Hondo Inoparadza Zvakatipoteredza (tsanangudzo)

Tarisa kana kuverenga pamusoro pazvo NoWar2017: Hondo neAvironment Conference.

Iyo yakadzingwa yakasvibiswa, isina rook isina pokugara
Shandisai zvino nhamo yevatapwa.
Kuchema kwete kuti dondo rakabviswa, iro rakatora
Makore mazana matatu okukura?
-S. Gertrude Ford

Chimwe chinokurudzira kune dzimwe hondo ndechido chokudzivirira midzi inopisa nyika, kunyanya mafuta uye gasi.

Oiri inogona kubviswa kana kupiswa, sezvakaita muGulf War, asi inonyanya kushandiswa mumhando dzose dzemichina inosvibisa mhepo yepasi, ichiisa isu pese pangozi. Vamwe vanobatanidza kushandiswa kwemafuta neanofanirwa kubwinya uye heroes yehondo, kuitira kuti simba rinodzorerwa risingaiti pangozi yenyika yose rinotaridzirwa senzira dzesingadi uye dzisiri dzokuti vanhu vasafambisa mishonga yedu. Ikubatanidza kwehondo nemafuta kunopfuura kupfuura izvozvo, zvisinei. Hondo ivo pachavo, ingave kana kwete kurwirwa mafuta, inodya zvakawanda zvayo. Mumwe wevashandi vepamusoro munyika, mairi, ndeye yeuto reUnited States.

Hondo yeUnited States ndiyo chechitatu-guru guru rinosvibisa mvura yeUnited States.

Pfungwa yekuti mumwe anogona kusarudza hanya nezve nharaunda kana hondo uye kwete imwe yacho haina kubatana. Izvo zvakabatana. Uye izvo zvinoenda kunogadzirira zvehondo futi. Tinosvibisa mweya mukuita chepfu pasi nemhando dzose dzezvombo. Mauto eUS anopisa kuburikidza angangoita mazana matatu nemakumi mana emabhiramu emafuta zuva rega rega. Dai Pentagon yaive nyika, yaizotungamira makumi matatu nesere kubva muna 340,000 mukushandisa kwemafuta. Kana iwe ukabvisa Pentagon kubva pamafuta ese anoshandiswa neUnited States, ipapo United States yaizoramba ichitanga kutanga isina mumwe munhu chero pedyo. Asi iwe ungadai wakarega mhepo yakapisa kupisa kwemafuta kupfuura nyika zhinji dzinodya, uye ungadai wakachengetedza nyika huipi hwese hwemauto eUS anokwanisa kuita mafuta nawo. Hapana imwe nzvimbo muUnited States inoshandisa ingangoita oiri yakawanda seyemauto.

Gore rega rega, US Environmental Protection Agency inoshandisa $ 622 mamiriyoni achiedza kuongorora nzira yekugadzira simba pasina mafuta, asi mauto anoshandisa mazana emabhiriyoni emadhora ekupisa mafuta muhondo akarwirwa kutonga mafuta. Mamiriyoni emadhora anoshandiswa kuchengetedza musoja mumwe kune imwe nyika basa kune rimwe gore aigona kuumba 20 green energy mabasa pa $ 50,000 imwe neimwe.

MunaOctober 2010, Pentagon yakaronga zvirongwa zvekuedza kushandiswa kuduku mukutungamirirwa kwesimba rinogona kushandiswa. Kutya kweuto kwehondo kwakanga kusingaiti kuenderera mberi hupenyu pasi pano kana mari yemari, asi panzvimbo yekuti vanhu vakaramba vachingoridza mabhazi ayo emotokari muPakistan neAghanistan vasati vasvika panzvimbo dzavo.

Nzvimbo iyi sezvatinoziva haichazopona hondo yenyukireya. Izvowo zvingasazopona "hondo" yakanzwisisika, inonzwisirwa kureva rudzi rwehondo dzave ikozvino. Kukuvara kwakanyanya kwakatoitwa nehondo uye nekutsvakurudza, kuedza, nekugadzirwa kunoitwa mukugadzirira hondo. Kunyanya kubva apo vaRoma vakadyara munyu paminda yeCarthaginian munguva yeTatu yePunic War, hondo dzakaparadza nyika, zvose nechinangwa uye-kazhinji-sechinhu chisingadikanwi chechikamu-.

Jenerali Philip Sheridan, aparadza mapurazi muVirginia munguva yeHondo Yenyika, akaparadza mapoka ezviyo semhashu senzira yekudzivirira vanhu vekuAmerica kuchengetedza. Hondo Yenyika I yakaona nyika yeEurope yakaparadzwa nemigero uye gasi rehupfu. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, vaNorway vakatanga kutenderera mumipata yavo, nepo Dutch yakazara chikamu chetatu cheminda yavo, maGermany akaparadza masango eCzech, uye mabritish akapisa masango muGermany neFrance.

