HONDO HADZIKUNWI, UYE HAIDZIDZO NEKUKUKUDZA

"Ini handizove mutungamiri wekutanga kukundwa muhondo," akapika Lyndon Johnson.

"Ndichaona kuti United States haisi kurasikirwa. Ndiri kutaura zviri nyore. Ndichanyatsotaura. South Vietnam inogona kurasikirwa. Asi United States haigoni kurasikirwa. Zvinoreva kuti, chaizvoizvo, ndaita sarudzo. Chero zvingaitika kuSouth Vietnam, tiri kuenda kukirimu North Vietnam. . . . Nekuti kana tave kushandisa simba guru renyika ino. . . kurwisa nyika diki iyi: kukunda muhondo. Hatigoni kushandisa shoko rokuti ‘kuhwina.’ Asi vamwe vanogona,” akadaro Richard Nixon.

Hongu, Johnson naNixon "vakarasikirwa" nehondo iyoyo, asi vakanga vasiri vatungamiri vekutanga kurasikirwa nehondo. Hondo yeKorea yakanga isati yapera nekukunda, kungoita runyararo. “Kufira tie,” akadaro mauto. United States yakarasikirwa nehondo dzakasiyana-siyana nemaNative America uye Hondo ye1812, uye munguva yeVietnam United States yakaratidza kakawanda kusakwanisa kudzinga Fidel Castro muCuba. Hadzisi hondo dzese dzinokunda, uye Hondo yeVietnam inogona kunge yakave yakafanana nehondo dzakazotevera paAfghanistan neIraq humwe hunhu hwekusakunda. Hunhu humwe chetehwo hunogona kuwonekwa mumamisheni madiki akakundikana senge dambudziko revatapi muIran muna 1979, kana mukuyedza kudzivirira kurwiswa kwehugandanga pamahofisi evamiriri veUS neUnited States pamberi pe2001, kana kuchengetedzwa kwemabhesi munzvimbo dzaisazovashivirira. , kufanana nePhilippines kana Saudi Arabia.

Ndinoreva kuratidza chimwe chinhu chakanyanya kujeka kupfuura kungoti hondo dzisina kukundwa dzaive dzisingakundike. Muhondo zhinji dzekare, uye zvichida kuburikidza neHondo Yenyika II uye Hondo yeKorea, pfungwa yekukunda yaisanganisira kukunda mauto evavengi panhandare yehondo uye kutora nharaunda yavo kana kuvaraira mamiriro ehupenyu hwavo hwemangwana. Muhondo dzekare dzakasiyana-siyana uye dzakawanda dzehondo dzedu dzichangoburwa, hondo dzakarwa zviuru zvemakiromita kubva kumusha dzichipesana nevanhu pane kurwisa mauto, pfungwa yekukunda yave yakaoma kwazvo kutsanangura. Sezvo isu tichizviwana tagara munyika yemumwe munhu, zvinoreva here kuti isu takatokunda, sezvakataurwa naBush nezveIraq musi waMay 1, 2003? Kana kuti tinogona kurasikirwa nekubvisa? Kana kuti kukunda kunouya apo uye kana kuramba kwechisimba kunoderedzwa kusvika kumwero wakati? Kana kuti hurumende yakagadzikana inoteerera zvishuwo zveWashington inofanira kugadzwa kusati kwave nekukunda here?

Kukunda kwerudzi irworwo, kutonga pamusoro pehurumende yeimwe nyika ine kushomeka kwechisimba, kwakaoma kuwana. Hondo dzekugara kana kupokana-kupandukira dzinowanzokurukurwa pasina kutaurwa nezveiyi yepakati uye inoita seyakakosha poindi: ivo vanowanzo rasika. William Polk akaita chidzidzo chekumukira uye hondo yehugandanga yaakatarisa kuAmerican Revolution, kupikisa kweSpain kurwisa French yaigara, kumukira kwePhilippine, kurwira rusununguko rweIrish, kurwisa kweAfghan kune maBritish nemaRussia, uye kurwisana kwehugandanga. muYugoslavia, Greece, Kenya, uye Algeria, pakati pezvimwe. Polk akatarisa zvinoitika kana isu tiri ma redcoat uye vamwe vanhu vari ma colonist. Muna 1963 akapa mharidzo kuNational War College iyo yakasiya vakuru vakuru ikoko vakatsamwa. Akavaudza kuti hondo dzemagandanga dzakaumbwa nezvematongerwo enyika, kutonga, uye kurwa:

"Ndakaudza vateereri kuti isu takanga tarasikirwa nenyaya yezvematongerwo enyika - Ho Chi Minh anga ave mufananidzo weVietnamese nyika. Izvozvo, ndakati, yakanga iri inenge 80 muzana yehondo yose. Uyezve, iyo Viet Minh kana Viet Cong, sezvatakanga tauya kuzovadaidza, yakanga yakanganisawo hutongi hweSouth Vietnam, kuuraya huwandu hukuru hwevakuru vayo, zvekuti yakange yamira kuita mabasa ekutanga. Izvo, ndakafungidzira, zvakawedzera 15 muzana yehondo. Saka, ne5 muzana chete iri panjodzi, takanga takabata kumucheto kupfupi kwerevhisi. Uye nekuda kwehuwori hunokatyamadza hwehurumende yeSouth Vietnamese, sezvandaive nemukana wekuzvionera ndoga, kunyangwe iyo lever yaive munjodzi yekutyoka. Ndakanyevera mapurisa kuti hondo yakanga yatoparara.”

