NaDavid Swanson
Mavhiki akati wandei ndakakokwa kuti nditaure uyu Gumiguru unouya kuyunivhesiti yeUS pakupedza hondo nekuita runyararo. Sezvandinowanzoita, ndakabvunza kana varongi vakatadza kuedza kutsvaga mutsigiri wehondo wandinogona kuita nharo naye kana kukurukura nezvenyaya iyi, nokudaro (ini ndaitarisira) kuunza vateereri vakawanda vevanhu vasati vanyengetedzwa nezvekudikanwa kwekubvisa. kuiswa kwehondo.
Sezvo zvakange zvisati zvamboitika, varongi vezviitiko havana kungoti hongu asi vakawana mutsigiri wehondo aida kutora chikamu pagakava revanhu. Hukuru! Ndakafunga, izvi zvichagadzira chiitiko chinonyengetedza. Ndakaverenga mabhuku nemapepa angu emuchadenga, uye ndakanyora chimiro changu, ndichipokana kuti dzidziso yake ye "Just War" haigone kuongorora, kuti zvechokwadi hapana hondo inogona "kururamisira."
Panzvimbo pekuronga kushamisika nharo yangu ye "hondo chaiyo" nemupikisi wangu, ndakamutumira zvandakanga ndanyora kuitira kuti agone kuronga mhinduro dzake uye pamwe nekuzvipa mukutsinhana kwakanyorwa, kwakanyorwa. Asi, pane kuti apindure pamusoro wenyaya, akangoerekana azivisa kuti aive ne "hunyanzvi uye zvehukama zvisungo" izvo zvaizomutadzisa kutora chikamu muchiitiko muna Gumiguru. Gomera!
Asi ivo vakarongeka vechiitiko varongi vakatowana chinotsiviwa. Saka gakava richaenda kumberi kuSt. Michael's College, Colchester, VT, musi waGumiguru 5. Zvichakadaro, ini ndichangobva kuburitsa sebhuku nharo yangu yekuti hondo haina kumbobvira yakwana. Iwe unogona kuva wokutanga kuutenga, kuiverenga, kana kuuongorora pano.
Chikamu chechikonzero chekufambisa iyi gakava ikozvino ndechekare musi waApril 11-13th Vatican akabata musangano pamusoro pekuti Chechi yeKaturike, iyo yakavamba dzidziso yeJust War, inofanira pakupedzisira kuiramba. Heino chikumbiro chaunogona kuisa, kana iwe uri muKaturike, uchikurudzira kereke kuita izvozvi.
Rondedzero yenharo yangu inogona kuwanikwa mune rangu bhuku tafura yezviri mukati:
Chii Chinonzi Hondo Yakarurama?
Hondo Yese Yehondo Inotungamirira Kusakarurama Kwehondo
Kugadzirira Hondo Yakarurama Ndeye Kururamisira Kukuru Kupfuura Hondo Yese
Hondo Yese Yemauto Inongoreva Zvimwe Hondo
The Adher Bellum / In Bello Kusiyanisa Kunokuvadza
Zvimwe Zvimwe Zvokurwisana Nehondo Hazvikwanisiki
Nzira Yakarurama
Just Kukonzera
Proportionality
Zvimwe Zvimwe Zvokurwisana Nehondo Hatingakwanisi
Last Resort
Chinangwa Chakanaka Chokubudirira
Vasingabatsiri Immune Kubva Kurwisana
Muvengi Mauto Anoremekedzwa Sevanhu
Vasungwa Vokurwa Vakatorwa Sevasina Mhirizhonga
Zvimwe Zvimwe Zvokurwisana Nenhondo Haisi Maitiro Etsika Pose
Yakashamiswa pachena
Yakagadzwa neChechi Nenzira Dzakanaka
Mhosva Yekuda Kuuraya Vanonyengeri Vane Unzenza, Incoherent, Uye Vasina Hanya
Sei Makirasi Okutevedzera Anofunga Nekuurayiwa Zvakanyanya?
Kana Dzese Dzakangoita Hondo Maitiro Akave Akasangana Hondo Kunyange Izvo Hazvingave Zvakarurama
Kungoita Hondo VaTorist Do Not Spot Itsva Kusaruramisira Hondo Hichikurumidzira Munhu Wose
Basa Rokururamisira-Hondo Yenyika Yakakundwa Haisi Yakajeka
Just War War Theory Inotanga Door To Pro-War Theory
Tinogona Kupedza Hondo Pasina Kumirira Jesu
Ndiani Aizodai Akanaka BomuSamariya Carpet Bhomba?
