HONDO HAIYE MUTE

Ndiyo pfungwa isina kujeka, asi inokosha, uye iyo inonyangarika. Iwe unofunga kana usingafungi hondo yakadaro ine tsika uye yakanaka (uye ini ndinotarisira kuti haungambofungi kuti mushure mokuverenga zvitsauko zvekare zve11) chokwadi chinoramba chiripo kuti hondo haisi pamutemo. Zvechokwadi kudzivirirwa nenyika inorwiswa zviri pamutemo, asi izvo zvinongoitika kamwe chete kana imwe nyika yakanyatsorwisana, uye haifaniri kushandiswa sechinhu chisingaiti kuti iregerere hondo yakawanda isingashandisi mukuzvidzivirira chaiyo.

Hazvina maturo kutaura, nharo yakasimba yezvetsika inogona kuitwa nokuda kwekusarudza mutemo wemutemo kumutemo wevatongi. Kana avo vane simba vanogona kuita chero chavanoda, vazhinji vedu hatidi zvavanoita. Mimwe mitemo yakasaruramisira zvokuti kana ichiiswa kune vanhuwo zvavo, inofanira kuputswa. Asi kubvumira avo vari mutungamiri wehurumende kuti vaite zvechisimba chikuru uye kuuraya mukusateerera mutemo ndekuregeredza kushandiswa kwezvimwe zvishoma, sezvo pasina kushungurudzwa kukuru kunogona kufungidzirwa. Zvinonzwisisika kuti vatsigiri vehondo vangangosiya kana "kududzirazve" mutemo kupfuura kuchinja zvakanaka mutemo kuburikidza nemutemo wekutonga, asi haisi kudzivirirwa mutsika.

Pamusoro pezvakawanda zvenhoroondo yeUnited States, zvakanga zvine musoro kuti vagari vemo vatende, uye kazhinji vaitenda, kuti Mutemo weUnited States wakarambidza hondo ine utsinye. Sezvataona muchitsauko chechipiri, Congress yakaratidza kuti 1846-1848 Hondo muMexico "yakanga isiri yepamutemo uye isingateereri mutemo yakatanga nemutungamiriri weUnited States." Congress yakabudisa chirevo chehondo, asi gare gare yakatenda mutungamiri wenhema akavaudza . (Mutungamiri Woodrow Wilson aizotumira mauto kuhondo neMexico pasina chiziviso.) Hazviiti sechokureva nhema iyo Congress yakaona seisingapindirani mune zvematongerwo enyika muZ1840s, asi pane kutanga kwehondo isingakoshi kana yechisimba.

Sezvo Attorney General Ishe Peter Gold Goldsmith akanyevera hurumende yeBritain Tony Blair munaMarch 2003, "Kumanikidzwa kune mhosva pasi pemutemo wepamutemo wenyika dzakawanda iyo inongowanzoita chikamu chemutemo wepamba," uye naizvozvo, "kumhirizhonga munyika yose inopomerwa nemutemo wakawanda unogona ngave kupomerwa muKritain. "Mutemo weUnited States wakashanduka kubva mutauro wakafanana weChirungu, uye Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States rinoziva zvinotangira uye tsika dzakatevedzerwa. Mutemo weUnited States muna 1840s waiva pedo nemidzi yawo mumutauro weChirungu unowanikwa kupfuura mutemo weUnited States nhasi, uye mutemo wepamutemo wakanga usingasimudzirwi zvachose, saka zvakangoita kuti Congress inotora mamiriro ekutanga hondo isingakoshi yakanga isiri yepamutemo pasina zvimwe zvakanyanya.

Kutaura zvazviri, musati apa kupa Congress simba roga rokutaura hondo, Mutemo-soro unopa Congress simba re "kutsanangura uye kuranga Piracies uye Mafeloni akaitwa paMakungwa marefu, uye Kupomerwa kunopesana neMutemo weMarudzi." Zvichida nokureva, izvi zvinenge zvichiita zvinoratidza kuti United States yakanga yakatarisira kuti igare ne "Mutemo weMarudzi." MuZ1840s, hapana nhengo yeCongress ingadai yakatsunga kutaura kuti United States yakanga isiri iyo yakasungwa ne "Mutemo weMarudzi." Panguva iyoyo munhoroondo, izvi zvaireva tsika yemitemo yenyika, pasi apo kusunungurwa kwehondo ine utsinye kwave nguva refu ichionekwa sechivi chakakomba zvikuru.

Nenzira yakanaka, iye zvino sezvo tine zvibvumirano zvakasiyana-siyana zvinorambidza zvakajeka hondo ine utsinye, hatichafaniri kufungidzira pane zvataurwa neU.S. Constitution pamusoro pehondo. Chinyorwa VI cheBumbiro reMitemo rinotaura zvakajeka izvi:

"Iri Mutemo, uye Mitemo yeUnited States iyo ichaitwa mukutsvaka kwayo; uye yose Mitemo yakaitwa, kana ichaitwa, pasi peGavhuna reUnited States, ichava Mutemo mukuru weNyika; uye Vatongi mumarudzi ose vachasungwa naizvozvo, chero Chinhu muBumbiro reMitemo kana Mitemo yeNyika chero ipi zvayo kuChirwisana zvisinei. "[itariki yakawedzerwa]

Saka, kudai United States yaizoita chibvumirano chakarambidza hondo, hondo ingadai isiri pamutemo pasi pemutemo mukuru wepanyika. IUnited States yakatoita izvi, kaviri, muzvibvumirano zvakasara nhasi chikamu chemutemo wedu wakakwirira: Kellogg-Briand Pact uye United Nations Charter.

Chikamu: TAKASANGISA HONDO YOSE MU1928

Muna 1928, United States Senate, iyo imwe sangano iyo zuva rakanaka rinogona kuwana zvino muzana mazana evanhu varo kuti vhote kurwisana nemari yekuwedzera kwehondo kana kupfuurira, vhota 85 ku1 kusunga United States kusungano iyo ichiripo kusungwa uye umo "tinopomera kushandura kuhondo kuti tigadzirise mhirizhonga dzenyika dzose, uye tinozvisiya, sechimbo chemutemo wenyika muhukama hwedu" nemamwe marudzi. Uyu ndiye Kellogg-Briand Pact. Iyo inoshora uye inodzinga hondo yose. Munyori weHurumende yeUnited States, Frank Kellogg, akaramba chirevo cheFrance chokugadzirisa kurambidzwa kwehondo dzechisimba. Akanyora kumumiriri weFrance kuti kana icho chibvumirano,

". . . zvaive pamwe chete nemitsanangudzo yezwi rokuti 'aggressor' uye nemashoko uye zvidzidzo zvinoratidza apo nyika dzaizove dzakarurama kuti dziende kuhondo, zvaizoita zvaizove zvakanyanya kuderera uye kukoshesa kwayo sekuchengetedza kworugare kwakaparadzwa zvachose. "

Chibvumirano chakaiswa chisimbiso nechinorambidzwa kwehondo yose chaisanganisira, uye chakabvumirwa nevezvizhinji zvemarudzi. Kellogg akapiwa mupiro weNobel Peace Prize mu1929, mubairo wekare wakapiwa kusavhiringidzwa nezvakaitika kare kune vose Theodore Roosevelt naWoldrow Wilson.

