HONDO HACHISIKWA

Hondo dzinopiwa zvakawanda zvakakosha uye zvakarurama, zvinosanganisira kupararira kwehupfumi uye demokarasi pasi pose, kuti iwe haungafungi kuti zvingave zvakakodzera kuti iwewo uchiti hondo imwe neimwe isingagoni kudzivirirwa. Ndiani angada kuti mabasa akanaka akadaro arege kudziviswa? Uye zvakadaro pane zvichida hakuna kumbove hondo yaisati yatsanangurwa sechinhu chakakosha, chisingadzivisiki, uye chisingaoneki chisarudzo chekupedzisira. Kuti iyo nharo nguva dzose inofanira kushandiswa ndiyo chiyero chekuti hondo dzinotyisa sei chaizvo. Kungofanana nezvimwe zvakawanda zvine chokuita nehondo, kusakwanisa kwayo ndeye nhema, nguva nenguva. Hondo haisi yega chisarudzo uye nguva dzose yakaipa.

Chikamu: KUTA INI MUMAGORE AKU

Kana hondo ichidzivirirwa, saka tinogona uye tinofanira kubvisa hondo. Uye kana tikakwanisa kubvisa hondo, sei pasina maitiro akaita saizvozvo? Mhinduro shoma ndeyokuti vane. Asi ngatinyatsojeka. Kunyangwe dai vanhu vose uye vanhu vasati vambova nehondo nguva dzose, iyo haisi iyo chikonzero nei tichifanira kuva nayo zvakare. Madzitateguru enyu angangodaro aidya nyama nguva dzose, asi kana zvinodhaka zvinenge zvichinyanya kukosha kuti zvipone panyika ino duku haungasarudze kupona pane kusimbisa kuti iwe unofanira kuita zvakaitwa namadzitateguru ako? Zvechokwadi iwe unogona kuita zvakaitwa nemadzitateguru ako, uye munguva dzakawanda inogona kuva chinhu chakanakisisa chaunofanira kuita, asi haufaniri. Vose vaiva nechitendero here? Vamwe vanhu havachaiti. Ko chibayiro chemhuka chaive chiri pakati pechitendero here? Hazvisi zvekare.

Hondo, zvakare, yakashandura zvinoshamisa mumakumi emakumi apfuura nemazana emakore. Ko mhirizhonga yepakati pekare inorwisana nebhizai inoziva here kubatana nemudhigirii we drone achishandisa chifaro paDheks muNevada kuuraya munhu akafungidzirwa akaipa nemapfumbamwe vanhu vasina mhosva muPakistan? Dai kani kacho kanga kanofunga kuti kudhakwa kunyoresa, kunyange kamwe chete kwakatsanangurirwa kwaari, chaive chiito chehondo here? Ungada here kunyoresa mutyairi anofunga kuti mabasa aikona aiva mabasa ehondo? Kana hondo ichishanduka kuva chimwe chinhu chisinganzwisisiki, nei chisingagoni kuchinja kuva chinhu? Sezvatinoziva, hondo dzinongobatanidza varume chete kwemakumi emakore. Zvino vakadzi vanotora chikamu. Kana vakadzi vachitanga kutora chikamu muhondo, nei varume vasingagoni kumira vachiita kudaro? Ichokwadi, vanogona. Asi kune vasina simba-avo uye avo vakatsiva chitendero nesayenzi yakaipa, zvinokosha vanhu vasati vaita chimwe chinhu kuratidza kuti vakatozviita.

Zvakanaka, kana ukaomerera. Nyanzvi dzeanthropology, chaiko, dzakawana dzakawanda nzanga dzevanhu mumativi ese epasi vasina kuziva, kana kusiya, hondo. Mubhuku rake rakanakisa Beyond War: The Human Potential for Peace, Douglas Fry anonyora makumi manomwe emasangano asiri ehondo kubva kumativi ese epasi. Zvidzidzo zvakawana ruzhinji rwevanhu kuti vasave nehondo kana chimiro chinyoro kwazvo. (Ehe hondo dzese pamberi pezana ramakore rapfuura dzaigona kuverengerwa senge dzakapfava kwazvo.) Australia haina kuziva hondo kusvikira maEuropean auya. Kana vazhinji vevanhu veArctic, Great Basin, kana Maodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva eMexico.

Mazhinji mazhinji evanhu vasina hondo vanoratidzika, vanoita zvematongerwo enyika, vevanhu vanoita zvekuda-gatherer tsika. Vamwe vari kure kune avo vanogona kuva vavengi, izvo hazvishamisi zvakapiwa mukana wekuti boka rimwe rakatora hondo mukudzivirira kune rimwe rinopisidzira. Vamwe vashoma vari voga asi vanomhanya kubva kune mamwe mapoka anoita hondo kwete kuvatengesa. Iyi nharaunda haisi nguva dzose munzvimbo dzisina mhuka dzinotyisa. Ivo mapoka evanhu avo vanogona kudzivirirwa pakurwisa mhuka uye avo vanowanzovhima zvokudya. Vanogonawo kupupurira zviito zvega zvechisimba, kunyengera, kana kuurayiwa, asi zvisinei nekudzivisa hondo. Mimwe tsika dzinotadzisa kutsamwa nekutambudzwa kwemarudzi ose. Vanowanzobata mhando dzose dzedzidziso dzenhema dzinoodza mwoyo chisimba, zvakadai sokuputira mwana kunouuraya. Asi izvi zvinotendwa zvinoratidza kuti hazvirevi hupenyu hwakaipisisa kupfuura, semuenzaniso, rutendo rwekunyepedzera kuti kupera kunobatsira vana.

Anthropologists vakafungidzira kufungidzira hondo sechimwe chinhu chaivapo mune imwe nzira kumamirioni emakore emakore ekushanduka kwevanhu. Asi "fungidzira" ndiro izwi rakakosha. Vakakuvadzwa Australopithecine mapfupa anofungidzirwa kuratidza kukuvara kwehondo chaizvo anoratidza mazino mamaki engwe. Masvingo eJeriko sezviri pachena akavakirwa kudzivirira pamusoro pemafashama, kwete hondo. Iko hakuna, muchokwadi, hapana humbowo hwehondo yakura kupfuura makore zviuru gumi, uye paizovepo, nekuti hondo inosiya mucherechedzo wayo mumaronda nezvombo. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti yemakore zviuru makumi mashanu zvemazuva ano Homo sapiens ave aripo, makumi mana ezviuru havana kuona hondo, uye kuti mamirioni emakore emakore emadzitateguru ekutanga aive asinawo hondo. Kana, sekutaura kunoita anthropologist, "Vanhu vakagara mumabandi evhimi-vanounganidza kwe10,000 muzana yehupenyu hwevanhu." Hondo inomuka mune mamwe, asi kwete ese, akaomarara, ekugara, uye anowanzo kukura pamwe nekuoma kwavo. Chokwadi ichi chinoita kuti zvisatomboitika kuti hondo inogona kuwanikwa anopfuura makore zviuru gumi nemazana mashanu apfuura.

Mumwe anogona kutaura kuti kuurayiwa kwega kwega kubva mukutsamwa kwegodo kwakanga kwakaenzana nehondo yeboka duku. Asi ivo vakasiyana chaizvo nehondo yakarongeka umo kurwisana kunoendeswa kusingazivikanwi kune nhengo dzeimwe boka. Munyika yezvikwata zviduku zvisiri zvekurima, hukama hwemhuri paamai vamai kana baba kana rutivi rwomudzimai rwakanamatira imwe kune mamwe mapoka. Munyika itsva yezvizvarwa zvemhuri, kune rumwe rutivi, mumwe anowana muchero wokutanga kumarudzi: kurwisa kune chero nhengo yeimwe mhuri yakakuvadza chero nhengo yako yega.

Mumwe mufananidzi akakodzera wepamberi yehondo kunopfuura kumanikidzwa kwevanhu kunogona kuva boka rechisimba rinotarisana nemhuka huru. Asi izvozvo, zvakare, zvakasiyana chaizvo nehondo sezvatinoziva. Kunyange muhondo yedu-yakashata, vanhu vazhinji vanopesana zvikuru nekuuraya vanhu asi kwete kuuraya dzimwe mhuka. Boka rokuvhima mhuka dzinotyisa hazvipfuuri kure munhoroondo yevanhu kana. Sezvo Barbara Ehrenreich anotaura, huwandu hwenguva iyo madzitateguru edu aipedza kuchinja ivo vakapedza kuchinja kwete sezvikara, asi semhuka.

