Kubvira pahondo kusvikira kune rugare: mutungamiri kune makore anotevera

NaKent Shifferd

Zvinyorwa zvakagadzirirwa naRuss Faure-Brac

            Mubhuku rino, Shifferd anoita basa guru rekuongorora hondo uye kukurukura nhoroondo yerunyararo uye kusava nemhirizhonga. MuChitsauko 9, Kubvisa Hondo uye Kuvaka Runyararo Rwakazara Sistimu, anotaridza mabviro atingaita kubva patiri nhasi kuenda kunyika ine runyararo. Ane mazano akawanda akafanana neari mubhuku rangu, Kuchinja kune Rugare, asi inopinda mune zvakawanda zvakadzama pane pfungwa dzangu.

Inotevera ipfupiso yepfungwa dzake huru.

A.  Zvakajairika

• The thesis yebhuku rake ndeyekuti isu tine mukana wakanaka wekurambidza hondo mumakore zana anotevera.

 

• Kubvisa hondo isu tichada kuve ne "Tsika yeRunyararo" yakadzika midzi mumasangano edu, tsika uye zvatinotenda.

 

• Bato rakadzikama bedzi rokuenda kurugare richaita kuti vanhu vasiye miitiro yekare, zvisinei nokuti yave isingashandiswi sei.

 

• Runyararo runofanira kuva rwakadzika, rusina basa, rusingadzoreki, rwakasimba uye runoshanda. Zvikamu zvaro zvakasiyana-siyana zvinofanirwa kudyisa kune mumwe nemumwe kuitira kuti sisitimu isimbiswe uye kutadza kwechimwe chikamu hakutungamiriri kutadza kwehurongwa. Kugadzira runyararo runoitika pamatanho mazhinji uye kazhinji panguva imwe chete, kazhinji munzira dzinopindirana.

 

• Hondo nerunyararo masisitimu anogara pamwe chete nekuenderera mberi kubva kuStable War (hondo ndiyo yakajairika) kuenda kuHondo Yakasimba (maitiro ehondo anogarisana nerunyararo) kune Runyararo Rusina Kugadzikana (tsika dzerunyararo dzinogara pamwe nehondo) uye Runyararo Rwakagadzikana (runyararo ndiyo yakajairika) . Nhasi tiripo muchikamu cheHondo Yakagadzikana uye tinoda kutamira kuChigaro cheRunyararo Rwakagadzikana - runyararo rwepasi rose.

 

• Tatova nezvakawanda zvezvikamu zvegadziriro yorugare; tinongoda kuisa zvikamu pamwe chete.

 

• Runyararo runogona kuitika nekukurumidza nekuti kana masisitimu achinja chikamu, anochinja nekukurumidza, sekuchinja kwemvura kuita ice kana tembiricha yadonha kubva pa33 kusvika 32 madhigirii.

 

• Izvi zvinotevera zvinhu zvekutanga mukufamba kuenda kutsika yerunyararo.

 

 

B. Institutional/Government/Legal Structure

 

1. Outlaw War

Kunyengetedza International Court of Justice kuti ibvise marudzi ese ehondo, kusanganisira hondo yevagari vemo. Makanzuru, nyika, mapoka ezvitendero nemapoka evagari vachafanira kuita zvisungo zvinotsigira shanduko yakadai kuti vaunze dare neUN General Assembly. Ipapo General Assembly inofanira kupa chiziviso chakafanana uye kushandura Charter yayo, kuti igamuchirwe pakupedzisira nenyika dzenhengo. Vamwe vangapikisa kuti hazvibatsiri kudzika mutemo usingagone kuteedzerwa nekukasika, asi hurongwa hunofanira kutanga pane imwe nzvimbo.

 

1. Outlaw International Trade in Arms

Ita chibvumirano chinoti kutengeserana kwezvombo imhosva, inotevedzwa neInternational Criminal Court uye inotariswa nevepasi rese mapurisa aripo.

 

3.  Simbisa United Nations

• Gadzira Mapurisa Akamira Panyika Dzepasi Pose

United Nations inofanira kuvandudza Charter yayo kuti ishandure zvikamu zvenguva pfupi zvekuchengetedza runyararo zveUN kuita chipurisa chechigarire. Paizove ne "Emergency Peace Force" ye10,00 kune 15,000 mauto akadzidziswa mudambudziko remamiriro ezvinhu, anotumirwa mumaawa e48 kudzima "brashi moto" vasati vabuda mukutonga. Iyo yakajairwa UN Blue Helmets mauto ekuchengetedza runyararo anogona kuzoiswa, kana zvichidikanwa, kwenguva refu.

 

• Kuwedzera Nhengo muSecurity Council

Wedzera nhengo dzechigarire kubva kumaodzanyemba kwepasirese kuSecurity Council (nhengo dziripo iUS, France, England, China neRussia). Uyezve wedzera Japan neGermany, masimba makuru ayo adzoka kubva kuWWII. Bvisa simba reveto renhengo imwe chete nekushanda nehuwandu hwe75-80% yenhengo dzinovhota.

