HONDO DZAKASINGADZIRWA NEZVAKAITIKA

Chimwe chezvikonzero zvekare kare zvehondo ndechekuti muvengi haasina kuipa. Anonamata mwari asina kururama, ane ganda rakaipa uye mutauro, anoita utsinye, uye haagoni kukonzerana naye. Nzira yekare yekuita hondo kune dzimwe nyika uye kuchinja avo vasina kuurayiwa muchitendero chakanaka "nokuda kwekuti ivo pachavo vakanaka" yakafanana netsika yezvino yekuuraya vanovenga vatorwa nekuda kwechikonzero chaicho chokuti hurumende dzavo dzinoremekedza kodzero dzevakadzi. Kubva pakati pekodzero dzevakadzi dzakapoteredzwa nenzira yakadai, imwe inoshaikwa: kodzero yehupenyu, semapoka evakadzi muAfghanan akaedza kutsanangurira avo vanoshandisa dambudziko ravo kuti varuramise hondo. Vakatenda zvakaipa kwevadzivisi vedu vanotibvumira kuti tisaverengere vakadzi vasiri maAmerica kana varume kana vana vakaurawa. Nhau dzekuMadokero dzinosimbisa kukanganisa kwedu nemifananidzo isingagumi yevakadzi muBurqas, asi haitombotitambudzi nemifananidzo yevakadzi nevana vakaurayiwa nemauto edu uye mhirizhonga yemhepo.

Fungidzira kana hondo yakarwiswa zvechokwadi, mazano, zvinangwa zvevanhu, "mararamiro erusununguko," uye "kupararira kwehurumende": hazviiti here kuti tiverenge vakafa kune dzimwe nyika kuitira kuti tive nemamwe maitiro akaoma ekuverenga kana kuti akanaka tanga tichiedza kuwedzera kukanganisa uku? Hatiiti kudaro, nokuda kwechikonzero chakajeka chatinofunga kuti muvengi akaipa uye akakodzera rufu uye tinotenda kuti chero imwe pfungwa ingati iite kusengedzwa kwedu rega. Taiwanzoverenga muvengi wakafa, muVietnam uye hondo yapfuura, sechiyero chekufambira mberi. Muna 2010 Mukuru David Petraeus akadzokorora zvishoma izvi muAfghanistan, pasina kusanganisira vevanhu vakafa. Nokuda kwechikamu chikuru ikozvino, zvakadaro, iyo yakakosha nhamba yevakafa, kunyanya kutsoropodza kune yehondo. Asi nokurega kuverenga nekufungidzira, tinopa mutambo wacho: isu tichiri kuisa kukosha kana kusina maturo pahupenyu huno.

Asi sezvakangofungidzirwa kuti vahedheni vaisakanganisika vakashandurwa kuchitendero chakarurama apo kuchema nekufa kwakamira, saizvozvo hondo dzedu dzinoguma dzichiguma, kana kuti kushanda kwechigarire chechiputi chinoputika. Panguva iyoyo, vatsamwiri vasingadikanwi vadzivisi vanova vanoyemura kana kuti zvisingatenderwi kushamwaridzana. Vaive vakaipa kutanga kana kuti vaiti saka kungoita kuti zvive nyore kutora rudzi kurwisana nekunyengetedza varwi varo kuti varatidze uye moto? Vanhu veGermany vakava madhimoni evanhu vese nguva yatinofanira kuita hondo pamusoro pavo, ndokudzoka kuva vanhu vakakwana apo rugare rwakauya? Vatongi vedu veRussia vakave sei umambo hwakaipa panguva yavakamira kuita basa rakanaka rekubatsira kuuraya maGermany? Kana kuti taingova kungofungidzira kuti vakanga vakanaka, apo chaizvoizvo vaive vakaipa nguva dzose? Kana kuti taive tichifungidzira kuti vakanga vakaipa pavakangovhiringidza vamwe vanhu, sesu here? Vafghans neAraqis vakave sei madhimoni apo boka reSaudis rakabhururuka ndege kuzvivako muUnited States, uye vanhu veSaudi vakagara sei vanhu? Usatarisira logic.

Kutenda mumusangano wekurwisana nechakaipa kunoramba kurikurudzira zvakasimba vatsigiri vehondo nevatori vechikamu. Vamwe vatsigiri nevatori vechikamu muhondo dzeUnited States vanosimbiswa, chaizvoizvo, nechishuvo chekuuraya nekushandura vasati vasiri vaKristu. Asi hapana chimwe cheizvi chinonyanya kukosha chaiyo, kana kuti chinangwa chekutanga uye chepamusoro-soro, zvinokurudzira zvevarwi vehondo, izvo zvichakurukurwa muchitsauko 6. Kusarura kwavo uye ruvengo, kana vane chero, vanogona kuvhara mafungiro avo, asi havawanzofambisa mararamiro avo. Vagadziri vehondo vanoona, asi, vanowana kutya, ruvengo, uye kutsiva kuti vave vanhu vanokurudzira vane simba uye vanoita zvehondo. Mhirizhonga yedu-yakazara tsika yakakurumbira inotitadzisa kuvhara dambudziko rekurwisana nechisimba, uye hurumende yedu inotamba nekutya ikoko nekutyisidzira, kunyeverwa, mavara-e-coded nengozi, kutsvaga kwenhandare, uye kutamba makadhi ane zviso zvevavengi vakaipa kwazvo pavari .

Chikamu: CHINHU chakaipa neH HARM

Zvikonzero zvakanyanya zvekudzivirirwa rufu uye kutambura munyika zvinosanganisira hondo. Asi pano muUnited States, zvikonzero zvinonyanya kukonzera rufu zvinodzivirirwa hazvisi tsika dzekune imwe nyika, hurumende dzenyika, kana mapoka emagandanga. Izvo zvirwere, njodzi, kuputika kwemotokari, uye kuzviuraya. "Hondo pamusoro pehurombo," "Hondo pamusoro pehupfumi," uye mamwe mishandirapamwe yakakundikana kuedza kuunza kune zvimwe zvikonzero zvinokonzera kukuvara nekurasikirwa kwehupenyu kushuva kwakadaro nekukurumidzira kunowanzobatanidzwa nehondo kurwisa zvakaipa. Sei chirwere chemwoyo chisingaiti zvakaipa? Sei kusvuta fodya kana kusakwanisa kuchengetedzwa kwemaitiro kushanda kwete zvakaipa? Pakati pezvinhu zvinokura zvisina kukuvara zvinokanganisa mararamiro ehupenyu hwedu kupisa kwepasi pose. Sei tisingaregi kukurumidza kuedza zvose kurwisa izvi zvinokonzera rufu?

Chikonzero ndechimwe chisinganzwisisi, asi chinonzwisisa mupfungwa kwatiri isu mose. Kana mumwe munhu akaedza kuvanza dambudziko remidzanga, achiziva izvi zvaizoguma nokutambura kukuru uye rufu, angadai akaita saizvozvo kuti aite buck, kwete kundikuvadza ini pachedu. Kunyangwe dai akazviita nekuda kwekufara kusuruvara kwekukuvadza vanhu vakawanda, kunyange zvazvo mabasa ake angave akaipa, haazove akangotanga kundikuvadza kunyanya kuburikidza nechisimba.

Vatambi nevashambadziri vanozviisa mukutya uye njodzi chete nekuda kwekufadzwa. Vagari vomunyika vanotsungirira kuparadza mabhomba vanotya kutya uye njodzi, asi kwete dambudziko rinotambudzwa nemauto. Apo masoja anodzoka kubva kuhondo mupfungwa dzepfungwa, haisi kunyanya nokuti dzakange dziri kuburikidza nekutya uye njodzi. Zvinonyanya kukonzera kushungurudzika muhondo zvinotofanira kuuraya vamwe vanhu uye kuva nekutarisana nemamwe vanhu avo vanoda kukuurayai. Iyo yekupedzisira inorondedzerwa naLt. Col. Dave Grossman mubhuku rake Pamusoro peKilling se "mweya wekuvenga." Grossman anotsanangura kuti:

"Tinoda kwazvo kuti tifarwe, tinoda, uye tive nekutonga kwehupenyu hwedu; uye nokuda, kudzvinyirira, kuvenga kwevanhu uye utsinye - kupfuura chimwe chinhu chipi zvacho muhupenyu-chinopesana nesu kuzvidzora, manzwiro edu ekudzora, pfungwa yedu yenyika sechinhu chinonzwisisika uye chinonzwisisika, uye, pakupedzisira, utano hwedu hwepfungwa nehutano. . . . Hasi kutya kwekufa nekukuvara kubva kune zvirwere kana pangozi asi pane zviito zvekuzvidzivirira kwevanhu uye kudzvinyirirwa nevanhu vedu vanoita kutya nekunyangadza mumoyo yedu. "

Ndicho chikonzero nei drill sergeants ichinyengeri-zvakaipa kune vanodzidziswa. Vari kuisa inoculating navo, vachigadzirisa kutarisana, kubata, uye vanotenda kuti vanogona kupona mweya we ruvengo. Vazhinji vedu, nerufaro, tisina kudzidziswa. Ndege dzaSeptember 11, 2001, dzisina kurova misha yedu zhinji, asi kutenda kunotyisa kuti avo vaitevera vangatirova isu vakatya simba rinokosha mune zvematongerwo enyika, iro vazhinji vezvematongerwe enyika vakangokurudzira chete. Isu takabva taratidzwa mifananidzo yevatorwa, vemavara-ganda, vaMuslim, vasingatauri chiRungu vakataura vasungwa vachibatwa semhuka dzesango uye vachitambudzirwa nokuti vakange vasingakwanisi kufunga. Uye kwemakore isu takabvisa mararamiro edu kutsigira kuurayiwa kwe "rag musoro" uye "hadji" kwenguva refu mushure mokunge Saddam Hussein abudiswa kunze kwesimba, akabatwa, uye akaurawa. Izvi zvinoratidza simba rekutenda mukupikisa zvakaipa. Iwe haugoni kuwana kuparadzwa kwehuipi chero kupi zvako mumapepa ePurogiramu yeNew American Century, i-think tank yakakunda zvakaoma hondo yeIraq. Kushora zvakaipa inzira yekuwana avo vasingazobatsiri munzira chero ipi zvayo kubva kuhondo iri mubhokisi nekuchikurudzira.