Zvisinei, apo Senate yeUnited States yakagadzirisa chibvumirano ichi yakawedzera maitiro maviri. Kutanga, United States yaisazofanira kumanikidza chibvumirano ichi kuburikidza nekutora matanho kune avo vakaiputsa. Zvakanaka. Kusvika kure chaizvo. Kana hondo ikarambidzwa, inenge isingaoneki sehurumende inogona kudiwa kuenda kuhondo kunomisa kubvumidzwa. Asi nzira dzekare dzekufunga dzinofa zvakaoma, uye kuregererwa kunonyanyisa kunorwadza kudarika ropa.

Asi kusarudzwa kwechipiri, zvisinei, kwaiva kuti chibvumirano chacho hachifaniri kuputsa kodzero yekuAmerica yekuzvidzivirira. Saka, ikoko, hondo yakaramba yakatsika mukova. Iko kodzero yekodzero yekuzvidzivirira kana yakarwiswa yakachengetedzwa, uye chigadziko chakasikwa chingave uye chinogona kuwedzerwa zvisina musoro.

Apo rumwe rudzi ruchirwiswa, ruchazvidzivirira pacharo, zvoutsinye kana zvimwe. Kuvhiringidza mukuisa mutemo iwoyo mumutemo ndeyekuti Kellogg akafanoona, kuderedza pfungwa yokuti hondo haisi pamutemo. Nharo ingakonzerwa kuti US vabatanidzwe muHondo Yenyika II pasi pekuchengetwa kwemashoko, somuenzaniso, zvichibva mukurwiswa kweJapan paPearl Harbor, zvisinei kuti vakatsamwiswa sei uye vakada kuti kurwisa ikoko kwaiva. Hondo neGermany inogona kururamiswa neJapan kurwisa zvakare, kuburikidza nekufungidzirwa kusatidzika kwechitsiko. Kunyange zvakadaro, hondo dzechisimba - ndizvo zvataona muzvitsauko zvakapfuura hondo dzeUnited States kuva-dzakange dzisiri pamutemo muUnited States kubvira 1928.

Mukuwedzera, muna 1945, United States yakava musangano weChirungu cheMubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose, iyo inoramba ichishanda nhasi sechikamu che "mutemo mukuru wepanyika." United States yakanga iri iyo inotungamirira musangano reUnited Charter. Inosanganisira mitsara iyi:

"Nhengo dzose dzichagadzirisa kukakavadzana kwenyika dzakawanda nenzira dzorugare nenzira yakadai kuti rugare rwepasi rose nekuchengeteka, uye kururamisira, hazvisi pangozi.

"Nhengo dzose dzichadzikama muhukama hwavo hwepasi pose kubva kune ngozi kana kushandiswa kwemauto kunzvimbo yekutendeseka kana kuzvimiririra kwezvematongerwe enyika yenyika chero ipi zvayo, kana nenzira ipi zvayo inopesana neZvikonzero zveUnited Nations."

Izvi zvingaita seKellogg-Briand Pact idzva pamwe nekuedza kokutanga pakusikwa kwesangano rinomanikidza. Uye saka ndizvo. Asi Sangano reUnited Nations rine mairi maviri kunze kwekurambidzwa kwehondo. Yokutanga ndiyo kuzvidzivirira. Heino chikamu cheChitsauko 51:

"Hapana chiri muChiritendi chezvino chinokanganisa kodzero yekodzero yevanhu pachavo kana kuti yekuzvidzivirira pachavo (sic) kana kurwiswa kwehondo kunopesana neNhengo yeUnited Nations, kusvikira Sangano reHarare rakatora matanho anodiwa kuchengetedza rugare rwepasi rose nekuchengeteka."

Nokudaro, Charter yeUnited Nations ine mhedzisiro yakafanana neyakarurama uye yakaderera iyo Senate yeUnited States yakabatana neKellogg-Briand Pact. Inowedzerawo imwe. Mutemo unojekesa kuti UN Security Council inogona kusarudza kugonesa kushandiswa kwesimba. Izvi zvinowedzera kukanganisa kunzwisisa kuti hondo haisi pamutemo, nekuita dzimwe hondo zvepamutemo. Zvimwe hondo ndezvadaro, zvinotarisirwa, zvinonzwisiswa nezvirevo zvepamutemo. Vachigadziri veHCNUMX kurwisa kuIraq vakati yakagamuchirwa neUnited Nations, kunyange zvazvo United Nations yakabvumirana.

Sangano reUnited Security Council rakagamuchira Hondo yeKorea, asi nekuti USSR yakanga ichikwirirana neHarare Security panguva iyoyo uye China yakanga ichimirizwa nehurumende ye Kuomintang muTaiwan. Nyika dzeMadokero dzakanga dzichidzivirira hurumende yehurumende itsva yekuvandudza hutungamiri hweChina kubva kutora chigaro cheChina sechigaro chekugadzirisa weHarare Council, uye vaRussia vakanga vari mukomana muChishanu mukupikisa. Kana vatumwa veSoviet neChina vaivepo, hapana nzira iyo United Nations ingadai yakatora nhengo muhondo yakazoparadza vazhinji veKorea.

Icho chinoratidzika chinonzwisisika, zvechokwadi, kuita zvisizvo zvehondo yekuzvidzivirira. Iwe haugoni kuudza vanhu avo vakabvumirwa kurwisana kana vakarwa. Uye zvakadini kana vakarwisana nemakore kana makumi emakore apfuura uye vave vachibatwa nekunze kune dzimwe nyika kana kuti nekoloni kupikisa kuda kwavo, zvisinei pasina chisimba chazvino? Vakawanda vanofunga hondo dzekusunungurwa kwenyika kuti dziwedzerwe mutemo wekodzero yekuzvidzivirira. Vanhu veIraq kana Afghanistan havasi kurasikirwa nekodzero yavo yekurwisana shure kana makore akakwana apfuura, vanodaro here? Asi rudzi runyararo harungatenderwi nemutemo kwemazana emakore- kana mamiriyoni-matambudziko emadzinza ekare sechikonzero chehondo. Mazhinji emarudzi umo mauto eUnited States iye zvino akavakirwa haagoni kukwidza bhomba Washington. Kuparadzana kwevanhu uye Jim Crow vakanga vasingaiti zvehondo. Kusvibisa hakusi kungoshanda zvakanyanya pakugadzirisa kusaruramisira kwakawanda; iyo ndiyowo chete sarudzo yemutemo. Vanhu havagoni "kudzivirira" ivo pachavo nehondo chero nguva yavanoda.

