HONDO HACHASIKADZWA MUCHIFUNGWA

Kugadzira hondo inopararira ndeyechipiri chebasa rekare kare, uye mutsara wekare ndewokuti "vakaitanga." Hondo dzave dzichirwirwa kwemamiriyoni ezvidziviriro kurwisana nemhirizhonga uye mukudzivirira nzira yehupenyu yehurumende dzakasiyana-siyana. Muongorori weAtenean Thucydides 'rekodzero yeAtenean general Pericles' oration pamusariro wekufa kwegore rinofanirwa nehondo yakafa yakaramba ichirumbidzwa zvikuru nevatsigiri vehondo. Pericles anoudza vaunganidzwa vakaungana kuti Atene vane varwi vakanyanya kupfuura vose nokuti vanokurudzirwa kudzivirira avo vakakwirira uye mararamiro ehupenyu hwehupenyu, uye kuti kufa mukuzvidzivirira kwayo ndicho chakanaka chakanaka munhu angatarisira. Pericles ari kutsanangura vaAtene vari kurwisana mune dzimwe nyika kubudirira kwemambo, asi zvakadaro anoratidzira kuti kurwisana sekudzivirirwa kwechinhu chinokosha kudarika vanhu vemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu vanogona kunyange kunzwisisa - izvochetezvo izvo Mutungamiri George W. Bush aizotaura zvakare akadzinga magandanga kurwisa United States: rusununguko.

"Vanovenga rusununguko rwedu, rusununguko rwechitendero, rusununguko rwedu rwokutaura, rusununguko rwedu rwekuvhota uye kusangana uye kusabvumirana kune mumwe nemumwe," Bush akataura musi waSeptember 20, 2001, achirova musoro waaizodzoka zvakare.

Captain Paul K. Chappell mubhuku rake The End of War anonyora kuti vanhu vane rusununguko nebudiriro vanogona kuve nyore kunyengetedza kutsigira hondo, nekuti vane zvakawanda zvekurasa. Handizive kuti ichokwadi here kana kuti zviyedze sei, asi zvinonyanya kuve nevaya vane mashoma ekurasikirwa mukati medzvedu anotumwa kuzorwa hondo dzedu. Chero zvazvingaitika, kutaura nezvekurwira hondo "mukuzvidzivirira" kunowanzoreva kudzivirirwa kwemaitiro edu ehupenyu nemararamiro, iyo pfungwa inobatsira kurambidza mubvunzo wekuti tiri kurwa kana seanorwisa.

Mukupindura kwepurogiramu yehondo-inofanirwa kuti tinofanira kuchengetedza mararamiro edu ehupenyu nekuchengetedza mafuta, chirevo chinowanikwa pamashizha ekurwisana nemasvingo mu 2002 uye 2003 yaiva "Mafuta edu akawana sei pasi pejecha ravo?" Kune vamwe veAmerica "kuchengetedza "Mafuta emafuta aiva" kudzivirira "chiito. Vamwe vakanga vave vachigutsikana kuti hondo yakanga isina chokuita neiripi chero ipi zvayo.

Kudzivirira hondo kunogona kuonekwa sekudzivirira rugare. Hondo dzinotangwa uye dzinoshandiswa muzita rerugare, asi hakuna munhu akatsigira rugare nokuda kwehondo. Hondo muzita rorugare inogona kufadza vatsigiri vehondo uye rugare, uye inogona kururamisa hondo mumaziso evaya vanofunga kuti zvinoda kururamiswa. "Kune huwandu hwevanhu vanofambisa munharaunda ipi zvayo," akanyora Harold Lasswell anenge makore zana apfuura, "bhizinesi rokurova muvengi muzita rekuchengeteka uye rugare rwakakwana. Ichi ndicho chinangwa chikuru chehondo, uye mukuzvipira kwemoyo mumwechete kune kubudirira kwavanoona kuti 'rugare rwekuva muhondo.' "

Nepo hondo dzose dzichirondedzerwa sekudzivirirwa nenzira imwe neimwe nemapoka ose anobatanidzwa, ndeyekurwa nehondo chaiyo kuzvidzivirira kuti hondo inogona kugadziriswa. Pasi peUnited Nations Charter, kunze kwekuti Security Council yakabvumirana nemvumo inokosha, ndivo chete vanorwisana nekurwisana vachirwisana nepamutemo. MuUnited States Dhipatimendi reHondo rakatumidzwa zita reDhipatimendi reZviviri mu1948, zvakakodzera zvakakwana mugore rimwechete umo George Orwell akanyora makumi mapfumbamwe nemakumi mana nemana. Kubva panguva iyoyo, veAmerica vakataura zvakananga kune chero mauto avo kana mamwe mauto evanhu vanoita se "kuzvidzivirira." Vanokurudzira Rugare vanoda kutsvaga zvikamu zvitatu zvebhajheti rehondo, iyo yavanotenda kuti inonyadzisa kana kuti tsvina yakachena, kubudisa mapepa achida kuderedza vachipedza "kuzvidzivirira." Vakarasikirwa nehondo iyo vasati vasvinura miromo yavo. Chinhu chekupedzisira vanhu vachatora nacho "kuzvidzivirira."

Asi kana izvo zvinoitwa nePentagon zviri kunyanya kuzvidzivirira, maAmerican anoda rudzi rwekudzivirira kusiyana nechero zvamboonekwa kana kutsvagwa parizvino nevamwe vanhu. Hapana mumwe munhu akapatsanura nyika, pamwe nenzvimbo yekunze neinternet, muzvikamu uye akagadzira kuraira kwemauto kudzora yega yega. Hakuna mumwe munhu ane mazana akati wandei, pamwe anopfuura chiuru, mabhesheni emauto akapararira pasi rese mune dzimwe nyika dzevanhu. Vanenge hapana mumwe munhu ane mabheseni mune vamwe vanhu nyika. Nyika zhinji hadzina zvombo zvenyukireya, zvipenyu, kana makemikari. Mauto eUS anoita. Vanhu vekuAmerican vanoshandisa mari zhinji kumauto edu kupfuura chero imwe nyika, zvinosvika zvikamu makumi mana nezvishanu kubva muzana zvemashandisirwo emauto epasirese. Nyika dzepamusoro gumi neshanu dzinoverengera zvikamu makumi masere nematatu kubva muzana zvemashandisirwo epasi rose ehondo, uye United States inopedza zvinopfuura nhamba 45 kusvika 15 dzakabatana Isu tinoshandisa ka83 zvakapetwa neIran neNorth Korea zvakabatana.

Dhipatimendi redu re "Kudzivirirwa," pasi pemazita aro ekare uye matsva, rakatora matanho echiuto kunze kwenyika, akakura uye madiki, dzimwe nguva mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu, tisingaverenge zviito zvakavanzika kana kumisikidzwa kwezvigaro zvechigarire. Kwemakore makumi matatu nerimwe chete, kana gumi nemana kubva muzana, yenhoroondo yeUS hakuna kumbove nemauto eUS akaita chero zviito zvakakosha kunze kwenyika. Kuita mukuzvidzivirira, kuve nechokwadi, United States yakarova, yakapinda, yakapurisa, yakaparadza, kana kutora dzimwe nyika makumi matanhatu nenomwe. John Quigley bhuku rakanakisa ra250 The Ruses for War inoongorora makumi maviri neshanu ezviitiko zvakakosha zvemauto zvichitevera Hondo Yenyika II, achigumisa kuti rimwe nerimwe rakasimudzirwa nenhema.

Mauto eUnited States akamborwiswa paaifamba kune imwe nyika, asi hapachina kumbove nekurwiswa kweUnited States, kunyangwe kwete kubva ku1815. Apo maJapan akarwisa zvikepe zveUnited States paPearl Harbor, Hawaii yakanga isiri hurumende yeUnited States, asi panzvimbo yechipinda cheumambo, yakaita saizvozvo nokuputsira kwedu mambokadzi panzvimbo yevanoshamba nevhu vemizambiringa. Apo magandanga akarwisa World Trade Center mu2001, ivo vaiita mhosva yakaipisisa, asi vakanga vasina kutanga hondo. Mukutungamira kusvika kuHondo ye1812, vaBritain neAmerica vakashandura kurwisana nemuganhu weCanada uye mumakungwa akazaruka. VaMamerica vekuAmerica vakatsinhanana nekurwisana nevagari vemuUnited States, kunyange zvazvo avo vakanga vachiuya kune avo mubvunzo watasati tambosangana nawo.

Zvatakaona kubva kuUnited States uye dzimwe humwe humwe humwe huri kurwisana hondo ndeyehondo muzita rezvidziviriro zvinoshandisa hutsinye hukuru hwokupindura kukuvadzwa zviduku kana kutukwa, izvo zvinoshandisa hutsinye hukuru nekuda kwekutsiva, izvo zvinotevera kubudirira kubudirira kwechisimba kuburikidza nemuvengi, anotevera kungofunga kuti pane kuve nechisimba kubva kune rumwe rutivi, uye izvo zvinonzwisisika zvinodzivirira masangano kana zvigaro zveumambo kana mamwe marudzi anobatwa sezvikamu zviduku mumutambo wepasi pose umo kutendeseka kunofungidzirwa kuwira semadhoini. Iko kwakatove kune hondo dzechisimba zvevanhu. Mukuguma, vazhinji vehondo idzi hondo dzechisimba - pachena uye nyore.

Chikamu: VANHU VAKARAMBA AT US FUNNY

Chiitiko chekugadzirisa matanho, kutadza kwemvura, uye kutengeserana kwebhizimisi muhondo yakazara, isina maturo uye inoparadza ndiyo Hondo yakakanganwa Hondo ye1812, iyo huru yekuita iyo, kunze kwekufa nekutambudzika, inoita kunge iri kuwana Washington , DC, yakapiswa. Kutendeseka kunopomerwa kunogona kuiswa kune vaBritish. Uye, kusiyana nehondo dzakawanda dzeUnited States, iyi yakave yakagamuchirwa, uye inokurudzirwa zvikurukuru, neCongress, kunze kwepurezidhendi. Asi yakanga iri United States, kwete Britain, iyo yakaratidza hondo, uye chinangwa chimwe chevatsigiri vakawanda vehondo chakanga chisingazvidzivirire zvikuru - kukunda kweCanada! Mukuru weColonel Samuel Taggart (F., Misa.), Achipikisa gakava rakapfigwa, akabudisa hurukuro muAlexandriya Gazette munaJune 24, 1812, iyo yaakati:

"Kukunda kweCanada kwave kuchimirizwa kuti kwakave nyore nyore kunge kungofanana nekambani yemafaro. Isu, tamboti, hapana chingaita kunze kwekufamba nemauto munyika uye kuratidza mureza weUnited States, uye maCanada achakurumidza kuenda kwairi ndokuzviisa pasi pedu. Ivo vakamiririrwa sevakacheneswa mukumukira, vachida kusunungurwa kubva kuHurumende inotyisa, uye vachida kufarira masukisi ehurukuro pasi pekusimudzira kweUnited States. "

Taggart akapfuurira kupa zvikonzero nei chikonzero chakadaro chakanga chisingaiti kutarisirwa, uye zvechokwadi akanga akarurama. Asi kuva nechokuita hachisi chinhu chinokosha apo hondo yehondo inotora. Vachigaro wePurezidhendi Dick Cheney, musi waChitatu 16, 2003, vakataura zvakafanana pamusoro peAraqui, pasinei nokuti iye pachake akaratidza kukanganisa kwacho paTV, makore mapfumbamwe apfuura paakatsanangura kuti nei United States yakanga isina kupinda muGaghdad munguva yeGulf War. (Cheney, panguva iyoyo, angave akasiyira zvimwe zvinhu zvisingaiti, zvakadai sekutya kwechokwadi chemakemikari kana zvombo zvezvisikwa, zvichienzaniswa nekunyepedzera kwekutya ikoko mu2003.) Cheney akati nezvekuuya kwake kwechipiri kuIraq:

"Zvino, ndinofunga kuti zvinhu zvakawana zvakanyanya mukati meIraq, kubva mumaonero evanhu veIraqi, kutenda kwangu isu, chokwadi, tichakwaziswa sevasununguri."

Gore rakapfuura, Ken Adelman, aimbove director director wemauto kuna President Ronald Reagan akati "kusunungura Iraq kwaizove kuteya chingwa." Uku kutarisira, kungave kunyepedzera kana kuperera uye zvechokwadi benzi, hazvina kushanda muIraq kana mazana maviri emakore apfuura muCanada. VaSoviet vakapinda muAfghanistan muna 1979 vaine tarisiro imwechete yeupenzi yekugamuchirwa seshamwari, uye United States yakadzokorora chikanganiso chimwechete ipapo kutanga muna 2001. Ehe saizvozvo, tarisiro dzakadai hadzizomboshandira mauto ekune dzimwe nyika muUnited States futi, kunyangwe zviyemurike sei vanhu vari kutipinda vangave kana kuti vangasuwa sei vangatiwana.