Chikamu: ATROCITIES

Muhondo chero ipi zvayo, mativi ose maviri anoti anoda kurwira zvakanaka kune zvakaipa. (Panguva yeGulf War, Mutungamiri George HW Bush akashandura zita rekutanga raSaddam Hussein kuti riite seSodhoma, asi Hussein akataura nezve "Dhiyabhorosi Bush.") Kana imwe rutivi rungave rwuri kutaura chokwadi, zviri pachena kuti mapoka maviri muhondo haagoni kunge ari kudivi hwekunaka kwakachena kune zvakaipa zvachose. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, chimwe chinhu chakaipa chinogona kutaurwa kune uchapupu. Icho rumwe rutivi rwakaita hutsinye hunongova huipi humwe hunozoita. Uye kana ikasaita saizvozvo, saka dzimwe utsinye zvinogona kuumbwa nyore nyore. Harold Laswell's 1927 bhuku rePropaganda Technique muHondo Yenyika inosanganisira chitsauko che "Satanism," iyo inoti:

"Chirevo chakanaka chekusimudzira ruvengo ndechekuti kana pakutanga vasingatsvaki, shandisa utsinye. Iyo yakashanda nekubudirira kusinganzwisisiki mumakakatanwa ose anozivikanwa nevanhu. Pakutanga, kana kazhinji kunobatsira, hausi kure zvakakosha. Mumazuva okutanga eHondo ye1914 [yakazonzi Hondo Yenyika I] nyaya inosuruvarisa yakaudzwa nezvemakore ane makore manomwe, ainge ataura pfuti yake yehuni padhipatimendi rekurwisa Uhlans, uyo akanga amutumira pa spot. Iyi nhau yakanga yaita basa rakanaka kwazvo muhondo yeFranco-Prussian makore makumi mana apfuura. "

Dzimwe nhau dzinotyisa dzinowedzera mazviri chaizvoizvo. Asi kazhinji utsinye hwakafanana hunogona kuwanika mune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzatisina kusarudza kuita hondo. Dzimwe nguva tinoita hondo nokuda kwekudzvinyirira ivo pachavo vane mhosva yehutsinye. Dzimwe nguva tine mhosva yematambudziko akafanana isu pachedu kana kunyange takaita basa muhutsinye hwemuvengi wedu mutsva uye taimbova shamwari. Kunyange mhosva huru yatinoenda nayo kuhondo inogona kuva imwe yatinopomerwa isu pachedu. Iko inokosha, mukutengesa hondo, kuramba kana kuregerera utsinye hwomunhu hunosimbisa kana kuumba muvengi. Mutungamiri Theodore Roosevelt akataurira utsinye nemaPhilippines, achidzinga avo vakaitwa nemauto eUnited States muPhilippine sevasina mhinduro uye hapana chakaipisisa kupfuura izvo zvakaitwa pakuurayiwa kweSioux paWounded Knee, sokunge kuti kuurayiwa kwevanhu vakawanda kwaive acceptability. Imwe nhamo yeUnited States muPhilippines inosanganisira kuuraya pamusoro pe600, kunyangwe isina varwi, varume, vakadzi, uye vana vakarovererwa mumupata wegomo rinoputika. The General murairo weiyo basa yakaratidza pachena kuparadzwa kwevaPhilippines vose.

Mukutengesa Hondo muIraq, zvakave zvakakosha kusimbisa kuti Saddam Hussein akashandisa zvombo zvemakemikari, uye zvakakosha zvakaenzana kudzivisa kuti akanga aita saizvozvo neUnited States. George Orwell akanyora muna 1948,

"Zviito zvinoratidzwa kuti zvakanaka kana zvakaipa, kwete pane zvavanoda asi maererano neavo vanozviita, uye hakuchina chero rudzi rwekutsamwa-kutambudzwa, kushandiswa kwevakasungwa, basa rekumanikidzirwa, kuendeswa kunze, kuiswa mujeri pasina kutongwa, kukanganisa, kuurayiwa, kuputika kwevanhu vemazuva ose - izvo zvisingachinje mararamiro avo kana zvikaitwa ne 'vedu'. . . . Idzi wenyika kwete kwete chete haibvumiri utsinye hwakaitwa neavo, asi ane simba rinoshamisa rekusava nekunzwa nezvavo. "

Pane imwe nguva tinoda kusimudza mubvunzo wekuti hutsinye hunokonzerwa nevanoronga hondo, iyo inofanira kutitungamirira kuti tifungewo mubvunzo wekuti hondo ndeyo yakanakisisa yekudzivirira utsinye.

Chikamu: CHINHU CHIRI MUNHU YEDU

Nhoroondo yeUnited States, zvinosuruvarisa, ndeye imwe yenhema huru. Tinoudzwa kuti Mexico yakatitambudza, apo chaizvoizvo takavarwisa. Spain inoramba Cubans nePhilippines rusununguko rwavo, apo isu tinofanira kunge tiri ivo vachivaramba rusununguko rwavo. Germany iri kuita zvemiteriyasi, iyo inopesana nehurumende yeBritain, yeFrance, neyeUnited States. Howard Zinn anotsanangura kubva pa 1939 skit muA People's History yeUnited States:

"Isu, hurumende dzeGreat Britain neUnited States, muzita reIndia, Burma, Malaya, Australia, British East Africa, British Guiana, Hongkong, Siam, Singapore, Egypt, Palestine, Canada, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, uyewo kuPuerto Rico, Guam, Philippines, Hawaii, Alaska, uye Virgin Islands, pano inotaura zvakanyanyisa, kuti iyi haisi hondo yevaimerica. "

Bhizimisi reMhepo yeHurumende reBritain rakaramba rakabatikana pakati pehondo mbiri dzenyika dzichikanda mabhomba kuIndia, uye yakatora mutoro mukuru wekuita mapurisa kuIraq kuburikidza nemoto inouraya madzinza avo vasina kana vasingakwanisi kubhadhara mitero. Apo Britain yakaratidza hondo kuGermany, vaBritish vakasunga zviuru zvevanhu muIndia mukurwisana neHondo Yenyika II. Ko maBritish mauto emhirizhonga muHondo Yenyika II, kana kungoita zvechiGerman mhirizhonga here?

Vavengi vekutanga vezvikwata zvevarwi vevanhu vangangodaro vaiva makaka makuru, mabheya, nemamwe mhuka dzakatarisa madzitateguru edu. Mifananidzo yemifananidzo yemhuka iyi inogona kunge iri yemamwe mabhuku ekutanga okushandira mauto, asi zvitsva hazvina kuchinja zvakawanda. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II maNazi akashandisa pepa rinoratidza vavengi vavo seva gorilla, vachikopa pepa iyo hurumende yeAmerica yakagadzira hondo yekutanga yenyika kuisa madhimoni kana kuisa pasi maGermany. IAmerican version yakatora mazwi okuti "Bvisai Mad Mad Brute," uye yakanga yanyorwa kubva kune imwe pepaneripi neBritish. US posters panguva yeHondo Yenyika II yakaratidzawo maJapan semakorila uye madhimoni eropa.

Mashoko ekuBritain neUS akakurudzira maAmerican kuti varwe muHondo Yenyika I yakanangana nekuratidzira kwemaGerman nezvehutsinye hwenhema hwakaitwa muBelgium. Komiti Yezve Ruzhinji Ruzivo, inotungamirwa naGeorge Creel pachinzvimbo chaMutungamiri Woodrow Wilson, yakaronga "Varume Vane Minute Varume" avo vakapa hurukuro dzekutsigira-hondo mumitambo yemamuvhi mumaminetsi mana aakatora kushandura reels. Yekuenzanisira hurukuro yakadhindwa muKomiti Minute Men Bulletin muna Ndira 2, 1918, verenga:

"Apo isu takagara pano manheru ano tichifarira mufananidzo, unoona here kuti zviuru zvevaBelgium, vanhu vakaita sesu, vari kutambudzika muuranda pasi pevatenzi vePrussia? . . . Prussian 'Schrecklichkeit' (sangano rekuzvipira rehugandanga) rinotungamirira kuchisimba chisingadikanwi chinonzi besotten. Mauto eGermany. . . vaiwanzogombedzerwa nekuda kwavo, ivo pachavo vachichema, kuita mitemo isingatauriki yevarume vekare, vakadzi, nevana vasina kudzivirirwa. . . . Somuenzaniso, paDhiniant madzimai nevana ve40 varume vakamanikidzwa kuona kuparadzwa kwevarume vavo nemadzibaba avo. "

Avo vanoita kana vanotenda kuti vakaita utsinye hwakadaro vanogona kurapwa sevashoma kudarika vanhu. (Kunyange zvazvo maGermany akaita utsinye muBelgium uye munguva yose yehondo, avo vakagamuchirwa zvakanyanya iye zvino vanozivikanwa kuti vakave vakagadzirwa kana kuti vakasara vasina kubvumirana uye zvikuru vasina mubvunzo.)

Muna 1938, varaidzo veJapan vakanyepera nemanyepo masoja eChina seanokundikana kubvisa zvitunha zvavo mushure mehondo, achivasiya kumhuka nezvinhu. Izvi sezviri pachena zvakabatsira kururamisa maJapan pakuita hondo neChina. Mauto eGerman akapinda muUkraine panguva yeHondo Yenyika II angadai akatendeuka achipa mauto eSoviet kudivi ravo, asi vakatadza kubvuma kuzvipira kwavo nekuti vaisakwanisa kuvaona sevanhu. Kudhimoni kweUS kwemaJapan panguva yeHondo Yenyika II kwaive kwakabudirira zvekuti mauto eUS akazviona zvakaoma kumisa mauto eU.S. kuuraya mauto eJapan aiyedza kuzvipira. Paivewo nezviitiko zvemaJapan ekunyepedzera kuzvipira uyezve vachirwisa, asi izvo hazvitsanangure chiitiko ichi.

Kutambudza kweJapan kwakanga kwakawanda uye kwakavanzika, uye hakuna kudikanwa kuti zvive zvakagadzirwa. US posters uye mapikicha akafananidza japane sezvipembenene uye mbongoro. Mukuru weAustralia Sir Thomas Blamey akaudza New York Times kuti:

"Kurwisana neJaps hakusi kurwisana nevanhu vese. IJaf ndeyomumwe munhu asingabereki. . . . Hatisi kubata nevanhu sezvatinoziva. Tiri kutarisana nechimwe chinhu chekare. Mauto edu ane maonero akanaka maJaps. Vanovaona severmin. "

Sarudzo yeUnited States ku1943 yakawana kuti inenge hafu yeGI yose yakatenda kuti zvingava zvakafanira kuuraya maJapan ose pasi pano. Murwi munyori Edgar L. Jones akanyora muFebruary 1946 Atlantic Monthly,

"Ndeipi hondo yevanhu vanofunga kuti takarwisana zvakadaro? Takatema vasungwa muchitonho cheropa, takabvisa zvipatara, takasunga zvikepe zvoupenyu, takauraya kana kuti tikashungurudza vanhu vemavengi, takapedza muvengi wekukuvadzwa, tikakanda kufa mukati megomba revakafa, uye muPacific nyuchi yakabikwa kubva kune zvitsvuku zvevavengi kuita zvishongo zvemafura zvinotapira, kana kuvepa mapfupa avo mumabhuku ekuzarura. "

Varwi havaiti chinhu chakadai kuvanhu. Vanozviita kuzvikara zvakaipa.