Muna Zvita 1963, Mutungamiri Johnson vakamisa boka rekushanda rainzi Sullivan Task Force. Zvawakawana zvakasiyana kubva kuPolk zvakanyanya mukutaura uye chinangwa pane muchinhu. Iri boka rebasa rakaona kuwedzera kwehondo ne "Rolling Thunder" yekubhomba mushandirapamwe kuchamhembe se "chisungo chekufamba munzira yese." Muchokwadi, "mutongo wakajeka weDare reSullivan waive wekuti mushandirapamwe webhomba waizoguma nehondo isingaperi, ichiramba ichiwedzera, nemativi ese ari maviri akabatanidzwa mukusagadzikana kusingaperi."

Izvi zvaisafanira kunge zviri nhau. Dhipatimendi reHurumende reUnited States rakanga raziva kuti Hondo yeVietnam yaisakwanisa kukundwa kare muna 1946, sekurondedzera kunoita Polk:

"John Carter Vincent, uyo basa rake rakazokanganiswa nekusawirirana nemanzwisisiro ake paVietnam neChina, aive mutungamiriri weHofisi yeFar East Affairs muDhipatimendi reHurumende. Musi waDecember 23, 1946, akanyora nokuchenjera munyori wehurumende kuti 'nemasimba asina kukwana, ane maonero evanhu anopesana zvakanyanya, nehurumende yakasashanda zvakanyanya kuburikidza nekupatsanurwa kwemukati, vaFrance vakaedza kuita muIndochina iyo Britain yakasimba uye yakabatana. akaona zvisiri kuchenjera kuedza muBurma. Tichifunga nezvemamiriro ezvinhu aripo iye zvino, hondo yemagandanga inogona kuenderera mberi nekusingaperi.’”

Ongororo yaPolk yehondo yehugandanga pasirese yakawana kuti kumukirana nemabasa ekunze kazhinji hakuperi kusvika vabudirira. Izvi zvinowirirana nezvakawanikwa zveCarnegie Endowment for International Peace neRAND Corporation, ese akataurwa muchitsauko chetatu. Kupandukira kuri kuitika munyika dzine hurumende dzisina simba kunobudirira. Hurumende dzinotora maodha kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzeumambo dzinowanzove dzisina simba. Hondo dzakatangwa naGeorge W. Bush muAfghanistan neIraq naizvozvo dzinenge dziine hondo dzichaparara. Mubvunzo mukuru ndewekuti tichapedza nguva yakareba sei tichizviita, uye kuti Afghanistan icharamba ichirarama maererano nemukurumbira wayo se "guva rehumambo."

Mumwe haafaniri kufunga nezvehondo idzi chete maererano nekukunda kana kukundwa, zvisinei. Dai United States yaizosarudza vakuru vakuru nekuvamanikidza kuti vateerere zvishuwo zveveruzhinji uye vasiye basa kubva kune dzimwe nyika mauto ehondo, tese taizove nani. Neiko munyika mugumisiro unoshuviwa uchifanira kunzi “kurasikirwa”? Takaona muchitsauko chechipiri kuti kunyangwe mumiriri wemutungamiri wenyika kuAfghanistan haakwanise kutsanangura kuti kukunda kuchaita sei. Pane, ipapoka, pfungwa ipi neipi mukuita sokunge “kuhwina” isarudzo? Kana hondo dzichizorega kuva makwikwi epamutemo uye ane mbiri evatungamiri vane heroic uye vova izvo zvavari pasi pemutemo, kureva mhosva, saka mazwi akasiyana-siyana anodiwa. Iwe haugone kukunda kana kurasikirwa nemhosva; unogona chete kuenderera kana kurega kuzviita.

Chikamu: ZVINONYANYA KUPFUURA KUSHAMISWA

Kushaya simba kwevanopikisa, kana kuti basa rekunze, nderokuti havapi vanhu vari munyika dzakagarwa chero chinhu chavanoda kana chido; pane kudaro, vanogumbura uye vanokuvadza vanhu. Izvozvo zvinosiya mukana mukuru wemasimba ekumukira, kana kuti kupikisa, kukunda rubatsiro rwevanhu kudivi ravo. Panguva imwe chete iyo mauto eUS anoita zviratidzo zvisina simba munzira yekunzwisisa dambudziko iri uye kugunun'una kumwe kunozvidzika kwekukunda "moyo nepfungwa," inoisa zviwanikwa zvakakura munzira inopesana chaizvo ine chinangwa chekukunda vanhu, asi vachivarova zvakasimba zvokuti vanorasikirwa nechido chokuramba. Iyi nzira ine nhoroondo yakareba uye yakanyatsogadziriswa yekukundikana uye inogona kunge isinganyanyi kukurudzira kwechokwadi shure kwezvirongwa zvehondo pane zvinhu zvakadai sehupfumi uye kusuruvara. Asi zvinotungamira kurufu rwakakura uye kutamiswa, izvo zvinogona kubatsira basa kunyangwe rikaburitsa vavengi kwete shamwari.