Zvakadini kana Canada neIraq vakanga vagamuchira zvekuita mabasa eUnited States? Izvozvo zvingave zvakakonzera chimwe chinhu kupfuura zvinotyisa zvehondo here? Norman Thomas, munyori weHondo: Kwete Kubwinya, Hapana Mubereko, Hapana Chidimbu, inofungidzirwa sezvinotevera:

"[S] inofungidzira kuti United States muHondo ye1812 yakabudirira mukuedza kwayo kutyisa kukunda zvose kana chikamu cheCanada. Hapana mubvunzo kuti tinofanira kunge tine zvikoro zvekuchikoro kuti tidzidzise kuti zvakakosha sei zvakaguma zvehondo iyoyo kuvanhu veOntario uye kuti zvakakosha sei chidzidzo icho chave chichidzidzisa British pamusoro pekudiwa kwekutongerwa chiedza! Asi, kusvikira-nhasi maCanada avo vanoramba vari muUmambo hweBritish vangati vane rusununguko rwechokwadi kune vavakidzani vavo kumaodzanyemba kwemuganhu! "

Hondo dzakawanda dzehondo, kusanganisira hondo dzakawanda dzeUnited States pamusoro pevanhu vomuNorth America, dzaiva hondo dzekuwedzera. Sezvakangoitwa neIrajis - kana kuti zvakadaro, vamwe vanhu vanobva kuMiddle East vane mazita anonyadzisa-vainge vauraya vanhu ve3,000 muUnited States, vachiita kuurayiwa kwemamiriyoni eIrajis muchengeti wezvidziviriro, vaAmerica vokuAmerica vaigara vachiuraya dzimwe nhamba dzevatorwa , pamusoro pezviito zvipi hondo inogona kunzwisiswa sekudzorera. Asi hondo dzakadaro dzinotyisa hondo dzakasarudzwa, nokuti zviitiko zviduku zvakawanda zvakafanana kune izvo zvinoita kuti hondo dzibvumirwe kupfuura pasina hondo.

Mumakumi emakore eCold War, United States neSoviet Union zvakabvumira zviitiko zviduku, zvakadai sekuputsika kwemauto espic, kuti zvibatwe nematombo kunze kwehondo yakakomba. Apo Soviet Union yakarova ndege yeU-2 spy mu1960, ukama neUnited States hwakakanganiswa zvikuru, asi hapana hondo yakatanga. ISoviet Union yakatengesa mutyairi wavakanga vashandura mumwe wevasori vavo mukutsinhanisa kwaive kure zvikuru. Uye murwi weUnited States ainzi U-2 akavanzika, murume akange aenda kune Soviet Union mwedzi mitanhatu yapfuura uye akaudzwa kuti akaudza vaRussia zvose zvaaiziva, akagamuchirwa nehurumende yeUnited States uye haana kumbotongwa. Pane zvakasiyana, hurumende yakamutengesa mari uye gare gare yakamupa pipisipoti itsva usiku humwe. Zita rake rainzi Lee Harvey Oswald.

Zviitiko zvakafanana zvaizoshanda sechikonzero chehondo mune mamwe mamiriro, chero mamiriro ezvinhu umo vatungamiriri vehurumende vaida hondo. Naizvozvo, muna Ndira 31, 2003, Mutungamiri George W. Bush vakakurudzira kuna Prime Minister weBritain, Tony Blair kuti kupenda ndege dzeU-2 nemavara eUnited Nations, kuibhururutsa yakadzika pamusoro peIraq, nekuvaitisa pfuti, kunogona kupa chikonzero chehondo. . Zvichakadaro, ichiri kutyisidzira pachena hondo kuIraq pamusoro payo yekufungidzira "zvombo zvekuparadza kwakawanda," United States haina hanya nezviitiko zvinonakidza: kutora chaiko kwezvombo zvenyukireya neNorth Korea. Hondo hadziendi uko kune mhosva; iko kukanganisa kunowanikwa kana kuunganidzwa kuti kukodzere hondo dzaunoda. Kana United States neSoviet Union zvikakwanisa kudzivirira hondo nekuti havadi kuparadza nyika, saka nyika dzese dzinogona kudzivirira hondo dzese nekusarudza kusaparadza zvidimbu zvepasi.

Chikamu: DAMSELS MUNYAYA

Kazhinji chimwe chezvikonzero zvokutanga zvechiuto ndechekudzivirira maAmerica kune imwe nyika avo vanofunga kuti vakaiswa pangozi nezviitiko zvezvino. Chikonzero ichi chakashandiswa, pamwe chete nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvimwe zvikonzero, neUnited States pavanopinda muDominican Republic mu1965, Grenada mu1983, uye Panama mu1989, mumitemo yakanyorwa pamusoro paJohn Quigley naNorman Solomon mu bhuku rake War Made Easy. Munyaya yeDominican Republic, vagari vomuUnited States vaida kusiya (1,856 wavo) vakanga vabuda kunze kwehondo. Vavakidzani muSanto Domingo apo vaAmerica vaigara vaisina zvechisimba uye mauto akanga asina kudiwa kuitira kuti aparadze chero ani zvake. Zvose guru guru reDominican rakabvumirana kubatsira kubvisa vatorwa vose vaida kusiya.

Munyaya yeGrenada (inopinda iyo United States yakarambidza mamiririri eUnited States kubva pachifukidzo) paiva nevana veUnited States vezvokurapa kuti vadzikinure. Asi hurumende yeHurumende yeUnited States James Budeit, mazuva maviri vasati vauya, vakaziva kuti vadzidzi vakanga vasiri pangozi. Apo pamusoro peC100 kuvadzidzi ve150 vakasarudza kuti vaida kusiya, chikonzero chavo chaiva kutya kutya US. Vabereki ve500 vevadzidzi vakatumira Mutungamiri Reagan teregiramu vachimukumbira kuti arege kurwisa, achimuudza kuti vana vavo vakachengeteka uye vakasununguka kubva Grenada kana vakasarudza kuita saizvozvo.

Panyaya yePanama, chiitiko chaicho chinogona kutaurwa kune imwe, imwe yemhando yakambowanikwa chero mauto emauto akamboita nyika yeumwe munhu. Vamwe vakadhakwa varwi vePanamani vakanga varova musungwa mukuru weNavy America uye vakatyisidzira mudzimai wake. Kunyange zvazvo George HW Bush akataura kuti izvi nezvimwe zviitiko zvitsva zvakakonzera hondo, zvirongwa zvehondo zvakatotanga kutanga mwedzi isati yaitika.

Chikamu: MUMWE MUMWE MUMWE UNOGONA

Kusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana kwechikonzero chekururamisirwa kwezvidziviriro ndicho chikonzero chekutsiva. Ikoko kunogona kuva nechinangwa mukuchema kwe "vakatirwisa isu kutanga" kuti vachaita zvakare kana tisingavarwi navo. Asi kazhinji kushaya mupfungwa kunenge kuri kuchema kwekutsiva, nepo mukana wekurwiswa kwemangwana hausi kure. Kutaura zvazviri, kutanga hondo kunotsigira kukwikwidza, kurwisana nemauto kana kwete nzvimbo, uye kutanga hondo kurwisana nenyika inopindurwa nezviito zvegandanga zvinogona kushanda sekutsvaga kushambadzira kune mamwe magandanga. Kutanga hondo yakadaro zvakare kunomhosva yepamusoro yechisimba, vavariro dzekutsiva zvisinei. Kutsiva ndechimwe chinhu chinotyisa, kwete chekudzivirira pamutemo kwehondo.

Mhondi dzinofamba ndege dzichienda kune zvivako musi waSeptember 11, 2001, dzakafa. Ikoko kwakanga kusina nzira yokurwisa hondo navo, uye ivo vaisimiririra rudzi rwenharaunda yavo (sezvakave yakawanzoitika kana yakatenda zvenhema kubva Hondo Yenyika II) inogona kuve yakasununguka uye yakarohwa mumutemo munguva yehondo. Zvinokwanisika kuti vashandi vezvematongerwo enyika vangave vari pakati pevapenyu vaifanira kunge vakatsvaga kuburikidza nemitambo yose yenyika, kunze kwenyika, uye kune dzimwe nyika, uye vachipomerwa mumatare akasununguka uye akakodzera - saBad Laden nevamwe vakatsoropodzwa musipo muSpain. Vanofanira kunge vachiri. Mhosva dzekuti magandanga ivo pachavo "kudzorera" kudzivirira maitiro eUnited States aifanirawo kuongororwa. Kudai kuiswa kwevarwi veUnited States muSaudi Arabia neUnited States kubatsira kwaIsrael kwakanga kuri kukanganisa Middle East uye kuisa pangozi vanhu vasina mhosva, iyo uye mitemo yakafanana inofanira kunge yakaongororwa kuti ione kana zvikomborero zvipi zvingave zvakapfuura mhirizhonga iri kuitwa. Mauto mazhinji eUnited States akadzingwa muSaudi Arabia makore maviri gare gare, asi panguva iyoyo vakawanda vakawanda vakanga vatumirwa kuAngland neIraq.

Mutungamiri ari kurega mauto aya mu2005, George W. Bush, aiva mwanakomana wepurezidhendi uyo aive, mu1990, akavatumira kune nhema dzokuti Iraq yakanga yava kuda kurwisa Saudi Arabia. Vachiri vamiririri mu2003, Dick Cheney, vakanga vari Munyori we "Kudzivirirwa" mu1990, apo akanga apiwa basa rokunyengetedza Saudis kubvumira mauto eUnited States pasinei nekusatenda kwavo nhema.

Pakanga pasina chikonzero chiduku chekutenda kuti kuunza hondo kuA Afghanistan kunotungamirira kukundwa kwevatungamiri vezvemagandanga Osama bin Laden, uye, sezvatakaona, izvo zvakajeka hazvisi izvo zvakakosha kune hurumende yeUnited States, iyo yakaramba kupiwa kwekuisa iye achitongwa. Pane kudaro, hondo yacho pachayo ndiyo yaive yakakosha. Uye hondo yaive nechokwadi kuti inopesana nekubudirira maererano nekudzivirira hugandanga. David Wildman naPhyllis Bennis vanopa mamiriro acho ezvinhu:

"Kusarudzo kweUnited States yapfuura yekupindura zvemhirizhonga kurwiswa kwegandanga zvose zvakakundikana nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakafanana. Imwe, vakauraya, vakakuvara, kana kuti vakashandura kunyange zvakanyanya kutadza-varombo vasina mhosva. Vaviri, havana kushanda kuti vamise ugandanga. Muna 1986 Ronald Reagan akarayira kuti bhomba reTripoli neBanghazi varange mutungamiri weLibya Muammar Ghadafi nekuda kwekuputika mune rimwe dhiyabhorosi muGermany rakanga rauraya maGI maviri. Ghadafi akapona, asi vanhu vanoverengeka vekuRibya, kusanganisira mwanasikana weGhadafi ane makore matatu, vakaurayiwa.

"Makore mashomanana gare gare yakauya njodzi yeLockerbie, iyo iyo Libya yaizotora mutoro. Muna 1999, mukupindura kwekurwiswa kwemahofisi eUnited States muKenya nekuTanzania, mabhomba eUnited States akarovera musasa weAsama bin Laden muAfghanistan uye nechepanhau rainzi bin Laden-rinosanganiswa nemishonga muSudan. Izvozvo zvakaita kuti fesheni yeSudan yakanga isingabvumirwi ne bin bin Laden, asi kurwisa kweUnited States kwakaparadza muga wega wezvirwere zvinokosha zvevana vanokura mukushayiwa kwakanyanya kwepakati peAfrica. Uye kurwisa kwemisasa mumakomo eAfghan zvakajeka kuti hazvina kudzivirira kuparadzwa kwaSeptember 11, 2001. "

"Hondo Yepasi Pose Yekutyisa" iyo yakavambwa mukupera kwa2001 neHondo kuAfghanistan uye ndokuenderera neHondo yeIraq yakatevedzera maitiro mamwe chete. Na 2007, tinokwanisa kunyora kuwedzera kunoshamisa kanomwe mukuuraya kunoparadza kwepasi rose, zvichireva kuti mazana emamwe magandanga uye zviuru zvevamwe vanhu vakafa zvakafanotaurwa kana mhosva yaparwa kuhondo dzekupedzisira "dzekudzivirira" neUnited States, hondo dzaive haina kuburitsa chero chinhu chakakosha kuyera pamusoro pekukuvara. Dhipatimendi reUS State rakapindura kukwirisa kune njodzi muhugandanga hwepasi rose nekumisa gwaro raro regore pamusoro pehugandanga.