Muchokwadi, vavengi muhondo havasi vashoma pane vanhu. Ivo madhimoni. Munguva yeHondo yeVanhu vemuUS, Herman Melville akasimbisa kuti Maodzanyemba airwira denga uye Maodzanyemba kugehena, achinongedzera kumaodzanyemba se "Lusiferi akakwidziridzwa. Munguva yeHondo yeVietnam, saSusan Brewer anorondedzera mubhuku rake Nei America Ichirwa,

"Nhaurirano yehondo yakawanzoita 'hurukuro yevarwi vehurumende' hurukuro nehurukuro dzevakuru vechidiki vaizozivikanwa nezita, nzvimbo, uye kuguta. Mutoja aizotaura pamusoro peku "pano kuita basa" uye kuratidza chivimbo pakupedzisira kuzviita. . . . Kusiyana neizvi, muvengi aigara achinyadziswa mumashoko ehupfumi. Mauto eAmerica akataura kune muvengi se 'gooks,' 'slope,' kana kuti 'dinks.' "

A Gulf War yekunyora katuni muMiami Herald yakaratidza Saddam Hussein segamba hombe rakabvaruka richirwisa United States. Hussein aigara achienzaniswa naAdolf Hitler. Musi waGumiguru 9, 1990, musikana ane makore gumi neshanu wekuKuwaiti akaudza komiti yeUS congressional kuti aona mauto eIraq achitora vacheche gumi nemashanu kubva mune incubator muchipatara cheKuwaiti ovasiya vari panotonhora kuti vafe. Dzimwe nhengo dzekongiresi, kusanganisira mushakabvu Tom Lantos (D., Calif.), Vaiziva asi havana kuudza vanhu veUS kuti musikana uyu aive mwanasikana wemumiriri weKuwaiti kuUnited States, kuti akange adzidziswa neUS huru. kambani yehukama neruzhinji yakabhadharwa nehurumende yeKuwaiti, uye kuti pakanga pasina humwe humbowo hwenyaya iyi. Mutungamiri George HW Bush vakashandisa vacheche vakafa nyaya kagumi mumazuva makumi mana anotevera, uye maseneta manomwe vakaishandisa mudare reSeneti kuti vobvumidza here chiuto. Mushandirapamwe weKuwaiti wekuzivisa zvisizvo weGulf War waizobudirira kudzokororwa nemapoka eIraq anofarira shanduko yeIraq makore gumi nemaviri gare gare.

Iko tsvina inongova chikamu chinodikanwa chekugadzirisa mweya isina simba 'manzwiro ekuita basa rinokosha uye rinokosha rehondo here? Isu tose, mumwe nomumwe wedu, akachenjera uye anoziva vari mukati mavo vanofanira kubvumira kuti varevi venhema nokuti vamwe vanongonzwisisa chete? Iyi mutsara wekufunga yaizove yakanyengetedza kana hondo dzikaita zvakanaka zvisingakwanisi kuitwa pasina ivo uye kana vakazviita pasina zvose zvinokuvadza. Hondo mbiri dzakasimba uye makore mazhinji ehubhomba uye kushayiwa gare gare, mutongi akaipa weIraq akanga apera, asi takapedza mabhiriyoni emadhora; mamiriyoni eIraqis akanga afa; mamiriyoni mana akadzingwa uye akashushikana uye akasiyiwa; chisimba chaiva kwose kwose; Kutengesa zvepabonde kwaive kuchikwidza; izvo zvinokosha zvekugadzirisa magetsi, mvura, kushambwa kwemvura, uye hutano hwakanga huri matongo (mune chikamu nekuda kwechikonzero cheUnited States chokudzikinura mari yeIraak nokuda kwebatsiro); hupenyu hwekutarisira hwaderera; chirwere chekenza mu Fallujah chakapfuura izvo zviri muHiroshima; mapoka emagandanga anopesana neU.S. aishandisa basa reIraq senhare yekuunganidza; kwakanga kusina hurumende inoshanda muIraq; uye vazhinji veIraqis vakati vachange vari nani pamwe naSaddam Hussein musimba. Tinofanira kunyengerwa nekuda kweizvi? Zvechokwadi?

Zvechokwadi, Saddam Hussein akaita zvinhu chaiye zvakaipa. Akauraya uye akatambudza. Asi akaunza kutambura kukuru kuburikidza nehondo neIran umo United States yakamubatsira. Aigona kunge akave chinhu chakanaka chekuipa, pasina rudzi rwedu rwese rwunoda kuve sechikamu chekunaka kwakanaka. Asi nei vaAmerica, kaviri, nenzira imwe chete vakasarudza nguva chaiyo iyo hurumende yedu yaida kuita hondo kuti ishatirwe pane zvakaipa zvaSaddam Hussein? Sei vatongi veSaudi Arabia, iri pedyo nemasuo, pasina chikonzero chekutambudzika mumoyo yedu yevanhu? Tiri isu vane mafungiro emagariro, tichikuvadza ruvengo kune avo tine mukana wekusasunungura kana kuuraya here? Kana kuti avo vari kutitaurira kuti ndiani watinofanira kuvenga mwedzi uno ivo vanonyatsotarisana?

Chikamu: BIGOTED RACIST JINGOISM INOBATSIRA MHURIYA KUENDA PASI

Izvo zvinoita kuti nhema dzinonakidza uye dzisingatauri nhema dzinotendeseka dzakasiyana uye kusarura, kune vamwe uye nekuda kwedu. Pasina rusarura rwechitendero, rusarura, uye kuratidzira nyika inonzi jingoism, hondo dzaizova zvakaoma kutengesa.

Chitendero chine nguva refu chiri kururamiswa kwehondo, iyo yakarwirwa vamwari vasati varwirwa maharahara, madzimambo, uye madzimambo. Kana Barbara Ehrenreich ane zvinyorwa mubhuku rake rinonzi Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War, avo vekare vakagara mberi kwehondo vakange vari kurwisana neshumba, ingwe, nezvimwe zvinotyisa zvevanhu. Muzvokwadi, izvo zvikara zvinouraya zvingave zvinyorwa kubva kune izvo vamwari vakagadzirwa - uye drones dzisina kutumidzwa dzinonzi (eg "the Predator"). Iyo "chibayiro chekupedzisira" muhondo inogona kunge yakanyatsobatana nekuita kwekupira kwevanhu sezvazvakanga zviripo hondo dzisati dzatinoziva dzikavapo. Iyo manzwiro (kwete zvivimbiso kana zvakaitwa, asi zvimwe zvekunzwa) zvechitendero nehondo zvingangove zvakafanana, kana zvisingafananidzi, nokuti maitiro acho maviri ane nhoroondo yakafanana uye haasati yakambosiyana.

Nhepfenyuro uye hondo dzekoloni uye dzimwe hondo dzakawanda dzakange dzine zvikonzero zvechitendero. Vanhu veAmerica vakarwa hondo dzechitendero kwezvizvarwa zvakawanda zvisati zvaitika hondo yekusununguka kubva kuEngland. Captain John Underhill mu1637 akatsanangura hondo yake yehondo inopesana nePequot:

"Captaine Mason achipinda muWigwam, akabudisa moto-chigadziko, mushure mekunge iye akakuvadza vazhinji mumba; ipapo iye akaisa moto kumavirazuva-kurutivi. . . ini ndoga ndakapisa moto kumucheto kwekumaodzanyemba neine chirairo chePowder, moto wevose wakasangana pakati penhare yakatsvaira zvikuru kwazvo, uye wakapisa zvose munzvimbo ye halfe houre; vanhu vazhinji vanorumbidzwa vakanga vasingadi kubuda, uye vakarwa zvikuru kwazvo. . . saka ivo vakapiswa uye vakapiswa. . . uye saka vakaparara nesimba. . . Vakawanda vaipiswa muRwanda, vose varume, vakadzi, uye vana. "

Izvi MuMupata zvinotsanangura sehondo tsvene:

"Ishe anofarira kushandisa vanhu vake matambudziko nematambudziko, kuti iye aonekwe navo netsitsi, uye ajekese zvakajeka nyasha dzake dzekusununguka kumweya yavo."

Pasi pemuganhu zvinoreva mweya wake, uye vanhu vaIshe ndezvevanhu vatsvene. Vanhu vekuAmerica vangave vaiva vakashinga uye vakashinga, asi vakanga vasingazivikanwi sevanhu mupfungwa yakazara. Makore maviri nehafu gare gare, vazhinji vekuAmerica vakanga vawedzera maonero akawanda, uye vazhinji vakanga vasina. Mutungamiri William McKinley vaiona maPhilippines seanoda basa remauto nekuda kwavo pachavo. Susan Brewer anorondedzera iyi nhoroondo kubva kune mushumiri:

"Kutaura kune nhume dzeMethodist mu1899, [McKinley] akasimbisa kuti akanga asingadi Philippines uye 'pavakasvika kwatiri, sechipo chinobva kuna vanamwari, ndakanga ndisingazivi zvokuita navo.' Akatsanangura kunyengetera pamabvi ake kuti atungamirire apo paakauya kwaari kuti zvaizova 'kutyisa nekunyadziswa' kupa zviwi zvakare kuSpain, 'bhizinesi rakaipa' kuvapa vatengesi vekutengeserana Germany neFrance, uye hazvibviri kuvasiya 'mhirizhonga uye misrule' pasi pevanhu vasina kufanira kuFhilippines. 'Hapana chakanga chasara kwatiri kuti tiite,' akagumisa, 'asi kuti atore zvose, uye kudzidzisa maPhilippines, nekusimudzira nekudzivirirana uye kuvanamata.' Mune nhoroondo yekutungamirirwa naMwari, McKinley haana kurega kutaura kuti vazhinji vePhilippines vakanga vari Roma Katurike kana kuti Philippines yaiva nedyunivhesiti yakakura kupfuura Harvard. "

Hazvina chokwadi nhengo zhinji dzekutumwa kweMethodist dzakabvunza huchenjeri hwaMcKinley. Sokutaura kwakaita Harold Lasswell muna 1927, "Machechi einenge rondedzero dzese anogona kuvimbwa nekukomborera hondo yakakurumbira, uye kuona mairi mukana wekukunda kwechirongwa chero chipi zvacho chavanoda kusimudzira." Zvese zvaidikanwa, akadaro Lasswell, kwaive kutora "vafundisi vanoonekera" kuti vatsigire hondo, uye "mwenje mudiki uchapenya shure." Zvinyorwa zvepropaganda muUnited States munguva yeHondo Yenyika I yakaratidza Jesu akapfeka khaki uye achiona pasi pemba yepfuti. Lasswell akange ararama kuburikidza nehondo yakarwa nemaGerman, vanhu avo vaipinda chitendero chimwechete sevaAmerican. Zvakareruka sei kushandisa chinamato muhondo kurwisa maMuslim muzana ramakumi maviri nerimwe ramakore. Karim Karim, purofesa wevadzidzi paCarleton University's Chikoro cheJenali neKutaurirana, anonyora kuti:

"Nhoroondo yepamutemo ye'Smuslim 'yakave yakakosha zvikuru kune hurumende dzekuMadokero dzinoronga kurwisa nyika dzakawanda dzeMuslim. Kana maonero evanhu munyika dzavo anogona kugutsikana kuti vaMuslim vane utsinye uye vanoita zvechisimba, zvino kuuraya uye kuparadza pfuma yavo kunowanikwa zvakajeka. "

Muzvokwadi, hongu, chitendero cheumwe hachina mhosva yekuita hondo, uye vatungamiri veUnited States havachazviti zvinodaro. Asi kutendeukira kwechiKristu kunojairika muuto reUnited States, uye ndizvo zvakaita ruvengo rwevaMuslim. Varwi vakataura kune veMasitarian Religious Freedom Foundation apo pavanotsvaka kurapa kwehutano hwepfungwa, ivo vakatumirwa kuvadzidzisi panzvimbo yavo avo vakavakurudzira kuti varambe vari "munhandare" kuti "vauraye vaMuslim nokuda kwaKristu."

