nezve nzira idzo vatungamiriri mune mamwe eiyi coups, kunyanya kufunga nezveMali neBurkina Faso, vakadzidziswa neUS, uye mune dzimwe nguva zvakare France. Saka, idzi mhando dzekudyara kwekunze mubazi rekuchengetedza zvakaomesa mamwe zvikamu zvehurumende zvichikanganisa hutongi hwegutsaruzhinji.
JUAN GONZÁLEZ: Uye, Muzvinafundo Meché, wakataura nezveFrance, zvakare. Dzakawanda dzeidzi nyika dzaive chikamu chehumambo hwekare hweFrance hwekoloni muAfrica, uye France yakaita basa rakakura mumakumi emakore achangopfuura maererano nemauto avo muAfrica. Unogona here kutaura nezve chiitiko ichi, sezvo United States inotanga kushandisa simba rakawanda muAfrica uye sezvo France inodzokera kumashure, maererano nekugadzikana kana kusagadzikana kwezvizhinji zvehurumende idzi?
BRITTANY MECHÉ: Ehe, ndinofunga kuti hazvigoneke kuti tinzwisise iyo yemazuva ano Sahel yeAfrica tisinganzwisise kusawirirana kwakave neFrance seyaimbove simba reukoloni, asiwo sesimba risingaenzaniswi rehupfumi munyika, richinyanya kushandisa simba rehupfumi, kuchera zviwanikwa kuMadokero. African Sahel, asiwo mukugadzirisa hurongwa, kunyanya mumakore gumi apfuura, iyo yakanyatsotarisana nekusimbisa mauto, kusimbisa mapurisa, kusimbisa mabasa ekurwisana nehugandanga munzvimbo yose, uye nzira iyo, zvakare, izvi zvinonyatsoomesa mauto ekuchengetedza.
Asi iniwo ndinofunga, kunyanya kufunga nezve pesvedzero yeUS, kuti US, mukuyedza kuveza imwe yetiyeta nyowani yehondo yehugandanga muWest Africa Sahel, yakakonzerawo kune mamwe eaya maitiro asina kunaka ayo isu. ndaona mudunhu rese. Uye saka kupindirana kweaimbova masimba ekoloni uye zvakare izvo zvakatsanangurwa nevaratidziri pasi serudzi rwehupo hutsva hwehumambo neUnited States, ndinofunga zvese izvi zvinhu zviri kunyatso kudzikamisa dunhu, pasi perudzi rwe. zvikonzero zvekuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa. Asi zvatakaona zviri kungowedzera kusagadzikana, kuwedzera kusachengeteka.
JUAN GONZÁLEZ: Uye maererano nekusagadzikana uku munharaunda, zvakadini nezvenyaya yacho, zviri pachena, iyo yakakwevera pfungwa dzeUnited States kuwedzera munharaunda, yekukwira kwevaIslamic insurgencies, kana kubva kuAl-Qaeda kana ISIS, munharaunda?
BRITTANY MECHÉ: Hongu, saka, kunyangwe semhando dzehugandanga hwepasirese network dziri kushanda muWest Africa Sahel, saka al-Qaeda muIslam Maghreb asi zvakare maoffshoots eISIL, ndinofunga zvakakosha kufunga nezvemhirizhonga iri kuitika mhiri kweSahel sechokwadi. kurwisana kwenzvimbo. Saka, kunyangwe pavanopinda mune mamwe eaya akawanda network epasirese, iwo makakatanwa emunharaunda, uko nharaunda dzenzvimbo dziri kunyatsonzwa kuti ese ari maviri ehurumende yenyika haakwanise kupindura kune zvavanoda asiwo kuwedzera makwikwi ese pamusoro pehutongi. uye nzira dzekuzvidavirira, asiwo rudzi rwekusafarira kwakawanda munzira dzekuti vanhu vangangoona kumukira kwepfuti, kushorwa nepfuti, seimwe yenzira shoma dzasara kuti dziite zvichemo, vanoita zvirevo kuhurumende dzavanoona kunge dzisipo uye dzisingateereri.
