Vezvematongerwo enyika veUS nevanoongorora vanofarira kutaura kuti hondo dzeAmerica dzakadzivirira rusununguko rweAmerica. Asi nhoroondo yenhoroondo haibudisi kupokana uku. Muchokwadi, mukati mezana ramakore rapfuura, hondo dzeUS dzakakonzera kukanganisa kukuru parusununguko rwevanhu.
Nguva pfupi United States yapinda muHondo Yenyika I, nyika nomwe dzakadzika mitemo inoderedza rusununguko rwokutaura uye rusununguko rwokubudisa nhau. Muna June 1917, vakabatanidzwa neCongress, iyo yakapfuura Espionage Act. Mutemo uyu wakapa hurumende yemubatanidzwa simba rekuongorora zvinyorwa nekuzvirambidza kubva patsamba, uye wakaita kuti kuvharirwa kwechiuto kana kupinda muchiuto kurangwe nekubhadhara faindi yakakura uye kugara mujeri kwemakore anosvika makumi maviri. Pashure pacho, hurumende yeUnited States yakaongorora mapepanhau nemagazini payaitonga vatsoropodzi vehondo, ichiendesa vanopfuura chiuru nemazana mashanu mujeri nemitongo yakareba. Izvi zvaisanganisira mutungamiri wevashandi ane mukurumbira uye mumiriri wemutungamiri weSocialist Party, Eugene V. Debs. Zvichakadaro, vadzidzisi vakadzingwa muzvikoro zvehurumende nemayunivhesiti, vamiriri vehurumende vakasarudzwa uye vehurumende vaitsoropodza hondo vakadziviswa kutora chigaro, uye vezvitendero zvokurwisana vakaramba kutakura zvombo pashure pokunge vapinzwa muchiuto vakapfekedzwa nechisimba yunifomu, vachirohwa. , vakabayiwa nemapanga, vachizvuzvurudzwa netambo mumitsipa yavo, vakatambudzwa, uye vakaurayiwa. Yakanga iri yakaipisisa kubuda kwehudzvanyiriri hwehurumende munhoroondo yeUS, uye zvakakonzera kuumbwa kweAmerican Civil Liberties Union.
Kunyange zvazvo rekodhi yerusununguko rwehurumende yeAmerica yakanga iri nani zvikuru munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, kubatanidzwa kwenyika mukurwisana uku kwakatungamirira kukukanganisa kwakanyanya pakusununguka kweAmerica. Pamwe inonyanya kuzivikanwa yaive hurumende yemubatanidzwa kusungwa kwevanhu 110,000 venhaka yeJapan mumisasa yevasungwa. Zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvavo vaive vagari vemuUS, vazhinji vavo vaive vazvarwa (uye vazhinji vevabereki vaive vazvarwa) muUnited States. Muna 1988, vachiona kusapindirana kwebumbiro remutemo panguva yehondo, Congress yakapasisa Civil Liberties Act, iyo yakakumbira ruregerero nechiitiko ichi uye yakabhadhara mubairo kune vakapona nemhuri dzavo. Asi hondo iyi yakakonzera kumwe kutyorwa kwekodzero, kusanganisirawo kusungwa kwevanhu vanosvika zviuru zvitanhatu vanoramba kupinda muchiuto nechikonzero chehana uye kuvharirwa vamwe 6,000 mumisasa yeVashandi Veruzhinji. Kongiresi yakapasisawo mutemo weSmith Act, uyo wakaita kuti kurudziro yekupidigura hurumende kuve mhosva inorangwa nekugara mujeri kwemakore makumi maviri. Sezvo mutemo uyu waishandiswa kupomera nekusunga nhengo dzemapoka aingotaura zvechimurenga, Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States rakapedzisira radzikisa hukuru hwaro zvakanyanya.