Chitendero chinogona kushandiswa kukurudzira kutenda kuti izvo zvauri kuita zvakanaka kunyange kana zvisinganzwisisi kwauri. Munhu akakwirira anonzwisisa, kunyange iwe usingatendi. Chitendero chinogona kupa hupenyu mushure mekufa uye kutenda kuti uri kuuraya nekuisa upenyu pangozi nekuda kwechikonzero chikuru. Asi chitendero hachisi chega cheboka chakasiyana chinogona kushandiswa kusimudzira hondo. Chero misiyano yemutauro kana mutauro ichaita, uye simba rechisarura kuti rive nemhando dzakaipa dzemhando dzehupenyu hwevanhu dzakanyatsosimbiswa. Sénatrice Albert J. Beveridge (R., Ind.) Akapa Seneti maonero aMwari akafanirwa nehondo kuPhilippines:

"Mwari haana kunge achigadzirira vanhu veChirungu vachitaura neTeutonic kwemakore ane chiuru pasina chinhu kunze kwekusafunga uye kusazvifungisisa kuzvifungisisa uye kuzvidzora. Aihwa! Akaita kuti tive vatungamiri vepasi venyika kuti tigadzirise hurongwa huripo hunotonga. "

Hondo mbiri dzenyika muEurope, apo dzichirwisana pakati pemarudzi iye zvino zvinowanzofungidzirwa se "dhena," inobatanidza rusarura kumativi ose zvakare. Pepanhau reFrance rinonzi La Croix munaAugust 15, 1914, rakapemberera "mutambo wekare wevaGauls, vaRoma, uye vaFrance vachidzoka mukati medu," ndokuzivisa kuti

"MaGermany anofanira kunatswa kubva kubhino rekuruboshwe reRine. Aya mahedheni anonyadzisa anofanirwa kuendeswa kumashure mukati mawo miganhu. IvaGauls yeFrance neBelgium inofanira kudzosera muvengi wacho nechinetso chakasimba, kamwe chete. Nhangemutange yehondo inowanikwa. "

Makore matatu gare gare yakave kutendeuka kweUnited States kurasikirwa nepfungwa dzayo. Musi waDecember 7, 1917, Congressman Walter Chandler (D., Tenn.) Akaparidzirwa pasi pasi peImba:

"Zvakarehwa kuti kana iwe ukazoongorora ropa remuJudha pasi pe microscope, uchawana Talmud neBhaibheri rekare rinotenderera kune zvimwe zvikamu. Kana iwe uchitarisa ropa remumiriri weGermany kana Teuton uchawana mishonga pfuti uye zvikamu zvehombodo nemabhoti ari kutenderera muropa. . . . Kurwisana kusvikira iwe uchiparadza boka rose. "

Iro rudzi rwekufunga harubatsiri chete mukugadzirisa mabhuku ekuongorora mari-hondo kubva mumapato eungano, asiwo mukubvumira vechidiki vavanotumira kuhondo kuti vauraye. Sezvatichaona muchitsauko shanu, kuuraya hakusviki nyore. Panenge ne98 muzana yevanhu vanowanzove vasina kukwanisa kuuraya vamwe vanhu. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, chiremba wepfungwa akagadzira nzira yekubvumira US Navy kuti iite zviri nani kugadzirira vaurayi kuti vauraye. Inosanganisira maitiro,

". . . kuti varume vacho vafunge nezvevangangova vavengi vachatarisana navo sevasina maturo ehupenyu [nemavhidhiyo] vaine chido chokupa muvengi pasi pevanhu: upenzi hwemunharaunda yekwavo husekwa, hupenyu hwemunharaunda hunoonekwa sehuipi hwemadhemoni. "

Zviri nyore kwazvo kuti musoja weUnited States auraye hajiji kupfuura munhu, sezvazvakanga zviri nyore kune mauto eNazi kuuraya Untermenschen kupfuura vanhu chaivo. William Halsey, uyo akaraira mauto eUnited States muSouth Pacific munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, anofunga nezvebasa rake rokuti "Kuuraya Japs, kuuraya Japs, kuuraya Japs mazhinji," uye akanga apika kuti apo hondo yapera, mutauro weJapan ingadai ichitaura chete mugehena.

Kana hondo yakashanduka senzira yevarume vakauraya zvikara zvikuru kuti varambe vakabatikana kuuraya vamwe varume sezvo mhuka idzodzo dzafa, sezvinotaura Ehrenreich, kubatana kwayo nekusarura uye zvimwe zvose zvakasiyana pakati pemapoka evanhu ndezvakare. Asi nyika ndeyekupedzisira, ine simba, uye isina kunzwisisika inobva pakuzvipira kwezvakanamano kwakabatana nehondo, uye iyo iyo pachayo yakakura kubva mukugadzira hondo. Kunyange zvazvo magetsi ekare aizofira ivo pachavo kubwinya, varume nevakadzi vemazuva ano vachafa nokuda kwechigamba chechivara chevara chine mavara chisingabatsiri chinhu chavo. Zuva rakatevera United States rakazivisa hondo kuSpain mu1898, nyika yekutanga (New York) yakapfuura mutemo unoda kuti vana vechikoro vokwazisa mureza weU.S. Vamwe vaitevera. Rudzi rwechiJudha rwaiva chitendero chitsva.

Samuel Johnson akafanirwa kutaura kuti kuda nyika ndeyokupotera kwekupedzisira kwechirwere, asi vamwe vakaratidza kuti, asi, ndiyo yekutanga. Kana zvasvika pakukurudzira manzwiro ehondo, kana dzimwe kusiyana kusika, pane nguva dzose izvi: muvengi haasi wenyika yedu uye anokukwazisa mureza wedu. Apo United States yakanyepa zvikuru zvakanyanya muHondo yeVietnam, vose kunze kwevaviri vevatori venyika vakavhota Gulf of Tonkin chisarudzo. Mumwe wevaviri, Wayne Morse (D., Ore.) Akaudza mamwe maseneteti kuti akanga ataurirwa nePentagon kuti kupomerwa kweNorth Vietnam kwakange kwavhiringidzwa. Sezvo zvichataurwa muchitsauko chepiri, ruzivo rwaMorse rwaiva rwakarurama. Kutambudzwa chero kupi zvingadai kwakatsamwisa. Asi, sezvatichaona, kurwiswa kwacho kwaive kwemafungiro. Vashandi vaMorse havana kumupikisa pamusana pokuti akanga akanganisa, zvakadaro. Pane kudaro, sénator akamuudza kuti:

"Hell Wayne, haukwanise kupinda muhondo nemutungamiriri wehurumende apo mapegi ose ari kuvhara uye tiri kuda kuenda kugungano renyika. Vose [Mutungamiri] Lyndon [Johnson] anoda chikamu chepepa ichimuudza kuti takaita kunze uko, uye tinomutsigira. "

Sezvo hondo yakaramba ichienderera kwemakore, zvisina tsarukano ichiparadza mamirioni ehupenyu, maseneta paKomiti Yekudyidzana Kunze kwenyika vakakurukura muchivande kunetsekana kwavo kwavakanyeperwa. Asi zvakadaro vakasarudza kuramba vakanyarara, uye marekodhi eimwe yemisangano iyoyo haana kuburitswa pachena kusvika gore ra2010. Mireza iyi yainge yave kusimudzira makore ese apfuura.

Hondo yakanakira kuda nyika sekuda nyika kuri kwehondo. Pakatanga Hondo Yenyika I, vazhinji vezvematongerwo enyika muEurope vakabatana nemireza yavo dzakasiyana siyana uye vakasiya kurwira kwavo vashandi vekunze. Zvichakadaro nhasi, hapana chinotungamira kupikiswa kweAmerica kumasangano epasi rose ehurumende sekufarira kwedu hondo uye kuomerera kuti masoja eUS haatombozviisa pasi pechero chiremera kunze kweWashington, DC

Chikamu: HAKASI MINE MILLION VANHU, IYE YAKADZISA HITLER

Asi hondo hadzina kurwisana nemareza kana pfungwa, nyika kana madhimoni. Izvo zvinorwisana nevanhu, 98 muzana yeavo vanorwisana nekuuraya, uye vazhinji vavo vakanga vasina zvishoma kana vasina chokuita nekuunza hondo. Imwe nzira yekuvhiringidza vanhu ivavo ndeyekuti vatsive vose zvavo nemufananidzo wemunhu mumwe chete ane simba.

Marlin Fitzwater, White House Press Munyori weMapurezidhendi Ronald Reagan naGeorge HW Bush, vakati hondo "iri nyore kuti vanhu vanzwisise kana kune chiso kune muvengi." Akapa mienzaniso: "Hitler, Ho Chi Minh, Saddam Hussein, Milosevic . "Fitzwater angangodaro aisanganisira zita rinonzi Manuel Antonio Noriega. Apo mutungamiri wekutanga Bush akatsvaka, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kuratidza kuti akanga asiri "wimp" nekurwisana nePanama mu1989, kururamisa kwakakurumbira kwakanga kuripo kuti mutungamiri wePanama aive ane chiremera, mishonga-yakashata, weirdo nechiso chakakanganiswa chaifarira kuzviita upombwe. Nyaya inokosha muNew York Times yakakomba zvikuru munaDisemba 26, 1989, yakatanga:

"IUnited States mahofisi makuru ehurumende pano, izvo zvakaratidza Gwaro Manuel Antonio Noriega semutongi, asinganzwisisiki-anonyengedza-cocaine anonyengetera kuna vamwari voodoo, akazivisa nhasi kuti mutungamiri akaiswa mujasi akapfekedza shangu dzvuku uye akazviwanira pfambi."