Saka, pasinei nokuti chimpanzi chinogona sei, kana kuti bonobos runyararo, kufungidzira madzitateguru ekare emakungwa ane nyota yehondo hakusi kungofungidzira. Kutsvaga mamwe maitiro kune iyo nhau kunogona kunge yakanyatsojeka, kupa huripo nhasi uye muzvinyorwa zvakanyorwa zvevanhu vanovhima-gatherer. Mamwe emitambo iyi akawana nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekudzivisa uye kugadzirisa kusawirirana kusina kusanganisira hondo. Kuti vanhu kose-kose vane unyanzvi pakubatanidzwa uye vanoona kubatanidzwa kunonakidza kupfuura hondo hakuiti kuti nhau idzi zviitike nokuti isu tose tazviziva kare. Asi isu tinonzwa zvakawanda pamusoro pe "murume murwi" uye kazhinji haasi kuona kubatana kunoratidzika sechinhu chakakosha kana kuti chinokosha chemhando dzedu.

Hondo sezvatinozviziva mumakumi emakore apfuura yakagadzirwa pamwe chete nedzimwe shanduko dzevanhu. Asi yakawanda yevanhu vachangobva kuitika mumagariro akaoma uye akasimba vanoita mune chimwe chinhu chakafanana nehondo kana kwete? Dzimwe hurumende dzekare dzisina kuratidzirwa kuti dzakabatanidzwa muhondo, saka zviri pachena kuti vakararama vasina iyo. Uye, hongu, vazhinji vedu, kunyange mumatongerwo enyika, vanorarama vasina hukama huri kurwisana nehondo, izvo zvingaratidzika zvinoratidza kuti vanhu vose vanogona kuita zvakafanana. Iyo inofambisa mafungiro ekusimbisa hondo, kushamwaridzana pamwe chete kwekukunda nekudaro, inogona kudzidza tsika, kwete kudziviswa, sezvo dzimwe tsika dzichiita sechokure kure nemaonero ekuzvikoshesa zvachose. Kirk Endicott anoti:

"Pane imwe nguva ndakabvunza murume weBatek kuti nei madzitateguru avo akanga asina kupfura maMambo mavaranda. . . ane mhondi inopisa inopisa [yakashandiswa pakuvhima mhuka]. Mhinduro yake inotyisa yaiva yokuti: 'Nokuti yaizovauraya!' "

Chikamu: KUNYAYA YOSE IYE

Nyanzvi dzevanhu vanogara vachitarisa kune dzimwe nyika dzisina hupfumi, asi zvigadzirwa zve teknolojia zvinogonawo kurarama pasina hondo? Ngatitangei kuti Switzerland inotyisa ye geopolitical strategy. Kune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzinofungisisa. Ichokwadi, nyika dzakawanda dzenyika, nokuda kwechikonzero chimwe kana chimwe, kusanganisira avo vanorwisa hondo dzakaipa nguva refu pavanorwiswa, regai kutanga hondo. Iran, iyo ngozi yakaipa yedhimoni muUnited States "news" media, haina kurwisa imwe nyika mumazana emakore. Iyo yekupedzisira Sweden yakatanga kana kunyange yakabatanidzwa muhondo yaiva yakananga neNorway muna 1814. Mukurumbidzwa kwake, Douglas Fry anocherechedza rugare rwemamwe marudzi emazuva ano, kusanganisira Iceland uyo ave akave nerugare kwemakore 700 neCosta Rica iro rakaparadza mauto aro mushure meHondo Yenyika II.

Global Peace Index pagore inoratidzira nyika dzine runyararo pasi rose, kusanganisira zvemumba mukuverenga pamwe nekugadzira hondo yekunze Heano epamusoro makumi maviri marudzi kubva muna 20:

1 New Zealand

2 Iceland

3 Japan

4 Austria

5 Norway

6 Ireland

7 Denmark

7 Luxembourg

9 Finland

10 Sweden

11 Slovenia

12 Czech Republic

13 Portugal

14 Canada

15 Qatar

16 Germany

17 Belgium

18 Switzerland

19 Australia

20 Hungary

Imwe tsanangudzo yekuti dzimwe nyika kusakwanisa kuita hondo ndeyokuti vangada asi vasina kuwana mukana wokutanga hondo chero ipi zvayo yavaigona kukunda. Izvi zvinenge zvichinyatsoratidza huwandu hwenyanzvi mukugadzira hondo. Dai marudzi ose aiziva kuti aisazokwanisa kukunda hondo, ingadai isina hondo zvakare here?

Imwe tsananguro ndeyokuti nyika hadzisi hondo nokuti hazvifaniri, sezvo mauto enyika ari kuvatarisira uye nekuchengetedza Pax Americana. Kosta Rica, somuenzaniso, akabvuma hondo yeUnited States. Izvi zvingava tsanangudzo inokukurudzira, kuratidza kuti marudzi haadi kutanga hondo kana ivo vasingafaniri.

Ichokwadi, hakuna munhu anogona kufungidzira hondo inoparadzana pakati pemarudzi muEuropean Union (kuberekwa kwehondo dzakaipisisa munhoroondo yepasi) kana pakati pehurumende muUnited States. Kuchinja kweEurope kunoshamisa. Pashure pemakore emakore ekurwa, yakawana rugare. Uye runyararo mukati meUnited States rakachengeteka zvakadai rinoratidzika kuva rinonakidza kunyange kuzviona. Asi inofanira kunzwisiswa uye kunzwisiswa. IOhio haina kurega kurwisana neIndiana nekuda kwekuti feds icharova Ohio, kana kuti Ohio inonyatsoziva kuti Indiana haichazomborwisi, kana kuti kuOhioans kukunda hondo-kuchiva kunogutswa nehondo ine nzvimbo dzakadai seIraq neAkistan, kana kuti nokuti Buckeyes chaizvo iri nani zvinhu zvokuita pane kupindira mukuponda kwevanhu vakawanda? Mhinduro yakanakisisa, ini ndinofunga, ndeyekupedzisira, asi simba rehurumende yehurumende chinhu chinokosha uye chimwe chinhu chatinofanira kugadzira pane imwe yenyika dzese tisati tachengeteka uye tisingatauriki rugare rwepasi rose.

Chiedzo chakakosha, chinoratidzika kwandiri, ndechokuti nyika inokwakuka mukana wekubatana nehondo-yakasungwa "masangano" anotungamirirwa neUnited States. Kana nyika dzichirega hondo kubva pamusana pekuti haigoni kukunda, haifaniri here kusvetuka mukana wekutora chikamu sevana vaduku muhondo mukurwisa nyika dzine urombo dzakashata dzine zvigadzirwa zvekupamba? Asi ivo havaiti.

Mumamiriro ekurwisa kwe2003 muIraq, boka reBush-Cheney rakavhundutsa ndokutyisidzira kusvikira nyika dze49 dzanga dzabvumirana kubvisa mazita avo pasi se "Coalition of the Willing." Dzimwe nyika dzakawanda, dzakakura uye duku, dzakaramba. Pamusoro pe49 pane urongwa, mumwe akaramba chero ruzivo rwekuve pairi, rimwe raive nezita racho richibviswa, uye rimwe rakaramba kubatsira nemauto nenzira ipi zvayo. Nyika ina bedzi dzakabatanidzwa mukupinda, 33 mubasa. Sitanhatu yenyika iyi musangano weuto asi chakanga chisina mamiriyoni chero chipi zvacho. Vakawanda venyika dzakangoita vakabatana mukutsinhanisa rubatsiro rwakakura rwekunze kune dzimwe nyika, izvo zvichitiudza chimwe chinhu pamusoro pekupa kworudzi rwedu kana zvasvika kune rudo kune dzimwe nyika. Vatori vechikamu che33 mubasa racho vakakurumidza kusvitsa kunze sevasina hanya sezvavakanga vanyatsochenjerera kupinda, kusvika apo 2009 chete United States yakaramba iripo.

Isu tinoonekwawo zvakakwana kukwanisa kukonzera hondo, kumutsa mubvunzo wekuti sei tisingakwanise kuzvikwanisa zvishoma uye zvishoma kusvikira zvapera. VaGiriki vekare vakasarudza kusatora uta nemiseve kwemakore 400 mushure mekunge vaPersia vadzivaratidza - zvirokwazvo, vakaita kuti vanzwe - izvo zvombo zvaigona kuita. Apo vaPutukezi vakauya nezvipfuti kuJapan muZ1500s, maJapan akavarambidza, savarwi vemauto eEgypt uyewo muItaly zvakare. VaChinese, avo vakanga vambogadzira izvo zvinonzi pfupa pakutanga, vakasarudza kusashandisa iyo hondo. Mambo Wu weChou, mutongi wekutanga weZhou Dynasty, mushure mekukunda hondo, akasunungura mabhiza, akaparadzira nzombe, uye akava nengoro nenguvo dzemakumbo akave neropa rezvipfuwo asi akazvichengetedza muchibvumirano kuratidza kuti vaisazoshandiswa zvakare. Nhovo neminondo zvakashandurwa zvichidzika pasi uye dzakaputirwa muhombodo dzehombodo. Mambo akadzinga hondo, akadzorera vatungamiri vake kuva machinda, uye akavarayira kuti vasimbise uta hwavo nemiseve mumapfumo avo.