Nhoroondo ichangoburwa yengano yekutyora hunhu hwemuvengi inofambirana nenhoroondo yekubhomba kwemuchadenga. Sezvo ndege dzisati dzatangwa uye kubvira kare vanhu vave vachirarama, vanhu vakatenda, uye vangaramba vachidavira, kuti hondo dzinogona kupfupikiswa nokubhomba vanhu kubva mumhepo noutsinye zvokuti vanodana kuti “sekuru.” Kuti izvi hazvishande hachisi chipingamupinyi pakupa zita uye kudzoreredza senzira yehondo yega yega.

Mutungamiri Franklin Roosevelt vakaudza Secretary of Treasury Henry Morgenthau muna 1941 kuti: “Nzira yekunanzva Hitler inzira yandanga ndichiudza Chirungu, asi havanditeerere.” Roosevelt aida kubhomba madhorobha madiki. “Panofanira kunge paine imwe mhando yefekitari mutaundi riri rose. Ndiyo chete nzira yekutyora hunhu hweGerman. "

Paive nefungidziro mbiri dzenhema mumaonero iwayo, uye dzakaramba dzakatanhamara mukuronga hondo zvachose. (Handirevi fungidziro yekuti mabhomba edu anogona kurova fekitori; kuti vaizopotsa yaive pfungwa yaRoosevelt.)

Imwe fungidziro huru yenhema ndeyokuti kubhomba dzimba dzevanhu kune hunhu hwepfungwa pavari hwakafanana neruzivo rwemurwi muhondo. Vakuru vakuru vaironga kubhomba mumaguta muHondo Yenyika II vaitarisira kuti mapoka e“mapengo anopenga” adzungaire achibuda mumarara. Asi vanhuwo zvavo vanopona pamabhomba havana kutarisana nekudiwa kwekuuraya vamwe vanhu, kana "mhepo yeruvengo" inokurukurwa muchitsauko chekutanga - kutyisa kwakanyanya kwevamwe vanhu vari kuedza kukuuraya iwe pachako. Muchokwadi, kubhomba maguta hakushungurudza munhu wese kusvika pakupenga. Panzvimbo pezvo zvinokombamira kuomesa mwoyo yeavo vanopona uye kusimbisa kutsunga kwavo kuramba vachitsigira hondo.

Mapoka erufu pasi anogona kushungurudza huwandu hwevanhu, asi anosanganisira mwero wakasiyana wengozi uye kuzvipira pane kubhomba kunoita.

Yechipiri fungidziro yenhema ndeyekuti kana vanhu vapandukira hondo, hurumende yavo inogona kupa dhiri. Hurumende dzinonyepera kupinda muhondo pakutanga, uye kunze kwekunge vanhu vachityisidzira kuvabvisa pamasimba, vanogona kusarudza kuenderera mberi nehondo kunyangwe vachipikiswa neruzhinji, chimwe chinhu chakaitwa neUnited States muKorea, Vietnam, Iraq, uye. Afghanistan, pakati pedzimwe hondo. Hondo yeVietnam yakazopera mwedzi misere mushure mekunge mutungamiri wenyika amanikidzwa kubuda pachigaro. Uyewo hurumende zhinji hadzizozvitsvakiri dzimene kudzivirira vanhuwo zvavo, seizvo maAmerican aitarisira kuti maJapan aite uye maGerman aitarisira kuti maBritish aite. Takabhomba maKorea neVietnam zvakatonyanya, uye zvakadaro havana kurega. Hapana akavhunduka nekuvhunduka.

Vatsigiri vedzidziso dzokudziya vakaumba mashoko okuti “kuvhunduka uye kutya” muna 1996, Harlan Ullman naJames P. Wade, vaidavira kuti nzira imwe cheteyo yakanga yakundikana kwemakumi emakore yaizoshanda, asi kuti tingada imwe yacho. Kubhomba kwe2003 kweBaghdad kwakadonha pane zvaifungwa naUllman kuti zvaidiwa kuti vanhu vatye. Zvakaoma, zvisinei, kuona kuti dzidziso dzakadai dzinotora papi mutsetse pakati pevanhu vanopenga sezvavasati vamboshamiswa, uye kuuraya vanhu vazhinji, izvo zvine mhedzisiro yakafanana uye yakamboitwa.

Chokwadi ndechokuti hondo, kana dzangotanga, dzakaoma zvikuru kudzora kana kufanotaura, zvikuru kukunda. Varume vashoma vane mabhokisi ekucheka mabhokisi vanogona kutora zvivakwa zvako zvakakura, zvisinei nekuti une nukes mangani. Uye uto diki revapanduki vasina kudzidziswa vane mabhomba emumba akaputiswa nenharembozha dzinoraswa vanogona kukunda matiriyoni emadhora mauto aita chivindi chekugadzira zvitoro munyika isiri iyo. Chinhu chakakosha ndechekuti chido chiri muvanhu, uye izvo zvinoramba zvichiwedzera kuoma kutungamira zvakanyanya iyo simba rinotora rinoedza kuzvitungamira.