AMY GOODMAN: Muzvinafundo Meché, mune imwe chinguva tinoda kukubvunza nezvedzimwe nyika, asi ndaida kutendeukira kuna purofesa Samar Al-Bulushi, anthropologist paUniversity yeCalifornia, Irvine, anotarisa nezvechipurisa, mauto uye inonzi hondo pa kutya muEast Africa, achipa mupepeti webhuku racho Africa inyika uye mumwe munhu paQuincy Institute. Kana iwe ukakwanisa kutipa mufananidzo wakazara wenzvimbo iyi kana zvasvika kune zvechiuto, uye kunyanya kubatanidzwa kweUS maererano nekudzidzisa mapurisa ane chekuita nekuvhota uku? Ndinoreva, zvinoshamisa chaizvo. Mumwedzi gumi nemisere yadarika, chii, takaona iyi nhamba yekuvhomora. Pasina nguva mumakore makumi maviri adarika taona huwandu uhu hwekupidigura hurumende muAfrica yose munguva iyi.
SAMAR AL-BULUSHI: Waita hako Amy. Zvakanaka kuva nemi pachiratidziro mangwanani ano.
Ini ndinofunga kuti wakarurama: Isu tinofanirwa kubvunza nezve yakafararira geopolitical mamiriro ayo akashingisa aya vakuru vemauto kutora zviito zvekukakavara. Pakati pehondo inotungamirwa neUS pamusoro pehugandanga uye kugadziriswa kwenharaunda dzepasirese ne, quote-unquote, "chengetedzo," iyi inyaya inoisa, kana isiri ropafadzo, mhinduro dzemauto kumatambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika. Ini ndinofunga pane katsika munhau dzeruzhinji dzinotaura nezve kumukirana kuchangoburwa kuisa vatambi vekunze kunze kwehurongwa hwekuongorora, asi kana ukafunga nezvekukura kuri kuita kwemauto eUS kuAfrica, inozivikanwa neimwe nzira seAFRICOM, zvinobva zvaita. zvakajeka kuti kungava kukanganisa kududzira zviitiko munyika idzi sechibereko chegakava rezvematongerwo enyika chete.
Kune vateereri vasina kujaira, AFRICOM yakavambwa muna 2007. Iko zvino yava nemauto anosvika makumi maviri nepfumbamwe anozivikanwa mumatunhu gumi neshanu mukondinendi yese. Uye nyika zhinji, sezvawataura, dzakasangana nekupidigura hurumende kana kuedza kupidigura hurumende ishamwari huru dzeUS muhondo yehugandanga, uye vazhinji vevatungamiriri vezvipoka izvi vakadzidziswa kubva kumauto eUS.
Ikozvino, musanganiswa wekudzidziswa uye rubatsiro rwemari, pamwe nekuti mazhinji aya, quote-unquote, "nyika dzemubatanidzwa" inobvumira mauto eUS kushanda paivhu ravo, zvave kureva kuti nyika idzi dzemuAfrica dzakakwanisa kuwedzera zvakanyanya zvekuchengetedza zvivakwa. Semuyenzaniso, mari yemauto pamotokari dzemapurisa dzakashongedzerwa nezvombo, zvikopokopo zvekurwisa, zvidhori nemakoronyera zvawedzera. Uye nepo mauto eCold War akatungamira kurongeka uye kugadzikana, mauto emazuva ano anotsanangurwa nekugara achigadzirira hondo. Kusvika makore makumi maviri apfuura, nyika shoma dzemuAfrica dzaive nevavengi vekunze, asi hondo yehugandanga yakadzoreredza kuverenga kwedunhu nezve chengetedzo, uye makore ekudzidziswa neAFRICOM akaburitsa chizvarwa chitsva chevatambi vekuchengetedza avo vane pfungwa uye vakashongedzerwa zvehondo. .