Makore mavirizve gare gare, Mutungamiri Barack Obama akakurudzira hondo muAfghanistan, nekunzwisisa kuti al Qaeda yakanga isipo muA Afghanistan; kuti boka rinonyanya kuvengwa ringangodaro rokutora chikamu chipi nechimwe chemasimba muAfghanistan, maTaliban, yakanga isina kufambidzana neAl Qaeda; uye kuti al-Qaeda yakanga isingatoreri kutanga kuparadzirwa kwegandanga kune dzimwe nyika. Hondo yaifanira kuenderera mberi, zvisinei, nokuti. . . zvakanaka, nokuti. . . um, chaizvoizvo hakuna munhu ainyatsoziva nei. Musi waJuly 14, 2010, mumiririri wemutungamiri weAghanistan, Richard Holbrooke, akapupura pamberi peSeneat Foreign Relations Committee. Holbrooke aiita sokuti akanga asina chokwadi. Sénata Bob Corker (R., Tenn.) Akaudza Los Angeles Times panguva yekutongwa,

"Vanhu vakawanda kumativi maviri emigwagwa vanofunga kuti kuedza uku kunowedzera. Vakawanda vevanhu vamungafunga kuti makuru akaoma zvikuru munyika ino ari kuvhara misoro yavo mukufunganya. "

Muchengeti wekugunun'una akashungurudza kuti mushure mekunzwa kwemaminitsi e90 kuHolbrooke aive, "hapana pasi pano kuti zvinangwa zvedu ndezvipi pamberi pevanhu. Kusvika ikozvino, ichi chave chishamiso chisina kunaka chenguva. "Zvichida kuti United States iri kurwiswa uye kurwisana nehondo iri kure kurega kuzvidzivirira yakanga isingatombofungidziki se tsanangudzo yakajeka, naizvozvo nyaya yacho haina kumbobvunzurudzwa nemumwe munhu pane imwe nguva vhepfenyuri redhiyo vachikanda kunze kwekutaura kusingafungi kuti "tine hondo yakasimba" em imomo saka hatina kurwisana 'em pano. "Honderedo yakanyanya kuna Holbrooke kana White House yakauya kururamiso yekuchengetedza hondo kana kuwedzera Zvaive nguva dzose kuti kudai maTaliban masimba akakunda vaizoita neAl Qaeda, uye kana al Qaeda vaiva muA Afghanistan izvo zvingakanganisa United States. Asi nyanzvi dzakawanda, kusanganisira Holbrooke, pane imwe nguva dzakabvuma kuti hakuna humwe uchapupu hwomumwe munhu. VaTaliban vakanga vasisati vava nemaonero akanaka neAl Qaeda, uye al Qaeda vaigona kuronga chinhu chipi zvacho chaida kuronga mune imwe nhamba yemamwe nyika.

Mwedzi miviri yapfuura, musi waMay 13, 2010, kuchinjana kunotevera kwakange kwaitika paPentagon press musangano naGeneral Stanley McChrystal uyo akanga ari kurwisa hondo muA Afghanistan:

"Dzokorora: [I] n Marja kune mitsva - mitsva inokodzera - yekutyisidzira uye kunyange kugadzirisa vanhu vemo vanoshanda nemauto enyu. Ndizvo zvaunofunga here? Uye kana zvakadaro, zvinokutambudza here?

GEN. MCCHRYSTAL: Hongu. Izvo zvachose zvinhu zvatinotarisa. Asi zvakanyatsofanotaurwa. "

Verenga izvo zvakare.

Kana uri mune imwe nyika yomumwe munhu, uye vagari vanokubatsira iwe kuti zviitike, sechinhu chaicho, kuti mitsipa yavo iparadzwe, ingada kuva nguva yekufunga zvakare zvauri kuita, kana kuti zvishoma nezvishoma kuti uuye nevamwe kururamisirwa kwazviri, zvisinei kuti zvinoshamisa sei.

Chikamu: STRATEGY PROVOCATIVE

Imwe mhando yehondo "yekudzivirirwa" ndeye inotevera kubudirira kwekutsvaira kubva kune muvengi waidikanwa. Iyi nzira yakashandiswa kutanga, uye kakawanda kuwedzera, Hondo yeVietnam, sezvakanyorwa muPentagon Papers.

Kuisa parutivi kusvika chitsauko chechina mubvunzo wekuti United States inofanirwa kupinda muHondo Yenyika II, muEurope kana kuPacific kana kuti zvose, chokwadi ndechekuti nyika yedu yakanga isingaiti kupinda kunze kwekurwiswa. Muna 1928, US Senate yakabvumira 85 ku1 kuti inobvumirana neKellogg-Briand Pact, chibvumirano chakasungwa-uye ichiri kusunga - nyika yedu nevamwe vazhinji havachazoitizve muhondo.

British Prime Minister VaWinston Churchill vane tariro yakasimba yemakore ndeyekuti Japan icharwisa United States. Izvi zvaizobvumira United States (kwete pamutemo, asi mune zvezvematongerwo enyika) kuti zvizadzise zvakakwana hondo muEurope, sezvo mutungamiri wayo aida kuita, asi zvinopesana nekupa zvombo chete, sezvazvaive zvichiita. Musi waApril 28, 1941, Churchill akanyora murairo wepachivande kuhondo yekare yehondo:

"Zvinogona kutorwa sezviri pachena kuti kupinda kweJapan muhondo kunoteverwa nekupinda pakarepo kweUnited States kune rumwe rutivi."

Musi waMay 11, 1941, Robert Menzies, gurukota reAustralia, vakasangana naRoosevelt uye vakamuwana "ane godo" rekuChurchill pakati pehondo. Kunyange zvazvo cabinet raRoosevelt yose yaida United States kupinda muhondo, Menzies akawana kuti Roosevelt,

". . . akadzidziswa pasi peWoldrow Wilson muhondo yekupedzisira, akamirira chimwe chiitiko, icho chingave chichivhiringidza USA kuhondo uye kuwana R. kubva muzvisungo zvake zveupenzi kuti 'Ndichakuchengetedza kunze kwehondo.' "

Musi waAugust 18, 1941, Churchill akasangana nekambani yake ku10 Downing Street. Musangano uyu wakanga wakafanana kuneJuly 23, 2002, musangano pane imwechete kero, maminitsi ayo akazozivikanwa seAwaying Street Minutes. Misangano miviri iyi yakaratidza chakavanzika cheUnited States chinangwa chokuenda kuhondo. Mu musangano we1941, Churchill akaudza hurumende yake, maererano nemaminitsi anoti: "Mutungamiri akanga ataura kuti aizorwa hondo asi asingazvitauri." Mukuwedzera, "Zvese zvaifanira kuitwa kumanikidza chiitiko."

Japan rakanga risina kupesana nekurwisa vamwe uye rakanga rakabatikana kusika umambo hweAsia. Uye United States neJapane vakanga vasina kurarama neshamwari yakabatana. Asi chii chingaunza maJapan kurwisa?

Apo Mutungamiri Franklin Roosevelt akashanyira Pearl Harbor munaJuly 28, 1934, makore manomwe kusati kwaitika kuJapan, mauto eJapan akaratidza kutya. Mukuru Kunishiga Tanaka akanyora muJapan Advertiser, achipikisa kuvakwa kwezvikepe zveAmerica uye kusikwa kwezvimwe zvigaro mu Alaska neAleutian Islands:

"Kuzvidza kwakadaro kunoita kuti tisafungire. Kunotiita kuti tifunge kuti kupesana kukuru kunenge kuchikurudzirwa muPacific. Izvi zvinonyadziswa zvikuru. "

Zvingave zvichinyadziswa kana kwete iyo mubvunzo wakasiyana kubva kune iyi iyi yaive yakagadziriswa uye inofanirwa kugadzirisa kuhondo yekuwedzera, kunyange kana yakaitwa muzita re "kudzivirirwa." Izvo zvisina kuvharwa (sezvataida nhasi kumudana) mutori wenhau George Seldes akanga kunyunyuta zvakare. MunaOctober 1934 akanyora muHarper's Magazine: "Ichi ndicho chikonzero chokuti nyika dzisagadzirira kurwa asi hondo." Seldes akabvunza mukuru mukuru weNavy League:

"Iwe unogamuchira mararamiro emvura ayo unogadzirira kurwisana nemauto chaiwo here?"

Murume wacho akapindura "Hongu."

"Iwe unofunga nezvekurwa nemauto eBritain?"

"Zvechokwadi, kwete."

"Unofungidzira hondo neJapan?"

"Ehe."

Muna 1935 iyo yakanyanyiswa yeUnited Marine munhoroondo panguva iyoyo, Brigadier General Smedley D. Butler, yakabudiswa kubudirira kukuru bhuku raipfupi rinonzi War Is a Racket. Akaona zvakakwana izvo zvaizouya uye akanyevera rudzi:

"Purogiramu imwe neimwe yeCongress mubvunzo wekuwedzera kwemari yevashandi inouya. The swivel-chair admirals. . . musadanidzira kuti 'Tinoda zvakawanda zvezvombo zvehondo zvehondo kurudzi urwu kana rudzi irworwo.' Oo, kwete. Chokutanga pane zvose, vanoita kuti zvizivikanwe kuti America inotyisirwa nesimba guru remvura. Panenge zuva ripi neripi, madiresi aya achakuudza, zvikepe zvikuru zvekuda kuti vavengi zvicharova nokukurumidza nekuparadza vanhu vedu 125,000,000. Saizvozvo. Zvadaro vanotanga kuchema nokuda kwemavhiri makuru. Yechii? Kurwisa muvengi? Oo, kwete. Oo, kwete. Nechinangwa chekudzivirira chete. Zvadaro, zvichiitika, vanozivisa kutungamirira muPacific. For defense. Uh, huh.

"Pacific ndiyo igungwa guru. Tine nzvimbo yakakura yegungwa muPacific. Ko kuenderera kunenge kuri kumhenderekedzo, maira maviri kana mazana matatu emakiromita here? Oo, kwete. Kufambisa kuchava zviuru zviviri, hongu, zvichida kunyange makumi matatu nemashanu mairaira, kubva kumhenderekedzo.

"Vanhu veJapan, vanhu vanozvikudza, chokwadi vachafara kupfuura mamwe maonero kuti vaone mauto eUnited States ari pedyo nehove dzeNippon. Kunyange zvakanakidza sezvingave zvakaita vagari vomuKalifornia vaifanira kunge vachinzwisisa zvishoma, kuburikidza nemhute yemangwanani, zvikepe zveJapan zvichitamba mumitambo yehondo kuLos Angeles. "

Muna March 1935, Roosevelt akapa Wake Island kuUnited States Navy ndokupa Pan Am Airways mvumo yekuvaka migwagwa ye Wake Wake, Midway Island, neGuam. Vatungamiri veuto reJapan vakataura kuti vakanganiswa uye vakaona iyi migwagwa sechityiso. Saizvozvowo vanoita zvematongerwo enyika muUnited States. Mumwedzi wakatevera, Roosevelt akanga aronga mitambo yehondo uye kufamba nenzira yeAleutian Islands neMidway Island. Mwedzi unotevera, varwi vorugare vakanga vachifamba muNew York vachitsigira ushamwari neJapane. Norman Thomas akanyora muna 1935:

"Murume weMaric uyo akaona kuti varume vakatambura sei muhondo yekupedzisira uye kuti vari kurwisana sei hondo iri kutevera, iyo yavanoziva kuti ichava yakaipisisa, yaizosvika pakuguma kwekuti iye ari kutarisa kune avo vanoramba vachizorora."

IAmerica Navy yakashandisa makore mashomanana akatevera achishanda zvirongwa zvehondo neJapan, yeChirungu 8, 1939, shanduro yaro yakatsanangura "hondo inoparadza kwenguva refu" iyo yaizoparadza mauto uye inoparadza upenyu hwehupfumi hweJapan. MunaJanuary 1941, mwedzi gumi nemana vasati varwisa, Japan Advertiser akaratidza kutsamwa kwake pamusoro pePearl Harbor mune imwe hurukuro, uye mumiriri weUnited States kuJapan akanyora mubhuku rake remabhuku achiti:

"Pane hurukuro dzakawanda kumativi eguta kusvika kuitika kuti maJapan, kana akazoputsa neUnited States, vari kuronga kuenda kunze kwekushamiswa kwevanhu vakawanda paPearl Harbor. Zvechokwadi ndakaudza hurumende yangu. "

Musi waFebruary 5, 1941, Mushure weAdmiral Richmond Kelly Turner akanyorera Munyori weHondo Henry Stimson kuti anyevere pamusoro pekukwanisa kushamiswa kushamiswa paPearl Harbor.

Kubva kare 1932 United States yakanga ichitaura neChina pamusoro pekupa ndege, vatyairi, uye kurovedza hondo yayo neJapane. MunaNovember 1940, Roosevelt akabhadhara China mamiriyoni zana emadhora muhondo neJapan, uye mushure mekubvunzana neBrithani, Munyori weUnited States weHaimari Henry Morgenthau akaita zvirongwa zvekutumira maChinese mabhomba nevashandi veUnited States kuti vashandise kuputira bhomba Tokyo nemamwe maguta eJapan. Musi waDecember 21, 1940, masvondo maviri ane hanya kwegore risati rasvika kuJapan kuPearl Harbor, Mutungamiri Wezvemari weChina TV Soong naColonel Claire Chennault, musungwa weUnited States Army uyo akanga achishanda kumaChina uye akanga achivakurudzira kushandisa America vatyairi vomuBooklyn vachibva vauya kuTokyo kubvira panguva ye1937, vakawana muimba yekudya yeHenry Morgenthau kuti varonge kupisa moto kweJapan. Morgenthau akati aigona kuwana varume vakasunungurwa kubva kumabasa muUnited States Airyps Air kana maChinese aigona kuvabhadhara $ 1,000 pamwedzi. Soong akabvuma.

