Vanopinda nechisimba vangangotora zana nemakumi mashanu sevazhinji varwi vakaurayiwa sa9 / 11 - uye zviito zvavo zvaingova sematsotsi
NaPaul W. Lovinger, Hondo neMutemo, September 28, 2021
The kuuraya kwemuchadenga yemhuri ye10, kusanganisira vana vanomwe, muKabul muna Nyamavhuvhu 29 yakanga isina anomaly. Yaifananidzira hondo yemakore makumi maviri nemaviri yeAfghan - kunze kwekuti kufumurwa kwakaburitswa pachena kwakamanikidza mauto eUS kukumbira ruregerero "kukanganisa" kwayo.
Nyika yedu yakachema vanhu vasina mhosva 2,977 vekuAmerica vakaurayiwa muhugandanga hwaGunyana 11, 2001. Pakati pevatauri vachicherekedza makumi mavirith Chirangaridzo, aimbova Mutungamiriri wenyika, George W. Bush akashora mhirizhonga "kusaremekedza hupenyu hwevanhu."
Hondo yeAfghanistan, yakatanga naBush masvondo matatu mushure me9 / 11, pamwe yakatora kanopfuura ka100 hupenyu hwakawanda hwevagari vemo.
The Mariro yeHondo Purojekiti (Brown University, Providence, RI) inofungidzira kufa kwehondo kwakananga kuburikidza Kubvumbi 2021 vangangoita 241,000, kusanganisira vanopfuura vanhu 71,000, Afghan nePakistani. Mhedzisiro isina kunanga, senge chirwere, nzara, nyota, uye kuputika kwedud kunogona kutora "zvakapetwa kakati wandei" vakaurayiwa.
A chiyero chechina-kune-chimwe)
Iwo manhamba anochengetedza. Muna 2018 mumwe munyori akafungidzira izvozvo mamiriyoni 1.2 VaAfghans nevePakistan vaive vauraiwa nekuda kwekupinda nechisimba kweAfghanistan muna 2001.
Vagari vakatarisana nendege dzehondo, maherikoputa, madhiraoni, zvombo zvehondo, nekupamba dzimba. Makumi maviri US uye vakabatana mabhomba uye zvombo pazuva zvinonzi zvakarova maAfghans. Pentagon payakabvuma chero kurwiswa, vazhinji vakaurayiwa vakava "Taliban," "magandanga," "varwi," nezvimwewo Vanyori venhau vakaburitsa kumwe kurwiswa kwevanhuwo zvavo. Wikileaks.org yakaburitsa mazana ezvakavanzika.
Mune chimwe chiitiko chakadzvanyirirwa, kuputika kwakarova ngarava yeMarine muna 2007. Chakakuvara chete yaive ronda reruoko. Kudzokera kune kwavo base, iyo Marines akapfura chero munhu- vatyairi vemota, musikana wechidiki, murume achembera-achiuraya maAfghan gumi nemapfumbamwe, akakuvadza makumi mashanu. Varume vacho vakanyaradza mhosva idzi asi vaitofanira kubuda muAfghanistan zvichitevera kuratidzira. Havana kurangwa.
"Taida kuti vafe"
Mumwe muzvinafundo weNew Hampshire akataura nezvekurwiswa kwakaitwa nendege kumatunhu eAfghan, semuenzaniso kuurayiwa kwevagari ve93 vekurima. musha weChowkar-Karez. Kanganiso yakaitwa here? Mumwe mukuru wePentagon akati, nekutaura kusingawanzoitika, "Vanhu varipo vakafa nekuti taida kuti vafe."
Vezvenhau vekunze vakatamba nhau dzakadai: “Inopomerwa mhosva yekuuraya vanhu vanopfuura zana vemumusha mudenga. ” Mumwe murume akaudza Reuters kuti iye oga mumhuri ye makumi maviri nemana akapona pakaitika mambakwedza kuQalaye Niazi. Hapana varwi vaivapo, akadaro. Musoro wedzinza wakaverenga kuti 24 vakafa, kusanganisira vana nevakadzi.
Ndege yakaramba ichirwiswa vachengeti vemichato, eg kumusha weKakarak, uko mabhomba nematombo zvakauraya makumi matanhatu nenomwe, zvichikuvadza zana+.