Uye isu tinogona kufunga nezve nzira idzo izvi zvinotendeuka mukati, handiti? Kunyangwe vakadzidziswa kurwa kunobvira kunze, isu tinogona kududzira macoups aya se- munoziva, sekutendeudzira mukati memhando iyi yehurongwa uye kutungamira kuhondo. Nekuti iyo US nevanodyidzana nayo vanovimba zvakanyanya kune dzakawanda dzeidzi nyika pakuita mabasa ekuchengetedza mukondinendi, vazhinji vevatungamiriri ava vanowanzo kwanisa kubatanidza masimba avo nenzira isingatarisirwi nekuongorora kwekunze, ndoda kushoropodza.
Uye ndinotoenda rimwe danho rekutaura kuti nyika dzevamwe dzakaita seKenya, kujoinha - kuKenya, kupinda muhondo yehugandanga kwaita basa rakakosha mukusimudzira chimiro chayo chezvematongerwo enyika. Zvinoita sezvinopesana, asi Kenya yakakwanisa kuzvimisa se, quote-unquote, "mutungamiri" muhondo yehugandanga muEast Africa. Uye neimwe nzira, kurwira chirongwa chekurwisa hugandanga hakusi kwekungowana rubatsiro rwekunze, asi zvakaenzana nezvekuti nyika dzemuAfrica dzinogona sei kuona kukosha kwavo sevatambi vepasirese pasi rose nhasi.
Chinhu chekupedzisira chandinoda kutaura ndechekuti ndinofunga zvakakosha kuti tisaderedze zviitiko izvi nekuda kwezvakagadzirwa zvehumambo, nekuti masimba enyika nematunhu ane basa uye anotipa pfungwa dzedu, kunyanya panyaya yeSudan. , uko nyika dzeGulf pari zvino dzingave dzine pesvedzero yakawanda kupfuura United States. Saka isu tinongoda kuziva njodzi dzinouya, hongu, nehupamhi, ongororo yakatsvaira, seyandiri kukupa pano, kana tichitaura pamusoro pezvakawanda zvakasiyana siyana zvezvematongerwo enyika.
JUAN GONZÁLEZ: Uye, Muzvinafundo Bulushi, maererano ne- wataura huwandu hukuru hwerubatsiro rwemauto rwakabva kuUnited States kuenda kunyika idzi. Dzimwe dzeidzi ndidzo dzimwe dzenyika dzine hurombo zvikuru pasi rose. Saka, ungataure here nezve maitiro ane chekuita nekuvaka nyika uye maererano nehukuru hwebasa rinoitwa nemauto munyika idzi, kunyangwe sesosi yebasa kana mari kuzvikamu zveavo vanhu vari chikamu che kana kuti mubatanidzwa nemauto?
SAMAR AL-BULUSHI: Ehe, iwo mubvunzo wakanaka. Uye ndinofunga zvakakosha kuyeuka pano kuti rudzi rweruyamuro rwakaiswa mukondinendi haruna kugumira kumauto nemauto. Uye izvo zvatinoona patinotanga kutarisa zvakanyanya ndezvekuti nzira yakachengetedzwa uye nzira yehondo kumatambudziko ose emagariro evanhu uye ezvematongerwo enyika yakanyatsotora chikamu chikuru chebasa rose revanopa muAfrica zvachose. Zvino, izvi zvinoreva kuti zvinova zvakaoma zvikuru kune sangano revanhu, somuenzaniso, kuwana rubatsiro kune chimwe chinhu kunze kwechimwe chinhu chine chokuita nekuchengetedzwa. Uye kwave nemamwe magwaro mumakore achangopfuura anoratidza mhedzisiro yerudzi urwu rwekuumbwa kwechikamu cherubatsiro pane vanhu mukondinendi yose, mupfungwa yekuti havakwanise kuwana mari yezvinhu zvinonyanya kudiwa, munoziva, kana zviri izvo. hutano, ingave dzidzo, uye mhando yechinhu ichocho.