Mushure mokunge magasi ane chepfu akazova zvombo munguva yeHondo Yenyika I, nyika yakavadzivisa. Nyukliya mabhomba akaratidzirwa kuva zvishandiso zvinoshamisa kubva pakuona kwehondo kuita makore 65 apfuura, asi hazvina kushandiswa kubva iko, kunze kwekushandiswa kweu uranium. Nyika dzakawanda dzenyika dzakarambidza migodi yenyika nemabhosi emasumbu, kunyange zvazvo United States yakaramba kupinda navo.

Zvinotyisa zvinokurudzira kuti tive nehondo here? Mune dzimwe tsika dzevanhu ivo vanoita zvechokwadi, asi hapana chikonzero icho tsika dzisingagoni kuchinjwa. Kuchinja kunogona kungoda kuve kwakadzika uye kwakapetwa kupfuura kuchinjwa kweMutemo.

Chikamu: KANA ZVINOITA KUTI KUSARUKA NEZVIMWE ZVINOKOSHA. . .

Chimwe chikonzero chekusava nechokwadi kuti chero hondo ipi zvayo inodziviswa ndeyekuitika kwezviitiko, mapenzi asina kukanganisa, kukwikwidzana zvishoma, mazano ekuronga, uye nhamo dzakaipa-dzinonyadzisa dzatinopesana muhondo imwe neimwe, asi pane dzimwe nguva zvinogumbusa kusvikira kumucheto pasina kuenda pamusoro. Zvakaoma kunzwisisa kukwikwidzana pakati pemarudzi emumambo - kana, pamusana penyaya iyi, simba risina kukodzera rekupararira uye kushorwa kwevanhu vasina hanya - patinoona kuti hondo dzinouya sei. Sezvatichaona muchitsauko 6, vashandi vehondo vanobata mune zvemari, kushushikana kwebhizimusi, kusarudzwa kwesarudzo, uye kusaziva kwakachena, zvose zvinoratidza kuti zvinogona kuchinja kana kuparadzwa.

Hondo inogona kutonga nhoroondo yevanhu, uye zvechokwadi mabhuku edu ezvakaitika anoratidza sokuti hapana chinhu kunze kwehondo, asi hondo haina kuramba iripo. Yakapera uye yakayerera. Germany neJapan, avo vakagadzirira hondo varwi makore 75 apfuura, iye zvino vava kufarira zvikuru rugare kupfuura United States. Marudzi eViking eScandinavia asingaoneki anofarira kurwa hondo kune ani zvake. Makira akafanana nemaAmish mukati meUnited States arege kupinda muhondo, uye nhengo dzavo dzakaita saizvozvo pamutengo mukuru kana dzikasungirwa kuti dzidzivirire mahedheni mukusasarudzwa kwebasa, semuHondo Yenyika II. Seventh Day Day Adventist vakaramba kupinda muhondo, uye vave vachishandiswa mukuedzwa kwemajeshi enyukireya pane nzvimbo. Kana tikakwanisa kudzivisa hondo dzimwe nguva, uye kana vamwe vedu tikakwanisa kudzivisa hondo nguva dzose, sei isu tisingaiti pamwe chete kuita zvakanaka?

Nzanga dzine rugare dzinoshandisa nzira dzakachenjera dzokugadzirisa kusagadzikana uko kugadzirisa, kudzorera, uye kuremekedza, panzvimbo pokungoranga. Nhaurirano, rubatsiro, uye ushamwari hunoonekwa nenzira dzakasiyana dzehondo munyika yanhasi. Muna December 1916 naJanuary 1917, Mutungamiri Woodrow Wilson vakaita chimwe chinhu chakanaka. Akakumbira maGermany neAllies kuti vabvise mhepo vachitaura vavariro dzavo nezvinodiwa. Akaronga kushanda semurevereri, chirevo cheBrithani neAustro-Hungaria vakagamuchirwa. VaGermany havana kubvuma Wilson semurevereri akatendeseka, nokuda kwechikonzero chinonzwisisika kuti akanga achibatsira hondo yeBritain. Fungidzira kweminiti, zvisinei, kana zvinhu zvainge zvangoenda zvishoma zvakasiyana, kana kukwikwidzana kwaive kwakashandiswa kubudirira makore mashomanana apfuura, uye hondo yaive ichidziviswa, ichidzivirira vamwe vanhu vane mamiriyoni e16. Zita redu remagetsi haringadai rakashandurwa. Tingave tichiri zvisikwa zvimwe chete zvatiri, zvigaro zvehondo kana rugare, chero chatakasarudza.

Hondo ingadai isiri iyo yekutanga uye yega sarudzo Mutungamiri Wilson akafunga muna 1916, asi izvi hazvirevi kuti akazvichengetedza kwekupedzisira. Muzviitiko zvakawanda hurumende dzinoti hondo ichava yekupedzisira, kunyange ichironga muchivande kutanga hondo. Mutungamiri George W. Bush akaronga kurwisa Irak kwemwedzi yakawanda achitaura kuti hondo yacho ingangosarudzwa uye yaiva chimwe chinhu chaaishanda nesimba kuti asadzivirire. Bush yakaramba ichinge ichinyora pamusangano wehurukuro musi waJanuary 31, 2003, zuva rimwe chete raakanga achangobva kutsanangurira Mutungamiri Tony Blair kuti imwe nzira iyo vaigona kuwana chikonzero chehondo ingangodaro kupora mapepa nemaAUN mavara uye edza kuti vawiswe. Kwemakore, sezvo Hondo yeIraq yakaenderera mberi, pundits yakakurudzira kudiwa kwekukurumidze kutanga hondo yekurwisa Iran zvakare. Kwemakore anoverengeka, hondo yakadaro yakanga isina kutanga, uye zvakadaro hapana mamiriro akaoma akaita sekutevera kubva pakadzivisa.

Chiitiko chekutanga chekudzivirira kuIraq chakanga chakadzivisawo, panzvimbo pokusika, njodzi. MunaNovember 1998, Mutungamiri Clinton akaronga kuwirirana kweAraqua, asi Saddam Hussein akavimbisa kubatana kwakakwana neUnited instruments inspectors. Clinton akadzivisa kurwisa. Media pundits, sezvakataurwa naNorman Solomon, vakaodzwa mwoyo, vachitsoropodza kuti Clinton akaramba kurwisana nokuti kungoruramiswa kwehondo kwakabviswa - kukanganisa kwaizoitwa naClinton hakuzoiti. Kana Clinton aenda kuhondo zviito zvake zvaisazodzivirirwa; vangadai vakave mhosva.

Chikamu: CHINHU CHAKANAKA

Chero mhirizhonga pamusoro pehondo chero ipi zvayo makumi emakumi emakore apfuura yakave yakasangana nekutsvaga kwakatevera: Kana iwe unopesana nehondo iyi, unofanira kupikisa hondo dzose; kana iwe unopesana nehondo dzose iwe unofanira kupikisa Hondo Yenyika II; Hondo Yenyika II yaiva hondo yakanaka; saka iwe wakakanganisa; uye kana iwe uri kukanganisa ikozvino hondo inofanira kuva yakarurama. (Mutsara wokuti "hondo yakanaka" yakabatwa sezvinotsanangurwa neHondo Yenyika II panguva yeHondo yeVietnam, kwete panguva yeHondo Yenyika II pachayo.) Nharo iyi inoitwa kwete muUnited States chete asiwo muBritain neRussia. Uipi hunyoro hwekuregererwa uku hakusi kudzivisa kushandiswa kwayo. Kuratidza kuti Hondo Yenyika II yakanga isiri hondo yakanaka. Chinokosha cheHondo Yenyika II kunaka kwagara kuchibatanidza kukosha kwayo. Hondo Yenyika II, isu tose takataurirwa, zvingadai zvisingagoni kudziviswa.