US Special Forces maherikoputa akapfura mabhazi matatu mudunhu reUruzgan, kuuraya vanhu makumi maviri nevaviri muna 27. Vakuru veAfghan vakaramba. Mutungamiriri weUS akachema-chema "asingazivi" achikuvadza vanhu uye akavimbisa kuchengetwa zvakapetwa kaviri. Asi masvondo gare gare, mauto eUS mudunhu reKandahar akapfura rimwe bhazi, kuuraya vanhu vanosvika vashanu.
pakati pfungwa-isina kuuraya, Vanhu gumi varara mumusha weGhazi Khan Ghondi, vazhinji vevakomana vechikoro vadiki se10, vakadhonzerwa kubva pamibhedha yavo uye vakapfurwa, mukuita kwakatenderwa neNATO mukupera kwa12. Culprits vaive Navy SEALs, mapurisa eCIA, uye CIA-akadzidziswa mauto eAfghan.
Mavhiki gare gare, Mauto Akakosha rakapinda mumba panguva yemutambo wekutumidza mucheche mumusha weKhataba uye nekuuraya vanhu vanomwe, kusanganisira vakadzi vaviri vakazvitakura, musikana achiri kuyaruka, nevana vaviri. Masoja eUS anga abvisa mabara mumitumbi uye ndokunyepa kuti vawana vakauraiwa, asi havana kupihwa chirango.
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Vezvenhau veUS vaiwanzomedza shanduro dzemauto. Semuenzaniso: Muna 2006 vakataura nezve “mubatanidzwa wemhepo wekuratidzira kurwisa inozivikanwa Taliban nhare, ”Musha weAzizi (kana Hajiyan), ungangouraya" vanopfuura makumi mashanu veTaliban. "
Asi vakapona vakataura. Iyo Melbourne Herald Zuva yakatsanangura "kubuda ropa uye kutsva vana, vakadzi nevarume" vachipinda muchipatara cheKandahar makiromita makumi matatu nemashanu, zvichitevera kurwisa kusingaregi, Zvaive "zvakangofanana neapo maRussia aibhomba isu," akadaro mumwe murume.
Mumwe mukuru wemusha akaudza French Press Agency (AFP) kurwisa kwakauraya makumi maviri nemana mumhuri yake; uye mudzidzisi akaona zvitunha zvevanhu makumi mana, kusanganisira vana, ndokubatsira kuviga. Reuters yakabvunzurudza wechidiki akakuvara aiona vakawanda vakaurayiwa, kusanganisira hama dzake mbiri.
"Mabhomba anouraya vagari veAfghan" akatungamira nyaya huru muToronto Globe uye Mail. Chidimbu: "Mahmood ane makore gumi nemaviri ekuberekwa aive achiri kurwisa misodzi…. Mhuri yake yese - amai, baba, hanzvadzi nhatu, vanun'una vatatu - vaive vaurawa…. 'Zvino ndasara ndega.' Pedyo, mumubhedha muchipatara chevanorwarisa, munin'ina wake ane makore matatu asina chaakarara akarara achitsvinya nekufemera mweya. ” Mufananidzo muhombe wakaratidza mudiki supine mukomana, maziso akavharwa, nemabhandeji uye machubhu akaiswa.
AFP yakabvunzana naambuya vane vhudzi chena, vachibatsira hama yavo yakakuvadzwa. Akarasikirwa nenhengo dzemhuri makumi maviri neshanu. Sezvo mwanakomana wavo wedangwe, baba vevapfumbamwe, akagadzirira zvekurara, mwenje wakajeka wakapenya. “Ndakaona Abdul-Haq akarara muropa…. Ndakaona vanakomana nevanasikana vake, vese vafa. O Mwari, mhuri yose yemwanakomana wangu yakaurayiwa. Ndakaona miviri yavo yapwanyika uye kubvaruka nepakati. ”
Mushure mekurova imba yavo, ndege dzehondo dzakarova dzimba dzepedyo, dzichiuraya mwanakomana wechipiri wemukadzi, mudzimai wake, mwanakomana, nevanasikana vatatu. Mwanakomana wake wechitatu akarasikirwa nevanakomana vatatu uye gumbo. Zuva rakatevera, akawana kuti mwanakomana wake wekupedzisira aive afawo. Akapera simba, asingazive kuti dzimwe hama nevavakidzani vake vaive vafa.