Musi waMay 24, 1941, iyo New York Times yakashuma pamusoro pekudzidziswa kweUnited States kwemauto emhepo, uye kupa "mauto akawanda ehondo uye bhomba" kuChina neUnited States. "Kuputika kweMaguta eJapan anotarisirwa" verenga musoro wehurukuro. Pakazosvika July, Joint Army-Navy Board yakanga yabvumirana chirongwa chinonzi JB 355 kupisa moto kuJapan. Rimwe boka rinotenga ndege dzeAmerica dzichitenderera nemaAmerica akazvipira akadzidziswa naKennault uye akabhadharwa nerimwe boka rinotangira. Roosevelt akabvumirwa, uye nyanzvi yake yeChina Lauchlin Currie, mumashoko aNikholson Baker, "akawirwa naMade Chaing Kai-Shek naClaire Chennault tsamba yakanyengeterera kuti vabvumirwe nevasori veJapan." Zvingave kana kwete iyo iyo yose, iyo yaiva tsamba:

"Ndiri kufara zvikuru kuti ndinokwanisa kuudza nhasi Mutungamiri akarayira kuti makumi matanhatu nematanhatu mabhomba awanike kuChina gore rino nemakumi maviri nemana kuti anunurwe pakarepo. Akabvumirawo chirongwa chekudzidzira ndege yekuChina. Tsanangudzo kuburikidza nemitambo yakajairika. Zvakanaka zvekutaura. "

Nhume yedu yakange ichiti "kana pakazoputsa neUnited States" maJapan aizouya nebhombe Pearl Harbor. Ndinoshamisika kana izvi zvakakodzera!

I1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) yeChinese Air Force, inozivikanwawo seFlying Tigers, yakatungamira mberi nekushandira nekudzidziswa pakarepo uye yakatanga kuona kurwisana musi waDecember 20, 1941, mazuva gumi namaviri (nguva yekanguva) mushure mokunge maJapan akarwisa Pearl Harbor .

Musi waMay 31, 1941, paWatch America Out of War Congress, William Henry Chamberlin akapa nyevero yakajeka: "Kuwanda kwehupfumi hweJapan, kugadziriswa kwemafuta kunotengeswa, kwaizoita kuti Japan ive mumaoko emaAxis. Hondo yezvehupfumi yaizova yekutanga kwehondo yehondo uye yehondo. "Chinhu chakanyanya kuipa pamusoro pehutungamiri vehutungamiri ndechekuti kakawanda vanozove vakarurama sei.

Musi waJuly 24, 1941, Mutungamiri Roosevelt akati,

"Kana tikachera mafuta, [maJapan] zvichida angadai akaenda kuDutch East Indies gore rapfuura, uye iwe ungadai wakava nehondo. Zvaive zvakakosha kubva pachedu pachedu pachedu pachedu rekufunga nezvekudzivirirwa kuti tidzivise hondo kubva pakatanga kuSouth Pacific. Saka mutemo wedu wekune dzimwe nyika waiva kuedza kumisa hondo kubva kubuda ikoko. "

Vatori vezvematongerwo enyika vakaona kuti Roosevelt akati "aiva" pane "pane." Zuva rakatevera, Roosevelt akabudisa mutungamiri wehurumende akatema zvinhu zveJapan. IUnited States neBrithani vakagura mafuta uye zvigadzirwa zvematare kuJapan. Radhabinod Pal, mumwe muJurist jurist uyo akashanda pamhosva yezvemhosva yehondo mushure mehondo, yainzi embargoes "kutyisa uye kutyisa kwakanyanya kuvepo kweJapane," ndokupedzisa kuti United States yakatsamwisa Japan.

Musi waAugust 7th, mwedzi mina isati yasvika, Japan Times Advertiser akanyora kuti:

"Kutanga paiva nekusika kwepamusoro-soro kuSingapore, yakasimudzirwa zvikuru nemauto eBritish uye Empire. Kubva iri hubhu gumbo guru rakavakwa uye rakabatanidzwa nemaodzanyemba eAmerica kuumba rhete rukuru rinowedzera munzvimbo huru kumaodzanyemba uye kumadokero kubva kuPhilippines kuburikidza neMalaya neBurma, nechisungo chakakoromoka chete muTeniland peninsula. Iye zvino zvinorongerwa kuisa zvishoma kumativi akapoteredza, izvo zvinosvika kuRangoon. "

Pakazosvika September, mhizha yeJapan yakatsamwiswa kuti United States yakanga yatanga kutumira mafuta kuJapan kusvika kuRussia. Japan, mapepanhau ayo akati, akanga achifa rufu runononoka kubva "kuhondo yezvemari."

Chii chingave United States chave chiri kutarisira kuwana nekutengesa mafuta mafuta akapfuura rumwe rudzi mukuchida kwakanyanya kwariri?

Mukupera kwaOctober, US vatsva Edgar Mower vakanga vachiita basa reColonel William Donovan uyo akatsvaga Roosevelt. Mowerzi akataura nemumwe murume muManila ainzi Ernest Johnson, nhengo ye Maritime Commission, uyo akati akati anotarisira "IJaps ichatora Manila ndisati ndabuda." Apo Mudiri akaratidza kushamisika, Johnson akapindura achiti "Hauna kuziva Jap zvikepe zvakatamira kumabvazuva, zvichida kurwisa zvikepe zvedu paPearl Harbor? "

Musi waNovember 3, 1941, nhume yedu yakaedza zvakare kuwana chimwe chinhu kuburikidza nehenya rake guru rehurumende, kutumira telegram yakareba kuDhipatimendi reHurumende inonyevera kuti zvimhosva zvezvematongerwo enyika zvinogona kumanikidza Japan kuti iite "national hara-kiri." Akanyora kuti: kukakavadzana neUnited States kunogona kuuya nekukurumidza nekukurumidza kunoshamisa. "

Sei ndichiramba ndichiyeuka musoro wehurukuro yakapiwa Mutungamiri George W. Bush pamberi peSeptember 11, 2001, kurwisa? "Bin Laden Akatsunga Kurova muUnited States"

Zviri pachena kuti hapana munhu muWashington aida kuzvinzwa ku1941 zvakare. Musi waNovember 15th, Mukuru weVashandi veGeorge Marshall akaudza vatori venhau pamusoro pechinhu chatisingayeuki se "Marshall Plan." Zvechokwadi isu hatizviyeuki zvachose. "Tiri kugadzirira hondo inopesana neJapan," Marshall akadaro, achikumbira vatori venhau kuti vazvichengetedze zvakavanzika, izvo sezvandinoziva kuti ivo vakaita zvakanaka.

Mazuva gumi gare gare Munyori weHondo Henry Stimson akanyora mubhuku rake rekunyora kuti akanga asangana muOval Office naM Marshall, Mutungamiri Roosevelt, Munyori weNavy Frank Knox, Admiral Harold Stark, uye Munyori wehurumende Cordell Hull. Roosevelt akanga avaudza kuti vechiJapan vaizogona kurwisa nokukurumidza, zvichida Muvhuro unotevera. Izvozvo zvingadai zvakave muna December 1st, mazuva matanhatu kusati kwaitika kurwisa. "Mubvunzo," Stimson akanyora, "ndiwo maitiro atinofanira kuvamanikidza kuti tiende kunzvimbo yekuuraya pfumo rekutanga tisingaregi ngozi yakawanda kwatiri. Icho chaive chirevo chakaoma. "

Yaiva? Imwe mhinduro yakajeka ndeyekuchengetedza ngarava yose muPearl Harbor nekuchengetedza vafambisi vengarava vakamira ipapo murima asi vachivhunduka pamusoro pavo kubva kumahofisi akanaka muWashington, DC Chaizvoizvo, iyo ndiyo yaiva mhinduro yedu yakasungwa-uye-yakasungwa heroes akaenda nayo.

Zuva raitevera kurwisa, Congress yakasarudza hondo. Congresswoman Jeannette Rankin (R., Mont.), Mukadzi wokutanga akambosarudzwa kuCongress, uye uyo akanga avhota neHondo Yenyika I, akamira ari oga mukurwisana neHondo Yenyika II (sezvo Congresswoman Barbara Lee [D., Calif.] Aizomira oga kurwisana neA Afghanistan Afghanistan 60 makore gare gare). Gore rimwe mushure mekuvhota, musi waDecember 8, 1942, Rankin akaisa mazwi ku Congressional Record achitsanangura kushorwa kwake. Akataura nezvebasa reBritish propagandist rakange rakataurirana mu1938 yekushandisa Japan kuunza United States muhondo. Akatsanangura bhuku raHerce Luce mumagazini yeMupenyu munaJuly 20, 1942, kune "maChinese avo vaAmerica vakanga vatumira huttimatum yakaunzwa paPearl Harbor." Akazivisa uchapupu hwokuti paAtlantic Conference yaAugust 12, 1941, Roosevelt akanga avimbisa Churchill kuti United States ichaunza hupfumi hwekutakura kuJapan. "Ndakatsanangura," Rankin akazonyora,

"State Dhipatimendi Bulletin yeDecember 20, 1941, iyo yakaratidza kuti musi waSeptember 3 kutaurirana kwakatumirwa kuJapan ichikumbira kuti igamuchire mutemo we 'nondisturbance yemamiriro equo muPacific,' iyo yakave ichida kuti zvive nechokwadi chekusununguka hwemadzimambo matsvene muAsia. "

Rankin yakawana kuti Economic Economic Board yakanga yawana zvigadziriswa zvemari zvishoma pasi pevhiki mushure meAlantic Conference. Musi waDecember 2, 1941, yeNew York Times yakanga yakazivisa, chokwadi, kuti Japan "yakabviswa kubva paA75 yezana yekutengeserana kwayo neAllied kubviswa." Rankin akataurawo mashoko aLieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN , muMugovera Evening Post yaOctober 10, 1942, kuti musi waNovember 28, 1941, mazuva mapfumbamwe kusati kwarwiswa, Mumiririri Wemudhari William F. Halsey, Jr., (iye weshoko rokuti "kuuraya Japs, kuuraya Japs!") akapiwa mirairo kwaari nevamwe kuti "tibvise chero chinhu chatakaona mudenga uye bhomba chero chii chatakaona mugungwa."

Pasinei neHondo Yenyika II yaiva "hondo yakanaka" yatinowanzotaurwa kuti yaiva, ndichadzokera kune chitsauko chechina. Icho chaiva hondo yekudzivirira nokuti nzvimbo yedu isina mhosva yemumambo pakati pePacific yakashungurudzwa kubva kunze kwebhuruu rakachenesa inhema inofanirwa kuvigwa.

Chikamu: CHII CHINOITA KUTI UCHIFANIRA KUTI UYE KUTI UCHIDZIRE?

Imwe yenzira dzisinganyanyi kuzvidzivirira dzehondo dzinonzi hondo dzinodzivirira ndeyehondo inongobva kungofungidzira utsinye kune rumwe rutivi. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitwa neUnited States muhondo kuburikidza nekuba kwayo kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweMexico. Abhurahama Lincoln vasati vasvika, semutungamiri wenyika, akapemberera mhirizhonga emasimba emagariro akashanda kuregerera kushungurudzwa kwakafanana nevakawanda vevakatsiva vake, iye aive musangano wehurumende achiziva kuti Mutemo weBumbiro wakapa simba rekuzivisa hondo kuCongress. Muna 1847, Congressman Lincoln akapomera Mutungamiri James Polk kuti avete rudzi rwavo kuhondo kuburikidza nekupa mhosva Mexico nokuda kwechisimba apo iyo mhosva yaifanira kunge yakagadzirirwa kurwisana neUnited States Army uye Polk pachake. Lincoln akabatana nemutungamiri wekare uye iye zvino-iye zvino musangano wechechi John Quincy Adams mukutsvaga kuongororwa kwemaitiro aPolk uye kurambidzwa kwePolk kwekunyengera rudzi kuhondo.