Zvinogona kuitwa nevanhu ndezvekurwisana kana vachirwiswa kana kutorwa. Tichifunga kuti iwe unogona, nei iwe usingaitiwo chimwe chinhu - seCharter Charter - yekudzivirirwa kwevamwe, nyika duku idzo dzisingagoni kuzvidzivirira pachavo? Mushure mezvose, United States yakazvisunungura ichibva kuEngland kwenguva refu yapfuura, uye nzira chete iyo inogona kushandisa chirevo ichi sechikonzero chehondo ndechokuti "inosunungura" dzimwe nyika nokudzvinyirira vatongi vavo uye kuvabata. Pfungwa yekudzivirira vamwe inoratidzika kuva yakangwara, asi-sezvazvakataurwa naKellogg - zvipfeko zvinotungamirira mukuvhiringidzika uye kuvhiringidzika kunobvumira zvinyorwa zvikuru uye zvakakura kune mutemo kusvikira imwe nguva yasvika apo iyo pfungwa chaiyo yokuti mutemo uripo zvachose inoratidzika isinganzwisisiki.

Uye zvakadaro iripo. Mutemo ndewokuti hondo ndeyemhosva. Kune zvidimbu zviviri zvakaderera muUnited Charter, uye zviri nyore kukwanisa kuratidza kuti chero hondo ipi zvayo haisati yasangana neyedzimwe chete.

Musi waAugust 31, 2010, apo Mutungamiri Barack Obama akarongedzerwa kupa hurukuro pamusoro peHondo yeIraq, blogger Juan Cole akanyora hurukuro yaifunga kuti mutungamiri angada, asi zvirokwazvo haana, akapa:

"Dzimwe hama dzeAmerica, uye Iraqi vari kutarisa kutaura uku, ndauya pano manheru ano kuti ndirege kuzivisa kukunda kana kuchema kukundwa pahondo, asi kukumbira ruregerero kubva pasi pemwoyo wangu nokuda kwezviito zvepamutemo uye zvisina kukwana mitemo inoteverwa nehurumende yeUnited States of America, mukusateerera mutemo wekuAmerica, mhirizhonga yenyika, uye maonero evanhu veAmerica neIraqi.

"Sangano reUnited Nations rakasimbiswa mu1945 mushure mekupedzisira kwehondo dzinotyisa dzekukunda uye mhinduro kwavari, umo vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni e60 vakaparara. Chinangwa chayo chaiva chekurambidza kurwisana kwakadaro kusina kukodzera, uye mutemo waro wakataura kuti munguva yemberi hondo dzaigona kungotangwa pazvikonzero zviviri. Chimwe chinhu chakajeka kuzvidzivirira, apo nyika yakarwiswa. Imwe yacho ine kubvumirwa kweUnited Nations Security Council.

"Ndechokuti kuFrance, kuBrithani, nekuIsrael kurwiswa kweEgypt mu1956 kwakapesana nemiganhu iyi yeSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose kuti Mutungamiri Dwight D. Eisenhower akatonga hondo iyoyo uye akamanikidzira maburligerents kuti abve. Apo Israeri akatarisa sekuti ingaedza kuenderera mberi kune zvayo zvakapambwa zvakashata, Sinai Peninsula, Mutungamiri Eisenhower akaenda kuterevhizheni munaFebruary 21, 1957, uye akataurira rudzi. Aya mazwi akawanda akangodzingwa uye akakanganwa muUnited States nhasi, asi vanofanira kunyorera mumakumi emakumi nemazana:

"'Kana Sangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose rave richibvuma kuti kukakavadzana kwenyika dzose kunogona kugadziriswa kuburikidza kushandisa simba, ipapo tichave takaparadza zvachose nheyo dzesangano, uye tarisiro yedu yakanakisisa yekusimbisa nyika chaiyo yakarongeka. Izvozvo zvingava dambudziko kwatiri isu mose. . . . [Kutaura nezvekuraira kweIsrayeri kuti zvimwe zviitiko zvingasangana vasati vasiya Sinai, mutungamiri akati iye] "zvingava zvisina maturo kune zvinodiwa nehofisi yepamusoro yawakasarudza ini kana ndikakweretesa simba reUnited States kune chirevo chokuti rudzi runopinda kune imwe runofanira kubvumidzwa kuti rwuve nemamiriro ezvinhu ekuregera. . . . '

"'Kana [iUnited Nations Security Council] isingaiti chinhu, kana ichibvuma kusaregererwa kwezvisarudzo zvadzo zvakadanirwa kudanidzira kubviswa kwemauto anokonzera, ipapo ichave yakabvuma kukanganisa. Kukundikana ikoko kunenge kuchirova simba uye simba reUnited Nations munyika uye kune tariro iyo vanhu vakaisa muUnited Nations senzira yekuwana rugare neruramisiro. '"

Eisenhower aireva nezvechiitiko chakatanga apo Egypt yakasimudza Suez Canal; VaIsraeri vakapinda nechisimba muIjipiti. Britain neFrance vakanyepedzera kupindira semapato ekunze akanetseka kuti gakava reIjipita neIsrael rinogona kukanganisa nzira yemahara kuburikidza nemugwagwa. Muchokwadi, Israel, France, neBritain vaive varonga kupinda muEjipitori pamwechete, vese vachibvumirana kuti Israeri yaizotanga kurwisa, nedzimwe nyika mbiri dzakabatana mukuzotevera dzichinyepedzera kunge dzaiedza kumisa kurwa. Izvi zvinoratidza kudiwa kwesangano risingasaruri renyika dzese (chimwe chinhu United Nations hachina kumbove asi rimwe zuva chaigona) uye kudiwa kwekurambidzwa kwakazara pahondo. Mune dambudziko reSuez, mutemo wemutemo wakamanikidzwa nekuti mwana mukurusa pabhokisi aida kutevedzera. Kana zvasvika pakupidigura hurumende muIran neGuatemala, kubva muhondo huru kuenda kumabasa epachivande zvakanyanya sezvaizoitwa naObama, Mutungamiriri Eisenhower akabata maonero akasiyana nezvekukosha kwekutevedzera mutemo. Pakasvika kurwisa kweIraq muna 2003, Obama anga asiri kuda kubvuma kuti mhosva yechisimba inofanira kurangwa.

Sangano reNational Security Strat rakabudiswa neWhite House muna May 2010 rakati:

"Mauto ehondo, dzimwe nguva, angave akadikanwa kudzivirira nyika yedu uye vashandi pamwe chete kana kuti kuchengetedza runyararo rukuru nekuchengeteka, kusanganisira nekuchengetedza vagari venyika vanotarisana nedambudziko guru revanhu. . . . IUnited States inofanira kuchengetedza kodzero yekuita unilaterally kana zvichidiwa kuti dzivirire rudzi rwedu uye zvatinoda, asi tichazoedzawo kutevedzera mitemo inotungamirira kushandiswa kwesimba. "

Edza kuudza mapurisa ako ekumusha kuti iwe ungakurumidza kuenderera mberi nechisimba chinopesana, asi kuti iwewo uchanetseka kutevedzera mitemo inotungamirira kushandiswa kwesimba.