Zvino, ndinoda kutaura pano kuti munyaya yeSomalia, tinogona kuona kuti varipo - African Union yakatumira mauto ekuchengetedza runyararo kuSomalia mushure mekupindira kweEthiopiya, kupindira kweEthiopia kwakatsigirwa neUnited States muSomalia muna 2006. Uye isu tinogona kutanga kuona - kana tikaronda mari yakashandiswa kutsigira basa rekuchengetedza runyararo muSomalia, tinoona huwandu huri kukura hwenyika dzemuAfrica dziri kuramba dzichivimba nemari yemauto. Pamusoro pemari inouya yakananga kuhurumende dzavo dzemauto nechinangwa chekudzidzisa, vari kuramba vachivimba - mauto avo ari kuramba achivimba nemari kubva kumasangano akaita seEuropean Union, semuenzaniso, kubhadhara mihoro yavo. Uye chiri kunyanya kushamisa pano ndechekuti mauto anochengetedza runyararo muSomalia anogamuchira mihoro inowanzosvika kagumi pane yaanowana munyika dzekumba kwavo kana vangori, munoziva, vakaiswa mumhando yemhando yakajairika kumusha. Uye saka tinogona kutanga kuona kuti ingani dzenyika idzi - uye muSomalia, iBurundi, Djibouti, Uganda, Kenya neEthiopia - idzo dzave kuramba dzichivimba nehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakarongwa nehondo. Rudyi? Isu tinoona nzira yekusimuka yevashandi vemauto vanotama iyo yakave nemhedzisiro yekudzivirira nekumisa kuongororwa neveruzhinji uye nemhosva kuhurumende dzakaita seUnited States - handiti? - iyo ingadai iri kuendesa mauto ayo kumberi.
AMY GOODMAN: Muzvinafundo Brittany Meché, ndanga ndichinetseka — muri nyanzvi muSahel, uye ticharatidza mepu yedunhu reSahel muAfrica. Kana iwe uchigona kutaura nezve kukosha kwayo chete, wobva watarisa zvakanyanya kuBurkina Faso? Ndinoreva, chokwadi ipapo, iwe, muna 2013, wakasangana nemauto eUS aidzidzisa masoja muBurkina Faso. Ingori ichangoburwa mukupidigura hurumende uko mutungamiri wecoup akadzidziswa neUS, US ichidurura mari inodarika bhiriyoni remadhora mune inodaidzwa kuti rubatsiro rwekuchengetedza. Unogona kutaura nezvemamiriro ezvinhu ipapo uye zvawakawana mukutaura nemauto aya?
BRITTANY MECHÉ: Chokwadi. Saka, ini ndinoda kupa mhando yezvakajairwa kutaura nezve Sahel, iyo inowanzo nyorwa seimwe yenzvimbo dzine hurombo pasi rose asi yakanyatsoita basa rakakosha mumhando yenhoroondo yepasirese, kufunga nezve. pakati pezana remakore rechi20 uye kubuda kwerubatsiro rwepasi rose rwekubatsira kwevanhu, asi zvakare inoramba ichiita basa rinokosha semupi weuranium, asiwo kuva rudzi rwechinangwa chekuenderera mberi kwemauto.
Asi kuti nditaure zvishoma nezveBurkina Faso, ndinofunga kuti zvinonakidza chaizvo kugadzirisa kudzoka kunguva ya2014, apo mutungamiriri wenguva iyoyo Blaise Compaoré akadzingwa muchimurenga chakakurumbira paakaedza kuwedzera hutongi hwake nekunyorazve Bumbiro reMitemo. Uye nguva iyoyo yaive yenguva yekugoneka, nguva yerudzi rweshanduko yepfungwa pamusoro pezvingave Burkina Faso mushure mekupera kwekutonga kwemakore makumi maviri nemanomwe kwaCompaoré.