 

• Wedzera Muviri Wechitatu

Wedzera Paramende yeNyika, yakasarudzwa nevagari venyika dzakasiyana-siyana, iyo inoshanda sedare remazano kuGeneral Assembly neSecurity Council.

 

• Gadzira Conflict Management Agency

Iyo CMA yaizove iri muUN Secretariat kuti itarise pasirese uye itaure pamusoro pemaitiro akajairwa anotungamira kumakakatanwa emangwana (Iyo CIA inoita izvi izvozvi?).

 

• Adopt Taxing Masimba

UN inofanira kuva nesimba rekuteresa kuunganidza mari yezviitwa zvayo zvitsva. Mutero mudiki pazvishoma zvekutengeserana kwenyika zvakaita sekufona, kutumira, kufamba nendege kune dzimwe nyika kana tsamba dzemagetsi zvinosimudzira bhajeti reUN uye kusunungura nyika shoma dzakapfuma kubva pakuva vanopa mari.

 

1.  Wedzera Kufanotaura Kukakavadzana uye Kuyananisa Zvimiro

Wedzera kufembera kwemakakatanwa uye kuyananisira kune mamwe matunhu aripo ehutongi hwematunhu, seEuropean Union, Organisation of American States, African Union nematare ematunhu akasiyana.

 

1. Saina Zvibvumirano Zvepasi Pose

Masimba makuru ese, kusanganisira US, anofanirwa kusaina zvibvumirano zvepasirese zviripo zvinotonga gakava. Gadzira zvibvumirano zvitsva zvekurambidza zvombo munzvimbo yekunze, kubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya uye kumisa zvachose kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinoputika.

 

1. Gamuchira "Kudzivirira Kusingadenha"

Gadzira chimiro chisina kutyisidzira mukudzivirira kwedu kwenyika. Izvi zvinoreva kubvisa kubva kuzvigaro zvemauto uye zviteshi zvepasirese uye kuisa kusimbisa kune zvombo zvekudzivirira (kureva, hapana zvombo zvenguva refu uye mabhomba, hapana rwendo rurefu rwekuendeswa kwechikepe). Kokerai nhaurirano dzepasi rose pamusoro pekuderedzwa kwemauto. Tsvaga chando chemakore gumi pazvombo zvitsva uye zvishoma nezvishoma, kudzoreredzwa kwepasi rose nechibvumirano, kubvisa makirasi uye nhamba dzezvombo. Cheka maoko kutamiswa zvakanyanya panguva iyi.

Kuti izvi zviitike zvinoda danho rakakura kudivi remasangano epasi rose rekukurudzira hurumende kuita chiito chenyika dzakawanda, sezvo mumwe nemumwe angazengurira kutora matanho ekutanga kana kutombofamba zvachose.

 

1. Tanga Universal Service

Tanga chinodiwa chesevhisi chepasirese chinopa dzidziso kune vanhu vakuru vanokwanisa mukudzivirira kusiri kwemhirizhonga yevagari, nzira dzekuvhara, mazano, uye nhoroondo yekubudirira kusiri kwechisimba kudzivirira.

 

1. Gadzira Dhipatimendi reRunyararo reKhabhineti

Dhipatimendi reRunyararo raizobatsira mutungamiri wenyika mukutarisa dzimwe nzira dzemhirizhonga dzechiuto mune zvingangoita mhirizhonga, kubata kurwiswa kwemagandanga semhosva kwete sehondo.

 

1. Tanga International "Trans-armament"

Kuti vadzivise kushaikwa kwemabasa, nyika dzaizoisa mari mukudzidzisa avo vanoshanda muindasitiri yezvombo, zvakagadzirirwa maindasitiri matsva akadai sesimba rinogara riripo. Vaizoisawo mari yekutanga mumaindasitiri iwayo, zvishoma nezvishoma vachibvisa hupfumi kubva mukutsamira pazvibvumirano zvemauto. Bonn International Center for Conversion nderimwe remasangano akawanda ari kushanda panyaya yekushandurwa kweindasitiri yedziviriro.

[Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC) isangano rakazvimirira, risingabatsiri rakazvipira kusimudzira runyararo nebudiriro kuburikidza neshanduko inobudirira uye inoshanda yezvivakwa zvine chekuita nemauto, midziyo, mabasa nemaitirwo. BICC inoronga tsvakiridzo yayo yakatenderedza misoro mikuru mitatu: maoko, kuvaka runyararo uye kukakavara. Vashandi vayo vekune dzimwe nyika vanobatanidzwawo mubasa rekupa mazano, kupa hurumende, maNGOs nemamwe masangano ehurumende kana akazvimirira mazano emitemo, zviitiko zvekudzidzisa uye basa reprojekti rinoshanda.]

 

10.  Batanidza Maguta neNyika

Maguta nematunhu aizozivisa nzvimbo dzemahara, senge dzakawanda dziripo dzisina nyukireya nzvimbo, nzvimbo dzisina zvombo uye nzvimbo dzerunyararo. Vaizotangawo madhipatimendi avo erunyararo; kuisa misangano, kuunza vagari nenyanzvi pamwechete kuti vanzwisise mhirizhonga uye kuronga nzira dzekudzideredza munzvimbo dzavo; kuwedzera zvirongwa zveguta rehanzvadzi; uye kupa kugadzirisa kusawirirana uye kudzidziswa kwevezera rekugadzirisa kune vadzidzi muzvikoro zvehurumende.