Chikamu: KUREVA KUKUNDA UCHITIZA

Asi hapana chikonzero chekubvuma kukundwa. Zviri nyore kuti utaure kuti wanga uchida kusiya nguva yese iyi, kuwedzera hondo kwechinguva, uye wozoti uri kuenda nekuda kwe "kubudirira" kusingatsananguriki kwekukwira kwazvino. Iyo nyaya, yakakwenenzverwa kuita seyakaomesesa, inogona kuratidzika senge yakundwa pane kutiza neherikoputa kubva padenga reembassy.

Nekuti hondo dzakapfuura dzaihwina uye dzinorasika, uye nekuti manyepo ehondo akadyarwa zvakanyanya mudingindira iro, varongi vehondo vanofunga kuti ndidzo sarudzo mbiri chete. Ivo sezviri pachena vanowana imwe yesarudzo idzodzo kuva isingashiviriri. Vanotendawo kuti hondo dzepasi rose dzakakundwa nekuda kwekuwanda kwemauto eAmerica mukurwisana. Saka, kuhwina kunodikanwa, kunobvira, uye kunogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekuedza kukuru. Ndiro meseji inofanira kuburitswa, chokwadi chingave chichibatana kana kuti kwete, uye chero munhu anotaura zvakasiyana ari kukanganisa hondo.

Kufunga uku kunotungamirira kukunyepedzera kukuru pamusoro pekukunda, kutaura kwenhema kuti kukunda kwava pedyo, kutsanangurwa patsva kwekukunda sezvavanodiwa, uye kuramba kutsanangura kukunda kuti ugone kuzvitora kunyangwe zvodii. Propaganda yakanaka yehondo inogona kuita kuti chero chinhu chipi zvacho chiite sefambiro mberi yakananga mukukunda uku ichinyengetedza rimwe divi kuti vakananga kukurirwa. Asi nemativi ese ari maviri anogara achiti kufambira mberi, mumwe munhu anofanira kunge asiriye, uye mukana mukunyengetedza vanhu pamwe unoenda kudivi rinotaura mutauro wavo.

Harold Lasswell akatsanangura kukosha kweparadziro yekukunda muna 1927:

“Kunyepedzera kwekukunda kunofanira kukudziridzwa nekuda kwekubatana kwepedyo pakati pevakasimba nevakanaka. Tsika dzekutanga dzekufunga dzinoramba dziri muhupenyu hwazvino, uye hondo dzinove muedzo wekuziva chokwadi nechakanaka. Kana tikakunda, Mwari ari kudivi redu. Kana tikarasikirwa, Mwari vanogona kunge vari kune rumwe rutivi. . . . [D] efeat inoda kutsanangura kwakawanda, uku kukunda kuchizvitaurira.

Saka, kutanga hondo pahwaro hwenhema dzisina musoro dzisingatendwe kwemwedzi unoshanda, chero mukati memwedzi unogona kuzivisa kuti uri "kukunda."

Pamusoro pekurasikirwa, chimwe chinhu chinoda kutsanangurirwa zvakanyanya kugadzikana kusingagumi. Hondo dzedu itsva dzinotora nguva yakareba kupfuura zvakaitwa nehondo dzenyika. United States yakanga iri muHondo Yenyika I kwegore nehafu, muHondo Yenyika II kwemakore matatu nehafu, uye muHondo yeKorea kwemakore matatu. Idzo dzakanga dziri hondo refu uye dzinotyisa. Asi Hondo yeVietnam yakatora makore masere nehafu - kana kuti yakareba, zvichienderana nekuyera kwaunoita. Hondo dzeAfghanistan neIraq dzanga dzichienda kwemakore mapfumbamwe nemakore manomwe nehafu zvichiteerana panguva yekunyora uku.

Hondo yeIraq yaive kwenguva yakareba yakakura uye ine ropa rehondo mbiri idzi, uye vanorwira runyararo veUS vakaramba vachikumbira kuti vabviswe. Kazhinji taiudzwa nevatsigiri vehondo kuti zvinhu zvese zvekuburitsa makumi ezviuru zvemauto kubva muIraq, nemidziyo yavo, zvaizoda makore. Izvi zvakaonekwa kuti ndezvenhema muna 2010, apo mamwe mauto anosvika 100,000 akabviswa nekukurumidza. Sei izvozvo zvisina kuitwa makore apfuura? Sei hondo yaifanira kuramba ichienderera mberi, uye ichiwedzera?

Chii chichauya kuhondo mbiri iyo United States iri kurwa sezvandinonyora izvi (matatu kana tikaverenga Pakistan), maererano nehurongwa hwevagadziri vehondo, inoramba ichionekwa. Avo vanowana mari kubva kuhondo uye "kuvakazve" vanga vachibatsira makore akati wandei. Asi mabhesi ane huwandu hukuru hwemauto acharamba ari kumashure muIraq neAfghanistan nekusingaperi? Kana kuti zvimwe zviuru zvemamercenaries anoshandiswa neU.S. State Department kuchengetedza marekodhi maembassy nemaconsulates anofanira kukwana? Ko United States ichashandisa kutonga pamusoro pehurumende kana zviwanikwa zvemarudzi? Kukundwa kuchave kwakakwana here kana kuti kwasara? Izvo zvinosara zvichitemerwa, asi chiri chokwadi ndechekuti mabhuku enhoroondo yeUS haazove netsanangudzo yekukundwa. Vachataura kuti hondo idzi dzakabudirira. Uye kutaurwa kwese kwekubudirira kunosanganisira kunongedzera kune chimwe chinonzi "kuvhiya."