Hondo mumakore achangopfuura dzakaita kuti nzvimbo huru dzisagare uye dzakagadzira makumi emamiriyoni evapoteri. Hondo "inokwikwidza chirwere chinotapukira sechikonzero chepasi rose chekukuvara nekufa," sekureva kwaJennifer Leaning weHarvard Medical School. Kutsamira kunokamura kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza nehondo munzvimbo ina: "kugadzirwa uye kuyedzwa zvombo zvenyukireya, kuputika kwemuchadenga uye kwemahombekombe kwenzvimbo, kupararira nekushingirira kwezvimbambaira uye zvakavigwa, uye kushandiswa kana kuchengetwa kwevanodzora mauto, chepfu, nemarara."

Dai wango 33,480 US isu zvombo zvenyukireya zvombo avo vakagamuchira mubhadharo wekukuvara kwehutano iko zvino vafa.

Kuongorora zvombo zvenyukireya kwakaitwa neUnited States neSoviet Union kwakayedza kanokwana mazana mana nemakumi mana nematatu ekuyedzwa kwemuchadenga pakati pa423 na1945 uye 1957 bvunzo dzepasi pevhu pakati pa1,400 na1957. Kukuvara kwemwaranzi iyoyo hakusati kwazivikanwa zvizere, asi kuchiri kupararira, sezvazviri ruzivo rwekare. Tsvagurudzo nyowani muna1989 yakaratidza kuti bvunzo dzeChinese dzenyukireya pakati pa2009 na1964 dzakauraya vanhu vazhinji zvakananga kupfuura kuyedzwa kwenyukireya kwerimwe nyika. Jun Takada, nyanzvi yefizikisi yeJapan, akaverenga kuti vanosvika mamirioni e1996 vanhu vakaoneswa pasi uye 1.48 yavo vanogona kunge vakafa nezvirwere zvine chekuita nemwaranzi kubva kumaChinese bvunzo. MuUnited States, kuyedzwa muma190,000 kwakatungamira kuzviuru zvisingaverengeki zvevakafa kubva pagomarara muNevada, Utah, neArizona, nzvimbo dzinodzikira zvakanyanya kubva pakuyedzwa.

Muna 1955, movie star John Wayne, uyo akadzivisa kupinda muHondo Yenyika II nekusarudza panzvimbo pekuita mafirimu achikudza hondo, akasarudza kuti aifanira kutamba Genghis Khan. The Conqueror yakatorwa muUtah, uye anokunda akakundwa. Pakati pevanhu mazana maviri nemakumi maviri vaishanda pafirimu, nekutanga kwema220 makumi mapfumbamwe nevasere vavo vakabatwa nekenza uye makumi mana nevatanhatu vakafa, kusanganisira John Wayne, Susan Hayward, Agnes Moorehead, uye director Dick Powell. Statistics inoratidza kuti makumi matatu makumi maviri nemakumi maviri angave akabatwa kenza, kwete makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe. Muna 1980 mauto akange aedza mabhomba eatomu gumi nerimwe pedyo neNevada, uye kuma91s hafu yevagari vemuSt. George, Utah, pakapfurwa firimu, gomarara. Unogona kumhanya kubva kuhondo, asi haugone kuvanda.

Masoja aiziva kuti zvombo zvenyukireya zvaizovhiringidza avo vakaderera, uye vaongorore zvigumisiro, vachiita zvakanaka mukuedza kwevanhu. Mune dzimwe dzidzo dzakawanda panguva uye mumakumi emakore mushure meHondo Yenyika II, mukupokana kweNuremberg Code ye1947, mauto neCIA vakaisa varwi vemauto, vasungwa, varombo, avo vakaremara mupfungwa, uye vamwe vanhu kuedza kusingazivi kwevanhu chinangwa chekuedza zvombo zvenyukireya, makemikari, uye zvigadziriswa, pamwe chete nemishonga yakadai seLSD, iyo iyo United States yakatosvika pakuisa mumhepo nekudya kweimwe musha weFrance mu1951, ine migumisiro inotyisa uye yakaipa.