Chikamu: TAKATONGA MHURI DZEMHONDO MU1945

Dzimwe mbiri mbiri dzinokosha, imwe kubva ku1945 uye imwe kubva ku1946, yakabata hondo dzechisimba semhosva. Yokutanga yaiva Gwaro reMarudzi Edzimhosva Dzemagariro kuNuremberg, chikwata chakaedza vatungamiri vehondo veNazi pamhosva dzavo. Pakati pezvakaipa zvakanyorwa mubhuku racho pane "mhosva dzinopesana nerunyararo," "mhosva dzehondo," uye "mhosva dzinopesana nevanhu." Mhosva dze "kurwisana" dzakatsanangurwa se "kuronga, kugadzirira, kutanga kana kurwisa hondo yechisimba, kana hondo inopesana nemitemo yenyika dzakawanda, zvibvumirano kana kuvimbiswa, kana kubatanidzwa muchirongwa chakafanana kana kurangana kwekuzadzika kwezvimwe zvataurwa pamusoro apa. "Gore rakatevera, Mutemo we International International Tribunal Tribunal ye Far East (kutongwa kwehondo yeJapan vaiti vezvakaipa) vakashandisa tsanangudzo yakafanana. Aya maviri ezviedzo anofanirwa kunyatsopomerwa, asi kunyanya kurumbidza pamwe chete.

Kune rumwe rutivi, vakamanikidzira kururamisira kwevakunda. Vakasara kubva kune mutsara wezvemhosva dzakapomerwa humwe mhosva, dzakadai sokuputika kwevanhu vemazuva ose, umo vaibatanidzwa vakanga vaitawo. Uye vakakundikana kupomera vashanduki kune mamwe mhaka iyo maGermany neJapan vaipomerwa uye vakasungirirwa. US General Curtis LeMay, uyo akarayira kupisa moto kweTokyo, akati "Ndinofungidzira dai ndakanga ndarasikirwa nehondo, ndingadai ndakatongerwa semhosva yehondo. Nenzira yakanaka, tanga tiri parutivi rwakakunda. "

Iwo matare akati anotanga kumhan'arira kumusoro chaiko, asi vakapa Emperor of Japan hutachiona. United States yakazvidzivirira kumasayendisiti anopfuura chiNazi, kusanganisira vamwe vaive nemhosva dzakaipisisa, ndokuvaunza kuUnited States kuenderera mberi nekutsvaga. General Douglas MacArthur akapa wechiJapan microbiologist uye lieutenant general Shiro Ishii nenhengo dzese dzebhakitiriya rekutsvagisa zvikamu zvekuzvidzivirira mukutsinhana nedambudziko rehutachiona hwehutachiona hwakatorwa mukuyedza kwevanhu. VaBritish vakadzidza kubva kumatsotsi eGerman avakatsoropodza maitiro ekuzovaka misasa yevasungwa muKenya VaFrance vakapinza zviuru zveSS nemamwe mauto eGerman kuLegion yavo yekune dzimwe nyika, zvekuti hafu yemasoja airwira hondo yeFrance ine hukasha muIndochina vaive vamwe chete vakasara veGerman Army kubva muHondo Yenyika yechipiri, uye nzira dzekutambudza. yeGestapo yeGerman yakashandiswa zvakanyanya kuvasungwa veFrance muhondo yeAlgeria yeRusununguko. United States, zvakare ichishanda nevaimbove maNazi, yakaparadzira hunyanzvi hwakafanana muLatin America yese. Mushure mekuuraya maNazi ekuvhura madhiini ekuzadza mafamu eDutch, United States yakaenderera mberi nekubhomba madhamu kuKorea neVietnam nechinangwa chimwe chete.

Hondo yezvehondo uye Atlantic Monthly munyori Edgar L. Jones akadzoka kubva Hondo Yenyika II, uye akashamiswa kuona kuti vagari vadzo vadzokera kumba vaifunga zvikuru nezvehondo. "Kunyunyuta sezvakawanda vedu kune dzimwe nyika kune dzimwe nyika," Jones akanyora, "Ndine chokwadi kuti vazhinji vedu takanyatsofunga kuti vanhu vari kumba vaizotanga kuronga hondo inotevera tisati tasvika kumba titaure tisingafungiri pamusoro peiyo." Jones akaramba rudzi rweunyengeri rwakakonzera mhaka dzemhosva dzehondo:

"Hasi varwi vose veAmerica, kana kunyange imwechete yezana remauto edu, vakazvipira nemaune utsinye hwakashata, uye zvimwe zvinogona kutaurwa kune veGermany neJapan. Izvo zvaidiwa zvehondo zvaida kuti vazhinji vanozvinzi mhosva, uye vazhinji vevamwe vose vangave vakapomerwa pamusana pekukanganisa kwepfungwa izvo hondo yakabudiswa. Asi isu takaparidzira chiito choga choga chevadzivisi vedu uye taifungidzira chero kuonekwa kwehutera hwedu pachedu munguva dzekushaya tariro.

"Ndabvunza varume vehondo, somuenzaniso, sei ivo-kana chaizvoizvo, nei isu-vatungamiri vemurazvo-vanokanda nenzira iyo mauto emhandu akaiswa moto, kufa zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvinorwadza, pane kuurayiwa zvachose nekuzara kwekutsva mafuta. Yaiva nokuti vaivenga muvengi zvakanyanya here? Mhinduro yacho yaigara ichiti, 'Kwete, hatina kuvenga varombo varombo avo zvikurukuru; tinongovenga zvose zvinotyisa uye tinofanira kuzvibudisa kune mumwe munhu. ' Zvichida nokuda kwechikonzero chimwe chete, takasvibisa miviri yevavengi yakafa, vachichera nzeve dzavo uye vachikandira mazino avo egoridhe kune zviyeuchidzo, uye vakaviga nematete avo mumiromo yavo, asi kukanganisa kwakadaro kwehutsika hwose kunosvika mune zvisingafungidziri maitiro ehondo yepfungwa. "

Kune rimwe divi, pane zvakawanda zvokurumbidza mumatambudziko evapanduki veNazi neJapan mapfumo. Unyengeri husingarevi, zvechokwadi zvinoshandiswa kuti dzimwe mhosva dzehondo dzinorangwa kupfuura chero. Vanhu vazhinji vaida kuti miedzo iite chimiro icho chizozozosimbiswa zvakaenzana nemhosva dzose dzinopesana nerugare nemhosva dzehondo. Mutongi Mukuru weNuremberg, Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States Justice Robert H. Jackson, akati mumashoko ake okutanga anoti:

“Ruzivo rwevanhu rwunoda kuti mutemo usagume nekurangwa kwemhosva diki dzinoitwa nevanhu vadiki. Inofanirwawo kusvika kune varume vanozvibata vemasimba makuru uye voishandisa nemaune uye nehukama kuishandisa kumisikidza zvakaipa zvinosiya pamba pasati pabatwa. Bumbiro reDare iri rinoratidza kutenda kuti mutemo hausi wekutungamira maitiro evarume vadiki chete, asi kuti kunyangwe vatongi, sekugadzwa kwaIshe Chief Justice Coke kuna King James, 'pasi pemutemo.' Uye regai ndijekese kuti kunyangwe uyu mutemo uchitanga kushandiswa kurwisa vaGerman, mutemo unosanganisira, uye kana uchizoshanda chinangwa chinofanira kushora hutsinye nedzimwe nyika, kusanganisira dziya dzakagara pano mukutonga. ”

Dare repamusoro rakagumisa kuti hondo ine utsinye "yakanga isiri mhosva yepasi rose; iyo ndiyo mhirizhonga yenyika dzakawanda, yakasiyana chete nedzimwe mhosva dzehondo pakuti ine mukati mayo pachayo yakawanikwa zvakaipa zvezvose. "Dare rekutonga rinopomera mhosva yepamusoro yechisimba uye mazhinji emhosva shomanana yakatevera.

Izvo zvakanaka zvekutonga kwenyika dzakawanda nekuda kwemhosva dzehondo hazvisati dzave kubudirira, hongu. Dare reUnited States Judiciary Committee raisanganisira mhosva yekurwisana naMutungamiri Richard Nixon yekuraira chakavanzika chekuvhota uye kupinda kweCambodia muzvinyorwa zvayo zvinyorwa zvekupomerwa. Panzvimbo pane kuisa iyo mhoswa muhurukuro yekupedzisira, zvakadaro, Komiti yakasarudza kunyanya kuisa pfungwa pamusoro peMvuragate, kutengesa, uye kushora kweCongress.

Mune 1980s Nicaragua yakakumbira kuDare Repamusoro reJustice (ICJ). Dare iroro rakatonga kuti United States yakanga yakaronga boka revapanduki reMasvingo, the Contras, uye rakapoteredza zvikepe zveNicaragua. Yakawana zviito izvozvo kuti zvigadzire kumhirizhonga pasi rose. IUnited States yakavhara kushanda kwekutongwa neUnited Nations uye nokudaro yakadzivisa Nicaragua kuti iwane chero upi zvake. IUnited States yakabva yabuda kubva pakunamatira kodzero yeI ICJ, achitarisira kuve nechokwadi kuti zvisizvo zvekare zvingaitwa neUnited States pasi pekutongerwa kwechirongwa chisina tsananguro chinogona kutonga zvakakwana pamutemo wavo kana kuparwa kwemhosva.

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, United Nations yakamisa matare eYugoslavia neRwanda, pamwe chete nedare redzimhosva muSierra Leone, Lebanon, Cambodia, uye East Timor. Kubva 2002, International International Criminal Court (ICC) yakasimudzira mhosva dzehondo nevatungamiri venyika duku. Asi kuparwa kwemhirizhonga kwakagadziriswa semhosva huru pane makumi emakore pasina kurangwa. Apo Iraq yakakunda Kuwaiti, United States yakadzinga Iraq uye yakaranga zvikuru, asi apo United States yakapinda muIraq, pakanga pasina simba rakasimba rokupinda mukati uye kubvisa kana kuranga mhosva.

Muna 2010, pasinei nekupikisa kweUnited States, ICC yakagadza simba rayo pamusoro pemhosva dzemhirizhonga dzemangwana. Mune mhando ipi yematambudziko ichaita saizvozvo, uye kunyanya kana ichazotevera nyika dzine simba dzisina kubatana neCIC, nyika dzinobata simba reveto muUnited Nations, dzinoramba dzichionekwa. Mhosva dzakawanda dzehondo, kunze kwemhosva yepamusoro yechisimba, mumakore achangobva kuitika akaitwa neUnited States muIraq, Afghanistan, uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo, asi iyo mhosva haisati yatongerwa neCCC.

Mune 2009, dare reItaly rakapomerwa 23 vaAmerica musipo, vazhinji vavo vashandi veCIA, nokuda kwebasa ravo mukubata munhu muItaly nekumuendesa kuEgipita kuti atambudzike. Pasi pemitemo yenyika yose yezvakaipa zvinotyisa zvikuru, izvo zvinogamuchirwa munyika inowedzera munyika yose, dare reSpain rakapa mhosva mutongi weku Chile Chile Augusto Pinochet uye 9-11 muongorori Osama bin Laden. Dare rimwechete reSpain rakabva raedza kutsakatisa nhengo dzeGeorge W. Bush kutonga mhosva dzehondo, asi Spain yakamanikidzwa zvakasimba ne Obama kutonga nyaya yacho. Muna 2010, mutongi aibatanidzwa, Baltasar Garzón, akabviswa panzvimbo yake nekuda kwekushandisa zvisina kunaka simba rake kuburikidza nekutsvaga kuparadzwa kana kuparara kwevanhu vanopfuura 100,000 vanhu mumaoko evatsigiri veGenesi Francisco Franco munguva ye1936-39 Hondo Yenyika yeSpain uye makore ekutanga ekudzvinyirira kweFranco.

Muna 2003, gweta muBelgium rakapa mhosva kuna Gen. Tommy R. Franks, mukuru weU.S. US. Command Command, achitaura nezvemhosva dzehondo muIraq. IUnited States yakakurumidza kutyisidzira kuendesa kudzimbahwe reNATO kunze kweBelgium kana rudzi irworwo rusina kubvisa mutemo wayo kubvumira miedzo yezvakaipa zvekunze. Mhosva dzakapiwa kuvakuru vakuru veUnited States mune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope kusvika ikozvino dzakundikana kuenda kune mhosva zvakare. Zvigadziro zvehurumende zvakaunzwa muUnited States kuburikidza nekutambudzwa uye mamwe mhaka dzemhosva dzakapesana nezvirevo zvinobva muDhipatimendi reRuramisi (pasi pekutungamirirwa kweVaPurezidhendi Bush neBabby) kuti chero mimwe miedzo yakadaro inogona kutyisidzira kuchengeteka kwenyika. MunaSeptember 2010, yeChishanu Yedunhu reDare Repamusoro, kubvumirana nemhosva iyoyo, yakabudisa nyaya yaipomerwa Jeppesen Dataplan Inc., imwe yeBoeing, nokuda kwekuita "kushandura" vasungwa kunyika dzavakatambudzwa.

Muna 2005 uye 2006 apo maRepublican aive nehuwandu muCongress, Democratic Congress nhengo dzakatungamirirwa naJohn Conyers (Mich.), Barbara Lee (Calif.), Uye Dennis Kucinich (Ohio) vakamanikidza kutsvakurudza kune nhema dzakanga dzatangira utsinye kurwisa Iraq. Asi kubva panguva iyo maDemocrat akatora vazhinji munaJanuary 2007 kusvika panguva ino, hapana kumbove ichitaurazve nezvenhau yacho, kunze kwekubudiswa kwekomiti yeSeneti yenyaya yake yakatumirwa kwenguva refu.