Chikamu: UNONZWA HERE KUSVIRA?

"Tiri kukunda muIraq!" - Senator John McCain (R., Ariz.)

Sezvo hondo isina tariro ichienderera mberi kwegore negore, nekukunda kusingatsananguriki uye kusingafungidziriki, pane nguva dzose mhinduro yekushaikwa kwekufambira mberi, uye mhinduro iyoyo nguva dzose "kutumira mamwe mauto." Kana mhirizhonga ichidzikira, mauto akawanda anodiwa kuvaka pakubudirira. Kana mhirizhonga ichikwira, mauto akawanda anodiwa kuti atsigire pasi.

Chisungo pahuwandu hwemauto atotumirwa chine chekuita nekushaikwa kwemauto mamwe mauto ekushungurudza nerwendo rwechipiri nerwechitatu pane kushora kwezvematongerwo enyika. Asi kana nzira nyowani, kana kutaridzika kweimwe, ichidikanwa, Pentagon inogona kuwana 30,000 mamwe mauto ekutumira, ichidaidza kuti "kuvhiya," uye kuzivisa hondo yakazvarwa patsva semhuka yakasiyana zvachose uye yakanaka. Shanduko yehurongwa inokwana, muWashington, D.C., semhinduro kune zvinodiwa kuti tibviswe zvachose: Hatigoni kubva zvino; tiri kuedza chimwe chinhu chakasiyana! Tichaita zvishoma pane zvatave tichiita makore akati wandei apfuura! Uye mhedzisiro ichava rugare uye democracy: isu tichapedza hondo nekuiwedzera!

Pfungwa iyi yanga isiri itsva zvachose neIraq. Kuputika kwebhomba kwaHanoi naHaiphong kunotaurwa muchitsauko chechitanhatu mumwe muenzaniso wekugumisa hondo nekuratidzwa kusina maturo kwekuwedzera kuoma. Sezvakangoita maVietnamese angadai akabvumirana nemazwi mamwechete kubhomba kwavakabvumirana mushure mezvo, hurumende yeIraqi ingadai yakagamuchira chero chibvumirano chinoita kuti United States ibvise makore kusati kwatanga, nguva isati yasvika, kana panguva yacho. Paramende yeIraqi payakabvuma kune yainzi Status of Forces Agreement muna 2008, yakazviita chete paine chitsidzo chekuti paitwe referendamu yeruzhinji yekuti varambe chibvumirano here uye vosarudza kubviswa nekukurumidza pane kunonoka kwemakore matatu. Referendamu iyoyo haina kumboitwa.

Chibvumirano chaPresident Bush chekubuda muIraq - kunyangwe paine kunonoka kwemakore matatu uye kusava nechokwadi chekuti United States inonyatso kutevedzera chibvumirano - hachina kunzi kukundwa chete nekuti kwave nekuwedzera kuchangobva kuitika kwakanzi budiriro. Muna 2007, United States yakanga yatumira mamwe mauto e30,000 muIraq nemufaro mukuru uye mukuru mutsva, General David Petraeus. Saka kukwira kwacho kwaiva kwechokwadi zvakakwana, asi zvakadiniko nekubudirira kwacho kunofungidzirwa?

Congress neMutungamiriri, mapoka ezvidzidzo uye matangi ekufunga vese vanga vachiisa "mabhenji" ekuyera budiriro muIraq kubva 2005. Mutungamiri aitarisirwa neCongress kuti asangane nemabhenji avo muna Ndira 2007. Haana kusangana navo nazvo. zuva rekupedzisira, pakupera kwe "kuvhiyiwa," kana kuti panguva yaakasiya basa muna Ndira 2009. Pakanga pasina mutemo wemafuta waizobatsira makambani makuru emafuta, pasina mutemo wekubvisa bhati, pasina ongororo yebumbiro, uye pasina sarudzo dzematunhu. Muchokwadi, pakanga pasina kuvandudzwa kwemagetsi, mvura, kana mamwe matanho ekutanga ekudzoreredza muIraq. "Kuvhiya" kwaive kufambisira mberi "mabhenji" aya uye kugadzira "nzvimbo" yekubvumidza kuyananiswa kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kugadzikana. Zvingave kana kwete izvo zvinonzwisiswa sekodhi yekutonga kweUS kwekutonga kweIraq, kunyangwe cheerleaders yekuvhiya vanobvuma kuti haina kufambira mberi mune zvematongerwo enyika.

Chiyero chekubudirira kwe "kuvhiyiwa" kwakakurumidza kuderedzwa kuisa chinhu chimwe chete: kuderedzwa kwechisimba. Izvi zvaive nyore, kutanga nekuti zvakadzima kubva mundangariro dzevaAmerican chero chinhu chipi zvacho chaifanira kunge chakaitwa nekuvhiya, uye chechipiri nekuti kuvhiya kwacho kwakabatana nemufaro nekudzikira kwenguva refu mumhirizhonga. Kuvhiya kwacho kwaive kudiki zvakanyanya, uye kukanganisa kwazvinoita kungave kwave kuri kuwedzera kwemhirizhonga. Brian Katulis naLawrence Korb vanonongedza kuti, "Kuwedzera" kwemauto eUS kuenda kuIraq kwaingova kuwedzera kwakaderera kweanosvika gumi neshanu muzana - uye kudiki kana munhu akafunga nezve kuderedzwa kwemamwe mauto ekunze, akadonha kubva ku15 mu15,000. kusvika pa2006 ne5,000. Saka, takawedzera pfuma yemauto zviuru makumi maviri, kwete makumi matatu.

