NaErin Niemela
US-inotungamirwa mubatanidzwa airstrikes yakanangana neIslamic State (ISIL) yakavhura magedhi ehondo enhau kutapihwa nhepfenyuro huru yemakambani - kukuvadza hutongi hweAmerica nerunyararo. Izvi zvave kuonekwa munguva pfupi yapfuura mune chinyakare demokrasi chishandiso chinoshandiswa neAmerican venhau: veruzhinji vanoongorora sarudzo. Aya mavhoti ehondo, sekudanwa kwaanofanira kuitwa panguva yehondo, anoshoreka kune vese vanoremekedzwa venhau uye ruzivo rwevanhu Izvo zvibereko zverally-kutenderera-iyo-mureza hondo utapi venhau uye pasina kugara uchiongororwa, Hondo dzekuvhota mhedzisiro inoita kuti veruzhinji vafunge kutarisisa zvakanyanya pro-hondo kupfuura zvazviri chaizvo.
Kuvhota kuruzhinji kunoitirwa kuratidza nekusimbisa basa rezvenhau muhutongi hwejekerere sekuratidzira kana kumiririra ruzhinji pfungwa. Masangano makuru enhau anoonekwa seanotendeseka mukupa uku kuratidzwa kunoenderana nekufungidzira kwekusaziva uye kuenzanisa, uye vezvematongerwo enyika vanozivikanwa kuti vanoongorora sarudzo mumasarudzo avo. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, sarudzo dzinogona kubatsira mukuita mhinduro pakati pevakuru vezvematongerwo enyika, vezvenhau neruzhinji.
Dambudziko rinouya apo kusarudzwa kwevanhu vakawanda kunosangana nehondo yezvemazuva; Zvinangwa zvemukati zvekodzero dzekururamisa uye kuenzanisa zvinogona kuchinja kwenguva pfupi kuva mukurudzira uye kunyengetedza - nemaune kana kwete - mukufarira hondo uye chisimba.
Hondo yehupfumi, inotanga kuonekwa mu1970s nerunyararo uye nyanzvi yekupikisa Johan Galtung, inoratidzirwa nezvimwe zvikamu zvakakosha, izvo zvose zvinowanzova neropafadzo dzakanaka mazwi uye zvido. Asi chimwe chezviratidzo zvaro ndezvekuita zvechisimba zvehupfumi. Hondo yehupfumi inofungidzira kuti chisimba ndicho chete chinokonzera kukanganisa kusarudzwa kusarudza. Kubatana kunokosha, kurwisana kunobatanidzwa, chero chimwe chinhu chisingaiti uye, nokuda kwechikamu chikuru, kusabvumirana hakuna kunaka.
Runyararo runyararo, nenzira yakasiyana, runotora hurumende yekutenderera, uye inofunga kuti kune nhamba isingagumi yekusarudzira kusagadzikana kwekutarisana kwemakakatanwa. The dudziro yakazara yerugare journalism"apo vashanduri nevanyori venhau vanoita sarudzo-pamusoro pezvingazozivisa, uye kuti vangaudza sei - izvo zvinoita kuti mikana yevanhu vose vafunge kuongorora nekukoshesa mhinduro dzisiri dzechisimba kumakakatanwa." Vatori venhau vanotora chisimba chekuita zvechisimba vanoitawo zvisarudzo pamusoro pezvingazozivisa uye kuti vangaudza sei, asi panzvimbo yekusimbisa (kana kunyange kusanganisira) zvisarudzo zvisingasviki, vanowanzoenda zvakananga ku "sarudzo yekupedzisira" mazano ekurapwa uye vanoramba vachiiswa kusvikira vataurirwa zvimwe. Kufanana nembwa wevarindi.
Veruzhinji maonero ehondo sarudzo dzinoratidza zvehondo zvemapepanhau's pro-mhirizhonga munzira iyo mibvunzo yakanyorwa uye nhamba uye mhando yesarudzo dzakapihwa semhinduro. "Munotsigira here kana kupokana nemauto emuAmerica ekumukira varwi veSunni muIraq?" "Unotsigira here kana kupokana nekuwedzera kwemauto eU.S. kurwisa vapanduki veSunni kuenda kuSyria?" Mibvunzo miviri iyi inobva sarudzo yeWashington Post mukutanga kweSeptember 2014mukupindura mutungamiri wehurumende Obama mukukunda ISIL. Mubvunzo wekutanga wakaratidza 71 muzana pakutsigira. Yechipiri yakaratidza 65 muzana pakutsigira.