Asi Hondo Yenyika II yakanga isiri hondo yakanaka, kwete kunyange nemaonero eAllies kana eUnited States. Sezvataona muchitsauko chekutanga, chakanga chisina kurwirwa kuponesa vaJudha, uye hachina kuvaponesa. Vapoteri vakadzoka uye vakasiyiwa. Zvirongwa zvokusunungura vaJudha kubva muGermany zvakakanganiswa neBritain pakadzivirirwa. Sezvataona muchitsauko chepiri, hondo iyi haina kurwisana mukuzvidzivirira. Yakanga isati yakarwa nechisungo chipi nechipi kana kufungisisa upenyu hwehupenyu. Izvo hazvina kurwisana nekusarura rudzi nerudzi rwakapisa maJapan -America nekuparadzanisa mauto eAfrica. Izvo hazvina kurwisana nehurumende nehutungamiri hwepasi uye huri pamusoro-uye-hunouya. Britain yakarwa nokuti Germany yakapinda muPoland. IUnited States yakarwa muEurope nokuti Britain yakanga iri kurwisana neGermany, kunyange zvazvo United States yakanga isingapindi muhondo zvachose kusvikira ndege dzayo dzichirwiswa nemaJapan muPacific. Izvozvo zvekuJapan zvakange zviri, sezvatakaona, zvakadzivirirwa zvakakwana uye zvakashungurudzwa zvakashata. Hondo neGermany yakasvika pakarepo mushure mekunge yareva kuzvipira kwakakwana kune hondo umo United States yakanga yava nenguva ichibatsira England neChina.

Iyo mwedzi yakawanda nemakore nemakumi emakore tinofungidzira kuenda shure munguva yekugadzirisa dambudziko racho, iri nyore uye rakanyanya nyore isu tingarifunga kuti raizove riri kudzivirira Germany kuti isarwisa Poland. Kunyange vazhinji vatsigiri veHondo Yenyika II se "hondo yakanaka" vanobvumirana kuti zviito zveAllies shure kweHondo Yenyika I zvakabatsira kuburitsa pahondo yechipiri. Musi waSeptember 22, 1933, David Lloyd George, uyo ave ari gurukota reEngland panguva yeHondo Yenyika I, akapa hurukuro pamusoro pekuparadzwa kweNazism muGermany, nokuti chigumisiro chacho chingava chimwe chakanyanya kuipa: "chikominisiti chakanyanya."

Muna 1939, apoItaly yakaedza kuvhura nhaurirano neBrithani panzvimbo yeGermany, Churchill yakavadzivisa kuti inotonhorera: "Kana Ciano anoziva (sic) chinangwa chedu chisina kujeka haazogoni kutamba nemafungiro ekupindirana kweItaly." Churchill's inflexible chinangwa chaifanira kuenda kuhondo. Apo Hitler, apinda muPoland, akakumbira rugare neBritain neFrance ndokukumbira rubatsiro rwavo mukudzinga vaJudha veGermany, Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain vakatsigira hondo.

Zvechokwadi, Hitler akanga asina kunyanya kutendeseka. Asi zvakadini kudai vaJudha vakanga vasina kuponeswa, Poland yakanga ichishandiswa, uye rugare rwakachengetedzwa pakati peAllies neGermany kwemaminitsi, maawa, mazuva, vhiki, mwedzi, kana makore? Hondo yacho ingadai yatanga pose pose paakatanga, pasina kukuvadzwa uye dzimwe nguva dzorugare dzakawanikwa. Uye nguva imwe neimwe yorugare yakawanikwa ingadai yakashandiswa kuedza kutaurirana hukama hunogara huripo, pamwe nekusununguka kwePoland. Muna May 1940, Chamberlain naIshe Halifax vose vaifarira rugare rwekukurukurirana neGermany, asi Prime Minister Churchill akaramba. Muna July 1940, Hitler akapa imwe hurukuro inokurudzira rugare neEngland. Churchill akanga asina kufarira.

Kunyange kana tichiita sokuti kupindira kweNazi kwePoland kwakange kusingagoni kudzivirirwa uye kufunga kuti kuNazi kurwisa kuEngland kwakanga kusina kugadziriswa kurongwa, nei hondo yakanga iripo mhinduro yacho? Uye imwe nguva dzimwe nyika dzakanga dzatanga, nei United States ichifanira kubatanidzwa? Napoleon akanga atora nyika dzakawanda dzeEurope pasina mutungamiri wedu wekutanga kweP PR mukurudzira kuti tibvumire kuti tibatanidzwe kurwisana nekuita kuti nyika ive yakachengeteka nokuda kwehurumende, sezvakaitwa naWilson kuHondo Yenyika I, uye Roosevelt akadzoka zvakare kuHondo Yenyika II.

Hondo Yenyika II yakaparadza vanhu vane mamiriyoni e70, uye mhando yemigumisiro yacho inogona kuve yakajeka. Chii chatakafunga kuti chakanga chakaipisisa kupfuura icho? Chii chatingave takanga tichidzivirira? IUnited States haina kutora chibairo chekupira uye haina kuidzivisa. Uye chibairo chakauraya mamiriyoni matanhatu chete. Paiva nevatsigiri muGermany. Hitler, kana akagara ari musimba, aisazoenda kurarama nekusingaperi kana kuti kuzviuraya nehondo yehondo kana akaona zvimwe zvingasarudzwa. Kubatsira vanhu vari munharaunda yeGermany yakanga yagara ingadai yakave nyore. Mutemo wedu waiva panzvimbo yekudzivisa uye kushayiwa nzara, iyo yakatora kushanda nesimba uye yakava nemigumisiro yakaipa.

Kubvira kwaHitler kana vagari venhaka vake kusimbisa simba, kubata pairi, nekurwisa United States kunoratidzika kure. IUnited States yaifanira kuenda kune yakakura yakareba kuti inokurudzira Japan kuti irwise. Hitler aizove nerusununguko kubatisisa utsvina hwake, kunyanya umambo hwenyika yose. Asi fungidzira kuti kuGermany pakupedzisira kwaunza hondo kumhenderekedzo dzedu. Zvinofungidzira here kuti chero America inogona kunge isina kurwisana nenguva 20 zvakaoma uye yakakunda hondo chaiyo yekudzivirira nokukurumidza? Kana kuti zvichida Cold War yaizove yakarwisana neGermany panzvimbo yeSoviet Union. Umambo hweSoviet hwakapera pasina hondo; nei hurumende yeGermany ingadai isina kuita zvakafanana? Ndiani anoziva? Zvatinoziva ndezvisingatauriki zvisingatauriki zvezvakaitika.

Isu uye vatinoshamwaridzana vedu takabatanidzwa mukusauraya-kuurayiwa kwevanhu vechiGermany, vaFrance, uye veJapan kubva mumhepo, vakagadzira zvombo zvinouraya kune ani zvake akamboona, vakaparadza pfungwa yehondo isina kukwana, uye vakashandura hondo kuva mukana unotambudza vanhu kupfuura mauto. MuUnited States takagadzira pfungwa yehondo yekusingaperi, yakapa pedyo-yakazara hondo yekuita masimba kumatungamiri, yakagadzira masangano epachivande ane simba rekuita muhondo pasina kutarisa, uye yakavaka hupfumi hwehondo hungazoda hondo dzaizobatsirwa.

Hondo Yenyika II uye mutsva maitiro ehondo yakazara akaunza kutambudzwa kumashure kubva kuMiddle Ages; yakagadzirirwa makemikari, zvipenyu, uye zvombo zvenyukireya zvekushandisa zvazvino uye zvenguva yemberi, kusanganisira napalm neAgent Orange; uye yakatanga zvirongwa zvekuyedza kwevanhu muUnited States. Winston Churchill, aifambisa hurongwa hweAllies chero ani zvake, akange anyora kare, "Ndiri kutsigira kushandisa gasi rine muchetura kumarudzi asina kusimba." Kwese kwaunonyatsotarisisa zvinangwa uye maitiro e "hondo yakanaka" ndizvo zvaunowanzo tarisa: Churchillian kuda kutsakatisa vavengi vakawanda.

Kana Hondo Yenyika II yaiva hondo yakanaka, ndaizovenga chaizvo kuona yakaipa. Kana Hondo Yenyika II yaiva hondo yakanaka, sei Mutungamiri Franklin Roosevelt aifanira kutivhiringidza? Musi waSeptember 4, 1941, Roosevelt akapa kero yemavhidhiyo inonzi "fireside chat" iyo yaiti iyo yeGermany gungwa, yakasununguka zvachose, yakanga yakarwisa United States yakaipa Greer, iyo-pasinei nokuti inonzi muparadzi - yakanga isingabhadhari tsamba.