MuBritain, zvakasiyana, kune "kusingabvunzi" kusingaperi "kutanga" nguva iyo "zvombo zvekuparadza kwakawanda" zvisingawanikwi, zvichiri kuitika iyezvino, uye zvichida zvichienderera mberi mune ramangwana risati ravapo. Izvozvi tsvakurudzo dzave dzisingakwanisi uye mumatambudziko akawanda dzinogona kunyatsoratidzwa sechichena. Havana kuita zvekupomerwa mhosva. Asi zvisinei ivo vakanyatsoitika. Uye avo vakataura zvishomanana vave vachirumbidzwa uye vakakurudzirwa kutaura zvishoma. Iyi mamiriro ekunze akabudisa zvinyorwa-mabhuku ose, pfuma yezvinyorwa zvakasvibiswa uye zvakasvibiswa, nekupupurira uchapupu hwemuromo. Yakaonawo Britain ichikwevera mauto kubva kuIraq. Kusiyana neizvi, ne2010 muWashington, zvakanga zvakajairika kuvasarudzo vakasarudzwa kurumbidza 2007 "kuwedzera" uye kupika kuti vaizoziva kuti Iraq yaizova "hondo yakanaka" nguva dzose. Saizvozvowo, Britain nedzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzave dzichitsvaga mabasa avo muUnited States kutora, kuiswa mutirongo, uye kutambudzirwa, asi United States haina - mutungamiri Obama akaudza pachena pepanhau reAttorney General kuti vasatambudza avo vane mhosva, uye Congress ichiita zvakafuridzirwa kutevedzera a possum.

Chikamu: CHII KANA MIKOPO EZENYIKA BHAI MITEMO?

Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika purofesa Michael Haas rakabudisa bhuku muna 2009 musoro waro unoratidza zviri mukati maro: George W. Bush, War Criminal? Bhuku reBush Administration Rinokonzerwa neChina Mhosva yehondo yeChina. (Bhuku re 269 nomunyori mumwechete rinosanganisira Obama mumitemo yake.) Nhamba imwechete pane yeHaas's 2010 ruregerero kune mhosva yekurwa neA Afghanistan neIraq. Haas inosanganisira mamwe mapfumbamwe emhosva anokonzerwa nezvisiri pamutemo zvehondo:

Hondo Kupomerwa #2. Kubatsira Mapanduki muHondo Yenyika. (Kutsigira Northern Northern Union).

Hondo Kupomerwa #3. Inopisa Hondo Yakaipa.

Hondo Kupomerwa #4. Kuronga nekugadzirira Hondo yeAggression.

Hondo Kupomerwa #5. Rangano Kuita Hondo.

Hondo Kupomerwa #6. Propaganda yeHondo.

Kutanga kwehondo kunogona zvakare kusanganisira kutyora kwakawanda kwemutemo wepamba. Mhosva zhinji dzakadai dzine chekuita neIraq dzakatsanangurwa muThe 35 Articles of Impeachment uye Nyaya Yekutongesa George W. Bush, iyo yakaburitswa muna 2008 uye inosanganisira sumo yandakanyora uye makumi matatu neshanu nyaya dzekumisikidza iyo Congressman Dennis Kucinich (D., Ohio ) yakapihwa kuCongress. Bush neCongress havana kutevedzera War Powers Act, iyo inoda mvumo yakatarwa uye panguva yakakodzera yehondo kubva kuCongress. Bush haana kana kutevedzera zviga zvemvumo isina kujeka iyo Congress yakaburitsa. Panzvimbo iyoyo akaendesa chirevo chizere nenhema pamusoro pezvombo uye zvisungo kuna 35-9. Bush nevari pasi pake vakanyepa kakawanda kuCongress, inova mhosva pasi pemitemo miviri yakasiyana. Nekudaro, kwete chete kuti imhosva, asi hondo nhema imhosva futi.

Handisi kureva kutora Bush. Sezvo Noam Chomsky akataura pamusoro pe1990, "Kana mitemo yeNuremberg yakashandiswa, ipapo mutungamiri weAmerica wese mushure mehondo angadai akasungirirwa." Chomsky akataura kuti General Tomoyuki Yamashita akaturikirwa kuva mukuru mukuru wevarwi veJapan avo vakaita utsinye muPhilippines mushure menguva yehondo apo akanga asina kumboonana navo. Nechirevo ichocho, Chomsky akati, iwe unofanirwa kuvhara mutungamiri weUnited States wese.

Asi, Chomsky akakavhiringidza, iwe unofanirwa kuita zvakafanana kunyange kana mitemo yakadzika. Truman yakakanda mabhomu eatomu kumavanhu. Truman "yakarongedza hurumende yekurwisana nehurumende muGrisi yakauraya vanhu vanenge zana nemakumi matanhatu zvuru, vapoteri zviuru makumi matanhatu, vamwe makumi matanhatu zvuru kana vanhu vakadzvinyirirwa, sangano rezvematongerwo enyika rakabviswa, hurumende yakarurama. Nhengo dzeAmerica dzakapinda dzikaritora. "Eisenhower akaparadza hurumende dzeIran naGuatemala ndokupinda muRebhanoni. Kennedy akapinda muCuba neVietnam. Johnson akauraya vanhu vomuIndochina ndokupinda muDominican Republic. Nixon yakapinda Cambodia neLaos. Ford naCarter vakatsigira muIndonesia kupinda muEast Timor. Reagan mhirizhonga yemhosva yehondo muCentral America uye yakatsigira kuti vaIsraeri vauye kuRebhanoni. Iyi ndiyo mienzaniso yeChomsky yakapa pamusoro wepamusoro wake. Kune zvakawanda, zvakawanda zvaro zvakataurwa mubhuku rino.

Chikamu: PRESIDENTS HACHIFANIRA KUZIVISA HONDO

Zvechokwadi, Chomsky anokwirira vatungamiri vehondo dzechisimba nokuti vakavatanga. Nharaunda yepamutemo, zvisinei, kutangwa kwehondo kune mutoro weCongress. Kushandisa muitiro weNuremberg, kana weKellogg-Briand Pact - yakagamuchirwa zvakanyanya neSeneti - kuColonel pachayo inoda tambo yakawanda kana, kana tikasara chirango chekufa, akawanda ejeri masero.

Kusvikira Mutungamiri William McKinley akasika munyori wekutanga mutungamiri wepurezidhendi uye akakurudzira hurukuro, Congress yakaita sechepakati chemagetsi kuWashington. Muna 1900 McKinley akagadzira chimwe chinhu: simba revaongorori kutumira mauto ehondo kurwisana nehurumende dzisiri kunze pasina congressal approval. McKinley akatumira 5,000 mauto kubva kuPhilippines kuenda kuChina kunorwa neBhokisier Rebellion. Uye akazoenda nayo, zvichireva kuti vatungamiri venamangwana vangave vaigona kuita zvimwechetezvo.