Mamiriro ezvinhu erusununguko rwevanhu akawedzera kuipa nokuuya kweHondo Yemashoko. MuCongress, Dare reImba yeUn-American Activities Committee yakaunganidza mafaera kune vanopfuura miriyoni vekuAmerica avo yavakabvunza kuvimbika kwavo uye vakaita nharo dzekupokana dzakagadzirirwa kufumura vainzi vapanduki. Achisvetukira muchiito ichi, Senator Joseph McCarthy akatanga kupomera mhosva dzechiKomonisiti uye kupandukira, achishandisa simba rake rezvematongerwo enyika uye, gare gare, komiti yedare reSeneti yekuferefeta, kusvibisa nekutyisidzira. Mutungamiriri wenyika, nedivi rake, akagadza Gwaro reGweta Guru remasangano “anopandukira”, pamwe nehurongwa hwemubatanidzwa, hwakadzinga zviuru zvevashandi vehurumende vekuAmerica pamabasa. Kusainwa kwekumanikidzwa kwemhiko dzekuvimbika kwakava tsika yakajairika padanho remubatanidzwa, nyika, uye yenzvimbo. Pakazosvika 1952, matunhu makumi matatu aida imwe nzira yekuvimbika kune vadzidzisi. Kunyange hazvo kuedza uku kubvisa “vasiri vekuAmerica” hakuna kumbobvira kwaita kuti pawanikwe musori kana muparadzi mumwe chete, kwakakanganisa hupenyu hwevanhu uye kutyisa nyika.
Apo kuratidzira kwevagari kwakaputika nenzira yekuratidzira kupikisa Hondo yeVietnam, hurumende yemubatanidzwa yakapindura nehurongwa hwekudzvinyirira. J. Edgar Hoover, mutungamiriri weFBI, anga achiwedzera simba resangano rake kubvira Hondo Yenyika I, uye akatanga kuita chiito nechirongwa chake cheCOINTELPRO. Yakagadzirirwa kufumura, kukanganisa, uye kudzikamisa mafambiro matsva ekuratidzira nenzira ipi neipi inodiwa, COINTELPRO yakaparadzira ruzivo rwenhema, inozvidza nezvevatungamiriri nemasangano anopikisa, yakakonzera kusawirirana pakati pevatungamiriri nenhengo dzavo, uye vakatanga kuba nechisimba. Yakanga yakanangana nemasangano ese ekuchinja magariro, kusanganisira runyararo, bato rekodzero dzevanhu, sangano revakadzi, uye sangano rezvakatipoteredza. Mafaira eFBI akazara neruzivo rwemamiriyoni evaAmerica avaiona sevavengi venyika kana vangangove vavengi, uye zvakaisa vazhinji vavo pasi pekutariswa, kusanganisira vanyori, vadzidzisi, vanorwira kodzero dzevanhu, uye maseneta eUS Vaine chokwadi chekuti Martin Luther King, Jr. , Hoover akaita zvakawanda kuedza kumuparadza, kusanganisira kumukurudzira kuzviuraya.
Kunyangwe zvakazarurwa pamusoro pezviitwa zvisina kunaka zvemasangano ehungwaru eUS zvakakonzera kuti vadzivise muma1970, hondo dzakazotevera dzakakurudzira kuwedzera kutsva kwematanho ehurumende yemapurisa. Muna 1981, FBI yakavhura kuferefetwa kwevanhu nemapoka aipikisa kupindira kwemauto kwaPresident Reagan muCentral America. Yakashandisa vazivisi pamisangano yezvematongerwo enyika, kupaza kwemachechi, kudzimba dzenhengo, nemahofisi esangano, uye kuongorora mazana ekuratidzira runyararo. Pakati pemapoka akanangidzirwa pakanga pane National Council of Churches, United Auto Workers, uye Maryknoll Sista dzeChechi yeRoma Katurike. Mushure mekutanga kweHondo Yepasi Pose paKutyisa, macheki akasara pamasangano ehungwaru eUS akatsvairwa padivi. Mutemo wePatriot Act wakapa hurumende simba guru rekusora vanhu, dzimwe nguva pasina fungidziro yekuti vakaita zvakaipa, ukuwo National Security Agency ichitora nharembozha neinternet dzevaAmerica.
Dambudziko riri pano harizi mukukanganisa kumwe kwakasiyana kweUnited States asi, panzvimbo pezvo, muidi rokuti hondo haikodzeri rusununguko. Mukati mekutya kwakawedzera uye kutsva kwehurudzi hunoperekedza hondo, hurumende nevazhinji vevagari vadzo vanoona kupokana kwakafanana nekupandukira. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, “chengeteko yenyika” kazhinji inomiririra rusununguko. Sokutaura kwakaita mutori wenhau Randolph Bourne mukati meHondo Yenyika I: “Hondo utano hwehurumende.” Vanhu vekuAmerica vanokoshesa rusununguko vanofanira kuchengeta izvi mupfungwa.
Dr. Lawrence Wittner (http://lawrenceswittner.com) ndiye Purofesa weNhoroondo akabuda paSUNY/Albany. Bhuku rake razvino ibhuku re satirical nezve yunivhesiti corporatization uye kumukira, Chii chiri kuenderera kuUAardvark?