Polk akapindura, sezvakazoitwa naHarry Truman naLyndon Johnson, nekuzivisa kuti aisazotsvaga temu yechipiri. Dzimba dzese dziri mbiri dzeCongress dzakazopa chisungo chekukudza Major General Zachary Taylor nekuita kwake "muhondo zvisina basa uye zvisiri pamutemo zvakatangwa nemutungamiri weUnited States." Kwaive kunzwisisana kwakajairika kuti Bumbiro harina kutendera hondo dzine hukasha, asi chete hondo dzekudzivirira. Ulysses S. Grant akafunga nezve Hondo yeMexico, maakarwira,

". . . mumwe wevasakarurama kupfuura ose akamborwisana nechisimba kurudzi rwakakosha. Yaiva muenzaniso weRepublic inotevera muenzaniso wakaipa wevaEuropean monarchies, musingafungi kururamisira mune chido chavo chokuwana imwe nzvimbo. "

Hurukuro yaLincoln padenga reImba musi waJanuary 12, 1848, ndiyo nharo yakakosha yenharo muhondo yeAmerica uye yakaisa mashoko aya:

"Regai iye [Mutungamiri James Polk] ayeuke agere apo Washington akagara, uye saka achiyeuka, ngaaite seanopindura Washington. Sezvo rudzi rusingafaniri, uye Wemasimba Ose haazoiti, akadzingwa, saka ngaaedze kuedza kusazvidzivirira - kwete kuenzana. Uye kana, saka achipindura, anokwanisa kuratidza kuti ivhu raiva redu apo ropa rokutanga rehondo rakadururwa - kuti rakanga risipo munyika inogarwa, kana, kana mukati mazvo, kuti vagari vakazviisa pasi pehurumende yehurumende Texas kana yeUnited States, uye izvozvo zvakafanana nenzvimbo ye Fort Fort - saka ini ndineye kuti anzwisiswe. . . . Asi kana asingakwanisi kana kuti asingazoiti izvi - kana achinyengera kana kuti asina kunyengera iye acharamba kana akasiya-ipapo ndichave nechokwadi chaicho pane zvandinopfurikidza nazvo-kuti iye anoziva kwazvo kuti haana kururama, kuti anonzwa ropa rehondo iyi, seropa raAbheri, ari kuchema Kudenga pamusoro pake. . . . Izvozvo zvakangofanana nehafu ye-insane inoputika yefivhiri kurota, iyo hondo yose chikamu chemashoko ake apera! "

Handikwanisi kufungidzira nhengo dzakawanda dzeCongress dzichitaura nezvemuongorori wekuita hondo nekutendeseka kwakadaro nhasi. Iniwo handigoni kufungidzira hondo dzichigere kusvika kumagumo kusvikira chinhu ichocho chichiitika nekugara kwenguva dzose uye chinotsigirwa nekuchera mari.

Kunyangwe vachiri kushora hondo yakanangana nenhema dzaive neropa raichemera kudenga, Lincoln nevamwe vake Whigs vakavhota vachidzokorora kuti vaibhadhare. Musi waChikumi 21, 2007, Senator Carl Levin (D., Mich.) Vakataura muenzaniso waLincoln muWashington Post sechikonzero chezvaari kuita semupikisi weHondo yeIraq uyo anozoramba achiibhadhara nekusingaperi senzira ye "kutsigira mauto." Sezvineiwo, maRegiment kubva kuVirginia, Mississippi, neNorth Carolina vakatumira kuisa hupenyu hwavo panjodzi vachiuraya maMexico asina mhosva muhondo iyo yakapihwa mari naLincoln vachimiririra vamiririri vavo. Uye angangoita 9,000 mauto eUS, akanyorerwa uye anozvipira, akasiya Hondo yeMexico.

Vamwe vemazana, chaizvoizvo, kusanganisira vaIrish vaibva kune dzimwe nyika, vakashandura kutendeseka uye vakanyorera kurutivi rweMexico, vachigadzira Battalion Saint Patrick. Maererano naRobert Fantina, mubhuku rake rinonzi Desertion neAmerican Soldier, "Zvichida kupfuura pane imwe hondo yapfuura, muMexico neAmerica, kusatenda kwechikonzero chacho ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekurasa." Hondo dzinowanzoguma - kunze kwekuzara kuparadzwa kwechimwe rutivi - pasina rudzi irworwo rwekudzivisa pakati pevakatumwa kuzoita hondo. Apo United States yakabhadhara Mexico nokuda kwenharaunda yakawanda yaive ichiitora, iyo Whig Intelligencer yakanyora, zviri pachena pasina ruzivo, "Hatitore chinhu nekukunda. . . . Ongai Mwari. "

Makore akawanda gare gare, David Rovics ainyora rwiyo urwu rwiyo:

Yaiva ipapo mumapueblos nemakomo

Kuti ndakaona kukanganisa kwandakaita

Chikamu cheuto rinokunda

Nehutsika hwepa bayonet blade

Saka pakati pevarombo ava, vaKaturike vanofa

Kudanidzira vana, kupisa kunopisa kwayo yose

Ini uye mazana maviri eIrishman

Akasarudza kusimudzirwa kune iyo call

Kubva kuDublin City kusvika kuSan Diego

Takaona rusununguko rwakarambwa

Saka takaumba Saint Patrick Battalion

Uye isu takarwisana neMexico

Muna 1898 USS Maine yakaputika muHavana Harbor, uye mapepanhau eU.S. akakurumidza kupomera veSpanish, vachishevedzera kuti "Yeuka Maine! Kuenda kugehena neSpain! ” Muridzi wemapepanhau William Randolph Hearst akaita nepaaigona napo kukurudzira moto wehondo yaaiziva kuti yaizowedzera kutenderera. Ndiani chaizvo akaridza ngarava kumusoro? Hapana aiziva. Zvirokwazvo Spain yakazviramba, Cuba yakazviramba, uye United States yakazviramba. Spain haina kungozvirambawo. Spain yakaita ongororo ikaona kuti kuputika uku kwanga kuri mukati mechikepe. Ichiziva kuti United States yaizoramba izvi zvakawanikwa, Spain yakapa zano rekuferefetwa nenyika mbiri idzi uye yakazvipira kuendesa kumisangano inosunga nedare risingasaruri repasirese. United States yakanga isingafarire. Chero chii chakakonzera kuputika, Washington yaida hondo.

Kuongororwa kwakaitwa munguva pfupi yapfuura kunonyatsobudisa pachena kuti maine maine akazununguswa zvechokwadi nekuputika, zvisingaiti kana kuti nemaune, izvo zvakaitika mukati maro, kwete neyendarama kunze kwayo. Asi hapana nyanzvi dzakaratidza imwe dzidziso pamusoro peimwe kune kugutsikana kwevose, uye ini handizivi kuti chii chakanaka chaizoita. VaSpain vangave vakawana nzira yokusima bhomu mukati meareka. Vanhu veAmerica vangave vakawana nzira yekuisa mgofu kunze kwayo. Kuziva kwokuti kuputika kwakaitika hakuiti kuti ndiani, kana munhu, akaitisa. Asi kunyange dai tainyatsoziva kuti ndiani akakonzera, sei, uye nei, hapana ruzivo rwakadaro ruchishandura nhoroondo yezvakaitika mu 1898.

Rudzi rwacho rwakanga ruchida kurwisana mukurwiswa neSpain uko kwakanga kusina uchapupu, kungofungidzira chete. Chikepe cheAmerica chakanga chavhuvhuta, vaAmerica vakanga vaurawa, uye paiva nemikana yokuti Spain inogona kuve yakakosha. Mukubatana nedzimwe mheremhere pamusoro peSpanish, ichi chaive chikonzero (kana kuti chikonzero) zvakakwana kuti tipe ngoro dzehondo. Kunyengedza kwechokwadi kuti Spain yaizopomera mhosva hakuna chimwe chinhu kunze kwekufungidzira. Izvozvo zvingaramba zvisingatauri kunyange kana uchapupu hwakanga huripo hunoonekwa kuti dzimwe nyika yeSpain yakashandura Maine, sezvo vatungamiri veMutungamiri George W. Bush vangadai vakareva nhema pamusoro pechiratidzo chaicho chokuti Iraq yakanga ine zvombo mu2003 kunyange kana dzimwe zvombo zvanga zvambowanikwa . Izvi zvinonzi kushungurudzika - kunyura kweMaine - kwakashandiswa kutanga hondo "mukudzivirira" Cuba nePhilippines zvaisanganisira kurwisa nekugara kuCuba nePhilippine, uye kuPuerto Rico kuti zvive zvakanaka.

Yeuka mitsetse iyoyo kubva kuna Smedley Butler iyo yandakataura pamusoro apa pamusoro pekufara kwaiitwa nemaJapan kuona mauto eU.S. achitamba mitambo yehondo pedyo neJapan? Aya ndiwo aiva mitsara inotevera mundima imwecheteyo:

"Zvikepe zvevashandi vedu, zvinogona kuonekwa, zvinofanira kunge zvisingakwanisi, nemutemo, kupinda mukati ma 200 maira emhenderekedzo yedu. Dai iyi yakanga iri mutemo mu1898 maMaine aisazomboenda kuHanana Harbor. Haana kumbobvira aputirwa. Pangave pasina hondo neSpain pamwe nekurasikirwa kwaro kwevarindi. "

Butler ine chikonzero, kunyange kana isiri yemasvomhu imwe. Inoshanda kana tikafunga nezveMiami seyo nyika yepedyo yeUnited States kuCuba, asi Key West iri pedyo-chete 106 makiromita kubva Havana - uye mauto eUnited States vakazvitaura mu1822, vakavaka nheyo, uye vakaiisa kuNorth kunyange panguva Civil War. Key West ndiyo yaiva guta guru uye rakapfuma muFlorida apo maine akabuda. Ernest Hemingway akanyora A Farewell Arms ikoko, asi mauto haafaniri kusiya Key West.

Zvichida kukwirira kwokunyengera kusatendeseka mukugadzira izvo zvinonzi hondo yekudzivirira zvinowanikwa mumuenzaniso wezviito zveNazi Germany apo yakanga yakagadzirira kuparadza Poland. Heinrich Himmler's SS varume vakaita zviitiko zvezviitiko. Mune rimwe, boka ravo vakapfekedzwa mujunifomu yechiPoland, vakapinda muchiteshi chemaGermany muGermany mumuganhu wekumiganhu, vakamanikidza vashandi kupinda muchivako, uye vakataura vavariro yavo yekurwisa chiGermany muchiPoland mumhepo vachiri kupfura pfuti. Vauya pamwe neGermany uyo ainyatsonzwira tsitsi nePoles, akamuuraya, ndokubva amusiya kumashure kuti aone sokuti akanga apfurwa achitora chikamu mubasa ravo. Adolf Hitler akaudza veGermany Army kuti simba raizofanira kusangana nesimba, ndokuramba richirwisa Poland.

Ne 2008, hutungamiri hweBush-Cheney hwakanga hwave huri kupomera nyaya yehondo kuIran haina kubudirira kwemakore. Nhau dzekutsigira kweIrish nokuda kwekurwisana kweIraqi, kukurudzirwa kweIrish kwezvombo zvenyukireya, zvisungo zveIranian kumagandanga, nezvimwe zvakadaro zvakadzingwa kunze nekugara kwenguva dzose, uye zvakanyatsorasikirwa kana kurambwa nevanhu veAmerica, pamusoro pe90 muzana yevakaramba vachipikisa kurwisa Iran . Vachigaro wePurezidhendi Dick Cheney nevashandi vake, sezviri pachena vachikura zvakanyanya, vakarota, asi havana kumboita, chirongwa chingaita kuti Hitler azvirumbidze. Pfungwa iyi ndeyekuvaka zvikepe zvina kana zvishanu zvaizotaridzika sezvikepe zveEranian PT uye kuisa Navy Seals pavari ne "maoko akawanda." Vangatanga moto unofambisa moto nechikepe cheUnited States muHurway of Hormuz, uye voila, d ndine hondo neIran. Chirevo chacho chakanzi chakaderedzwa nokuti chaizoda kuti vaAmerica vatsva paAmerica.

Uku kunetseka kwakanga kusina kumisa Joint Chiefs of Staff mu1962 kubva kutumira Munyori we "Kudzivirirwa" chirongwa chinonzi Operation Northwoods chakadaidza kurwisa maguta eUnited States nekupa mhosva kuitika kuCuba. Izvo kuti zvirongwa izvi hazvina kuitwa pane hazvisi kuderedza kukosha kwavo sezvinyorwa kune mafungiro evanhu vane ubongo hwavakabuda. Ava vaiva vanhu vachivhima zvikonzero zvehondo.

Apo Britain yakatanga kuuraya mabhomba ehurumende muGermany mu1940, izvi zvaifanira kuonekwa sekudzorera kunyange zvazvo Germany yakanga isati yarova bongo rehurumende yeBritain. Kuti aite izvi, Winston Churchill akaudza mushumiri wake mutsva weruzivo kuti "aronga kuti kuongorora kwakangwara kunofanira kuitwa muzvinyorwa zvekuurayiwa kwevagari vomuFrance neAll Countries, munguva yeGermany kutambudzwa kwemhepo." Britain yakanga iri chaizvo yakarondedzera hondo kuGermany mukupindura kupinda kweGermany kuPoland. Iyi ndiyo nzira inowanikwa mune dzimwe nyika dzisina kurwiswa dzinoti dzinenge dziri "hondo dzinodzivirira". Hondo dzinotangwa mukudzivirirwa kwevimbirano (chimwe chinhu chine zvibvumirano zvakafanana neicho chakasika North North Atlantic Treaty Organization [NATO] inosunga marudzi kuti aite).

Dzimwe hondo dzinotangwa mu "kuzvidzivirira" kwekuzvidzivirira pamusoro pekugona kuti rudzi runogona kurwisana nesu kana tisingarwisi ivo pakutanga. "Ita kune vamwe, vasati vaita kwamuri" ndizvo, ndinotenda, kuti Jesu akaisa sei. Mune mhirizhonga yemazuva ano izvi zvinouya se "kurwisana" em pamusoro uko kuitira kuti tisaita hako kurwisana 'em pano. "

Dambudziko rekutanga nenzira iyi ndeyokuti tine chete pfungwa isingazivikanwi yekuti "ivo" ndeyei. Kutya neboka duku revapanduki veSaudi, tinotanga hondo kuA Afghanistan neIraq. Kufungidzira kuti muvengi, chero ani zvake ari, anotivenga nekuda kwekusununguka kwedu, tinokundikana kuona kuti vanotivenga nekuda kwemabhomba edu uye zvigaro zvedu. Saka sarudzo yedu inongowedzera mamiriro ezvinhu.