Kubvira paHondo Yenyika II, vatungamiri vakawana masimba makuru ekushanda pakavanze uye kunze kwekutarisira kweCongress. Truman yakawedzera kubhokisi rezvematongerwo enyika reCIA, National Security Advisor, Strategic Air Command, uye nuclear yenyu. Kennedy akashandisa zvivako zvitsva zvinonzi Special Group Counter-Injury, Komiti ye303, uye Country Team kuti isimbise simba mu White House, uye Green Berets kubvumira mutungamiri kuti atungamirire mauto ekudzivirira mauto. Vakuru vehurumende vakatanga kukumbira Congress kuti vazivise hurumende yemamiriro ezvinhu epasi pose sezvo kuguma kunomhanya zvakapoteredza zvido zvekuzivisa kwehondo. Mutungamiri Clinton, sezvatakaona muchitsauko chechipiri, akashandisa NATO semotokari yekuenda kuhondo pasinei nehurumende yekupikisa.

Chiitiko chakaita kuti hondo dzehondo dzive kubva kuCongress kusvika kuWhite House dzakasvika pakakwirira itsva apo Mutungamiri George W. Bush vakakumbira masayendisiti muDhipatimendi reRuramisiro kuti vagadzire memositi yakavanzika aizotorwa sekutakura simba remurairo, memos iro rakashandura zvakare mitemo chaiyo kureva zvakapesana nezvakange zvagara zvanzwisiswa kuti zviti. Musi waOctober 23, 2002, Mutevedzeri Attorney Général Jay Bybee akasayira mharidzo ye peji 48 kumakurukota ehurumende Alberto Gonzales ainzi Authority of the President Under Domestic and International Law to Use Military Force Against Iraq. Uyu mutemo wakavanzika (kana unodana izvozvo zvaunoda, memo inozvichengeta semutemo) akagadza chero mutungamiri wenyika kuti asarudze-oga kupa izvo Nuremberg inonzi "hukuru hwemhosva dzenyika yose."

Mhemberero ya Bybee inotaura kuti mutungamiriri wenyika ane simba rokutonga hondo. Period. Chero "chiremera chekushandisa simba" chakapfuura neCongress chinotorwa sechigadziriswa. Maererano neBybee's copy of the Constitution of the US, Congress inogona "kubudisa kuziviswa kwehondo." Maererano nemugove, Congress ine simba "rokuzivisa hondo," pamwe nezvose zvine simba rinotsigira. Muzvokwadi, hapachina simba risina kuitika chero ipi zvayo mumutemo wangu weBumbiro reMitemo.

Bybee anotsvaga Mutemo weHondo Powers nekunyora veto yeNixon pane iyo kutarisa mutemo pachayo, uyo wakapfuura pamusoro peveto yaNixon. Bybee anotaura tsamba yakanyorwa naBush. Anototaurira chirevo cheBush, chirevo chakanyorwa kuti chichinje mutemo mutsva. Bybee inotenderera kune memos yapfuura yakabudiswa nehofisi yake, Office of Legal Counsel muDhipatimendi reHurumende. Uye anonyanya kunyanya kutaura pamusoro pekuti Muremeki Clinton akanga atoita zvinhu zvakafanana. Nokuda kwechiyero chakanaka, anotsanangura Truman, Kennedy, Reagan, uye Bush Sr., pamwe nemafungiro evamiriri veIsrael nezvekuzivisa kweUnited States inopomera kurwiswa kwechisimba neIsraeri. Izvi zvose izvi zvinonakidza, asi haisi mitemo.

Bybee inotaura kuti munguva yezvombo zvenyukireya "kufungidzira kuzvidzivirira" kunogona kuratidza kutanga hondo kune nyika ipi zvayo inogona kufungidzirwa kuwana nukes, kunyange kana pasina chikonzero chekufunga kuti rudzi rwaizovashandisa kurwisana rwako:

"Saka tinocherechedza kuti kunyange kana mukana wekuti Iraq pachayo inogona kurwisa United States neWMD, kana kuti inogona kutora zvombo zvakadaro kune magandanga nokuda kwekushandisa kwavo kurwisana neUnited States, yakanga yakaderera, iyo yakashata yakawandisa yakakura mugumisiro, pamwe chete nehuwandu hwindo remukana uye mukana wekuti kana tisingashandisi simba, dambudziko racho richawedzera, rinogona kutungamirira mutungamiri kugumisa kuti zvechiuto zvinodiwa kuti dzivirire United States. "

Usambofungisisa kuwanda kwekukuvadza kwe "chiito chehondo" chinobereka, kana kuti chakajeka chisina kutenderwa. Iyi memo yakaruramisa hondo yechisimba uye yese mhirizhonga uye kushandiswa kwemasimba kune imwe nyika uye kumusha izvo zvakaruramiswa nehondo.

Panguva imwechete iyo vatungamiri vakatora simba rekubvisa mitemo yehondo, vakataura pachena nezvekuvatsigira. Harold Lasswell akarondedzera mu1927 kuti hondo inogona kutengeswa kune "vanhu vane ruzivo uye vepakati pevanhu" kana vakaiswa sevimbiso yemutemo wenyika dzakawanda. VaBrithani vakaramba vachipopotedzana neHondo Yenyika I kuburikidza nehurumende yekuzvidira iyo pavakakwanisa kupikisana neGermany kupinda muBelgium. VaFrance vakakurumidza kuronga Komiti yeChinyorwa cheMutemo Wepasi Pose.

"Vanhu veGermany vainge vakadzingiswa nekuderera uku kwerudo rwemutemo wenyika dzakawanda munyika, asi pasina nguva vakawana kukwanisika kuisa mutsva kune mumiririri. . . . The Germans. . . vakaona kuti ivo vakanga vachinyatsorwira rusununguko rwemakungwa uye kodzero dzemarudzi maduku kuti vatengese, sezvavakaona zvakakodzera, vasina kuzviisa pasi pemaitiro ekudzvinyirira ezvikepe zveBritish. "

Vachibvumirana vanoti vairwira kusunungurwa kweBelgium, Alsace, naLorraine. VaGermany vaitaura kuti vairwira kusunungurwa kweIreland, Egypt, neIndia.

Pasinei nokupinda muIraq musina kubvumirwa neUnited Nations muna 2003, Bush yakataura kuti iri kuwira kuitira kuti iite chisarudzo cheUN. Pasinei nekurwisana nehondo zvakakwana zvachose nemauto eUnited States, Bush aichenjerera kuzviita kunge achishanda mukati memakwikwi akawanda ehurumende. Vatongi ivavo vanoda kusimudzira pfungwa yemutemo wenyika dzakawanda vachiiputsa, nokudaro pangozi pangozi ivo pachavo, inogona kuratidza kukoshesa kwavanoita pakukunda kukurumidza kugamuchirwa kwakakurumbira kwehondo imwe neimwe itsva, uye kuvimba kwavo apo kana hondo isati yatanga munhu ichadzokera zvakare kuti aongorore zvakanyanya kuti zvakaitika sei.