Usambofungisisa kuti Noriega akange ashanda kuUS Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), kusanganisira panguva yaakaba sarudzo dza1984 muPanama. Usambofa wakazvifunga kuti mhosva yake chaiyo yaive kuramba kudzorera Hondo yeUS kurwisa Nicaragua. Usambofa wakafunga kuti United States yaiziva nezvekutengesa zvinodhaka kwaNoriega kwemakore uye yakaramba ichishanda naye. Murume uyu akafembedza cocaine akapfeka zvemukati mutsvuku nevakadzi kwete mukadzi wake. "Uhwu hasha sekungopinda nechisimba kwakaita Adolf Hitler kuPoland makore makumi mashanu apfuura yaive mhirizhonga," akazivisa Mutevedzeri Wemunyori weHurumende Lawrence Eagleburger wekutengesa zvinodhaka kwaNoriega. Vakasunungura varikununura veUS vakatotaura kuti vawane stash yakakura yekokoniya mune imwe yedzimba dzaNoriega, kunyangwe yakazove tamales akaputirwa nemashizha ebhanana. Uye zvakadiniko kana iyo tamales yainyatso kuve cocaine? Zvingave zvakadaro, sekuwanikwa kwe "zvombo zvekuparadza kwakawanda" muBaghdad muna 50 zvingaruramisa hondo?

Fitzwater iyo inotaura nezve "Milosevic" yaiva, zvechokwadi, kuna Slobodan Milosevic, uyo ndiye Mutungamiri weSerbia, uyo David Nyhan weBoston Globe munaJanuary 1999 akadana kuti "chinhu chinonyanya kukosha kuna Hitler Europe chakatarisana nehafu yekupedzisira yezana remakore." Kunze kwekuti iwe munoziva, kune mamwe ose. Ne 2010, mutsika muUnited States mune zvematongerwe enyika, yekuenzanisa ani nani wausina kubvumirana naHitler akanga ava kuda kufara, asi ndiwo mutsika wakabatsira kutanga hondo dzakawanda uye ungaramba uchitanga zvimwe. Zvisinei, zvinotora zviviri kune tango: mu1999, maSerbia vakanga vachishevedza mutungamiri weUnited States "Bill Hitler."

Muchirimo cheC1914, mune imwe yemitambo yefirimu muTurts, France, mufananidzo waWilhelm II, Mambo weGermany, akauya pahwindo kwechinguva. Zvose hero yakasununguka.

"Vanhu vose vakachema uye vachiridza mhere, varume, vakadzi, nevana, sekunge vainge vanyombwa. Zvakanaka chaizvo vanhu veTurkey, avo vaisaziva zvezve nyika uye zvematongerwo enyika pane zvavakange vaverenga mumapepanhau avo, vakanga vatsamwa kwenguva pfupi, "

maererano naStefan Zweig. Asi vaFrance vaisazove vachirwa naKaiser Wilhelm II. Vangave vachirwa nevanhuwo zvavo vakave vakazvarwa nzira diki kure navo kuGerman.

Zvakawedzerwa, mumakore ose, takaudzwa kuti hondo hadzirwisana nevanhu, asi zvakananga nehurumende dzakaipa nevatungamiriri vavo vakaipa. Nguva nenguva tinowira kuti tinyanye kunetseka pamusoro pezvizvarwa zvitsva zve "zvigadziriswa" zvombo izvo vatungamiri vedu vanoita kunge vanogona kutora hurumende dzinodzvinyirira pasina kuvhiringidza vanhu vatinofunga kuti tiri kusunungura. Uye tinorwisana nehondo kuti "hurumende ichinje." Kana hondo dzisingagumi apo hurumende yashandurwa, ndeyokuti tine basa rekutarisira "zvisizvo" zvisikwa, vana vaduku, vane hurumende yatakashandura . Asi, hapana hutano hwakagadziriswa hwekuita izvi zvakanaka. IUnited States nehurumende dzayo dzakabatana chaizvo neGermany neJapan mushure meHondo Yenyika II, asi ingadai yakaita saizvozvo kuGermany mushure meHondo Yenyika I uye yakasviba sequel. Germany neJapan zvakaderedzwa kuparadzwa, uye mauto eUnited States vasati vabva. Icho hachisi mhando inobatsira yehondo itsva.

Nehondo kana zviito zvakaita sehondo United States yakunda hurumende muHawaii, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Nicaragua, Honduras, Iran, Guatemala, Vietnam, Chile, Grenada, Panama, Afghanistan, neIraq, tisingatauri nezveCongo (1960 ); Ecuador (1961 & 1963); Brazil (1961 & 1964); iyo Dominican Republic (1961 & 1963); Girisi (1965 & 1967); Bolivia (1964 & 1971); El Salvador (1961); Guyana (1964); Indonesia (1965); Ghana (1966); uyezve Haiti (1991 na2004). Isu takatsiva democracy nehutongi hwehudzvanyiriri, hudzvanyiriri nemhirizhonga, nekutonga kwemuno nekutonga neUS basa. Hapana kana mukana watakajekesa zvakaipa. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kusanganisira Iran neIraq, kupinda nechisimba kweUS uye coup-dzakatsigirwa neUS zvakatungamira kudzvinyirira kwakanyanya, kunyangarika, kuuraya kwekuwedzera, kutonga, huwori uye kudzikisira kwenguva refu kwezvishuwo zveruzhinji rwevanhuwo zvavo.

Chinonyanya kutaurwa nevatongi muhondo hachikurudzirwi nehupenyu hwevanhu sezvinoparidzirwa evhangeri. Vanhu vanofarira kufungidzira kuti hondo inonzi duel pakati pevatungamiriri vakuru. Izvi zvinoda kuderedza mumwe uye kukudza mumwe.

Chikamu: KANA WASI HERE HONDO, UNOFANIRA KUVANYA VANHU, UCHENYU, NAZISM

United States yakazvarwa kunze kwehondo inopokana nemufananidzo waMambo George, ane mhosva dzakanyorwa muDeclaration of Independence. George Washington akakudzwa zvakafanana. King George weEngland nehurumende yake vaive nemhosva dzemhosva dzakapomherwa, asi mamwe makoloni akawana kodzero uye kuzvimiririra kwavo pasina hondo. Sezvakaita nehondo dzese, zvisinei kuti ndeyekare sei uye ine mbiri, iyo American Revolution yaitungamirwa nenhema. Iyo nyaya yeBoston Massacre, semuenzaniso, yakamonyaniswa kupfuura kuzivikanwa, kusanganisira mukunyora kwaPaul Revere uyo airatidzira maBritish sevatengesi. Benjamin Franklin akaburitsa nyaya yekunyepedzera yeBoston Independent umo maBritish aizvirova dundundu nezvekuvhima kwemusoro. Thomas Paine nevamwe vemapepa ekutengesa vakatengesa makoroni pahondo, asi kwete pasina kutsauswa uye zvipikirwa zvenhema. Howard Zinn anotsanangura zvakaitika:

"Munharaunda ye1776, vamwe vanhu vanokosha mumakoloni echiChirungu vakawana kuwanikwa kwaizoratidza zvakakosha kune makore maviri anotevera. Vakaona kuti nokusika rudzi, chiratidzo, kubatana kwepamutemo kunonzi United States, vaigona kutora nyika, pfuma, uye simba rezvematongerwe enyika kubva kune vanofarira zveBritain Empire. Muchiitiko ichi, vanogona kudzivisa huwandu hwevangangopandukira uye kugadzira kubvumirana kwekutsigirwa kwakakurumbira kwekutonga kwehutungamiri hutsva, hwakakosha. "

Sekutaura kwaZinn, pamberi pechimurenga, pakange paine kumukira ku18 kurwisa hurumende dzekoloni, vapanduki vatema vatanhatu, nemhirizhonga makumi mana, uye vezvematongerwo enyika vakaona mukana wekudzosera kutsamwa kuEngland. Zvakadaro, varombo vaisazowana mari kubva kuhondo kana kukohwa mibairo yezvematongerwo enyika vaifanira kumanikidzwa nechisimba kuti varwe mairi. Vazhinji, kusanganisira varanda vakavimbisa rusununguko rukuru nemaBritish, akasiyiwa kana akachinjika mativi. Kurangwa kwevanokanganisa muE Continental Army kwaive kurohwa zana. George George, murume akapfuma kwazvo muAmerica, paakakundikana kugombedzera Congress kuti ikwidze muganho wepamutemo kusvika kumakwapuro mazana mashanu, akafunga kushandisa basa rakaoma sechirango pachinzvimbo, asi akarasa pfungwa iyoyo nekuti basa rakaomarara raizove risingazivikanwe kubva pabasa rinowanikwa iyo Continental Mauto. Varwi vakasiyawo nekuti vaida chikafu, mbatya, pekugara, mishonga nemari. Vakasaina kubhadhara, havana kubhadharwa, uye nekuisa panjodzi mhuri dzavo nekugara muHondo vasina kubhadharwa. Vanenge zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvavo zvaive zvine mutsindo kune kana kupokana nechikonzero chavairwira uye kutambura. Kumukira kwakakurumbira, seShays 'Kupandukira muMassachusetts kwaizotevera kukunda kwekukunda.

Vashanduki veAmerica vaikwanisawo kuzarura kumavirazuva pakuwedzera uye hondo kurwisana nevaNative America, chimwe chinhu cheBritish chakanga chichidzivisa. IAmerican Revolution, iro chiitiko chekuzvarwa nekusunungurwa kweUnited States, chaivawo hondo yekuwedzera nekukunda. Mambo George, maererano neDeclaration of Independence, "akaedza (sic) kuunza kune vagari vemiganhu yedu, vaIndia vasina tsitsi." Chokwadi, avo vaiva vanhu vachirwira mukudzivirira nyika dzavo uye hupenyu. Kukunda kuYorktown yaiva nhau yakaipa yeramangwana ravo, sezvo England yakasaina nyika yavo kune rudzi rutsva.