Kubva Hondo Yedu Yenyika, United States haina kurwa hondo kumba. Isu tajaira kurwa hondo dzedu dziri kure nekusaonekwa. Iwo makamera eterevhizheni muVietnam akange ari kukanganiswa kwepfupi kune iyi pateni, uye mifananidzo chaiyo kunyangwe yehondo iyoyo yaive yega mutemo. Muhondo mbiri dzepasirose nehondo zhinji kubvira, takaudzwa kuti tinogona kurwiswa kumba kana tikasaenda kunorwisa vamwe kunze kwenyika. Panyaya yeHondo Yenyika I, takaudzwa kuti Germany yakanga yarwisa vabatsiri vedu vakanaka uye vasina mhosva, vangazotirwisa, uyezve vakarwisa vanhu vasina mhosva vekuAmerica vari mungarava inonzi Lusitania.

German submarines yakanga iri kupa nyevero kune ngarava dzevanhu, zvichibvumira vafambi kuti vasiye vasati vanyura. Apo izvi zvakafumura zvikepe zveUU kuti zvipikisane, zvisinei, maGermany akatanga kurwisa pasina tsananguro. Izvozvo ndizvo zvavakaita muLusitania muna May 7, 1915, vachiuraya vanhu ve1,198, kusanganisira 128 Americans. Asi, kuburikidza nedzimwe nzira, maGermany akanga atove akanyevera avo vatasvi. Iku Lusitania yakanga yavakwa kune zvinyorwa zveBritish Navy iyo yakarondedzera seiri cruiser yaibatsira. Pakufamba rwendo rwacho rwekupedzisira, Lusitania yakanga izere neAmerica-yakagadzirirwa hondo, kusanganisira gumi nehafu hafu yemapuraneti, mabhii e51 emakumbo emakanda, uye nehomwe huru yeputi, kwete mauto e67 6th Winnipeg Rifles. Kuti chikepe chaive kutakura mauto uye zvombo zvehondo zvakanga zvisiri chakavanzika. Vasati vaenda kuLisitania kubva kuNew York, Embassy yeGermany yakagamuchira mvumo kubva kune munyori wehurumende yeUnited States kuti aparidze muNew York mapepanhau kunyeverwa kuti nokuti chikepe chakanga chiri kutakura hondo chaizotambudzwa.

Pamusoro pekunyura kweLusitania, mapepanhau aya, nemamwe mapepanhau eAmerica, akataura kuurayiwa kwekuuraya uye akasiya chero kutaura pamusoro pezvakanga zvarairwa nengarava. Apo Mutungamiri Wilson akapikisa hurumende yeGermany, achiita sokuti Lusitania yakanga isina chero mauto kana zvombo, munyori wenyika yake akazvitsaurira mukupikisa kwaWilson. Ihurumende dzeBritain neUnited States dzakashata chikepe ichi chinoratidza uye chakanyepera zvakasimba zvokuti vanhu vazhinji nhasi vanofungidzira kuti kune kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pekuti veku Lusitania vane zvombo. Kana ivo vanofungidzira kuti vanodonha vashandi vanoona zvombo mumahombekombe echikepe mu2008 vakanga vachigadzirisa chakavanzika chekare. Heino zvakadzama kubva mushumo wakataurwa paNational Public Radio munaNovember 22, 2008:

"Apo Lusitania yakaburuka, yakasiya chakavanzika kumashure: Chii chakanga chichikonzera kuputika kwechipiri? Mushure memakore anenge zana ekutsvakurudza, kukakavara nekunyengera, zvinyorwa zvinotanga kusvika. . . . Mumaoko ake mune zvikamu zvehupfumi: zvinomwe zvakapoteredza zvombo zveXXUMUMX, zvichida zvakagadzirwa naRemington muAmerica uye zvakatarirwa neBritish Army. Zvombo zvekuti makumi emakore eBritish nemaAmerica vati hazvipo. Asi zvakapoteredza Andrews makomo emapuranga emabhodhi akavharidzirwa ayo anoita sepfuma yepirate muchiedza chebhobhoti. "

Usambofungisisa kuti zviri mukati mechikepe zvakange zvaziviswa pachena isati yaenda, zvinyorwa zvepamutemo zvinopiwa nzvimbo yavo inotarisirwa mu "kuenzanisa" mhizha yehupfumi inotitenderera zvakakwana zvokuti hatigoni kuona kuti ihwohwo hupenzi. . . kunyange 90 makore gare gare.

Chikamu: KANA ZVAKAZVIMBISA, TINGADZIDZIDZWA KUVARIDZWA?

Mhirizhonga yeGermany muUnited States yakakundikana kushungurudzika pakatarisana nepamusoro yehurumende yeBritain neAmerica munguva yeHondo Yenyika I. VaBritish vakatema telegraph cable pakati peGermany neUnited States kuitira kuti veAmerica vawane hondo dzavo kubva Britain. Iyo nhau yaiva yehutsinye hunotyisa - hondo pakati pekubudirira nevakuru vemarudzi (avo vari maGermany, zvechokwadi). Havasi ivo chete vaverengi vaizoziva nezvemaJermany vachichera maoko kubva kuvana uye vachibika mauto avo ega glycerin, nemamwe mafungiro anotyisa, asi vaBritain vaive vachikunda kukunda kwose nenzira yakanakidza. Kunyange zvazvo mabhuku eBritain ehurumende ainyatsorongedzwa, haafaniri kunge aive, sezvo vaiona basa ravo pachavo sekuvanza hondo kubva kuvanhu kuitira kuti kukurudzira kwehondo kuBritain. Times yeLondon yakatsanangura:

"Chirevo chechinangwa chehondo ye [Times] chaiva chokuwedzera kubuda kwevatorwa. Icho chaiva chinangwa chingawana rubatsiro ruduku kubva kune nhoroondo dzezvakaitika kuti vashandure pavaimbova masoja. "

Mutungamiri Wilson wekambani yekutengesera yehondo, Komiti yeZvamusoro Zvose, akashandisa simba rekutsoropodza uye aizogumisa kurambidza mifananidzo yevanhu vekuAmerica vakafa apo Mutungamiri Mukuru akaita chikamu chake kuburikidza nekudzivisa mabhuku ose akawandisa. Iyo CPI yakagutsikanawo nevanhu kuti kurwisana nemaJalimane kwaizoita kudzivirirwa kwehurumende pasi pose uye kuti kuGerman kukundwa muhondo, kunze kwekuoma kwakaoma uye kwakakomba kupopotedzana, kuchaita kuti nyika iite democracy.

Wilson aida mamiriyoni emauto, asi mumavhiki matanhatu ekutanga aparidza hondo, chete 73,000 yakazvipira. Congress yakamanikidzwa, uye kwete yekutanga, kugadzira zvinyorwa. Dhani Webster akanga azvidza zvakashata sokusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika muZ1814 apo yainge isati yamboedza kubudirira neMutungamiri James Madison, asi zvinyorwa zvaive zvashandiswa kumativi maviri muHondo yeVanhu, kunyange zvazvo chipo icho varume vakapfuma vaizobhadhara varume varombo kuti vafe munzvimbo yavo. Haisi ivo vekuAmerica chete vaifanira kumanikidzwa kurwisana muHondo Yenyika I (uye hondo dzinotevera), asi kuwedzera 1,532 yevanonyanya kupikisa vaifanira kuiswa mutirongo. Kutya kudururwa nekuda kwekutambudzikira kwaifanira kupararira munyika yose (seichimbova Munyori weHondo Elihu Root yakarongwa muNew York Times) pamberi pemureza kusvinura uye musimba wemauto zvingaramba zvichipindurwa. Hondo vaipikisa vaiva, mune dzimwe nguva, vaine lynched, uye mhomho dzakagamuchira.

Nyaya yekupwanyika kutaura kwekusununguka - maungira ayo achidzokorodza muna Gumiguru 2010 FBI kurwisa dzimba dzevatsigiri verunyararo muMinneapolis, Chicago, nemamwe maguta - inotaurwa zvakanaka mubhuku raNorman Thomas ra1935, Hondo: Hapana Mbiri, Hapana Mubatsiri, Hapana Chinodiwa, uye mubhuku raChris Hedges ra2010, Rufu rweRusununguko Kirasi. Mumiriri wenguva ina wemutungamiri wenyika, Eugene Debs akavharirwa ndokutongerwa makore gumi nekuratidza kuti vanhu vanoshanda havana kana basa nehondo. Washington Post yakamuti "njodzi yeruzhinji," uye yakaombera kuvharirwa kwake. Aizomhanyira kumutungamiriri wenyika kechishanu kubva mutirongo uye obva agamuchira mavhoti mazana mapfumbamwe nemakumi matanhatu nemakumi matanhatu nematanhatu. Pakutonga kwake Debs akati:

"Kukudzwa kwako, makore akapfuura ndakaziva kushamwaridzana kwangu nezvose zvipenyu, uye ndakagadzira pfungwa dzangu kuti ndakanga ndisiri chimwe chinhu chakanaka kudarika chinorema pasi. Ini ndakati ipapo, uye ini ndikati zvino, kuti kunyange zvazvo kune kirasi yakadzika, ini ndiri mairi; apo pane chikonzero chemhosva, ini ndiri mariri; apo pane mweya uri mutirongo, ini handina kusununguka. "

IUnited States yakashandurwa muHondo Yenyika I kuti iuye kuzobatsira Britain neFrance, asi vanhu venyika idzodzo vakanga vasina kufambidzana nehondo. Zvichida 132,000 vaFrench vanopesana nehondo, vakaramba kutora chikamu, uye vakatapwa.

Mushure memauto maviri epasi pose ane dambudziko mukati mekunge, hapana maAmerica ainge atumira kuzvipira, Mutungamiri Harry S Truman aiva nemashoko akaipa. Kana tisina kumira pakarepo kurwisana nemakomunisiti muKorea, vaizokurumidza kupinda muUnited States. Kuti izvi zvakaonekwa sechibvumirano chepabheti chisina maturo zvichida zvinoratidzirwa nekuti, zvakare, vaAmerica vaifanira kunyorwa kana vaizoenda vachirwisana. Hondo yeKorea yakanga yakarongedzwa inofungidzirwa kudzivirira nzira yehupenyu muUnited States uye inonzi inodzivirira South Korea kurwisana nechisimba neNorth Korea. Ichokwadi kuti yakanga iri iyo nyanzvi yekuzvikudza yeAllies kukamura rudzi rweKorea nehafu pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II.

Musi waJune 25, 1950, kuchamhembe uye kumaodzanyemba mumwe nomumwe akataura kuti rumwe rutivi rwakanga rwakapinda. Mhemberero yekutanga kubva kuUnited military intelligence ndeyokuti kumaodzanyemba yakanga yasvika kuchamhembe. Nhengo mbiri dzakabvumirana kuti hondo yakatanga pedyo nechekumavirira kumhenderekedzo ye Ongjin peninsula, zvinoreva kuti Pyongyang yakanga iri chinangwa chekupinda kwekumaodzanyemba, asi kunopinda nechokuchamhembe ikoko kwakanga kusinganzwisisiki sezvo kwakatungamirira kune duku duku uye kwete Seoul. Uyewo musi waJune 25th, mapoka maviri aya akazivisa kutorwa nechokumaodzanyemba kweguta rekumusoro kweAngju, uye mauto eUnited States akasimbisa izvozvo. Musi waJune 26th, mumiriri weUnited States akatumira tambo inotsigira kumaodzanyemba mberi: "Northern armor uye zvombo zvekurwa zviri kutora zvese pamutsara."

South Korea President President Syngman Rhee akanga achiita zvekukuvadza kwekuchamhembe kwegore uye akange ataura muchero chinangwa chake chokupinda nechokumaodzanyemba, achifambisa vazhinji vevarwi vake kuenda ku 38th parallel, mutsara unofungidzira umo kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba kwakagoverwa . Munyika yekuchamhembe chete chikamu chimwe chete pazvikamu zvitatu zvemauto akawanikwa akanga akamira pedyo nemuganhu.

Kunyange zvakadaro, vokuAmerica vakaudzwa kuti North Korea yakarwisa South Korea, uye yakanga yaita kudai yeSoviet Union sechikamu chemazano ekutora nyika ye communism. Zviri pachena kuti chero ipi zvayo yakatarisana, iyi yaiva hondo yehurumende. Soviet Union haina kubatanidzwa, uye United States haifaniri kuva. South Korea yakanga isiri United States, uye yakanga isiri iko kwose pedyo neUnited States. Kunyange zvakadaro, takapinda mune imwe hondo "yekudzivirira".