Chikamu: ZVINHU ZVAKASIMBWA ZVAKAITWA ZVOSE

Hague neGeniva Kokorodzano nezvimwe zvibvumirano zvepasi pose izvo United States iri bato rinorambidza mhosva dzinogara dziri chikamu chehondo chero ipi zvayo, pasinei nepamutemo yehondo yose. Zvizhinji zvezvinorambidzwa izvi zvakaiswa muAmerican Code of Law, kusanganisira mhosva dzinowanikwa muGeneva Conventions, muChitsuwa Chinorwisana Nekutambudzwa uye Zvimwe Zvimwe Zvoutsinye, Zvisina Kufanirwa kana Kuora Mhosva kana Kurangwa, uye mumagungano ekurwisa zvombo zvose zvemakemikari uye zvigadziriswa. Kutaura zvazviri, zvizhinji zvezvibvumirano izvi zvinoda kuti nyika dzisayanise kudarika mitemo yevagari vemunyika kuitira kuti zvibvumirano zvive chikamu chenyika yega yemutemo. Zvakatora kusvikira 1996 yeUnited States kuti ipe Mutemo Wemhosva Yenyika kuti ipe 1948 Geneva Magungano simba re US Federal Law. Asi, kunyange apo izvo zvinorambidzwa nezvibvumirano hazvina kuitwa mhosva dzepamutemo, zvibvumirano pachavo zvinoramba zviri chikamu che "Supreme Law of Land" pasi peUnited States Constitution.

Michael Haas anotsanangura uye ane zvinyorwa zvemhosva zvehondo zveCNUMX mukuwedzera kumhirizhonga, izvo zvakaitika muHondo Yemazuva ano iri muIraq, uye inovaparadzanisa muzvikamu zve "mararamiro ehondo," "kurapa vasungwa," uye "mufambiro we mushure mekunge varwi vashandise. "Muenzaniso unoshandiswa wemhosva:

Hondo Kupomerwa #7. Kukundikana kuchengetedza kusarerekera kwechipatara.

Hondo Kupomerwa #12. Kupombera kweZvibvumirano zveNyika.

Hondo Kupomerwa #16. Kusarura Kurwisa Vanhu.

Hondo Kupomerwa #21. Kushandisa Zvombo Zvisara zveUranium.

Hondo Kupomerwa #31. Extrajudicial Executions.

Hondo Kupomerwa #55. Kutambudzwa.

Hondo Kupomerwa #120. Kurega Kodzero Yezano.

Hondo Kupomerwa #183. Kusungwa kwevana muZvivheta Zvekare seVaduku.

Hondo Kupomerwa #223. Kukundikana Kudzivirira Vatapi venhau.

Hondo Kupomerwa #229. Kurongerwa Pamwe Chete.

Hondo Kupomerwa #240. Kutora Zvimwe Zvimwe Zvimwe.

Nhoroondo yekushungurudzwa kunoenderana nehondo yakareba, asi zvakaoma kufungidzira hondo dzisina ivo. IUnited States inoratidzika kunge ichifambisa munharaunda yehondo dzisina kukodzera dzinoshandiswa nedrones dziri kure-kure, uye kuurayiwa kwevanhu vaduku kunotungamirirwa nemauto anokosha pasi pekuvigwa kwakavanzika kwemuongorori. Hondo dzakadaro dzinogona kudzivisa mhaka dzakawanda dzehondo, asi ivo pachavo vasiri pamutemo. Mushumo weUnited Nations muna June 2010 wakapedzisa kuti kudhonha kweAmerica kuPakistan kwakanga kusina mutemo. Dhawoni yakaramba ichirwisa.

Mhosva yakapiwa muC2010 neCentral for Constitutional Rights (CCR) uye American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) yakatsvaga tsika yekuurayiwa kwevanhu veAmerica. Nharo dzavanopomerwa dzakagadziriswa pamusoro pekodzero yekuita chirongwa. White House yakanga ichitaura kodzero yekuuraya maAmerica kunze kweUnited States, asi ingadai iri kuita kudaro pasina kubhadhara ivo veAmerica nemhosva ipi zvayo, kuisa mhosva, kana kuvapa chero mukana wekuzvidzivirira ivo pamhosva. CCR neAACLU zvakachengetedzwa naNasser al-Aulaqi kuti vauye nemhosva pamusoro pesarudzo yehurumende yekupa mvumo yekuurayiwa kwemwanakomana wake, muAmerica Anwar al-Aulaqi. Asi Munyori weChipo cheMariko akataura kuti Anwar al-Aulaqi "mhirizhonga yakasiyana-siyana yakasarudzwa pasi pose," iyo yakaita mhosva kune varairi vemhosva kuti vape mumiririri wezvakabatsire kunze kwokutanga kuwana chiremera chakakosha, icho hurumende panguva yekunyora iyi haina akapiwa.

Uyewo mu2010, Congressman Dennis Kucinich (D., Ohio) akaisa mutemo wekudzivisa kuurayiwa kwevanhu veUnited States. Sezvo, kune ruzivo rwangu, Congress yakange isati yakwana kusvika ipapo iyo yakapfuura rimwe bhiri risingafarirwi naMutungamiri Obama kubva paakapinda muVhite House, zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti uyu aizoputsa iyo streak. Ikoko kwakanga kusina kukwana kwevanhu pamusana pekumanikidzira kuchinja kwakadaro.

Chimwe chikonzero, ndinofungidzira, nokuda kwekushaiwa kwekumanikidzwa kwaive nekutenda kusingaperi muAmerica zvakasiyana. Kana mutungamiri achizviita, kutora Richard Nixon, "izvo zvinoreva kuti hazvisi pamutemo." Kana rudzi rwedu rwunozviita, runofanira kunge rwuri pamutemo. Sezvo vavengi muhondo dzedu vari varume vakaipa, tinofanira kunge tiri kutsigira mutemo, kana kuti tichitsigira kutenderera-kutonga-kururamisira kwakadaro.

Tinogona kuona nyore nyore kuti conundrum yakasikwa kana vanhu vari kumativi maviri ehondo vachifunga kuti rutivi rwavo harungagoni kuita zvakaipa. Tingava nani pane kuziva kuti rudzi rwedu, kufanana nedzimwe nyika, runogona kuita zvinhu zvisina kururama, rinogona kuita zvinhu chaizvo, zvakashata - kunyange mhosva. Tingava zviri nani pakuronga kuita kuti Congress irege kugadzirisa hondo. Tingava nani pakudzivisa vangave vanoita zvehondo kuburikidza nekubata kare uye vemazuva ano vanoita hondo vanozvidavirira.