Bush: "Zvinoputsa moyo wangu"
Ex-purezidhendi Bush akadana kubuda kweUS kubva kuAfghanistan chikanganiso, mubvunzurudzo neGerman network DW (7/14/21). Vakadzi nevasikana vai “rwadziswa zvisingaite…. Vachangosiiwa kuti vauraiwe nevanhu vane hutsinye uye zvinondirwadza moyo. ”
Ehezve, vakadzi nevasikana vakafungidzirwa pakati pemazana ezviuru vakapira kuhondo yemakore makumi maviri iyo Bush yakatanga muna Gumiguru 20, 7. Ngatimboongororai.
Hutungamiriri hweBush hwakataurirana muchivande nevaTaliban, muWashington, Berlin, uye pakupedzisira Islamabad, Pakistan, pombi yekuyambuka Afghanistan. Bush aida makambani eUS kuti ashandise epakati mafuta eAsia. Chibvumirano chakatadza mavhiki mashanu pamberi pa9 / 11.
Zvinoenderana nebhuku ra2002 Chokwadi chakarambidzwa naBrisard naDasquié, vashandi vehungwaru veFrance, achangotora chigaro, Bush akadzora kuferefetwa kweFBI nezve al-Qaeda nehugandanga kuitira kuti vataurirane nezvebvumirano repombi. Akashivirira Saudi Arabia kukurudzira kusiri pamutemo kwehugandanga. “Chikonzero?…. Mafuta ehukama. ” Muna Chivabvu 2001, Mutungamiri Bush vakazivisa Visi-Mutungamiri Dick Cheney vaizotungamira boka rekufunda anti-hugandanga matanho. Nyamavhuvhu 11 yakasvika isina kusangana.
Iyo manejimendi yakadzokororwa vakanyeverwa nezvekurwisa kuri kuuya nemagandanga anogona kubhururutsira ndege muchivako. World Trade Center nePentagon zvakauya. Bush akaonekwa ari matsi kune yambiro. Akashoresa parutivi pepa rekunyora raAugust 6, 2001, rakanzi, "Bin Laden Determined to Strike in US"
VaBush naCheney vakatsunga kurega kurwiswa kuchiitika here?
Iye pachena imperialist, wemauto Chirongwa cheNew American Century chakachinja maitiro aBush. Dzimwe nhengo dzakatora nzvimbo dzakakosha mukutungamira. Iyo Project inoda “Pearl Harbor” kushandura America. Zvakare, Bush aishuvira kuve a Mutungamiriri wenguva yehondo. Kurwisa Afghanistan kwaizadzisa icho chinangwa. Zvirinani zvaive zvekutanga: Chiitiko chikuru chaizove kurwisa Iraq. Uyezve pane mafuta.
Musi wa9 / 11/01 Bush akadzidza nezvehugandanga panguva yekutora mifananidzo muFlorida mukirasi, Iye nevana vaiita chidzidzo chekuverenga pamusoro pembudzi, yaakaratidza kuti haina kukurumidza kupera.
Zvino Bush aive nechikonzero chehondo. Mazuva matatu gare gare, yekushandisa-kwesimba-resolution yakafamba nechikepe kuburikidza neCongress. Bush yakapa chirevo chekupedzisira kuTaliban kuti vadzore Osama bin Laden. Achizengurira kupa vasatenda muMuslim, vaTaliban vakatsvaga kubvumirana: kuyedza Osama muAfghanistan kana munyika yechitatu isina kwayakarerekera, yakapihwa humbowo hwemhosva. Bush akaramba.
Sezvo ndashandisa Bin Laden se casus belli, Bush zvakamufungira. Bush akaratidzira kufarira kushoma kuna Bin Laden pamusangano nevatori venhau munaKurume anotevera: “Saka handizive kuti aripi. Unoziva, ini handingopedze iyo nguva yakawanda paari…. Chokwadi handina hanya naye. ”
Hondo yedu isina mutemo
Hondo refu kwazvo yeUS yakanga isiri pamutemo kubva pakutanga. Yakatyora Bumbiro uye zvibvumirano zvinoverengeka zveUS (mitemo yemubatanidzwa pasi peBumbiro, Chinyorwa 6). Zvese zvakanyorwa pazasi maererano nenguva.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura vanhu vakasiyana siyana vakabvunza kana paine anogona vimba neshoko reAmerica, pupurira kubuda kweAfghanistan. Hapana akataura nezve kutyora kweAmerica kwemitemo yavo.