Mushumo wakagadzirirwa mu1994 weUnited States Senate yeVeterans Affairs inotanga:

"Pakati pemakore ekupedzisira e50, mazana emakumi ezviuru zvevashandi ave achibatanidzwa mukuedza kwevanhu nekumwe kusununguka kunofambiswa kwakaitwa neDhipatimendi reDzivi (DOD), kazhinji pasina ruzivo rwe servicemember kana kubvumirana. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, masoja akabvumirana kushanda senhau dzevanhu vakazviwana ivo pachavo vachiita zvekuenzanisa zvakasiyana zvikuru neavo vakarondedzerwa panguva yavakazvipira. Semuenzaniso, zviuru zveHondo yeHondo Yenyika II iyo yakatanga kuzvipira 'kuedza zvipfeko zvezhizha' mukutsinhanisa imwe nguva yekusimuka, yakazviwanira mumakamuri emagetsi kuongorora migumisiro yemafodhi yemasitadhi neyewisite. Uyezve, mauto dzimwe nguva akarayirwa nekuraira vakuru vakuru kuti 'vazvipira' kuti vabatanidzwe mukutsvakurudza kana kutarisana nemigumisiro yakaipa. Semuenzaniso, vazhinji vePersian Gulf War veterans vakabvunzurudzwa nevashandi veKomiti vakataura kuti vakayirwa kuti vaite zvirongwa zvekuedza panguva yeOp Operation Desert Shield kana kutarisana nejeri. "

Mharidzo yakazara ine mhere-mhere yakawanda pamusoro pekuvanzika kwemauto uye inoratidza kuti zvitsva zvayo zvinogona kunge zvichinyanya kuvhara pamusoro pezvakavanzwa.

Muna 1993, Munyori weAmerica weUnited States akabudisa zvinyorwa zveU.S. kuongororwa kwe plutonium pamusana pekusaziva vanhu veUnited States mushure meHondo Yenyika II. Newsweek yakataura zvakajeka, musi waDecember 27, 1993:

"Masayendisiti avo ainge aita zviratidzo izvi kare kare vaine zvikonzero zvine musoro: kurwisana neSoviet Union, kutya kwemauto enyukireya ari pedyo, kudiwa nokukurumidza kwekuzarura zvose zvakavanzika zveatomu, nokuda kwezvinangwa zvose zvehondo uye zvekurapa."

O, zvakanaka zvese zvakanaka ipapo.

Nzvimbo dzekugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya muWashington, Tennessee, Colorado, Georgia, uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakasvibisa zvemamiriro ezvinhu zvakapoteredza pamwe nevashandi vavo, kupfuura 3,000 avo vakagadzirirwa mubhadharo mu2000. Mazhinji emapoka ehutendere akakomberedza United States anotarisa kuvhara kukanganisa uko zvigadziri zvombo zvemauto zviri kuitika kune zvakatipoteredza uye vashandi vavo vane rubatsiro kubva kune hurumende dzenharaunda. Dzimwe nguva basa iri rinoguma richiisa pakutanga pane kuratidzira hondo inotevera.

MuKansas City, vashanduri vakaedza kudzivisa kuendeswa uye kuwedzerwa kwefekitari huru yezvombo. Zvinoratidzika kuti Mutungamiri Harry Truman, uyo akange aita zita rake nekupikisa tsvina pamusoro pezvombo, akadyara firiti kumusha wakasvibisa nyika uye mvura kwemazana emakore anopfuura 60 apo zvichigadzira zvikamu zvezvipfu zvekufa iye zvino zvinoshandiswa chete naTruman. Imba yega yega, asi fesheni-break-subsidized factory inogona kuramba ichitsvaga, asi pamwero mukuru, 85 muzana yezvikamu zvezvombo zvenyukireya.

Kugadzirwa kwezvombo ndiko kushoma kwazvo. Mabhomba asiri enyukireya muHondo Yenyika II akaparadza maguta, mapurazi, uye madiridziro, zvichigadzira mamirioni makumi mashanu evapoteri nevanhu vakatiza misha. Bhomba reUS reVietnam, Laos, neCambodia rakaburitsa mamirioni gumi nevapoteri, uye kusvika pakupera kwegore ra50 kwaive nevapoteri vanosvika mamirioni gumi nemashanu nemakumi mashanu pasi rose. Hondo refu yevagari vemo muSudan yakatungamira kunzara imomo muna 17. Hondo yevagari vemo ine hutsinye yeRwanda yakasaidzira vanhu munzvimbo dzinogarwa nemhuka dziri panjodzi, kusanganisira gorilla. Iko kusuduruka kwevagari kutenderera pasirese kuenda kunzvimbo dzisingagarike kwakakuvadza zvisikwa zvakanyanya.

Hondo dzinosiya zvakasara zvikuru. Pakati pe1944 ne1970, mauto eUnited States akaputira zvombo zvakawanda zvemakemikari muAtlantic nePacific. Muna 1943 mabhomba eGermany akanga avhara chikepe cheUnited States kuBari, Italy, icho chakanga chiri kutakura mamiriyoni mapaundi emasitadhi gasi. Vazhinji vevakepe vekuUnited States vakafa nehupfu, iyo iyo United States isina kutendeseka ichitaura kuti yakashandisa se "kudzivisa," pasinei nekuiita yakavanzika. Ngarava inotarisirwa kuchengetedza gasi mugungwa kwemazana emakore. Munguva iyi United States neJapan zvakasara pamusoro pezvikepe zve1,000 pasi pePacific, kusanganisira mabhazi emotokari. Muchi2001, imwe ngarava, USS Mississinewa yakawanikwa ichichera mafuta. Muna 2003 mauto akabvisa mafuta api ayo aigona kubva pakuparara.