Zvechokwadi? Sangano reSeneat Naval Affairs Committee rakabvunza Admiral Harold Stark, Chief of Naval Operations, uyo akati Greer akanga ari kutevera chikepe cheGermany chikepe uye akadzorera nzvimbo yayo kuBritain ndege, iyo yakanga yakaderedza zvakadzama mhirizhonga pane nzvimbo dzegungwa zvishoma pasina kubudirira. MuGiriki ainge achienderera mberi achifambisa ngarava yemaawa maawa vasati vangarava vasati vashanduka ndokudzinga torpedoes.

Mwedzi nehafu gare gare, Roosevelt akaudza nyaya yakareba yakafanana pamusoro pe USS Kearny. Uye zvino akazonyatsofamba. Roosevelt akati aive ane mapepa akavanzika akabudiswa nehurumende yaHitler yakaratidza zvirongwa zvekukunda kweNazi South America. Hurumende yeNazi yakazvidza izvi sereve nhema, kupomera mhosva dzechiJudha. Mepu, iyo Roosevelt yakaramba kuratidzira vanhu, chaizvoizvo chaizvo yakaratidza migwagwa muSouth America inotenderedzwa nema ndege eAmerica, uye zvinyorwa muGermany zvinotsanangura kuparadzirwa kwemafiriya mafuta. Icho chaiva chekuBrithani, uye sezviri pachena pamusoro pehutano hwakafanana nehupfumi wePurezidhendi George W. Bush aizoshandisa zvakare kuratidza kuti Iraq yakanga iri kuedza kutenga uranium.

Roosevelt akatiwo akave nechinangwa chakavanzika chakabudiswa nevaNazi kuitira kuti zvitendero zvose zvive neNazism:

"Vafundisi vanofanira kugara vakanyarara pasi pechirango chemisasa yevasungwa, uko kunyange ikozvino vakawanda vasingatyi vari kutambudzwa nokuti vakaisa Mwari kumusoro kweHitler."

Urongwa hwakadaro hwakanga hwakaita sechinhu chimwe Hitler aizonyatsokwidzika kana Hitler aisati aine chibvumirano chechiKristu, asi Roosevelt wekodha akanga asina zvinyorwa zvakadaro.

Sei izvi zvakange zvakakosha? Hondo dzakanaka dzinozivikanwa mushure mokunge ichokwadi here? Ko vanhu vakanaka panguva iyoyo vanonyengerwa mukati mavo here? Uye kana Roosevelt aiziva zvakanga zvichiitika mumisasa yevasungwa, nei chokwadi chisingave chakakwana?

Kana Hondo Yenyika II yaiva hondo yakanaka, sei United States ichifanira kumirira kusvikira nzvimbo yaro yeumambo pakati pePacific ichirwiswa? Dai hondo yaida kurwisana nematambudziko, pakange pane vazhinji vakazviti, kudzokera kumabhomba eGuernica. Vanhu vasina mhosva vairwiswa muEurope. Kana hondo yaine chimwe chinhu chingaita neicho, nei United States 'yakasununguka kubatanidzwa inofanira kumirira kusvika Japan ichirwisa uye Germany ichitaura hondo?

Kana Hondo Yenyika II yaiva hondo yakanaka, nei maAmerica aifanira kunyorwa kurwisa mairi? Zvinyorwa zvakauya pamberi pePearl Harbor, uye masoja akawanda akasiya, kunyanya apo urefu hwavo hwe "basa" hwakawedzerwa kunze kwemwedzi ye12. Zviuru zvezvipiri zvakazvipira pashure pePearl Harbor, asi zvinyorwa zvakanga zvichiri nzira huru yekugadzira kanon fodder. Munguva yehondo, varwi ve21,049 vakatongerwa kukanganisa uye 49 yakapiwa mutongo werufu. Imwe 12,000 yakarongerwa sehana yehana nehana.

Kana Hondo Yenyika II yaiva hondo yakanaka, nei 80 yezana yevaAmerica avo vakazoita kuti varwise vasarudza kusapisa zvombo zvavo kune vavengi? Dave Grossman akanyora kuti:

"Hondo Hondo Yenyika II isati yave yakambofungidzirwa kuti mushure mekunge musoja aizouraya muhondo nokuti nyika yake nevatungamiri vake vakanga vamuudza kuti aite saizvozvo uye nekuti zvaive zvakakosha kudzivirira hupenyu hwake uye hupenyu hwevamwe shamwari dzake. . . . US Army Brigadier General SLA Marshall akakumbira masvondo mashoma kuti chii chavakaita muhondo. Kuwanikwa kwake kusingatarisirwi kwaive ndiko kuti, kwemazana mazana evarume vari mumuganhu wemoto munguva yekusangana, avhareji ye 15 chete ku20 'ingatora chero chikamu nezvombo zvavo.' "

Pane humwe huchapupu hwakanaka hwokuti ichi chaive chimiro munharaunda yevaGermany, british, French, nezvimwe zvakadaro, uye yaive yakasarudzwa muhondo yapfuura zvakare. Dambudziko - kune avo vanoona izvi zvinokurudzira uye hupenyu hunoponesa sehutambudzi - hwakanga huri pamusoro pe98 muzana yevanhu vanopesana nekuuraya vamwe vanhu. Iwe unogona kuvaratidza kuti vangashandisa sei pfuti uye vaudze kuti vaende vachiripfura, asi munguva yehondo vazhinji vavo vachava nechinangwa chekudenga, vanodonha mune tsvina, vobatsirei bhidhiyo nesaroni yake, kana kuti vaone kuti chinhu chakakosha shoko rinoda kuendeswa pamwe chete nemutsara. Havatyi kupfuudzwa. Izvozvo handizvo simba rinonyanya kushandiswa. Vanotya kuuraya.

Kubva muHondo Yenyika II nekunzwisisa kwemauto eUnited States kwezvinoitika mukupisa kwehondo, maitiro ekudzidzira akachinjwa. Varwi vaisazozodzidziswa kupisa moto. Vaizogadziriswa kuuraya vasina kufunga. Zvitsva zve-Bull zvinenge zvatsiviwa nezvinangwa zvakafanana nevanhu. Varwi vaizovhiringidzirwa kusvika apo, pasi pekumanikidzwa, vaizoita zvakangoita nokuita kuuraya. Heino chimbo inoshandiswa mukudzidziswa kwekutanga panguva yeHondo yeIraq iyo ingangodaro yakaita kuti varwi veUnited States vave nepfungwa yakanaka yekuuraya:

Takaenda kumusika uko yese yegeji yegeji,

takabudisa machete edu uye isu takatanga kuvhunga,

Takaenda kunzvimbo yekutamba apo yese yaidheji,

takabudisa pfuti yedu pfuti uye tikatanga kupfira,

Takaenda kumusikiti umo yese hadji inonyengetera,

akakanda mune grenade ruoko ndokuvakurira vose kure.

Aya maitiro matsva akave akabudirira zvikuru zvokuti muHondo yeVietnam uye dzimwe hondo kubva ipapo, vanenge varwi vose veUnited States vakapfura kuti vauraye, uye nhamba zhinji dzadzo dzakatambura kukuvara kwepfungwa kunobva pakuita saizvozvo.

Dzidzo iyo vana vedu vari kugamuchira sezvavanosangana nemuvengi kare nguva nenguva mumitambo yemavhidhiyo inogona kunge iri nani kurovedza hondo kupfuura zvakaitwa nababamun Sam "chizvarwa chikuru." Vana vari kutamba mitambo yemavhidhiyo iyo inofanidza kuuraya inogona kunge iri kudzidziswa kuzova varwi vedu vemazuva ano vasina pokugara vachichengetedza mazuva avo ekubwinya pamabhenji epaki.

Izvi zvinoita kuti ndidzokere kumubvunzo uyu: Kana Hondo Yenyika II yaiva hondo yakanaka, sei mauto asina kumbobvunzwa seanopopathic mabhakiti emakato asingabatanidzi? Sei vakangotora nzvimbo, vakapfekedza yunifomu, vanodya gorofu, vanoshaya mhuri dzavo, uye vanorasikirwa nemakumbo avo, asi kwete chaizvoizvo vanoita zvavakanga varipo kuti vaite, kwete chaizvoizvo kubatanidzwa pachikonzero kunyange sekunge vanhu vakagara kumba ndokukura tomate? Zvichida here kuti, kune vanhu vane hutano hwakanaka, kunyange hondo dzakanaka hadzisi yakanaka?

Kana Hondo Yenyika II yaiva hondo yakanaka, sei tichiivanza? Hatifaniri here kutarisira kutarisa pazviri, kana zvakanga zvakanaka? Admiral Gene Larocque anoyeuka muna 1985:

"Hondo Yenyika II yakarwisa maonero edu ekutarisa kwedu zvinhu nhasi. Tinoona zvinhu maererano nehondo iyoyo, iyo mupfungwa yakati yaiva hondo yakanaka. Asi kurangarirwa kwacho kunokurudzira varume vezera rangu kuti vave vanoda, vanoda kutsvaga, kushandisa simba rehondo chero kupi zvako munyika.