Imwe hondo yakachena munhoroondo yeUnited States, Civil War, yakarwa - vakawanda vanotenda - kuti vaise kuguma kuipa hweuranda. Muzvokwadi, icho chinangwa chaive chikonzero chechikonzero chehondo yaive ichiri nani zvakanaka, kufanana nekuparadzira demokrasi kuIraq yakave yakaruramiswa kwehondo yakatanga muna 2003 inoshamisa mukudisa zvombo zvenhema. Kutaura zvazviri, basa rekugumisa uuranda raitarisirwa kururamisa hondo yakanga yave yakanyanya kutyisa kuti iongororwe chete nechinangwa chezvematongerwo enyika chisina chinhu che "kubatana." Kuita zvepabonde kwakanga kusati kwave kukwidziridzwa mune zvakanyanya zvakanyanya nhasi. Vanhu vakaipa vakanga vachikwira zvakasimba: 25,000 kuShiro, 20,000 paBull Run, 24,000 mune rimwe zuva paAnetetam. Kwapera vhiki mushure meAnetamam, Lincoln wakabudisa Mharidzo yeEmancipation, iyo yakasunungura vasungwa chete apo Lincoln aisagona kusunungura varanda kunze kwokukunda kwehondo. (Mirairo yake yakasunungura varanda chete kumaodzanyemba nyika dzakanga dzakasara, kwete mumiganhu iyo yakasara mubatanidzwa.) Yale munyori wenhoroondo Harry Stout anotsanangura kuti nei Lincoln akatora danho iri:

"Nenhamba yaLincoln, kuurayiwa kunofanirwa kupfuurira pane zviyero zvakakura. Asi kuti izvozvo zvibudirire, vanhu vanofanira kunyengetedzwa kuti vade kuteura ropa pasina kuchengetwa. Izvi, zvakare, zvaida kuti tsika dzive nechokwadi chokuti kuurayiwa kwaiva kwakarurama. Kununurwa chete - kadhi yekupedzisira yaLincoln - yaizopa chivimbo chakadaro. "

Chiziviso chacho chakashandawo neEngland kupinda muhondo kune rumwe rutivi rweSouth.

Hatigoni kuziva zvakajeka zvaizoitika kumakoroni pasina revolution kana kuti varanda kunze kweHondo yeVanhu. Asi isu tinoziva kuti zvizhinji zvezvimwe zvose zvehurumende zvakagumisa hutongi hwehurumende uye hutapwa pasina hondo. Dai Congress yakawana hukama hwekugumisa hutanda kuburikidza nemitemo, zvichida rudzi rwaizove rwakapedza rusina kuparadzana. Dai nyika yeSouth America yakabvumirwa kubata murugare, uye Mutemo wevaranda veFugitive wakabviswa nyore nyore neNorth, zvinoratidzika kunge zvisingaiti varanda zvaizotora nguva yakareba.

Hondo yeMexico -America, yakarwiswa muchidimbu kuti iwedzere hutanda - kuwedzera kunogona kunge kwakabatsira kutungamirira kuHondo Yevamwe - haitauri zvishoma. Apo United States, munguva yehondo iyoyo, yakamanikidza Mexico kuti ipe miganhu yayo yekuchamhembe, dhigiridzi weAmerica Nicholas Trist akabatana zvakasimba pane imwe pfungwa. Akanyorera munyori wehurumende yeUnited States:

"Ndakavimbisa [vaMexico] kuti kana zvaiva nesimba ravo kundipa iyo yose yenharaunda yakatsanangurwa muurongwa hwedu, yakawedzera gumi zvakakosha, uye, kunze kweiyo, yakavhara rutsoka rwakapetwa kose negoridhe rakachena, pamusoro icho chisina kukodzera kuti uuranda hufananidzwe kubva ipapo, ndakanga ndisingakwanise kufarira kupiwa kwechinguva. "

Hondo iyoyo yakarwisana nezvakaipa, zvakare?

Hondo tsvene uye isinganzwisisiki munhoroondo yeUnited States, zvakadaro, Hondo Yenyika II. Ini ndichachengetedza hurukuro yakazara yehondo iyi yechitsauko chechina, asi cherechedza pano chete izvo mupfungwa dzevazhinji veAmerica nhasi, Hondo Yenyika II yakaruramiswa nekuda kwehuipi hwehuipi hwaAdolf Hitler, uye uipi uhwu huchawanikwa kumusoro zvose muzvipiriso zvinopiswa.

Asi haugoni kuwana mapepa ekufambisa aMunun'una Sam achiti "Ndinokuda. . . Kuponesa VaJudha. "Apo sarudzo yakatangwa muUnited States Senate mu1934 inotaura" kushamisika nekurwadziwa "pamabasa eGermany, nekukumbira kuti Germany idzorere kodzero yevaJudha, Dhipatimendi rehurumende" yakaita kuti ivigwa mukomiti ".

Ne 1937 Poland yakanga yakaronga hurongwa hwokutumira vaJudha kuMadagascar, uye Dominican Republic yakanga ine chirongwa chekubvuma ivo zvakare. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain weGreat Britain akauya nechirongwa chekutumira vaJudha veGermany kuTanganyika muEast Africa. Vamiririri veUnited States, Britain, uye South America nyika dzakasangana paLake Geneva munaJuly 1938 uye vose vakabvumirana kuti hapana mumwe wavo aizogamuchira vaJudha.

Musi waNovember 15, 1938, vatori venhau vakakumbira Mutungamiri Franklin Roosevelt zvaigona kuitwa. Akapindura kuti aizoramba kurangarira kubvumira vamwe vatorwa kunze kwenheyo yemitemo yakabvumirwa. Zvikwereti zvakaiswa muCongress kubvumira 20,000 vaJudha pasi pezera re 14 kupinda muUnited States. Sénata Robert Wagner (D., NY) akati, "Zviuru zvemhuri dzeAmerica zvatove zvichitaura kuda kwavo kutora vana vapoteri mudzimba dzavo." Mukadzikadzi wekutanga Eleanor Roosevelt akaisa mararamiro ake kushora Semitemo kutsigira mutemo, asi murume wake akabudirira zvakadzivirirwa iyo kwemakore.

Muna July 1940, Adolf Eichman, "muumbi wezvipiriso zvinopiswa," aida kutumira vaJudha vose kuMadagascar, izvo zvino zvaiva zveGermany, France yakanga ichishandiswa. Zvikepe zvaizoda kumirira chete kusvikira mabritish, ayo zvino aireva Winston Churchill, akapedza kubvisa kwavo. Zuva iro harina kuuya. Musi waNovember 25, 1940, mumiriri weFrance akakumbira Munyori weHurumende yeUnited States kuti afunge kugamuchira vaJeremia vapoteri vemuFrance ipapo muFrance. Musi waDecember 21st, Munyori weHurumende akaramba. Pakazosvika July 1941, maNazi ainge asarudza kuti kugadzirisa kwekupedzisira kwevaJudha kunogona kusanganisira kuurawa panzvimbo pokudzingwa.

Muna 1942, nekubatsirwa neCensus Bureau, United States yakavhara 110,000 Japanese maAmerica neJapane mumisasa yakasiyana-siyana yevasungwa, kunyanya kuWest Coast, kwavakatorwa nenhamba pane mazita. Ichi chiito, chakatorwa naMutungamiri Roosevelt, chakatsigirwa makore maviri gare gare neDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States.

Muchikwata che1943 chisina basa chemauto eUnited States akarwisa Latinos neAfrica America muLos Angeles '"zoot zvigaro zvechisimba," achibvisa uye achirova mumigwagwa nenzira yaizoita kuti Hitler azvirumbidze. Los Angeles City Council, mune imwe nzira inoshamisa yekupa mhosva avo vakaurayiwa, vakapindura nekurambidza mararamiro ezvokupfeka zvakapfekedzwa nevaMexico vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika vainzi zoot suit.

Mauto eU.S. paakatsimbirirwa paMambokadzi Mary muna1945 akananga kuhondo yeEurope, vatema vaichengetwa vasiri vevachena uye vakagadzikwa pakadzika kwechikepe padyo neinjini, mukamuri imwechete munzvimbo imwechete vatema vaive vaunzwa kuAmerica kubva kuAfrica mazana emakore zvisati zvaitika. Masoja eAfrica American akapona muHondo Yenyika II aisakwanisa kudzoka kumusha kunzvimbo zhinji dzeUnited States dai vakaroora vakadzi vachena mhiri kwemakungwa. Varwi vachena vaive vakaroora maAsia vaive vachipesana neiyo imwecheteyo anti-miscegenation mitemo mumatunhu gumi nemashanu.

Icho chinongova chikonzero chekutaura kuti United States yakarwa Hondo Yenyika II kurwisana nekusaruramisira kwemarudzi kana kuponesa vaJudha. Zvatinoudzwa hondo ndezvayo zvakasiyana zvakasiyana nezvavari chaizvo.

Chikamu: MAZUVA MAZUVA ANO

Muzera rino rekurwisana nevatongi uye nekuda kwevanhu vanodzvinyirirwa, Hondo yeVietnam inopa nyaya inofadza iyo hurongwa hweUnited States hwaifanira kudzivisa kuparadza hurumende yevavengi asi kushanda zvakaoma kuuraya vanhu vayo. Kuti aparadze hurumende muHanoi, yaitya, yaizotora China kana Russia kuhondo, chimwe chinhu icho United States chaitarisira kudzivisa. Asi kuparadza rudzi rwakatungamirirwa naHanoi rwakatarirwa kuitisa kuti ipe pasi kuU.S. kutonga.

Hondo yeA Afghanistan, iyo yatove hondo yakareba kupfuura yose munhoroondo yeUnited States uye inopinda mugore rayo 10th panguva iyo bhuku iri rakanyorwa, chimwe chiitiko chinonakidza, pakuti iyo dhimoni yakashandiswa kuzviruramisa, mutungamiri wemagandanga Osama bin Laden, akanga asiri mutongi we Nyika. Akanga ari mumwe munhu akanga apedza nguva munyika, uye chaizvoizvo akanga atsigirwa ikoko neUnited States muhondo yekurwisana neSoviet Union. Akanga achida kuronga mhosva dzaSeptember 11, 2001, pamwe chete muAfghanistan. Zvimwe kuronga, tinoziva, takaenda kuEurope neUnited States. Asi yaiva Afghanistan iyo yaiita sokuti inofanira kurangwa nokuda kwebasa rayo sechiitiko chemupombwe uyu.

Kwemakore matatu apfuura, United States yakanga ichitsvaga maTaliban, boka rezvematongerwe enyika muAfghanistan rinonzi rakachengetedza bin Laden, kuti rimugadzirire. VaTaliban vaida kuona uchapupu hunopesana naBad Laden uye kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti aizowana mutongo wakanaka munyika yechitatu uye kwete kutarisana nechirwere chekufa. Maererano neBritain Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), maTaliban akanyevera United States kuti bin Laden akanga achironga kukira kwevhu reAmerica. Mutori wekare wekuPakistani kunze kwenyika, Niaz Naik, akaudza BBC kuti vakuru vakuru vekuAmerica vakanga vamuudza pamusangano weUnited-sponsored muBerlin munaJuly 2001 kuti United States inotora hondo yeTaliban pakati pemwedzi waOctober. Naik "vakati zvaisava nechokwadi kuti Washington yaizosiya chirongwa ichi kunyange kana bin Laden aifanira kupiwa pakarepo neTaliban."