Mamwe mauto aive muIraq muna Chivabvu 2007, uye Chikumi naChikunguru yaive mwedzi yezhizha ine chisimba chakanyanya muhondo yese kusvika panguva iyoyo. Mhirizhonga payakadzikira, pakanga paine zvikonzero zvekudzikiswa izvo zvaive zvisina chekuita ne "kuvhiya". Kuderera kwacho kwaifamba zvishoma nezvishoma, uye kufambira mberi kwacho kwaienderana nekutyisa kwemhirizhonga mukutanga kwa2007. Pakupera kwa2007 muBaghdad kwaive nekurwiswa makumi maviri pazuva uye 20 vanhuwo zvavo vakaurayiwa mumhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika mwedzi wega wega, tisingaverenge masoja kana mapurisa. VaIraqi vakaramba vachitenda kuti kupokana kwainyanya kukonzerwa nekugara kweUS, uye vakaramba vachida kuti ipere nekukurumidza.

Kurwiswa kwemauto eBritish muBasra kwakadzikira zvakanyanya apo maBritish akamisa kutenderera munzvimbo dzevagari ndokuenda kunhandare yendege. Hapana kuvhiya kwaibatanidzwa. Zvakasiyana, nekuti mhirizhonga yakawandisa yakange yave kufambiswa nebasa, kudzoreredza basa sezvingatarisirwa kwakakonzera kudzikiswa kwemhirizhonga.

Kurwiswa kweGuerrilla mudunhu reAl-Anbar kwakadzikira kubva pamazana mana pasvondo muna Chikunguru 400 kuenda pazana pasvondo muna Chikunguru 2006, asi "kuvhiya" mual-Anbar kwaisanganisira zviuru zviviri zvemauto matsva. Muchokwadi, chimwe chinhu chinotsanangura kudonha kwemhirizhonga mual-Anbar. Muna Ndira 100, Michael Schwartz akazvitora kuti abvise ngano yekuti "kuvhiyiwa kwakonzera kugadzikana kwenzvimbo huru dzedunhu reAnbar neBaghdad." Hezvino zvaakanyora:

"Kunyarara uye kugadzikana hazvisi chinhu chimwe chete, uye iyi inyaya yekunyarara. Muchokwadi, kudzikiswa kwemhirizhonga yatiri kuona imhedzisiro yeUS kuregedza kurwisa kwayo kwakashata munzvimbo yevapanduki, izvo zvave - kubva pakutanga kwehondo - iyo yakakura kwazvo mhirizhonga uye kuuraya kwevanhu muIraq. Uku kupambwa, uko kunosanganisira kupinda mudzimba vachitsvaga vanofungidzirwa kuti vapanduki, kunokonzeresa kusungwa nekurohwa zvine hutsinye nemasoja eAmerica ari kunetsekana nekupokana, kurwa kwepfuti kana mhuri dzichiramba kupinzwa mudzimba dzadzo, uye mabhomba epadivi pemugwagwa anoiswa kudzivirira uye kukanganisa kupinda. . Pese apo maIraqi paanorwisa kurwisa uku, kune njodzi yehondo dzepfuti dzakasimba izvo, zvinozoburitsa pfuti dzeUS uye kurwisa kwemhepo izvo, zvinoparadza zvivakwa uye kunyange zvidhinha zvese.

"Kuvhiya" kwakaderedza mhirizhonga iyi, asi kwete nekuti maIraq akamira kuramba kupambwa kana kutsigira kumukira. Mhirizhonga yadzikira mumaguta akawanda eAnbar nenharaunda dzeBaghdad nekuti US yakabvuma kumisa kupambwa uku; ndiko kuti, veU.S. havachatsvaga kubata kana kuuraya vapanduki veSunni vavanga vachirwa kwemakore mana. Mukuchinjana vapanduki vanobvuma mapurisa nharaunda yavo (yavakange vachiita nguva yese iyi, mukushora US), uye zvakare kudzvanya mabhomba emota dzejihadist.

“Mugumisiro wacho ndewekuti mauto eUnited States ava kugara kunze kwenharaunda dzaimbomukira, kana kufamba asina kupinda mudzimba kana kurwisa chero zvivakwa.

"Saka, zvinoshamisa, kubudirira kutsva uku hakuna kudzikamisa nharaunda idzi, asi kubvuma hutongi hwevapanduki pamusoro penharaunda, uye kunyange kuvapa mubhadharo uye zvekushandisa kuchengetedza uye kuwedzera kutonga kwavo munharaunda."