Takanyengetedza United Nations kuti iyo yekuchamhembe yakanga yasvika kumaodzanyemba, chimwe chinhu icho Soviet Union inogona kutarisidzirwa kuti veto chaive chiri shure kwehondo, asi Soviet Union yakanga iri kupesana neUnited Nations uye haina kufarira. Takakunda dzimwe nyika mavhoti kuUnited Nations kuburikidza nekunyengera kwavari kuti kumaodzanyemba yakanga yatora matanki aipiwa nevaRussia. Vakuru vakuru veUnited States vakazivisa pachena kuti Soviet inobatanidzwa asi vakazvipupurira pachavo.

ISoviet Union, chaizvoizvo, yakanga isingadi hondo uye muna July 6th mutevedzeri wayo wekune imwe nyika mushumiri akaudza hurumende yeBritish kuMoscow kuti yaida kugadzirisa rugare. Mumiriri weUnited States muMoscow akafunga kuti izvi zvaiva zvechokwadi. Washington haina hanya. Nechokumaodzanyemba, hurumende yedu yakati, yaiputsa 38th parallel, iyo mutsara mutsvene wehurumende yenyika. Asi mushure mekunge mukuru weUnited States Douglas MacArthur akawana mukana, akaenderera mberi, pamwe neMutungamiri Truman, achibvumirana nechokuchamhembe, uye kusvika kumuganhu weChina. MacArthur akanga achinyura hondo yeChina uye akaipisidzira, uye akakumbira mvumo yekurwisa, iyo iyo Joint Chiefs of Staff yakaramba. Pakupedzisira, Truman akadzinga MacArthur. Kurwisa chigamba chemhepo kuNorth Korea yakapa China, uye kuputira bheni guta, ndiyo yaiva pedyo MacArthur yakaenda pane zvaaida.

Asi kutya kweUnited States kuChina kwakaita kuti maChinese nemaRussia vapinde muhondo, hondo yakakosha Korea mamiriyoni maviri ehupenyu hwevagari vehurumende uye varwi veUnited States 37,000, vachitendeukira kuSeoul nePyongyang zvose mumapuranga ekudengenyeka. Vakawanda vevakafa vakange vaurawa pamusana pekufa, vakaurayiwa vasati varwiswa uye muchitonho-ropa nemativi maviri. Uye muganhu wakadzokera shure kwawakanga uri, asi ruvengo rwakatungamirirwa kune iyo muganhu rwakanyanya kuwedzera. Apo hondo yakapera, isina kuita chero chinhu chakanaka kune chero munhu kunze kwevadziki vezvombo, "vanhu vakabuda kubva mumarara-akafanana mumapako uye tunnels kuti vawane humwe husiku mukupenya kwezuva."

Chikamu: HONDO YOKUDZIDZISWA NOMWARI

Uye taingove tichipisa. Apo Mutungamiri Truman akataura nehurukuro yakabatana yeCongress uye pamusoro peredhiyo paMarch 12, 1947, akaparadzanisa nyika kuva mauto maviri anopikisa, nyika yekusununguka, uye nyika yeva Communist uye totitari. Susan Brewer anonyora kuti:

"Hurukuro yaTuruman yakabudirira yakagadzirisa nyaya dzeCold War propaganda. Chokutanga, yakarondedzera mamiriro ezvinhu sechinhu chiripo pakarepo, iyo yaida kukurumidza kuitwa nevakuru vakuru uye haina kubvumira nguva yekuongorora, mhirizhonga yepamba, kana kukurukurirana. Chechipiri, yakapa mhosva matambudziko emarudzi ose, angave akakonzerwa nekuparadzwa kwemashure, hondo dzezvematongerwo enyika, kushanduka kwemarudzi, kana zvekunze zveSoviet, zveSoviet chisimba. Chechitatu, yakaratidza vanhu vokuAmerica vachiita basa rekusununguka kwevanhu, kwete nekuda kwezvoupfumi. Dzidziso yeTuruman yakagadzirisa hurongwa hunogona kuratidza kushandiswa kweMarshall Plan, kusikwa kweCentral Intelligence Agency (CIA), National Security Council (NSC), uye Federal Employee Loyalty Programme, kuvakazve West West, kunyanya kutevera kuedza kweRussia kuvhara Berlin, uye, mu1949, kuumbwa kweNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). "

Izvozvi kuchinja kwakawedzera kutonga kwehutungamiri hwematongerwo enyika pamusoro pemasimba ehondo uye kwakagadziriswa zvakavanzika uye zvisingaverengeki zvekuita hondo, zvakadai sokudengenyeka kwehurumende yeIrish muna 1953, panguva iyo mahofisi eUnited States akaumba fikirwo yokuti Iran yaive akasarudzwa mutungamiri wenyika aiva mutongi wenyika, semzukuru waTeddy Roosevelt uye Norman Schwarzkopf's baba vakaita sangano uye vakatsiva Time magazine's 1951 Man of the Year nemudzvinyiriri.

Zvadaro paiva neGuatemala. Edward Bernays akanga akaroorwa mu1944 neUnited Fruit. Mutoja weKomiti Yenyika Yese Yakange yatengesa Hondo Yenyika I, muzukuru wa Sigmund Freud, uye baba vebasa rakanaka rekushandisa uye kukurudzira vanhu kusava nehanya kuburikidza ne "hukama hwehukama," Bernays, akanga abudisa bhuku muna 1928 rainzi Propaganda chete, izvo zvakaparidzirwa kune zvakakodzera zveparaganda. Bernays akabatsira United Fruit's Sam Zemurray (uyo akanga aparadza mutungamiri weHonduras mu1911) nokuumba chirongwa cheP PR kutanga ku1951 muUnited States kurwisana nehurumende yakawanda yehurumende yeGuatemala. IThe New York Times nemamwe mabhidhiyo akazotevera Bhenays 'mutungamiri, achiratidza hukama hwakanaka United Fruit sekutambudzika pasi pekutonga kwekudzvinyirira kweMarxist - iyo ndiyo yaiva hurumende yakasarudzwa inoshandisa New Deal-type shanduko.

Senetare Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (R., Mass.) Akatungamirira kuCongress. Akanga ari muzukuru-muzukuru weSenator George Cabot (F., Misa.) Uye muzukuru weSenator Henry Cabot Lodge (R., Mass.) Uyo akanga asundira nyika kupinda muSpain-America Hondo uye Hondo Yenyika I , akakundwa League of Nations, uye akavaka Navy. Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. aizoenderera mberi achishanda senhume kuSouth Vietnam, mune imwe nzvimbo iyo aizotungamira kuronga rudzi rwayo kupinda muHondo yeVietnam. Kunyange zvazvo Soviet Union yakanga isina hukama neGuatemala, baba veCIA Allen Dulles vaive nechokwadi kana kuti vaiti vakava nechokwadi kuti Moscow yakanga iri kutungamirira kufamba kweGuatemala kunofanirwa kuenda kumakominism. Pamwe nemvumo yeMutungamiri Dwight Eisenhower, CIA yakaparadza hurumende yeGuatemala panzvimbo yeUnited Fruit. Chinokosha chekushanda kwaiva basa raHoward Hunt, uyo aizozopinda muMvuragate kune Mutungamiri Richard Nixon. Hapana chimwe cheizvi chingadai chakashamisa Smedley Butler.

Uyezve - kutevera dambudziko remasvingo kuCuba panguva iyo varwi vehondo vaida kuparadza nyika kuti vaite pfungwa, nezvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvinonakidza-vakauya Vietnam, hondo yechisimba umo takataurirwa nhema, sezvataiva muKorea, kuti iyo North yakatanga. Tinogona kuchengetedza South Vietnam kana kutarisa yose yeAsia uye ipapo rudzi rwedu pachedu runowanzova dambudziko rekutyisidzira kwemakomunisti, takaudzwa. Vatungamiri Eisenhower naJohan F. Kennedy vakati marudzi eAsia (uye kunyange Africa neLatin America zvakare, maererano naGeneral Maxwell Taylor) inogona kuwira semadhora. Ichi chaiva chimwe chikamu chezvinhu zvisina maturo zvaizodzokodzwa zvakare mu fomu yakashandurwa mu "Global War on Terror" yakaitwa naVaMugabe GW Bush naB Obama. Kuitirana nharo muna March 2009 nokuda kwekuwedzera kweHondo yeA Afghanistan kune vakawanda vekuAmerica vanopikisa, Obama, maererano nemu blogger Juan Cole:

". . . akarondedzera rudzi rumwechete rwehutano hunoitwa neWashington huri kushandiswa kune hutongi hwemarudzi akawanda. Mune shanduro yakashandurwa, al-Qaida, maTaliban angatora Hurumende yeKunar, uye iyo yose yeAngland, uye inogona zvakare kugamuchira al-Qaida, uye inogona kutyisidzira mhenderekedzo yeUnited States. Akatokwanisa kuwedzera analogo kuCambodia kune zvakaitika, achiti, "Ramangwana reA Afghanistan rinonyatsobatanidzwa nehupenyu hweruzhinji rwemuvakidzani wayo, Pakistan, 'uye akanyevera,' Usakanganise: Al-Qaida nevanopesana navo kune kenza inopinza kuuraya Pakistan mukati. '"

Ichi chiitiko chinoshamisa, zvisinei, icho chakashandiswa kupararira Hondo yeVietnam chaiva kurwiswa kwezvinyorwa kwezvikepe zveUnited States muGulf of Tonkin munaAugust 4, 1964. Idzi idzi dzakanga dziri zvikepe zvehondo zveUnited States kubva kumhenderekedzo yeNorth Vietnam izvo zvaive zvichishandira zvigamba zvinopikisana neNorth Vietnam. Mutungamiri Lyndon Johnson vaiziva kuti akanga avete paakareva kuti August 4th kurwiswa kwakanga kusina kuvhiringidzwa. Dai zvainge zvaitika, zvingadai zvisingave zvisingabvumirwi. Ngarava iyo yaifungidzirwa kuti yakarwiswa musi waAugust 4th, yakanga yakanganisa zvikepe zvitatu zveNorth Vietnam uye ikauraya makepe mana eNorth Vietnam mazuva maviri zvisati zvaitika, mune chimwe chinhu apo uchapupu hunoratidza kuti United States yakadzingwa pakutanga, kunyange zvazvo zvinopesana zvaitaura. Zvechokwadi, mune rimwe basa rakasiyana nemazuva akapfuura, United States yakanga yatanga kuburitsa nyika yeNorth Vietnam.

Asi iyo inofungidzirwa kuurawa kwaAugust 4th yaiva chaizvo, kunyanya, kuverenga zvisina kufanira kwevana veUnited States. Mutungamiri wechikepe akaendesa Pentagon achizviti ari kurwiswa, uye pakarepo akabva adudzwa kuti ataure kuti kutenda kwake kwepakutanga kwaiva nekusahadzika uye hakuna zvikepe zveNorth Vietnam zvingasimbiswa munzvimbo. Mutungamiri Johnson akanga asina chokwadi kuti pakanga pave nekurwiswa chero kupi zvako paakaudza vanhu veAmerica kwaivepo. Mwedzi yakati gare gare akabvuma ari oga achiti: "Nezvose zvandinoziva, mauto edu aingova kupfura mhiriko kunze uko." Asi panguva iyoyo Johnson aive nemvumo kubva kuCongress yehondo yaaida.

Izvozvi, panguva iyoyo akazotirevera zvakare mune chimwe chechiuto chechiuto muDominican Republic kudzivirira maAmerica uye kudzivirira kupararira kwekufungidzira kwe communism. Sezvataona, hapana vaAmerica vakanga vari pangozi. Asi kururamiswa ikoko kwakanga kwakabikwa sechinotsiva chirevo chekurwisana ne communism, iyo Johnson aiziva kuti isina chazvino uye yakanga isingazivi kuti yaizobhururuka. Mumusangano wakavharwa weSeneat Foreign Relations Committee, Munyori Wemubatsiri weHurumende Thomas Mann akazotsanangura kuti mumiriri weUnited States akakumbira mukuru wemutoja weDominican kana aizoda kutamba pamwe chete nemamwe maitiro anoreva nhema:

"Zvose zvatakakumbira ndezvokuti angave achida kuchinja hwaro kubva kune imwe yekurwa kwechikominisi kune imwe yekudzivirira hupenyu hweAmerica."

Mugore iroro, Mutungamiri Johnson akaita sangano rake rezvemubatsiro uye rezvematongerwo enyika zvinokurudzira zvakajeka mumashoko kune mumiriri wechiGiriki, uyo nyika yakasarudza kusingasaruri mutungamiriri wehurumende asina kufarirwa neUnited States, uye akatya kupararira neTurkey uye anoshora United States zvirongwa zvekuparadzanisa Cyprus . Mashoko aJohnson, chokwadi chekuyeukwa sezvinodiwa neLincoln's Gettysburg Address, yaiva:

"Fung yako paramende uye iwe mutemo. America iyo nzara, Cyprus inofara. Kana idzi tsvina mbiri dzichiramba dzichitsvaira nzou, dzinogona kungoputika nehombodo, dzakanakira zvakanaka. Tinobhadhara mari yakawanda yeAmerica madhora kune vaGiriki, VaMunyori. Kana Prime Minister yako ichindipa hurukuro pamusoro pema demokarasi, paramende, nemasangano, iye, paramende yake, uye mutemo wake haugone kupera kwenguva refu. "

Basa rekusarudza zvikonzero zvehondo pane dzimwe nguva rinoratidzika kunge rakagadzirwa nehurumende yekutonga. Nguva pfupi mushure mekupinda kweIraq mu2003, apo vanhu vakanga vatenda nhema idzi dzaive kukumbira kuti zvombo zvacho zvose zvaiva chii, Munyori wechipiri we "Defense" Munyori Paul Wolfowitz akaudza Vanity Fair,

"Chokwadi ndechekuti nekuda kwezvikonzero zvine zvakawanda zvokuita nehurumende yeUnited States, takagara pane imwe nyaya iyo munhu wose aigona kubvumirana pamusoro payo yaiva zvombo zvekuparadza kukuru sechikonzero chikuru."