Izvi zvese zvaive pamberi pemhosva dzaGunyana 11th, iyo yaizofungidzirwa kuti hondo ndeye kutsiva. IUnited States payakarwisa Afghanistan muna Gumiguru 7, 2001, vaTaliban vakazvipira zvakare kutaurirana kuti vatore bin Laden. Mutungamiri Bush pavakaramba zvekare, maTaliban akadonhedza chikumbiro chavo cheumbowo hwemhosva uye vakapa kungoendesa bin Laden kunyika yechitatu. Mutungamiri George W. Bush vakaramba ichi chikumbiro uye vakaenderera mberi nekubhomba. Pamusangano waMarch 13, 2002, Bush akataura nezvaBin Laden "Ini handisi iye ane hanya naye." Kwemamwe makore akati wandei, naBin Laden neboka rake, al Qaeda, vasingachatendi kuti vari muAfghanistan, hondo yekutsiva kwaari yakaramba ichitambudza vanhu venyika iyoyo. Kusiyana neIraq, Hondo muAfghanistan yaiwanzonzi pakati pa2003 na2009 se "Hondo yakanaka."

Nyaya yakagadzirirwa Hondo yeIraq mu2002 uye 2003 yakaratidzwa kunge ine "zvombo zvekuparadza kukuru," pamwe nekuzvitsivira zvakanyanya kuna bin Laden, uyo chaizvoizvo akanga asina kuwirirana neIraa zvachose. Kana Iraq isina kupa zvombo, kwaizova nehondo. Uye sezvo Iraq yakanga isina ivo, kwaiva nehondo. Asi izvi zvaive zvekukakavadzana kwekuti Iraqis, kana kuti zvichida Saddam Hussein, akaita zvakaipa. Mushure mezvose, marudzi mashomanana aive nenzvimbo dzakapoteredza zvombo zvenyukireya, biological, kana makemikari seUnited States, uye hatina kutenda kuti kune munhu ane kodzero yekuita hondo kwatiri. Takabatsira mamwe marudzi kuwana zvombo zvakadaro uye haana kuita hondo navo. Kutaura zvazviri, isu taizobatsira Irak kuwana zvombo zvehupenyu nemakemikari makore asati apfuura, izvo zvakanga zvateya nheyo dzezvinyorwa zvekuti dzaive nadzo.

Kazhinji, rudzi rune zvombo runogona kuita unzenza, husingadiwi, kana kuti harisi pamutemo, asi harukwanisi kuva chikonzero chehondo. Hondo yechisimba ndeyoyo yakaipa zvikuru, isingadi, uye isiri pamutemo inogona kuitika. Saka, sei kukakavadzana pamusoro pekuda kurwisa Iraq kukakavadzana pamusoro pekuti iIraq ine zvombo here? Sezviri pachena, takanga taona kuti maIrais akanga akaipa kwazvo kudai dai vaine zvombo saka vaizovashandisa, zvichida kuburikidza neSaddam Hussein's fictional ties to al Qaeda. Kana mumwe munhu ane zvombo, tinogona kutaura navo. Dai maIraqis akanga ane zvombo zvataida kuti tirwe navo. Vaiva chikamu chezvakaitwa naPurezidhendi George W. Bush "nheyo yezvakaipa." Iyo Iraq yakanga isina kunyanya kushandiswa kushandisa zvombo zvayo uye kuti nzira yakasimba yekuvhiringidza kushandiswa kwayo yaizove kurwisana neIraq yaiva pfungwa dzisinganzwisisiki, saka kuisa parutivi uye kukanganwa, nokuti vatungamiri vedu vaiziva zvakajeka kuti Iraq yakange isina chaicho chakadaro.

Chikamu: KUKUNDA MOTO NEGASOLINE

Icho chinetso chikuru nechinangwa chokuti hondo dzinodiwa kurwisa uipi ndezvokuti hapana chakaipa kupfuura hondo. Hondo inokonzera kutambura nekufa kupfuura chero chero hondo inogona kushandiswa kurwisana. Hondo hadzipore zvirwere kana kudzivirira ngozi dzemotokari kana kuderedza kuzviuraya. (Kutaura zvazviri, sezvatichaona muchitsauko shanu, vanotya kuzviuraya kuburikidza nedenga remba.) Pasinei nokuti zvakaipa zvakadini mutongi kana vanhu vanogona kuva, havagoni kuipa kupfuura hondo. Dai akanga akararama kuti ave chiuru, Saddam Hussein aisagona kunge aita kukuvadza kuvanhu veIraq kana nyika kuti hondo yekubvisa zvombo zvake zvezvakaitika zvave zvaita. Hondo haisi basa rakachena uye rinogamuchirwa rakashungurudzwa pano neapo nematambudziko. Hondo yose inotyisa, kunyange kana inosanganisira masero anoteerera kuuraya masoja. Kazhinji, zvakadaro, ndeyekuti zvose zvinosanganisira. Gavhuna Zachary Taylor vakataura pamusoro peMexicoan-American War (1846-1848) kuDhipatimendi rehondo reUnited States:

“Ndinozvidemba zvikuru kutaura kuti vazhinji vevazvipiri vemwedzi gumi nemaviri, munzira yavo yekubva kuzasi kweRio Grande, vakaita kutsamwirwa kukuru uye kutuka vagari vane rugare. PANE CHINONYANYA KUKOSHESA HUMWE CHIKAMU CHEMHOSVA CHISINA KUMISWA KWANGU SEZVAKAITWA NAVO. ” [capitalisation yepakutanga]

Kana General Taylor aisada kuona kupesana, aifanira kunge akagara kunze kwehondo. Uye kana vanhu veAmerica vachinzwa nenzira imwe chete, havafaniri kunge vakamuita gamba uye purezidhendi wekuenda kuhondo. Kubata uye kutambudza haisi iyo yakaipisisa yehondo. Chikamu chakanyanya chikamu chinogamuchirwa: kuuraya. Kutambudzwa kwakabatanidzwa neUnited States munguva yemauto ayo achangobva kuAngland neIraq chikamu, uye kwete chikamu chakaipisisa, chemhosva huru. Kupira kwevaJudha kwakatora vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni e6 nenzira inotyisa zvikuru inogona kufungidzirwa, asi Hondo Yenyika II yakatora, yose, nezvemamiriyoni e70 - ayo ane mamiriyoni e24 aiva mauto. Hatinzwi zvakawanda pamusoro pevarwi vane 9 mamiriyoni eSoviet avo vakaurayiwa nevaJalimane. Asi vakafa vachitarisa vanhu vaida kuvauraya, uye ivo pachavo vaifanira kutourayiwa. Kune zvinhu zvishomanana zviri kuipa munyika. Kutadza kubva kuhondo dzeAmerica yehondo ndeyekuti panguva yeD-Day inopinda, 80 yezana yeuto reGermany rakanga rakabatikana kurwisana nevaRussia. Asi izvozvo hazviiti kuti varusi vemaRussia; iyo inongoshandura chinangwa chemuenzaniso unotyisa weupenzi uye kurwadziwa kumabvazuva.

Vazhinji vatsigiri vehondo vanobvuma kuti hondo ndegehena. Asi vanhu vazhinji vanoda kutenda kuti zvose zvakakosha chaizvo nenyika, kuti zvinhu zvose ndezvakanakisisa, kuti zviito zvose zvine chinangwa chaMwari. Kunyange avo vasina chitendero vanowanzoita, pavanenge vachikurukura chimwe chinhu chinosuruvarisa kana chinosuruvarisa, kwete kudanidzira "Zvinosuruvarisa uye zvinotyisa!" Asi kuratidza-kwete kwete pasi pekutya asi nemakore gare gare - kukwanisa kwavo "kunzwisisa" kana "kutenda" kana kuti "Kunzwisisa" iyo, sekunge kutambura uye kutambura kwakanga kusingaiti sezviri pachena zvinonzwisisika semufaro uye mufaro. Tinoda kuzvifananidza naDkt Pangloss kuti zvose ndezvakanakisisa, uye nzira yatinoita nayo nehondo ndeyokufungidzira kuti rutivi rwedu riri kurwisana nechakaipa nekuda kwekanaka, uye iyo hondo ndiyo nzira chete iyo hondo yakadaro inogona ngazviitwe. Kana isu tine nzira yekugadzirira hondo dzakadaro, zvino seSenator Beveridge zvataurwa pamusoro, tinofanira kutarisirwa kuti tishandise. Sénata William Fulbright (D., Ark.) Akatsanangura ichi chiitiko:

"Simba rinowanzozvivhiringidza nehutsika uye rudzi rukuru runonyanya kugadziriswa nepfungwa yokuti simba rayo chiratidzo chekufarirwa naMwari, kuchipa iro basa rakakosha kune mamwe marudzi - kuita kuti vave vapfumi uye vafare uye vakachenjera, kuti vadzidze , kureva kuti, mumufananidzo wacho unopenya. "

Madeline Albright, Munyori weHurumende apo Bill Clinton aiva purezidhendi, akanga akanyanya kutaura:

"Ndechipi chinangwa chokuva neuto iri rakanakisisa raunogara uchitaura kana tisingagoni kuishandisa?"

Kutenda mune kodzero yaMwari yekuita hondo kunoratidzika kunge kunongowedzera kusimba apo simba guru rehondo rinopesana nekurwisana kwakasimba zvikuru kune simba rechiuto kukurira. Muna 2008 mutori wenhau weUnited States akanyora nezveGeneral David Petraeus, ndiye mutungamiri muIraq, "Mwari ave achiona zvakakosha kupa US Army mutongi mukuru munguva ino yekushaiwa."

Musi waAugust 6, 1945, Mutungamiri Harry S Truman akazivisa: "Maawa gumi nematanhatu apfuura ndege yeAmerica yakakanda bhomba rimwe paHiroshima, rinokosha repasi reJapan Army base. Bhomba iyo yakanga ine simba rakawanda kudarika 20,000 tani yeTTT Yaiva neanopfuura zviuru zviviri nguva simba reBritish 'Grand Slam' iro ndiro bhomba guru risati rashandiswa munhau yehondo. "

Apo Truman aireva ku America kuti Hiroshima aiva nheyo yehondo kunze kweguta rakazara nevanhu vasiri vanhu, pasina mubvunzo vanhu vaida kumutenda. Ndiani aizoda kunyadziswa kwekuzvarwa kworudzi rwunoita rudzi rutsva rwemhirizhonga? (Ndichati zita reManhattan rakaderera "pasi zero" rinobvisa mhosva?) Uye patakadzidza chokwadi, taida uye tichiri kuda kunyatsodavira kuti hondo ine rugare, kuti chisimba ndoruponeso, kuti hurumende yedu inokanda mabhomu enyukireya kuitira kuchengetedza hupenyu , kana kuti kuponesa upenyu hweAmerica.