 

11. Wedzera Dzidzo dzeRugare dzeYunivhesiti

Wedzera iyo yatove kubudirira dzidzo yerunyararo pakoreji nemayunivhesiti.

 

12.  Kurambidza Kupinza Vachiuto

Kurambidza kuunganidza mauto uye kubvisa zvirongwa zveROTC kubva kuzvikoro nemayunivhesiti.

 

C.  Basa remaNGO

Zviuru zvemasangano epasi rose asiri ehurumende (NGO's) ari kushandira rugare, kururamisira uye rubatsiro rwekusimudzira, kugadzira nzanga yepasi rose kekutanga munhoroondo. Masangano aya anowedzera kushandira pamwe kwevagari nekuyambuka miganhu yekare uye isiri kushanda yenyika yenyika. Nyika yakavakirwa vagari vemo iri kukurumidza kuvepo.

 

D.  Asina mhirizhonga, Akadzidziswa, Mugari Worugare

Mamwe emaNGO akabudirira kwazvo ekuchengetedza runyararo uye kutonga kwemhirizhonga anga ari "masangano anoperekedza," akadai sePeace Brigades International uye Nonviolent Peaceforce. Vane hukuru hukuru hwepasi rose hwerunyararo rwevanhu vakadzidziswa mukusava nechisimba vanopinda munzvimbo dzine mhirizhonga kuti vadzivise rufu uye kuchengetedza kodzero dzevanhu, nokudaro vachigadzira nzvimbo yemapoka emunharaunda kutsvaga kugadzirisa runyararo rwemakakatanwa avo. Vanotarisa kumisa moto uye vanochengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu vasiri varwi.

 

E.  Funga Matangi

Chimwe chikamu chekusimudzira tsika yerunyararo matangi ekufunga anotarisana nekutsvaga rugare uye mutemo werunyararo, seStockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Hakuna kumbobvira kwave nesimba renjere rakawanda kudaro rakanangidzirwa pakunzwisisa zvikonzero nemamiriro erunyararo mune zvese zvarwo.

[chitsamba: Yakavambwa muna 1966, SIPRI inzvimbo yakazvimirira yepasi rose muSweden, ine vashandi vangangosvika makumi mana vaongorori uye vabatsiri vekutsvagisa vakazvipira kutsvagisa mukukonana, kutonga zvombo uye kubvisa zvombo. SIPRI inochengetedza dhatabhesi hombe pamusoro pemashandisirwo echiuto, maindasitiri ekugadzira zvombo, kutamiswa kwezvombo, hondo yemakemikari uye yezvipenyu, kudzora kunze kwenyika nekunze kwenyika, zvibvumirano zvekudzora zvombo, kutevedzana kwegore negore kwezviitiko zvikuru zvekudzora zvombo, mafambisirwo ehondo uye kuputika kwenyukireya.

Muna 2012 SIPRI North America yakavhurwa muWashington DC kusimbisa tsvagiridzo muNorth America pamusoro pemakakatanwa, zvombo, kutonga kwemaoko uye kubvisa zvombo.]

 

F.  Vatungamiriri Vezvitendero

Vatungamiri vezvitendero vachave vatambi vakakosha mukugadzira tsika yerunyararo. Zvitendero zvikuru zvinofanirwa kusimbisa dzidziso dzerunyararo mukati metsika dzavo uye kurega kuremekedza nekukudza dzidziso dzekare pamusoro pechisimba. Mamwe magwaro anozofanirwa kufuratirwa kana kunzwisiswa seave enguva yakatosiyana uye nekupa zvinodiwa izvo zvisisashande. Makereke echiKristu anozofanira kufamba kubva kuhondo tsvene uye dzidziso yehondo chete. VaMuslim vachada kuisa kusimbisa kwejihad pakurwisana kwemukati kwekururama uye kusiya, ivowo, dzidziso yehondo chete.

 

G.  Zvimwe 

• Tsiva GDP neimwe indekisi yekufambira mberi, senge Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI).
• Shandura World Trade Organisation kuti isaite zvinodaidzwa kuti zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana zvemahara seTrans Pacific Partnership (TPP) inodarika mitemo yenyika inochengetedza nharaunda uye kodzero dzevashandi.
• Nyika dzine rombo rakanaka dzinofanira kugadzira chikafu panzvimbo pemafuta emagetsi uye kuvhura miganhu yavo kune vapoteri vari kufa nenzara.
• IUS inofanirwa kubatsira mukupedza hurombo hwakanyanya. Sezvo hurongwa hwehondo huchidzika pasi uye kune mari shoma yekushandisa muchiuto, mari yakawanda ichave iripo yekusimudzira budiriro munzvimbo dzine urombo pasirese, zvichigadzira kushomeka kwebhajeti remauto mune yakanaka mhinduro loop.