Kushandiswa kwe "Sunni vapanduki" kunofanira kukurukurwa pane imwe nguva, asi chinetso chimwe chezvinhu izvi kana kuti mibvunzo yekutsvaga hondo ndeyekuti vanofunga kuti chisimba uye kusagadzikana ndizvo chete zvinowanikwa - mapurisa echando kana chinhu, kutsigira kana kupikisa. Hapana mubvunzo muongororo yeWashington muhondo yakabvunza kana vaAmerica vanga vatsigira kumanikidzira Saudi Arabia kuti irege kumira uye kubhadhara mari ISILor kuvhara zvigadziro zvedu kuMiddle East. Uye zvakadaro, idzi sarudzo dzisiri dzechisimba, pakati pevakawanda, dzakawanda, dziripo.
Mumwe muenzaniso ndeye yakataurwa kwakawanda Wall Street Journal / NBC Nhau dzehondo kubva pakati paGunyana 2014 umo makumi matanhatu muzana yevatori vechikamu vakabvumirana kuti kurwisa ISIL kuri mukufarira nyika yeUS. Asi iyo hondo yekuvhota yakundikana kubvunza kana maAmerican akabvumirana kuti chiito chekuvaka runyararo mukupindura ISIL chiri mukufarira kwedu nyika.
Sezvo hondo yemazuva ano yatotanga kufunga kuti kune imwe chete yerudzi rwechiito - maitiro ehondo - WSJ / NBC hondo yekusarudzwa kwehondo yakaderedzwa: Ko mauto ehondo anofanira kukwaniswa kune mairstrey kana kusanganisira kurwa here? Chisimba chisarudzo A kana kuti chisimba B? Kana iwe usina chokwadi kana usingadi kusarudza, huwandu hwemashoko hunoti iwe "hauna pfungwa."
Hondo yekusarudzwa mhinduro inoparidzirwa, inoparadzirwa uye inodzokororwa seyechokwadi kusvika kune imwe 30-35 yepakati, isu isu tisingadi kusarudza pakati pechisimba chisarudzo A uye B kana kuziviswa pamusoro pezvimwe zvinogona kuitwa, zvigaro zvekuchengetedza runyararo zvinotsigirwa, zvakasundirwa kunze. "Vanhu vokuAmerica vanoda mabhomba nemabhoti, munoona, uye mitemo yakawanda," ivo vachati. Asi, mapurisa ehondo haana kuratidza kana kuenzanisa maonero evanhu. Vanokurudzira uye simbi pfungwa pane chimwe chinhu: hondo.
Runyararo venhau vanoziva uye vanovhenekera sarudzo dzakawanda dzisiri dzechisimba dzinowanzo regedzerwa nevatori venhau vehondo uye makoko ezvematongerwo enyika. Runyararo runyararo "rugare rwekuongorora" rwaizopa vagari mukana wekubvunza nekugadzirisa mashandisirwo emhirizhonga mukupindura kukakavara uye kufunga nekukoshesa sarudzo dzisiri dzechisimba nekubvunza mibvunzo yakaita seiyi, "une hanya sei kuti kupomba zvikamu zveSyria neIraq zvinokurudzira kubatana. pakati pemapoka emagandanga anorwisa Western? ” Kana, "unotsigira here US ichitevedzera mutemo wepasi rose mukupindura kwavo zviito zveIslamic State?" Kana kuti pamwe, "Ungatsigire zvakadii kumisidzana kwemauto munzvimbo dzakashanda Islamic State?" Sarudzo inobvunza riini, "Unotenda here kuti kurwiswa kwemauto kunobatsira kubatsira kutora magandanga matsva?" Mhedzisiro iyi yaizoita sei?
Kutendeseka kwevatapi venhau, vatungamiri vezvematongerwo enyika uye vatungamiri vemaonero vasina kufanirwa vanofanira kuve vasina mubvunzo nemhando ipi zvayo yekutsvaga hondo kana kutsvaga kwehondo apo kunoshanda kana tsika dzechisimba zvinofungidzirwa. Vapikisi vechisimba havafaniri kufara kushandiswa kwekugadzirisa hondo kunoguma mukukakavadzana uye vanofanira kukumbira zvakakosha migumisiro yezvarudzo pamusoro pekugadzirisa rugare kune dzimwe nzira, pane kudaro. Kana sangano rimwe chete raireva kutitaurira kuti sangano rezvematongerwo enyika rinorega kana kuti rinonyaradza huwandu hwakawanda hwemhinduro dzingasarudzwa pane zvechisimba, hatigoni kuita zvisarudzo zvechokwadi sezvinoda vanhu. Tinoda humwe runyararo rwehupfumi-vatapi venhau, vatori, vanyori uye vatsva-kupa zvakawanda pane zvechisimba A uye B. Kana tichizoita sarudzo dzakanaka pamusoro pemakakatanwa, tinoda kusagadzikana A kuburikidza neZ.
Erin Niemela ndiye Mutevedzeri weMudzidzisi muChirongwa cheGadziriro yeChirongwa paPortland State University uye Editor PeaceVoice.