"Kwemakore anenge 20 mushure mehondo, ndakanga ndisingagoni kutarisa chero mafirimu paHondo Yenyika II. Yakaunza zviyeuchidzo zvandakanga ndisingadi kuti ndigare. Ndakange ndichivenga kuona kuti vakakudza sei hondo. Mune mafirimu ose, vanhu vanoputirwa nenguvo dzavo uye vanowira zvakanaka pasi. Iwe hausi kuona chero munhu ari kuputirwa. "

Betty Basye Hutchinson, uyo akatarisira Hondo yeHondo Yenyika II muPasadena, Calif., Semukoti, anoyeuka 1946:

"Shamwari dzangu dzose dzakanga dzichiripo, dzichingovhiyiwa. Kunyanya Bill. Ndaizoenda naye mudhorobha Pasadena - Handimbofi ndakakanganwa izvi. Halfu chiso chake chaenda zvachose, chakanaka? Downtown Pasadena mushure mokunge hondo yaive yakakura kwazvo munharaunda. Vakangove vakapfekedzwa vakadzi, vachinyatsotarisa, vachimira ipapo vachitarisa. Akanga achiziva izvi zvinotyisa. Vanhu vanongotarisa zvakakwana kwauri uye vachishamisika: Chii ichi? Ndakanga ndichienda kundomutaurira kunze, asi ndakamusunungura. Zvakafanana nehondo yakanga isati yauya kuPasadena kusvika tasvika ikoko. Oh, iyo yakave nechinetso chikuru munharaunda. MuchiPasadena mapepa akauya kune tsamba kune mharidzi: Sei vasingakwanisi kuchengetwa ivo pachavo uye kunze kwemigwagwa. "

Chikamu: NATIVE NAZISM

Zvimwe zvinhu zvishomanana zvekuAmerica zvinosuwa kukuyeuka kuti kufemerwa kwenyika yedu kwakapa Hitler, rubatsiro rwemari dzedu makambani edu akamupa, uye hutambo hwechiscist hwakarongedzwa nevatungamiri vemabhizimisi vedu vanoremekedzwa. Kana Hondo Yenyika II yaiva kusagadzikana kusingatauriki pakati pezvakanaka nezvakaipa, chii chatinofanira kufunga pamusoro pezvipo zveAmerica uye kunzwira tsitsi nechekuipa?

Adolf Hitler akakurira kutamba "cowboys nemaIndia." Akakurira kurumbidza kuuraya kwevanhu vekuAmerica, uye kumanikidzirwa kumanikidzi kuti vaite. Makamera okutambudza aHitler aifungidzirwa pakutanga maererano neAmerican Indian reservation, kunyange mamwe mhando dzavo dzingangodaro dzaisanganisira maBritish muSouth Africa munguva yeHNUMX-1899 Boer War, kana misasa inoshandiswa neSpain neUnited States muPhilippines .

Izwi rekusaziva-yesayenzi umo Hitler akaisa rusarura rwake, uye maitiro eugenic ekuchenesa rutsva rweNordic, kusvika pasi nenzira yekuendesa kusadavira kuva mudzimba dzemagetsi, zvakare US-akafuridzirwa. Edwin Black akanyora mu2003:

"Eugenics ndiyo yaiva pusudoscience yechisarudzo yakagadziriswa kuparadza vanhu vose vanoonekwa se" vasina kufanira, "kuchengetedza chete avo vanofananidzwa neNordic stereotype. Zvinhu zvefilosofi zvakagadziriswa semutemo wenyika kuburikidza nekumanikidzirwa kwemhirizhonga uye mitemo yekusarura, pamwe chete nemiganhu yekuroorana, yakagadzirirwa mune makumi maviri nemanomwe zvinotaura. . . . Pakupedzisira, vashandi ve eugenics vakashongedzeswa vamwe veZXMUMX veAmerica, vakadzivisa kuroorana kwezviuru, vakamanikidzana zviuru mu 'makoloni,' uye vakatambudza nhamba dzisina kufanira munzira dzatiri kudzidza. . . .

"Eugenics ingadai yakave hurukuro inoshamisa yekutaura kudai yakanga isiri yekubhadhara mari yakawanda kuburikidza nehutano hwekambani, kunyanya Carnegie Institution, Rockefeller Foundation uye Harriman railroad fortune. . . . Nzira yeHarriman yefambisi yepamusoro yakabhadhara zvipo zvezvipo, zvakadai seNew York Bureau ye Industries uye Immigration, kutsvaga vaJudha, vaItaly nevamwe vatorwa vemuNew York nedzimwe maguta akazara uye vachivakurudzira kuendeswa kunze, kuvharirwa musungwa, kana kuvharirwa. Rockefeller Foundation yakabatsira kuwana chirongwa cheGermany eugenics uye yakabhadhara mari purogiramu iyo Josef Mengele yakashanda asati aenda kuAuschwitz. . . .

"Nzira inowanzofungwa yakataurwa ye eugenicide muAmerica yaiva 'imba inouraya' kana kuti mapato emagetsi anowanikwa munzvimbo ino. . . . Eugenic breeders vakatenda kuti hurumende yeAmerica yakanga isati yakagadzirira kuita sarudzo yakarongwa yakarongwa. Asi mahofisi akawanda emagariro uye vanachiremba vakaita zvirwere zvakashata zvekurapa uye euthanasia yekutengesa pachavo. "

Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States rakatsigira eugenics mune mutongo we1927 umo Mutongi Oliver Wendell Holmes akanyora kuti, "Zviri nani kunyika yose, kana pane kumirira kuuraya vana vasingagadziri vezvakaipa, kana kuvabvumira kuti vafe nenzara nokuda kwekusava nehanya kwavo, vanhu vanogona kudzivisa avo avo vanoratidzika kusina kukodzera kuramba vachiita mutsa wavo .... Zvizvarwa zvitatu zvisingabatsiri zvakakwana. "VaNazi vaizozvinyora Holmes mukuzvidzivirira kwavo pamhosva dzemhosva dzehondo. Hitler, makore makumi maviri apfuura, mubhuku rake Mein Kampf akarumbidza maEugenics eAmerica. Hitler akatonyora tsamba yekutsanangurira kuAmerican eugenicist Madison Grant kuti akafunga bhuku rake "bhaibheri." Rockefeller akapa $ 410,000, anenge madhora $ 4 mumari yemazuva ano, kuEugenics yeGermany "vanotsvakurudza."

Britain inogona kuda kutora chikwereti pano, zvakare. Muna 1910, Musha Munyori Winston Churchill akaronga kuisa sterilizing 100,000 "kufungisisa kwepfungwa" uye kuvhara makumi makumi ezviuru mumisasa yevasungwa inotungamirirwa nehurumende. Iri urongwa, risina kuurawa, raizofunga kuti rakaponesa British kubva pakaderera kwemarudzi.

Mushure meHondo Yenyika I, Hitler nevashambadziri vake, kusanganisira mutauriri wezvakawanda Joseph Goebbels, vakayemura uye vakadzidza Komiti yeGeorge Creel yePublic Information (CPI), pamwe neBritain hondo yekuparidzira. Vakadzidza kubva kushandiswa kweCPI kwemashure, firimu, uye nhau. Imwe mabhuku aGoebbels aidiwa neparapaganda akanga ari Edward Bernays 'Crystallizing Public Opinion, iyo ingangodaro yakabatsira kusimbisa kutumidzwa kweusiku hwekurwisana kwechiJudha "Kristallnacht."

Prescott Sheldon Bush bhizinesi rekutanga rebhizimisi, seavo vomuzukuru wake George W. Bush, vaisakundikana. Akaroora mwanasikana wemurume akapfuma zvikuru ainzi George Herbert Walker uyo akaisa Prescott Bush semutungamiri muTyssen naFlick. Kubvira panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, mabhizimisi ePrescott akaita zvakanaka, uye akapinda mune zvematongerwo enyika. The Thyen muzita racho rakange riri muGermany anonzi Fritz Thyssen, mukuru mukuru wezvemari weHitler airehwa muNew York Herald-Tribune se "Angel Hitler."