Zvichida zvombo zvinouraya zvakasara shure kwehondo ndezvimbambaira uye mabhasi emasumbu. Mazana emamiriyoni avo anofungidzirwa kunge avete pasi pose, asingazivi chero zviziviso zvorugare zvakaziviswa. Vazhinji vavo vakaurayiwa vagari vemo, vazhinji vavo vana. A 1993 US State State report yakadana migodhi yemigodhi "inonyanya kuora uye yakasvibiswa yakasangana nevanhu." Migodhi yemiguta inokuvadza zvakasikwa mumamiriro mana, anonyora Jennifer Leaning achiti:

"Kutya kwemigodhi kunoramba kubatikana kwezvinhu zvizhinji zvekunyama uye nyika inobhururuka; vanhu vanomanikidzwa kutungamira zvakasarudzwa munzvimbo dzakasununguka uye dzisina simba kuitira kuti dzirege kudzivirira minda; iyi kuenderera mberi kunomhanya kuderera kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana; uye kuputika kwemvura kunokanganisa ivhu rinokosha remvura nemvura. "

Kuwanda kwenzvimbo yepanyika kwakakanganiswa hakusi duku. Mamiriyoni ehekari muEurope, North Africa, uye Asia vari pasi pekudziviswa. Chimwe chikamu chetatu chenyika muLibhiya chinodzivirira migodhi yemigodhi uye zvinyorwa zvisina kufanira zveHondo Yenyika II. Nyika zhinji dzenyika dzakabvumirana kurambidza minda yemigodhi nemabhosi emasumbu.

Kubva 1965 kusvika 1971, United States yakagadzira nzira nyowani dzekuparadza chirimwa nemhuka (kusanganisira hupenyu hwevanhu); yakamwaya 14 muzana yemasango eSouth Vietnam nemishonga yesora, yakapisa munda wepurazi, uye yakapfura zvipfuyo. Imwe yeanonyanyisa kuuraya mishonga yemakemikari, Agent Orange, ichiri kutyisidzira hutano hweVietnamese uye yakakonzera zvimwe hafu yemamiriyoni ekuberekwa kuremara. Munguva yeGulf War, Iraq yakaburitsa mamirioni gumi emafuta emafuta muPersian Gulf ndokuisa 10 matsime emafuta pamoto, zvichikonzera kukuvara kwakanyanya kumhuka dzesango nekuisa chepfu mvura yepasi nekurasika kwemafuta. Muhondo dzayo muYugoslavia neIraq, United States yakasiya uranium yapera. Ye732 Dhipatimendi reVeterans Affairs ongororo yeGulf War veterans kuMississippi vakawana 1994 muzana yevana vavo vakabatwa nemimba sezvo Hondo yaive nezvirwere zvakakomba kana kuremara kwekuberekwa. Hondo muAngola dzakabvisa 67 muzana yemhuka dzesango pakati pa90 na1975. Hondo yevagari vemo muSri Lanka yakadambura miti mamiriyoni mashanu.

Basa reSoviet neUnited States reA Afghanistan rinoparadza kana kuparadza zviuru zvemisha uye mitsva yemvura. VaTaliban vaitengesa matanda kuPakistan zvisina kutenderwa, zvichiita kuti kudyarwa kwemasango kunokosha. Mabhomba eUUS uye vapoteri vanoda ruvengo vakawedzera kudambudziko. Masango eAustralia anenge ava kuda kuenda. Zvizhinji zvezvisikwa zvinoputika izvo zvaiwanzopfuura nepakati peAustralia hazvichaiti kudaro. Mhepo yaro nemvura zvakasvibiswa nezviputi uye rocket propellants.

Itiopiya ingadai yakashandura kuparadzwa kwayo kwe $ 50 mamiriyoni ekudengwa kwemvura, asi yakasarudza kushandisa $ 275 mamiriyoni ehondo yake panzvimbo - gore rimwe nerimwe pakati pe1975 ne1985.

Dai mauto akaitwa girini maererano nemaitiro avo, vangadai vakarasikirwa nechimwe chezvikonzero zvavo zvehondo. (Hakuna munhu anokwanisa kuva wezuva kana mhepo.) Uye isu tinenge tichine runyorwa rurefu rwe… Zvimwe zvikonzero zvekugumisa hondo.

Nhepfenyuro yezviri pamusoro apa.

Chikamu chakafanana mubhuku redu.

Zvishandiso nemamwe mashoko.

NoWar2017: Hondo uye Zvakatipoteredza

Zvimwe zvikonzero zvekugumisa hondo.