United States yakazopedzisira ichiita zvakawanda zvakanaka pane kungoderedza kurwisa kwayo dzimba dzevanhu. Yakanga ichizivisa chinangwa chayo, nekukurumidza kana kuti gare gare, kubuda kunze kwenyika. Bato rerunyararo muUnited States rakavaka rutsigiro rwuri kukura muCongress yekubvisa pakati pa2005 na2008. Sarudzo dzemuna 2006 dzakatumira meseji yakajeka kuIraq yaidiwa nemaAmerican. VaIraqi vanogona kunge vakanyatsoteerera kune iro meseji kupfuura zvakaitwa nenhengo dzeUS Congress ivo pachavo. Kunyangwe iyo pro-hondo Iraq Yekudzidza Boka muna 2006 yakatsigira kubviswa kwechikamu. Brian Katulis naLawrence Korb vanopikisa kuti,

“. . . meseji yekuti kuzvipira kweAmerica [mauto] kuIraq kwakanga kusiri mauto akavhurika akakurudzira akadai seSunni Awakenings mudunhu reAnbar kuti vabatane neUS kurwisa Al Qaeda muna 2006, bato rakatanga nguva refu isati yatanga 2007 mauto eUS. Mharidzo yaisiya vanhu vekuAmerica yakakurudzirawo maIraqi kuti anyorese mauto edziviriro munyika muhuwandu hwakanyorwa. "

Kubva munaNovember 2005, vatungamiri vemapoka makuru eSunni ane zvombo akanga atsvaga kutaurirana rugare neUnited States, iyo yakanga isingafariri.

Kudonha kukuru kwemhirizhonga kwakauya nekuzvipira kwa2008 kwaBush kuti abude zvizere mukupera kwa2011, uye mhirizhonga yakawedzera mushure mekubviswa kwemauto eUS kubva mumaguta muzhizha ra2009. Hapana chinoderedza hondo sekudzikira hondo. Kuti izvi zvinogona kuvanzika sekuwedzera kwehondo inotaura chimwe chinhu nezveUnited States's public communication system, kwatinozovhura muchitsauko chegumi.

Chimwe chikonzero chikuru chekudzikira kwemhirizhonga, iyo yanga isina chekuita ne "kuvhiya," yaive sarudzo yakaitwa naMoqtada al-Sadr, mutungamiri wemauto makuru anopokana, kurayira kumisa kurwa. Sezvakataurwa naGareth Porter,

"Pakupera kwa2007, zvinopesana nengano yeIraq, hurumende yeal-Maliki neBush manejimendi vese vaipa Iran pachena nekumanikidza Sadr kuti ibvume kumisa pfuti - zvakagumbura Petraeus. . . . Saka kwaive kuzvidzora kweIran - kwete zano raPetraeus rekupokana - iro rakapedza kutyisidzira kwevapanduki veShi'a. "

Rimwe simba rakakosha rinodzikamisa mhirizhonga yeIraq yaive yekupihwa kwekubhadhara mari uye zvombo kuSunni "Awakening Councils" - zano renguva pfupi rekupa zvombo uye chiokomuhomwe vamwe 80,000 maSunni, vazhinji vacho vanhu vakafanana vaive vachangobva kurwisa mauto eUS. Mukuwirirana nomutapi wenhau Nir Rosen, mutungamiriri wechimwe chavarwi vakanga vari muhoro yeUnited States “akabvuma norusununguko kuti vamwe vavarume vake vaiva veAl Qaeda. Vakabatana nemauto anotsigirwa neAmerica, akadaro[id], kuti vakwanise kuve nechitupa sedziviriro kana vakasungwa. "

United States yaibhadhara maSunni kurwisa mauto echiShiite uku ichibvumira mapurisa enyika anotongwa neShiite kuti atarise nzvimbo dzeSunni. Iyi nzira yekuparadzanisa-uye-kukunda yakanga isiri nzira yakavimbika yekudzikama. Uye muna 2010, panguva yekunyora uku, kugadzikana kwakanga kuchiri kunonoka, hurumende yakanga isati yaumbwa, zviratidzo zvakanga zvisati zvasangana uye zvakanga zvanyanya kukanganwa, kuchengeteka kwaityisa, uye dzinza uye anti-U.S. mhirizhonga yakanga ichiripo. Panguva iyi mvura nemagetsi zvakanga zvichishayikwa, uye mamiriyoni evapoteri akanga asingakwanisi kudzokera kumisha yavo.

Munguva ye "kuvhiya" muna 2007, mauto eUS akaunganidza uye akasunga makumi ezviuru zvevarume vezera rehondo. Kana usingakwanise kuvakunda, uye usingakwanise kuvapa chiokomuhomwe, unogona kuvaisa kuseri kwembariro. Izvi zvinenge zvakaparira kuderedza mhirizhonga.