Tinotaurirana kuti mabhombe akafupisa hondo uye akaponesa hupenyu huzhinji kupfuura humwe 200,000 vakatora. Uye zvakadaro, vhiki dzisati bhomba rekutanga ranyura, musi waJuly 13, 1945, Japan vakatumira teregiramu kuSoviet Union vachiratidza chido chekuzvipira uye kupedza hondo. IUnited States yakanga yatyora maJapan mapikicha uye yaiverenga teregiramu. Truman akataura munyaya yake ye "teregiramu kubva kunaJapan Emperor achikumbira runyararo." Truman akaudzwa kuburikidza neSwitzerland uye chiPutukezi nzira dzekuJapan dzakagadzikana pamwedzi mitatu pamberi peHiroshima. Japan rakaramba chete kuzvipira pasina chikonzero uye kurasa mambo wayo, asi United States yakaramba ichitaura nezvemashoko aya kusvikira mushure mokunge mabhomba awira, panguva iyo yakabvumira Japan kuti ichengetedze mambo wayo.

Mutungamiri wePurezidhendi James Byrnes akanga ataurira Truman kuti kuderedza mabhomba kwaizobvumira United States "kutonga mazwi ekugumisa hondo." Munyori weNavy James Forrestal akanyora mubhuku rake rekuti Byrnes "ainyanya kufunga nezvekutora nyaya yeJapan ne vasati vasvika muRussia. "Truman akanyora mubhuku rake kuti veSoviet vakanga vachigadzirira kuenda kuzorwa neJapan ne" Fini Japs apo inosvika. "Truman akarayira bhomba rakadonha paHiroshima munaAugust 8th uye imwe bhomba, bhoti plutonium , iyo mauto aidawo kuedza uye kuratidza, paNagasaki munaAugust 9th. Uyewo musi waAugust 9th, vaSoviet vakarova maJapan. Mumavhiki maviri akatevera, vaSoviet vakauraya 84,000 Japanese vachirasikirwa ne12,000 vevarwi vavo, uye United States yakaramba ichitsvaga Japan ne zvisiri zvombo zvenyukireya. Zvadaro maJapan akazvipira. IUnited States Strategic Bombing Survey yakagumisa kuti,

". . . Zvechokwadi pamberi pe 31 December, 1945, uye muzvimwe zvose zvisati zvaitika 1 November, 1945, Japan ingadai yakazvipira kunyange kana mabhomu eatomu haana kubviswa, kunyange kana Russia yakanga isina kupinda muhondo, uye kunyange kana pasina kupinda kwakange kwakarongwa kana kufungidzirwa. "

Mumwe anopesana uyo akanga ataura pfungwa iyi kune Munyori weHondo musati mabhomba aive General Dwight Eisenhower. Sachigaro weVa Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral William D. Leahy vakabvuma kuti:

"Kushandiswa kwebasa iri rakashata kuHiroshima neNagasaki kwakanga kusina rubatsiro rwepanyama pakurwa kwedu neJapan. VaJapan vakanga vakundwa kare uye vakagadzirira kuzvipira. "

Chero chipi nechipi chinokanda mabhomba chingangodaro chakakonzera kupedzisa hondo, zvinoda kuziva kuti nzira yekutyisidzira kuidonha, nzira yakashandiswa munguva yezana remakore reCold War yekutevera, haina kumboedzwa. Tsanangudzo inogona kunge inowanikwa mumashoko aTruman achireva chinangwa chokutsiva:

"Takawana bhomba taishandisa. Takaishandisa kune avo vakatirova isu pasina nyevero paPearl Harbor, kune avo vane nzara uye vakarova uye vakauraya vasungwa veAmerica vehondo, uye kune avo vakasiya zvose zvinyengeri zvekuteerera mutemo wenyika dzehondo. "

Truman aisakwanisa, zvisinei, akasarudza Tokyo sechinangwa-kwete nekuda kweguta, asi nekuti takanga tatoita kuti iparadzwe.

Nhamo yenyukireya ingangodaro yakanga isiri, kuguma kweHondo Yenyika yose, asi kuvhura kweCold War, inotarisirwa kutumira shoko kuvaSoviet. Vazhinji vakaderera uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende yekuAmerica, kusanganisira vatungamiri vakuru, vave vachiedzwa kuti vaite mamwe maguta kubva ipapo, vachitanga naTruman vachityisidzira nuke China mu 1950. Iyo nhema yakatanga, chaizvoizvo, kushingaira kwaEisenhower kwekutora nuking China kwakatungamirira kumhedziso yekukurumidza yeHondo yeKorea. Kutenda muzvinyorwa izvi zvakatungamira Mutungamiri Richard Nixon, makumi emakore gare gare, kufungidzira kuti aigona kupedza Hondo yeVietnam nokufunga sokupenga zvakakwana kuti ashandise mabhomba enyukireya. Kunyanya kuwedzeredza, iye chaizvoizvo akanga akapenga zvakakwana. "Nyukireya bhomba, inoita izvozvo zvinokushungurudza here? . . . Ndinoda kuti iwe ufunge kuti mukuru, Henry, nokuda kweChristsakes, "Nixon akati kuna Henry Kissinger mukukurukurirana zvisarudzo zveVietnam.

Mutungamiriri weGeorge W. Bush vakatarisa kushandiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya zviduku zvinogona kushandiswa nyore nyore, pamwe nemamwe makuru mabhomba enyukireya, kusvibisa mutsetse pakati pezviviri. Mutungamiriri weBarack Obama akagadzwa mu2010 kuti United States inogona kutanga kutanga nezvombo zvenyukireya, asi neIran kana North North. IUnited States inopomerwa, pasina uchapupu, kuti Iran yakanga isingateereri Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), kunyange zvazvo kuputsa kwakanyatsojeka kwechibvumirano ichocho kukanganisa kweUnited States kushanda pakusagadzirisa uye United States 'Mutual Defense Agreement ne iyo United Kingdom, iyo nyika mbiri idzi dzinogovera zvombo zvenyukireya mukuputsa Chigwaro 1 cheNPT, uye kunyange zvazvo hurumende yeUnited States inotanga zvombo zvenyukireya inotyora imwezve gungano: UN Charter.

Vanhu veAmerica vangarega kumbobvuma zvaitika muHiroshima neNagasaki, asi nyika yedu yakanga iri mune imwe nzira yakagadzirirwa. Mushure mokunge Germany yakapinda muPoland, Britain neFrance vakanga vaudza hondo kuGermany. Britain mu1940 yakanga isati yaita chibvumirano neGermany kuti irege kuputira vanhu vevanhu, Germany isati yadzorera nenzira imwechete neEngland - kunyange zvazvo Germany yakazvirova pachake Guernica, Spain, mu1937, uye kuWarsaw, Poland, ku1939, uye Japan panguva iyi yakanga iri kuputira vanhu in China. Zvadaro, kwemazana, Britain neGermany zvakange zvarova mabhizimumwe nemamwe maguta maUnited States asati apindira, achiputira maguta eGermany neJapane mukuputsika kwekuparadzwa kusiyana nechinhu chipi zvacho chakapupurirwa. Apo taiva kupisa moto mumaguta eJapan, Magazini yeWupenyu yakadhinda mufananidzo wemunhu wekuJapan aipisa kufa uye akataura "Iyi ndiyo nzira chete." Nenguva yeHondo yeVietnam, mifananidzo yakadaro yaiva yakakavhiringidza. Nenguva yehondo ye 2003 kuIraq, mifananidzo yakadaro haina kuratidzirwa, sezvo miviri yevavengi yakanga isisati yaverengwa. Icho chiitiko, nenzira inenge chimiro chekufambira mberi, chichiri kutisiira isu kure nezuva apo utsinye hucharatidzwa nemashoko okuti "Panofanira kuva neimwe nzira."

Kurwisana nechakaipa ndechimwe runyararo vanoita zvekuita. Hasi izvo hondo dzinoita. Uye hazvisi, zvisingaiti pachena, chii chinokurudzira vatenzi vehondo, avo vanoronga hondo uye vanovaunza kuti vave. Asi kuedza kufunga saizvozvo. Zvakanaka zvikuru kuita zvibairo zvoushingi, kunyange chibayiro chikuru chehupenyu, kuitira kuti kugumisa zvakaipa. Zvichida zvakakosha kushandisa vamwe vana vavanhu kuti vaite zvakagadzirisa kuguma kwezvakaipa, izvo zvose zvinotsigirwa nevatsigiri vehondo. Zvakarurama kuva chikamu chemwe chinhu chakakura kukunda iwe pachako. Zvinogona kufadza kufaridzira mukurumbira. Zvinogona kunge zvinofadza kwenguva pfupi Ndine chokwadi, kana zvisingakarurama uye zvinokudzwa, kuzviisa muvengo, rusarura, uye mamwe maitiro eboka. Zvakanaka kufungidzira kuti boka rako rakakwirira kune umwe munhu. Uye kuda nyika, rusarura, nezvimwe zvipimo zvinokuparadzanisa kubva kune muvengi, zvinogona kufadza kukubatanidza iwe, kamwechete, nevose vavakidzani vako uye vanogara navo kumativi ose zvino asingabatsiri mitsara inowanzobata.

Kana iwe wakagumbuka uye wakatsamwa, kana iwe uchida kunzwa uine hunokosha, une simba, uye uchitonga, kana iwe uchida chireisheni chekutsvaga kubatsiva kana kutaura kana mumuviri, unogona kufarira hurumende inoparidza zororo kubva mumitemo uye mvumo yekuti kuvenga uye kuuraya. Iwe uchacherechedza kuti avo vanonyanya kufarira vatsigiri vehondo dzimwe nguva vanoda vasiri vasiri vadzivisi vehondo vakaurayiwa uye vanotambudzwa pamwe chete nevane utsinye uye vanotya; ruvengo runonyanya kukosha kupfuura chinangwa chacho. Kana zvitendero zvako zvinokuudza kuti hondo yakanaka, saka iwe wakanyatsoenda nguva huru. Iye zvino uri chikamu cheurongwa hwaMwari. Iwe uchararama mushure mekufa, uye zvichida isu tose tigova nani kana iwe uchiuya pamusoro pekufa kwedu isu tose.

Asi zvitendero zvisinganzwisisiki mune zvakanaka uye zvakaipa hazvienzani zvakanaka nenyika chaiye, zvisinei kuti vangani vanovagovana navo pasina mubvunzo. Havakuiti iwe tenzi wezvose. Pane zvinopesana, vanoisa utongi hwekuguma kwako mumaoko evanhu vachikunyengedza nehondo yenhema. Uye ruvengo nemararamiro hazvipi izvo zvinoita kuti tigutsikane kwenguva refu, asi pane zvinokonzera kutsamwa kunorwadza.

Iwe uri pamusoro pezvose izvozvo here? Wakambove nekusarura kwechisarura uye zvimwe zvakadai zvisingazivi here? Iwe unotsigira hondo nekuti ivo, chaizvoizvo, vane zvinokurudzirawo zvakanaka here? Iwe unofunga here kuti hondo, chero humwe huri huno huno hunoenderana navo, hunorwirwa mukuzvidzivirira kune avo vanorwisana nevanoshungurudza uye kuchengetedza nzira dzakasimudzika uye dzehutongi hwehupenyu? Ngatitarisei izvozvi muchitsauko chepiri.