Masangano eWall Street akaona maNazi, sezvakaitwa naLloyd George, sevavengi vecommunism. Kudyara kweAmerica kuGerman kwakawedzera 48.5 muzana pakati pa1929 na1940 kunyangwe payakaramba zvakadzikira kwese kwese kune imwe nyika muEurope. Vatengesi vakuru vaisanganisira Ford, General Motors, General Electric, Standard Oil, Texaco, International Harvester, ITT, uye IBM. Mabond akatengeswa muNew York muma1930s ayo aipa mari iyo Aryanization yemakambani eGerman uye zvivakwa zvezvivakwa kubva kumaJuda. Makambani mazhinji akaramba achiita bhizinesi neGerman kuburikidza nehondo, kunyangwe zvaireva kubatsirwa kubva kumisasa yevasungwa. IBM yakatozopa iyo Hollerith Machines yakashandiswa kuteedzera maJuda nevamwe kuti vauraiwe, nepo ITT yakagadzira nzira dzekutaurirana dzeNazi pamwe nezvikamu zvebhomba uye ndokuzotora $ 27 miriyoni kubva kuhurumende yeUS yekukuvara kwehondo kumafekitori ayo eGerman.

Vashandi vechikwata vemaUnited States vakarayirwa kuti vasaputira mabhizimisi muGermany ayo aiva nekambani dzeUnited States. Apo Cologne yakasimbiswa, iyo yero plant Ford, iyo yakapa midziyo yehondo kumaNazi, yakaponeswa uye yakashandiswa semhepo inoparadza nzvimbo. Henry Ford akanga ave achibhadhara kuparadzira kwevaNazi kupesana neSemitic kubva muC1920s. Zvitsva zvake zveGermany zvakadzinga vashandi vose nemadzitateguru echiJudha mu1935, vasati vaNazi vaida. Muna 1938, Hitler akapa Ford Grand Cross ye Supreme Order yeGermany Eagle, kukudzwa kwevanhu vatatu chete vakambowana, mumwe wavo ari Benito Mussolini. Hitler akavimbika pamwe chete uye mutungamiri weNazi Party muVienna, Baldur von Schirach, aiva neamai veAmerica ndokuti mwana wavo akanga awana kusagadzikana kwechiJudha nekuverenga Henry Ford weThe Eternal Jew.

Makambani Prescott Bush akatsigira kubva kune imwe yebasa rekutsvaga migodhi muPoland vachishandisa basa revaranda kubva kuAuschwitz. Vaviri vaimbova vashandi vehurumende vakazopa mhosva hurumende yeUnited States neBush vagari venhaka ye $ 40 mabhiriyoni, asi sutu yakadzingwa nedare reUnited States pamusana pehurumende yehurumende.

Kusvikira United States yapinda muHondo Yenyika II yakange iri pamutemo kune veAmerica kuita bhizimisi neGermany, asi pakupera kwebhizimisi ra 1942 Prescott Bush rakabatwa pasi peKutengesa neEnemy Act. Pakati pamabhizimisi aya aisanganisira iyo Hamburg America Lines, iyo Prescott Bush yakashanda semutungamiriri. A Congressional komiti yakaona kuti Hamburg America Lines yakanga yapa rusununguko kuenda kuGermany kune vanyori vaida kunyora zvakanaka nezvevaNazi, uye vakange vauya nevanamati veNazi kuUnited States.

Dare reMcCormack-Dickstein rakasimbiswa kuti riongorore musha wemuAmerica wakagadzirwa mumusha we1933. Chirongwa chacho chaiva kuita mamiriyoni emamiriyoni eHondo yeHondo Yenyika I, kutsamwa nekusabhadhara mabhonasi avo akavimbiswa, kubvisa Mutungamiri Roosevelt uye kuisa hurumende yakarongedzwa naHitler naMusolini. Vagadziri vaisanganisira varidzi vaHeinz, Birds Eye, Goodtea, uye Maxwell House, pamwe neshamwari yedu Prescott Bush. Vakaita chikanganiso chokukumbira Smedley Butler kuti atungamirire kuburitsa, chimwe chinhu muverengi webhuku rino achaona Butler aisakwanisa kuenda pamwe chete. Chaizvoizvo, Butler akavatora kunze kuCongress. Nhoroondo yake yakatsigirwa muchidimbu nehuwandu hwezvapupu, uye komiti yakagumisa kuti chirongwa chacho chaiicho. Asi mazita evapfumi vakaderera venhandare vakadzingwa mumabhuku edzimiti, uye hapana munhu akatongwa. Mutungamiri Roosevelt akanga ataura kuti akatema chikamu. Aizorega kusunungura vamwe vevarombo vakapfuma muAmerica nokuda kwekutonga. Vangabvumirana kugumisa Wall Street yekupikisa mapurogiramu ake eNew Deal.

Imwe nyanzvi yeWall Street yakasimbiswa panguva iyoyo, yakawanda zvikuru muGermany, yaiva Sullivan naCromwell, kumba kwaJohn Foster Dulles naAllen Dulles, hama mbiri dzakasangana nemukoma wehanzvadzi yavo nokuti yakaroora muJudha. John Foster aizoshanda semunyori wehurumende kumutungamiri Eisenhower, kusimbisa Hondo yeCold, uye kuendesa Washington, DC, ndege yakatumidzwa zita rake. Allen, watakasangana naye muchitsauko chepiri, aizova mukuru weHhovisi ye Strategic Services munguva yehondo uye gare gare Mutungamiriri weCentral Intelligence kubva ku1953 kusvika ku1961. JF Dulles munguva yekutanga-hondo yaizotanga tsamba dzake kuvaGermany vatengi nemashoko okuti "Heil Hitler." Muna 1939, akaudza Economic Club yeNew York, "Tinofanira kugamuchira nekusimbisa chido cheGermany itsva kuti tiwane nokuda kwesimba raro chinhu chitsva. "

A. Dulles ndiye akatanga zano rekudzivirira mhosva kumakambani epasi rese, izvo zvaimanikidzwa nerubatsiro rwemakambani eUS kuNazi Germany. MunaGunyana 1942, A. Dulles akadana kuurayiwa kweNazi "runyerekupe rwemusango, rwakafemerwa nekutya kwevaJudha." A. Dulles akasaina pamazita evakuru vakuru vekambani yeGerman kuti varege kupomerwa mhosva yekubatana kwavo mumhosva dzehondo, nechikonzero chekuti vaizobatsira mukuvakazve Germany. Mickey Z. mubhuku rake rakanakisa There Is No Good War: The Myths of World War II inodaidza iyi "Dulles 'Chinyorwa" uye ichisiyanisa ne "Schindler's List," runyorwa rwevaJudha mumwe mukuru wechiGerman akatsvaga kununura kubva mukuparadza rudzi. iyo inotarisisa yebhuku ra1982 uye 1993 Hollywood muvhi.

Hapana chimwe chezvibatanidza izvi pakati peNazism neUnited States zvinoita kuti Nazism isati iri yakaipisisa, kana kuti kushorwa kweUnited States kune imwe yakasununguka. Pasinei nekuedza kwevamwe vakapfuma munyika yedu, kukurudzirwa kweredhiyo sebaba Baba Coughlin uye vanozivikanwa saCharles Lindberg, kuronga kwemapoka akafanana neKu Klux Klan, National Gentile League, VaKristu Vafudzi Vanosimudzira, ChiGerman-America Bund , Sirivha Shirts, neAmerican Liberty League, Nazism haina kumbobata muUnited States, asi basa rekuiparadza kuburikidza nehondo rakazviita. Asi nokuda kwe "hondo yakanaka" yave isingadzivisiki, hatifaniri here kunge takanyatsodzivisa kubatsira kune rumwe rutivi?

Chikamu: HERE, UNOGONA KUZVIDZA CHII?

Ichokwadi ndechokuti zvimwe zviito munyika yedu uye vane simba uye vapfumi mukati maro, kubvira pakupera kweHondo Yenyika I kusvikira kutanga kweHondo Yenyika II ingadai yakashandura nguva yezviitiko. Dhipatimendi, rubatsiro, ushamwari, uye kukurukurirana kwakatendeseka kunogona kudzivirira hondo. Kuchenjerera njodzi yehondo sechinotyisa kupfuura hurumende yakanamatira kune communism ingadai yakabatsira. Zvechokwadi, kukurira kwakanyanya kuNazism nevanhu veGermany vangave vakaitawo musiyano, chidzidzo Germany inoratidzika chaizvoizvo kuti yakadzidza. Muna 2010 mutungamiri wavo akadzingwa kunze kwekuzivisa kuti hondo iyi muAfghanistan inogona kubhadhara mari yeGermany. MuUnited States, mazwi akadaro anogona kukunda mavhoti.