Bumbiro remitemo reUS.
Congress haina kubvira yazivisa hondo kuAfghanistan kana kutombotaura nezveAfghanistan mukugadziriswa kwa9 / 14/01. Izvo zvaireva kurega Bush achirwa chero waakafunga "akaronga, akatendera, akazvipira, kana kubatsira kurwisa kwemagandanga" mazuva matatu apfuura kana "kusunga" chero munhu akadaro. Iyo inofungidzirwa chinangwa yaive yekudzivirira kumwe hugandanga.
Saudi Arabia vepamusoro zviri pachena kuti vakatsigira vapambi ve9 / 11; 15 pa19 vaive Saudi, hapana Afghan. Bin Laden aive nehukama nevakuru vakasiyana veSaudi uye akapihwa mari muArabia kuburikidza na1998 (Chokwadi chakarambidzwa). Kuisirwa mabheseni eUS uko mu1991 kwakaita kuti avenge America. Asi Bush, ane hupfumi hweSaudi, akasarudza kurwisa vanhu vasina kumbotikuvadza.
Zvisinei, Bumbiro remutemo harina kumutendera kuti atore danho iri.
“President Bush akazivisa hondo nezvehugandanga, ”Gweta Guru John Ashcroft akapupura. Congress chete ndiyo inogona kuzivisa hondo, pasi peChinyorwa I, Chikamu 8, Ndima 11 (kunyangwe hazvo zvichikakaitika kuti hondo ingarwiwe pa “ism”). Asi Congress, nekungopokana kumwe chete (Rep. Barbara Lee, D-CA), rabha-yakadhinda kusabvumirana kwesimba resimba rayo.
Kokorodzano HAGUE.
Vagadziri vehondo muAfghanistan havana hanya nechirongwa ichi: "Kurwiswa kana kubhombwa, nenzira dzipi nedzipi, dzemataundi, misha, dzimba, kana zvivakwa zvisina kudzivirirwa zvinorambidzwa." Zviri kubva kuConferensi Kuremekedza Mitemo uye Tsika dzeHondo paNyika, pakati pemitemo yenyika dzese dzinobuda mumisangano muThe Hague, Holland, muna 1899 na1907.
Zvinorambidzwa zvinosanganisira kushandisa zvombo zvine chepfu kana kukonzera kutambura kusiri madikanwa; kuuraya kana kukuvadza nekunyengera kana mushure mekunge muvengi azvipira; vasingaratidzi tsitsi; uye kubhomba pasina yambiro.
KELLOGG-BRIAND (PACT YEPARIS).
Chaizvoizvo icho Chibvumirano cheKutsoropodza Hondo seChishandiso cheNational Policy. Muna 1928, hurumende gumi neshanu (dzimwe 15 dzaizouya) dzakazivisa “kuti dzinoshora nzira yekurwira hondo kuti igadzirise makakatanwa epasi rose, uye voiramba sechishandiso chemutemo wenyika mukudyidzana kwavo.”
Vakawirirana "kuti kugadzirisa kana gadziriso yemakakatanwa ese kana makakatanwa echero mhando kana chero mavambo angangove, anogona kumuka pakati pavo, haazombotsvakwa kunze kwenzira dzepacific."
Aristide Briand, gurukota rinoona nezvekunze kuFrance, pakutanga vakakurudzira chibvumirano chakadai neUS Frank B. Kellogg, munyori wezvematongerwo enyika (pasi paMutungamiri Coolidge), aida icho pasi rose.
Nuremberg-Tokyo mhosva dzematare edzimhosva dzakatorwa kubva kuKellogg-Briand mukuiwana iri mhosva kutanga hondo. Nechiyero ichocho, kurwisa Afghanistan neIraq pasina kupokana imhosva.