Mune zvinyorwa zve 2003 zvinonzi Fog of War, Robert McNamara, uyo akanga ari Munyori we "Kudzivirirwa" munguva yeT Tonkin, akabvuma kuti August 4th kutambudzwa hazvina kuitika uye kuti pane kuve nekusava nechokwadi kwakanyanya panguva iyoyo. Haana kutaura izvozvo musi waAugust 6th akanga apupurira musangano wakavharwa weSeneat Foreign Relations uye Armed Services Komiti pamwe naGener Earl Wheeler. Pamberi pemakomiti maviri, varume vaviri vakataura nechivimbo chakakwana chokuti North North yakarwisa muna August 4th. McNamara haanawo kutaura kuti mazuva mashomanana mushure meTinkin Gulf isiri chiitiko, akakumbira Joint Chiefs of Staff kuti amupe urongwa hwezvimwe zviito zveUnited States zvinogona kukanganisa North Vietnam. Akawana urongwa uye akatsigira avo vakatsamwisa mumisangano vasati vaJohn vanorayira zviito zvakadaro musi waSeptember 10th. Izvo zviito zvaisanganisira kuenderera mberi kwezvikepe zvekutakura zvombo uye kuwedzera kwekushanda, uye munaOctober kutungamirira ngarava-kune-shore bombardment yezvikwata zvemuradhi.

Bhuku reNational Security Agency (NSA) rakashuma ku2000-2001 rakagumisa kuti kwakanga kusina kurwiswa kwaTinkin musi waAugust 4th, uye kuti NSA yakareva nhema nemaune. Bhuku reBush Administration harina kubvumira kuti ripoti racho ribudiswe kusvika 2005, nekuda kwekufunganya kuti inogona kupindira nenhema dzichiudzwa kuti hondo dzeA Afghanistan neIraq dzivepo. Musi waMarch 8, 1999, Newsweek yakanga yakabudisa amai vemanyepo ose: "America haina kutanga hondo muzana remakore rino." Pasina mubvunzo Team Team yakarangarira zvakanakisisa kusiya izvozvi kunyengera kusingagadziriswi.

Ndakakurukura nhema dzakatanga Hondo kuIraq mubhuku rangu rakapfuura, Daybreak, uye havadi kuongororwa pano, kunze kwekucherechedza kuti basa rakawanda re propaganda rakashandiswa kutengesa kuti hondo yakabva kune repertoire yose yehondo yapfuura inosanganisira basa raMutungamiriri weGeorge W. Bush rakagara risati rasvika uye richikurudzira kurwisa kwevanhu, Mutungamiri Bill Clinton. Sezvo uchigara kuCuba kuti uisunungurire, United States yakaparadza hurumende dzakawanda nekuda kwezvakanaka zvevanhu vavo. Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, zvave zvichitowanzoitika kuvapurezidhendi kuti vatange mhirizhonga yepamusoro pamusoro pevanhu vanofungidzirwa magandanga kana nechinangwa chakataurwa chekudzivirira mhosva dzevanhu. Clinton akatanga hurumende yepamutemo kuburikidza nekushandisa NATO, mukuputsa kweChristian Charter uye kusingapindirani mune zvematongerwo enyika mukushora ungano yekupikisa, kuputira yekare Yugoslavia mu1999.

Nengozi yepamutemo yehutano hwemhirizhonga yakadaro ndeyekuti, kana hurumende yeUnited Nations ichidzingiswa, nyika ipi zvayo inogona kutora kodzero imwe chete yekutanga kurasa mabhomba chero bedzi ichizivisa zvinangwa zvevanhu. Dambudziko rebumbiro remitemo nderekuti chero mutungamiri wenyika anogona kutora matanho akadaro pasina kubvumirwa nevamiriri vevanhu muCongress. Kutaura zvazviri, Imba yeVamiririri yakasarudza kusabvumira bhomba mu1999, uye mutungamiri akaenderera mberi naro. Njodzi yevanhu yekuputika kwe "mapurisa" ndeyokuti kukuvadzwa kwakaitwa kunogona kunge kwakaoma sechinhu chipi zvacho chingadzivirirwa. Sangano reInternational Criminal Tribunal reYugoslavia rakaona kuti kuputika kweNATO kwave kuchiwedzera, panzvimbo yekuderera, mhosva dzehondo dzairuramiswa - dzakawanda dzaitika panguva uye kwete mberi kwebhomba.

Panguva ino, matambudziko akawanda evanhu, akadai sehupfumi hweRwanda rwe1994, haaratidzivirirwa nokuti haafaniri kufunga kuti ndeyekukosha kana kuti hapana mhinduro iri nyore yehondo inoonekwa. Tinofunga nezvekutambudzika kwemarudzi ose (kubva kumupupuriro kusvika kune mafuta kunotsvaira kumarudzi evanhukadzi) sokungogadziriswa chete nechinowanzoshandiswa chisina kukodzera chechiuto. Kana hondo iri kutotanga kuitika, chikonzero chekununurwa kwenjodzi hachidiwi. Mune 2003 muIraq, somuenzaniso, mauto eUnited States vakachengetedza ushumiri hwehuori apo masangano ematsika nehutano hwevanhu ainge apambwa uye akaparadzwa. Mune 2010 mauto eUnited States muPakistan anonyanya kusimbisa kuchengetedza nzvimbo yepamhepo panzvimbo yekubatsira mafashamo avo. Ichokwadi kuti njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza uye dzevanhu dzakagadzirwa nehondo dzewe pachako dzinoremekedzwa zvinyararire, somuenzaniso dambudziko revapoteri veIraqi panguva yekunyora uku.

Zvino pane ngozi yekusaziva zvatiri kuita nokuti isu tiri kurevikanwa. Nehondo, ichi hachisi ngozi yakawanda sekuswedera kwechokwadi. Kushandisa nhumbi inouraya vanhu vakawanda uye nguva dzose inoruramiswa nenhema inoratidzika sechinhu chisingadikanwi kunyange kune zvikonzero zvevanhu. Apo, mu1995, Croatia yakauraya kana "kuchenesa tsika" Serbs neWashington chikomborero, kutyaira vanhu 150,000 kubva kumisha yavo, hatina kufanira kuona, zvishoma kuderedza mabhomba kuti azvidzivirire. Bhomba iri rakachengetedzwa kuna Milosevic, uyo-isu takaudzwa muna 1999 - takaramba kutaurirana murugare saka saka taifanira kuputirwa. Hatina kuudzwa kuti United States yaisimbirira pane chibvumirano chokuti hapana nyika munyika inobvuma kubvuma, imwe inopa rusununguko rweNATO rusununguko rwekutora yose yeYugoslavia nekudzivirira zvachose kwemitemo yevashandi vayo vose. MunaJune 14, 1999, nyaya yeThe Nation, George Kenney, aichimbova muDhipatimendi reDhipatimendi reYugoslavia davi mukuru, akati:

"Imwe nyanzvi inotaridzika inotarisana nemumwe munyori weHurumende Madeleine Albright akaudza uyu [munyori] kuti, kupika vatori venhau kuvanze-zvakavanzika mumatauriro eRambouillet, mukuru mukuru weDhipatimendi reHurumende akazvikudza kuti United States 'yakaisa nemaune bar kupfuura maSerbs aigona kugamuchira. ' VaSerbia vaida, maererano nevakuru vakuru, bhomba duku kuti vaone chikonzero. "

Jim Jatras, mutemo wekunze kune dzimwe nyika rubatsiro kune Senate Republicans, yakashuma muna May 18, 1999, mutauro paCato Institute muWashington kuti aiva "nesimba rakanaka" apo "mukuru mukuru wehurumende akaudza vatori venhau kuRambouillet, pasi pe embargo" zvinotevera: "Tine chido chekuisa nzvimbo yacho yakakwirira kwazvo kuti maSerbia vateerere. Vanoda kubhomba, uye ndizvo zvavanenge vawana. "

Mukubvunzurudzwa ne FAIR (Kururama uye Kururama Mukupa Nyaya), vose Kenney naJatras vakatsigira kuti idzi dzaive zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa zvakanyorwa nevanyori venhau vakataura nevakuru veUnited States.

Kutaurirana nezvezvisingagoneki, uye kupomera nhema kune rimwe divi rekusaita pamwe, inzira inobatsira yekumisikidza "kuzvidzivirira" hondo. Kuseri kwechirongwa ichi mu1999 kwaive nhume yakasarudzika yeUS Richard Holbrooke, watakasangana naye pamusoro mu2010 achidzivirira hondo ine hukasha kuAfghanistan.

Kuita utsinye kurwisana neboka rimwechete revanhu kunogona kuva chikonzero chehondo yebasa kana nyaya dzisingambofungi zvachose, zvichienderana nokuti mutambudzi uyu ari musangano wehurumende yeUnited States. Saddam Hussein aigona kuponda Kurds kusvikira asati atadza, panguva iyo kuuraya Kurds kwakava kutyisa nekutsvaga-kunze kwekunge Turkey yakazviita, pane izvozvi zvaisava chinhu chokufunganya pamusoro. Muna 2010, gore ndakanyora bhuku iri, Turkey yakanga iri kuisa mamiriro ayo ezvinhu, zvisinei. Turkey neBrazil dzakanga dzatora matanho ekufambisa rugare pakati peUnited States neIran, iyo iyo yakavhiringidza vazhinji muWashington, DC Uye zvino Turkey yakabatsira mazamu anobatsira aida kuuya nechingwa nemiganhu kune vanhu veGaza vakange vachidzivirirwa uye vachinzwa nenyota hurumende yeIsrael. Izvi zvakakonzera Israeri-kutendeseka-kana-kusina kururama kuWashington, DC, kuti adzorere chinzvimbo chenguva refu uye kutsigira pfungwa yeCongress "kuziva" 1915 Armenian Genocide. Dai vaArmenia vakaerekana vava vanhu vakakwana here? Kwete kwete. Yakanga ichingova yakakosha kupomera Turkey, zana remakore rakapera, zvekuparadza, chaizvoizvo nokuti Turkey yakanga iri kuedza kuderedza kusagadzikana kwemazuva ano kwevanhu.

Aimbova Mutungamiri Jimmy Carter, uyo Noam Chomsky akadana mutungamiri wedu wechisimba kubva muHondo Yenyika II, akashinga kupomera chikamu chake chakanaka chezvakaipa, kusanganisira izvo zvakaitwa neIsrael, asi kwete kuurawa kweEast Timorese neIndonesia iyo iyo maitirwo ayo aipa zvakawanda izvo zvombo, kana kuurawa kweSalvador nehurumende yavo iyo inotungamirirwa nehutungamiri hwavo. Maitiro eArocious anogamuchirwa uye anoramba akanyarara paanogadzirira. Inotsanangurwa uye inoshandiswa kururamisa hondo chete apo vaiti vehondo vanoda hondo kune zvimwe zvikonzero zvezvikonzero. Vaya vanoteerera vanofara nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekuita sehondo vari kushandiswa.

Pane hondo imwe munhoroondo yeUnited States iyo yatinotaura pachena kuti sechisimba uye hatiedzi kuzvidzivirira sekuzvidzivirira. Kana, pane kudaro, vamwe vedu vanoita. Vazhinji vemuAfrica vanoreva iyo seHondo yeNorthern Aggression, uye North inonzi iyo Hondo Yenyika. Yakanga iri hondo yeSouth yakarwira kodzero yekuenda uye North yakarwa kurwisa nyika kuti dzisiye, kwete kudziviririra pachavo kune dzimwe nyika. Tauya rwendo rurefu maererano nemashoko ekururamisira atinoda kune vanoita hondo. Kunyange zvazvo ini ndisina chokwadi hurumende yeUnited States ingabvumira hurumende kuenda murugare kunyange nhasi, chero hondo ipi zvayo inofanira kunge yakarurama mumashoko evanhu asingazivikanwi mumazana emakore akapfuura.

Sezvatichaona muchitsauko chechina, hondo dzave dzakaipa uye dzinotyisa. Asi zvikonzero zvakakonzerwa kuti zvitsanangurire kana kuti kuzviregerera zvakava zvakanaka uye zvisingabatsiri. Iye zvino tava kurwisana hondo kuitira kuti nyika iwane mutsa, rudo, uye rupo.

Zvimwe ndizvo zvandakanzwa uye zvatichaongorora muchitsauko chechitatu.