Ko vanhu veGermany, vaJudha veGermany, vaPoles, vaFrance, neBrits vangave vakashandisa kusagadzikana kusagadzikana here? Gandhi akavakurudzira kuti vaite kudaro, vachitaura pachena kuti zviuru zvingatofa uye kuti kubudirira kwaizouya zvishoma nezvishoma. Panguva ipi zvingave yakadini iyo yakawanda yezviitiko zvinoshamisa zvakashinga uye zvisingazviiti zvakabudirira? Vaya vaiita mariri vaisazomboziva, uye hatizombozivi. Asi tinoziva kuti India yakakunda rusununguko, sezvo Poland yaizoikunda kubva kuSoviet Union, sezvo South Africa ichazodzivisa rusarura uye United States ichagumisa Jim Crow, sezvo Philippines ichadzorera hurumende uye ichabvisa zvigaro zveUnited States, seEl Salvador kubvisa mudzvinyiriri, uye sezvo vanhu vaizoita kukunda kukuru uye kwakagadzikana pasi rose pasina hondo uye pasina zvinokuvadza zvekuti Hondo Yenyika II yakasara shure, iyo yatisati tati - uye isati tadzoke-uye tisingatongo- tadzorera.

Isuwo tinoziva kuti vanhu veDenmark vakaponesa vaJudha vakawanda veDanish vachibva kuNazi, kuparadza hondo dzeNazi hondo, vakaenderera mberi, vachiratidza pachena, uye vakaramba kuzviisa pasi pemabasa ekuGermany. Saizvozvowo, vazhinji vari muNetherlands vakaramba. Isuwo tinoziva kuti muna 1943 kupesana kusina kukwana muBerlin kwakatungamirirwa nevadzimai vasiri vaJudha avo varume vechiJudha vakanga vasungwa, vakamanikidza kuti vasunungurwe, vakamanikidza kuchinja mutemo weNazi, uye vakaponesa upenyu hwevarume vavo. Kwapera mwedzi, vaNazi vakabudisa vaJudha vakaroorana vakaroorana muFrance zvakare.

Zvakadini kana kupikisa uku mukati memwoyo weBerlin, iyo yakanga ichibatanidzwa nemaGermany emarudzi ose, yakanga yakakura zvikuru? Zvakadini kana vapfumi veAmerica mumakumi emakore apfuura vakatsigirwa zvikoro zveGermany zvisiri zvekuita pane zvisiri zvechiGerman zvikoro zve eugenics? Hapana nzira yekuziva zvaive zvichiita. Mumwe chete aifanira kuedza. Apo musoja weGermany akaedza kuudza mambo weDenmark kuti swastika yaizosimudzirwa pamusoro peAmenienborg Castle, mambo akazvidza achiti: "Kana izvi zvikaitika, musoja weDanish achaenda ndokuuwisira pasi." "Murwi uyu weDanish achapfuurwa," akapindura German. "Mutoja weDanish uyo achava ini," akadaro mambo. Swastika haana kumbobhururuka.

Kana tikatanga kusava nechokwadi kunaka nekururama kweHondo Yenyika II, tinozvizarura kusvika pakusava nechokwadi kwakafanana pamusoro peimwe hondo dzose. Hondo yeKorea yaive ichidiwa here dai tisina kutora nyika iri hafu? Hondo yeVietnam yakanga inodiwa here kudzivisa kuparara-kudonha kwakasaitika chaizvo apo United States yakakundwa ikoko? Zvichingoenda zvakadaro.

"Hondo chete" inorists inoenderera mberi yokuti dzimwe hondo dzinodiwa nepamutemo - kwete kungodzivirira hondo, asi hondo dzevanhu dzinorwirwa zvakanaka nevavariro dzakadzivirirwa. Nokudaro, vhiki isati yasangana neC2003 kuBaghdad, muongorori wezvemhirizhonga Michael Walzer akataura mubhuku reNew York Times nezvekugadzirisa kwakanyanya kweIraq kuburikidza nezvaainzi "hondo shoma," iyo ingadai yaisanganisira kuparadzira nzvimbo dzisina-dzinofamba kuti dzivhare rudzi rwose, kuisa zvikanganiso zvakasimba, kururamisa dzimwe nyika dzisina kubvumirana, kutumira kune vamwe vaongorori, kuendesa ndege dzisina kufanirwa kutarisa, uye kumanikidza vaFrance kuti vatumire mauto. Zvechokwadi urongwa urwu hwaizove huri nani pane zvaive zvichiitwa. Asi inonyora maIraqiti zvachose kunze kwemufananidzo, inorega zvido zvavo zvekusina zvombo, inorega zvinyorwa zveFrance zvekusatenda nhema dzaBhitrus pamusoro pezvombo, inorega nhoroondo yeUnited States kutumira vasori pamwe chete nevatsvakurwi vezvombo, uye inoita sechinyararire kune mukana wekuti zvipingamupinyi zvakakura uye kutambura, pamwe chete nehukuru hwekuvapo kwehondo, zvinogona kutungamirira kuhondo huru. Nzira yakarurama yekuita haigone, chokwadi, inowanikwa nekugadzirisa maitiro akadzivirirwa ehondo ine utsinye. Nzira yakarurama yekuita ndeipi chero hurongwa huripo hwekudzivisa hondo.

Kuita hondo nguva dzose ndiko kusarudzwa, sekuchengetedza mitemo inoita hondo inowanzosarudza uye inogona kuchinjwa. Tinoudzwa kuti hapana chakanosarudza, kuti pane zvinomanikidzwa kuti zviite pakarepo. Tinonzwa takangoerekana tachida kubatanidzwa uye kuita chimwe chinhu. Zvisarudzo zvedu zvinoratidzika zvisingakwanisi kuita chimwe chinhu kutsigira hondo kana kusaita chinhu zvachose. Pane kufara kwakanyanya kwechifaro, rudo rwematambudziko, uye mukana wekuita pamwe pamwe chete nenzira yatinoudzwa nayo yakashinga uye ushingi, kunyange kana chinhu chakaipisisa chatinoita chiri kutambanudza mureza pamharadzano dzakawanda. Vamwe vanhu vanongonzwisisa chisimba, tinoudzwa. Zvimwe zvinetso ndizvo, zvinosuruvarisa kuti zvichida, zvakapfuura nepfungwa apo chimwe chinhu kunze kwekukura kwechisimba chinogona kuita chero chakanaka; hapana zvimwe zvishanduri.

Izvi hazvisi izvozvi, uye kutenda uku kunokanganisa kukuru. Hondo meme, pfungwa inopararira, iyo inoshumira zvayo pachayo. Hondo inofadza inoita kuti hondo igare. Hazviiti zvakanaka kuvanhu.

Mumwe angataura kuti hondo yakagadziriswa isingagoni kudzivirirwa nehupfumi hwehurumende inofanirwa nayo, inyanzvi yekutaurirana inofarira iyo, nehurumende yehuori yehurumende ye, ne, uye yevatsigiri vehondo. Asi iyo isingabatsiri-bhizinesi. Izvo zvinoda kuchinja hurumende yedu nenzira yakatsanangurwa mubhuku rangu rekare rinonzi Daybreak, panguva iyo hondo inorasikirwa nemamiriro ayo ekudzivirirwa uye inodziviswa.

Mumwe angataura kuti hondo haina kudzivirirwa nokuti haisi pasi pekutaurirana zvine musoro. Hondo yakagara iripo uye nguva dzose ichava. Kufanana nemakandisiro enyu, nzeve dzenyu, kana mazamu pamusoro pevarume, zvingasashanda chero chinangwa, asi chikamu chedu chisingagoni kudiwa. Asi zera reimwe chinhu hazviiti kuti rigare nokusingaperi; zvinongoita kuti zvive zvakwegura.

"Hondo isingadzivisiki" haisi nharo yehondo zvakadai sokugomera kwekuora mwoyo. Dai iwe wakanga uine pano uye uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge waita, ndaizokuzunungusa nemapfudzi, shandisa mvura inotonhorera kumeso ako, uye uchiti "Ndeipi chinangwa chekurarama kana iwe usiri kuzoedza kuita hupenyu huri nani?" Sezvo iwe 'handisi pano, pane zvishoma zvandinogona kutaura.

Kunze kweizvi: Kunyange kana iwe uchitenda kuti hondo, nenzira yakazara, inongofanira kungoenderera mberi, iwe hauna chikonzero chekusapindira mune zvinopesana nehondo chero ipi zvayo. Kunyangwe iwe uchidavira kuti hondo yakapfuura yakanga yakarurama, iwe hauna chikonzero chekusapikisa hondo iri kurongwa pano nhasi. Uye rimwe zuva, mushure mekunge tidzivisa hondo dzose dzinogona kuitika, hondo ichapera. Zvingave kana kwete izvo zvaikwanisika.