Asi chikonzero chikuru chekuderedza mhirizhonga inogona kunge yakashata uye isingataurwe nezvayo. Pakati paNdira 2007 naChikunguru 2007 guta reBaghdad rakashanduka kubva pamakumi matanhatu neshanu muzana evaShiite kuenda pamakumi manomwe neshanu muzana evaShiite. Kuvhota kweUN muna 65 yevapoteri vekuIraq muSyria vakawana kuti makumi manomwe nesere muzana vaibva kuBaghdad, uye vapoteri vangangosvika miriyoni vakatamira kuSyria kubva kuIraq muna 75 chete. Sezvakanyorwa naJuan Cole muna Zvita 2007,

“. . . iyi data inoratidza kuti vanopfuura 700,000 vagari vemuBaghdad vakatiza guta iri remamiriyoni matanhatu panguva yeUS 'surge,' kana kupfuura 6 muzana yehuwandu hweguta guru. Pakati pezvakakonzeresa 'kuvhiya' kwave kushandura Baghdad kuita guta rakawandisa reShiite uye kudzinga mazana ezviuru zvevaIraqis kubva muguta guru. "

Mhedziso yaCole inotsigirwa nezvidzidzo zvekubuda kwechiedza kubva munzvimbo dzeBaghdad. Nzvimbo dzeSunni dzakasviba sezvo vagari vadzo vakaurayiwa kana kudzingwa, chirongwa chakakwira pamberi pe "kuvhiya" (Zvita 2006 - Ndira 2007). Pakazosvika March 2007,

“. . . nehuwandu hwevagari veSunni vakasara vachitizira mudunhu reAnbar, Syria, neJorodhani, uye vasara vakaungana munzvimbo dzekupedzisira dzeSunni kumadokero kweBaghdad nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeAdhamiyya kumabvazuva kweBaghdad, kurudziro yekudeura ropa yakadzikira. MaShia akanga akunda, maoko pasi, uye hondo yakanga yapera.”

Pakutanga kwe2008, Nir Rosen akanyora nezve mamiriro muIraq pakupera kwe2007:

"Izuva rinotonhora, grey muna Zvita, uye ndiri kufamba muSixtieth Street mudunhu reDora reBaghdad, imwe yenzvimbo dzine mhirizhonga uye dzinotyisa dzemudhorobha. Yakaparadzwa nemakore mashanu ekurwisana pakati pemauto eAmerica, mauto eShiite, mapoka eSunni anopikisa neAl Qaeda, yakawanda yeDora ikozvino iguta remweya. Izvi ndizvo zvinoita 'kukunda' kunoratidzika munzvimbo yaimbova yakakwira yeIraq: Madziva edhaka netsvina anozadza migwagwa. Makomo emarara anodzika mumvura inopinza. Mafafitera mazhinji mudzimba dzine jecha akaputsika, uye mhepo inovhuvhuta nepakati pawo, ichiridza muridzo zvinotyisa.

“Imba neimba yaparara, maburi ebara akavharidzira madziro, madhoo akazaruka uye haana kuchengetedzwa, vakawanda vasisina fenicha. Ndeapi midziyo mishoma yasara yakafukidzwa nevhu gobvu reguruva rinopinda munzvimbo yese muIraq. Iri pamusoro pedzimba madziro gumi nemaviri-mamita-akakwirira ekuchengetedza akavakwa nemaAmerican kuti aparadzanise mapoka anorwa uye kuvharira vanhu munharaunda yavo. Adururwa uye aparadzwa nehondo yevagari vemo, yakakomberedzwa neMudhuri weBush “kuvhiya,” Dora anonzwa kunge dongo, repashure peapocalyptic maze yekongiri kupfuura nharaunda mhenyu, inogarwa nevanhu. Kunze kwetsoka dzedu, pane runyararo rwakakwana. "

Izvi hazvitsananguri nzvimbo umo vanhu vaive nerunyararo. Munzvimbo iyi vanhu vakanga vafa kana kuti vadzingwa. Mauto eUS "kuvhiya" akashanda kuvhara nharaunda dzichangopatsanurwa kubva kune mumwe nemumwe. Mauto eSunni "akamuka" uye akabatana nevagari vemo, nekuti maShiite aive pedyo nekuvaparadza zvachose.

Pakazosvika Kurume 2009 varwi veKumuka vaive vadzokera kurwisa maAmerican, asi panguva iyoyo ngano yekuvhiya yakanga yatangwa. Panguva iyoyo, Barack Obama aive mutungamiri wenyika, akataura semumiriri kuti kuvhiya uku "kwakabudirira kupfuura zvatakarota." Ngano yekuvhiya yakakurumidza kushandiswa kushandiswa iyo pasina mubvunzo yakanga yagadzirirwa - kururamisa kuwedzera kwedzimwe hondo. Mushure mekukunda muIraq sekukunda, yaive nguva yekuendesa propaganda coup kuHondo yeAfghanistan. VaObama vakaisa gamba rekuvhiya, Petraeus, kutungamira muAfghanistan uye vakamupa kuwanda kwemauto.

Asi hapana kana chimwe chezvikonzero zvekuderedzwa kwemhirizhonga muIraq chaivepo muAfghanistan, uye kukwira kuri pachezvako kwaigona kungowedzera kuipa. Zvirokwazvo ndicho chaive chiitiko zvichitevera kukwira kwaObama muna 2009 muAfghanistan uye kungangove muna 2010 futi. Zvakanaka kufungidzira neimwe nzira. Zvinofadza kufunga kuti kuzvipira uye kutsungirira kuchaita kuti chikonzero chakanaka chibudirire. Asi hondo haisi chikonzero chakarurama, kubudirira mairi hakufanirwe kuteverwa kunyangwe zvichiwanikwa, uye murudzi rwehondo dzatiri kuita izvozvi pfungwa ye "kubudirira" haina musoro zvachose.