Uye saka, muna 2015, ndakasangana neboka remauto eUS aiitisa dzidziso dzekurwisa hugandanga uye kuchengetedza munyika. Uye ndakabvunza zvine mutsindo kana vachifunga kuti, tichipihwa nguva ino yeshanduko yedemocracy, kana marudzi aya ekudyara mubazi rekuchengetedza angakanganisa maitiro aya edemokrasi. Uye ndakavimbiswa marudzi ese ekuti chimwe chezvaiitwa nemauto eUS muSahel kuita basa remauto. Uye ndinofunga, mukutarisa kumashure kubvunzurudzo iyi uye kuona zvakazoitika, zvese zvakaedza kuvhota zvakaitika risati rapera gore mushure mekunge ndaita bvunzurudzo iyi uye iko zvino kukunda kwakabudirira kwakaitika, ndinofunga uyu mubvunzo mushoma nezvekuita hunyanzvi. uyezve mubvunzo wezvinoitika kana kugadzira hondo kukava kugadzira nyika, kutora zita rebhuku raSamar, asi kana iwe ukaomesa chikamu chenyika, uchikanganisa zvimwe zvinhu zveiyo nyika, kudzorera mari kure nezvinhu zvakaita se Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health, kuMinistry of Defense. Hazvishamisi kuti rudzi rwemurume akasimba mune yunifomu inova rudzi rwekunyanya mhedzisiro yerudzi irwo rwekuomesa.
Ndinodawo kutaura mamwe mareport atakaona evanhu varikupemberera macoups aya akaitika. Saka, takazviona muBurkina Faso, kuMali. Takazvionawo kuGuinea. Uye ini handidi izvi - ndaizopa izvi kwete senge senge yekupokana-democracy manzwiro anokanganisa nharaunda idzi, asi, zvakare, iyi pfungwa yekuti kana hurumende dzevanhu vasina kukwanisa kupindura zvichemo. yenharaunda, zvino mutungamiri, rudzi rwemutungamiri akasimba, anoti, "Ndichakudzivirira," inova rudzi rwemhinduro inoyevedza. Asi ini ndaizopedzisa nekutaura kuti kune tsika yakasimba, mhiri kweSahel asi muBurkina Faso kunyanya, yekuchinja shanduko, yekuchinja pfungwa, yekurwira hupenyu huri nani hwezvematongerwo enyika, hwehupenyu huri nani hwemagariro nenharaunda. Uye saka, ndinofunga kuti ndizvo zvandiri kutarisira, kuti mubatanidzwa uyu hausi kukanganisa izvozvo, uye kuti pane imwe nzira yekudzoka kune chimwe chinhu chinokwana kutonga kwegutsaruzhinji munyika iyoyo.
AMY GOODMAN: Ndinoda kukutendai mose zvikuru nekuva nesu. Inhaurirano yaticharamba tichiita. Brittany Meché purofesa paWilliams College, uye Samar Al-Bulushi purofesa paYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Irvine.
Tevere, tinoenda kuMinneapolis, uko varatidziri vaenda kumigwagwa kubva Chitatu chapfuura, mushure mekunge mapurisa apfura nerufu Amir Locke ane makore makumi maviri nemaviri. Akanga akarara pasofa apo vakanga vaita rutsva-mangwanani pasina kugogodza. Vabereki vake vanoti akaurayiwa. Varatidziri vanoti mapurisa ari kuyedza kuvharidzira kuti chii chaizvo chaitika. Garai nesu.
[kutyora]
AMY GOODMAN: "Simba, Ushingi & Uchenjeri" neIndia.Arie. NeChishanu, muhwina weGrammy Award wenguva ina akabatana nevamwe vaimbi vakaburitsa mimhanzi yavo kubva kuSpotify vachipikisa zvakataurwa nepodcaster Joe Rogan, pamwe nekusimudzirwa kwaRogan kwemashoko asiri iwo nezveCCIDID-19. Arie akaisa pamwechete vhidhiyo yaRogan achitaura iyo N-izwi nguva dzisingaperi.
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