Chibvumirano ichi chinoramba chichishanda, zvakadaro vatungamiriri vese gumi nevashanu mushure mekunge Hoover atyora izvi.
UN CHARTER.
Kupesana nekusatenda, Chibvumirano cheUnited Nations, cha1945, hachina kutendera hondo kuAfghanistan. Ichitevera 9/11, yakashora hugandanga, ichikurudzira mishonga isiriyo.
Chinyorwa chechipiri chinoda kuti nhengo dzese "dzigadzirise makakatanwa avo epasi rese nenzira dzerunyararo" uye vadzivise "kutyisidzira kana kushandiswa kwesimba kurwisa kutendeka kwenzvimbo kana kuzvimiririra mune zvematongerwo enyika kwenyika ipi neipi…" Pasi peChitsauko 2, nyika mukakavadzano dzese dzinokanganisa runyararo ", kutanga, vachatsvaga mhinduro nekutaurirana, kubvunzurudza, kuyananisa, kuyananisa, kuyananisa, kugadzirisa matare ... kana dzimwe nzira dzerunyararo."
Bush haana kutsvaga mhinduro ine rugare, akashandisa simba kurwisa rusununguko rweAfghanistan mune zvematongerwo enyika, uye akaramba chero maTaliban kupihwa rugare.
KUNYIKA KWENYAYA YEMAHARA
Chibvumirano ichi, kubva muna 1949, chinodzokorora Chibvumirano cheUN: Mapato achagadzirisa makakatanwa murunyararo uye orega kutyisidzira kana kushandisa simba risingaenderane nezvinangwa zveUN. Mukuita, iyo North Atlantic Chibvumirano Sangano (NATO) anga ari murwi weWashington muAfghanistan nekumwewo.
GENEVA Kokorodzano.
Izvi zvibvumirano zvenguva yehondo zvinoda kurapwa kwevanhu vasungwa, vanhuwo zvavo, uye vasina simba varwi. Vanorambidza kuponda, kutambudza, hutsinye, uye kunongedzera kwezvikamu zvekurapa. Zvikuru zvakanyorwa muna 1949, ivo vaive OK'd nenyika 196, US inosanganisirwa.
Muna 1977 mamwe marongero akafukidza hondo dzevagari vemo uye akarambidza kurwiswa kwevanhuwo zvavo, kurwisa kusasarura, nekuparadza nzira dzevanhuwo zvavo dzekupona. Pamusoro penyika zana nemakumi matanhatu, dzakabatanidzwa neUS, dzakasaina idzo. Seneti haisati yabvuma.
Nezve vanhuwo zvavo, veDhipatimendi reDziviriro havazivi kodzero yekuvarwisa uye vanoti kuedza kuvadzivirira. Chaizvoizvo mauto anozivikanwa kugadzira akaverenga kurwiswa kwevanhuwo zvavo.
Kukanganisa kukuru kweGeneva kwakaitika mukupera kwa2001. Mazana, pamwe zviuru zvevarwi veTaliban vakasungwa neNorthern Alliance vaive kuurayiwa, zvinonzi pamwe nekubatana kweUS. Vazhinji vakadzipwa mumidziyo yakavharwa. Vamwe vakapfurwa, vamwe vachinzi vakaurawa nemasaini akapfurwa nendege dzeUS.
Ndege dzakabhomba zvipatara muHerat, Kabul, Kandahar, neKunduz. Uye mumishumo yakavanzika, Mauto akabvuma kugara vachishungurudzwa kwevasungwa veAfghan paBagram Collection Point. Muna 2005 humbowo hwakabuda kuti masoja ipapo akatambudza nekurova vasungwa kusvika pakufa.
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Mauto edu anobvumawo kushandisa nzira yekutyisa. Guerilla "hutsinye chaihwo nemazvo" uye "ita kutya mumoyo yevavengi. ” MuAfghanistan nekune dzimwe nzvimbo "Mauto eUS akashandisa nzira dzeguerilla kuuraya." Uye usakanganwa "Kuvhunduka uye kutya."
Paul W. Lovinger mutori wenhau weSan Francisco, munyori, mupepeti, uye muratidziri (ona www.warandlaw.org).
Imwe Mhinduro
Chinyorwa chakazara uye chinodzidzisa. Maita basa nekudhinda.