Hondo Yenyika II Yakanga Isingori Iyo
Kubudirira kweUnited States Kwakanga Kusingori
Hondo yeUnited States Yemauto Yakanga Isingaiti
Hondo Yugoslavia Yakanga Isingori
Hondo PaRibhiya Haisi Yakajeka
Hondo KuRwanda Haingambove Yakarurama
Hondo KuSudan Haingambove Yakarurama
Hondo PaIIS Haisi Yakajeka
Madzitateguru Edu Anorarama Munyika Yakasiyana Nedzimwe Nyika
Isu Tinogona Kubvumirana Pano Rugare Kungoita
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Hechino chikamu chekutanga:
CHII CHINONZI “HONDO CHETE”?
Chete Hondo dzidziso inobata kuti hondo inoruramisa mutsika mune mamwe mamiriro. Vakadzi vehondo chete ndivo vanoradzika uye vanotsanangudza maitiro avo ekutanga kwehondo, kurongeka kwehondo, uye-mune dzimwe nguva, kusanganisira yaMark Allman -kugara kwakaringana kwenzvimbo dzakakundwa mushure mekuziviswa zviri pamutemo kuti hondo " pamusoro. ” Vamwe Just War theorists vanonyorawo nezve kungoita pre-hondo maitiro, izvo zvinobatsira kana zvichisimudzira maitiro anoita kuti hondo isanyanya kuitika. Asi kwete kungoita pre-hondo maitiro, mumaonero andakaisa pazasi, anogona kutsigira danho rekutanga hondo.
Mienzaniso yeHondo yeHondo nzira (inokurukurwa pazasi) ndeiyi: chinangwa chakanangana, kuenzana, chikonzero chakarurama, sarudzo yekupedzisira, tarisiro inonzwisisika yekubudirira, hutachiona husingaurwi kubva pakurwiswa, mauto evavengi anokudzwa sevanhu, vasungwa vehondo vanobatwa se vasiri varwi, hondo yakaziviswa pachena, uye hondo yakarwa nechiremera chakakodzera uye chinokwanisa. Kune vamwe, uye havasi vese Hondo yehondo Hondo theorists vanobvumirana pane vese.
Just War dzidziso kana iyo "Just Hondo tsika" yave iripo kubvira Chechi yeKaturike yakabatana nehumambo hweRoma munguva yeVatendi Ambrose naAugustine muzana rechina ramakore CE. Ambrose akapokana nekuroora nevahedheni, vanyengeri, kana maJuda, uye akadzivirira kupisa masinagoge. Augustine akadzivirira zvese hondo nehuranda zvichienderana nepfungwa dzake dze "chivi chekutanga," uye pfungwa yekuti hupenyu "uhwu" haukoshe zvakanyanya kana tichienzanisa neupenyu hwapashure merufu. Aitenda kuti kuuraya vanhu kwainyatsovabatsira kuti vasvike kunzvimbo iri nani uye kuti haufanire kunge uri benzi rekuzvidzivirira kune mumwe munhu ari kuedza kukuuraya.
Hondo Yedzidziso yakange ichinyorwa mberi naSaint Thomas Aquinas muzana remakore gumi nematatu. Aquinas akanga ari mutsigiri weuranda uye hwemadzimambo sehutano hwakanaka hwehurumende. Aquinas aidavira kuti chinangwa chikuru chevarwi vehondo vanofanira kuva nerunyararo, pfungwa inorarama zvikuru kusvikira nhasi, uye kwete mumabasa aGeorge Orwell. Aquinas akafungawo kuti vanyengeri vakakodzera kuurawa, kunyange zvazvo aitenda kuti chechi inofanira kuva nenyasha, uye saka yakasarudza kuti nyika iite kuuraya.
Ehe saizvozvo paivewo nezvakawanda zvinoyemurika pamusoro peaya ekare uye ekare manhamba. Asi avo eIngori Hondo mazano anokwana zvirinani nemaonero avo epasirese pane edu. Kunze kwemaonero ese (kusanganisira maonero avo evakadzi, bonde, mhuka, nharaunda, dzidzo, kodzero dzevanhu, nezvimwe, nezvimwewo) izvo zvine musoro kune vazhinji vedu nhasi, chidimbu chimwe ichi chinonzi "Just War dzidziso" ine akachengetwa ari mupenyu kupfuura nguva yaro yekupera.
Vazhinji vanotsigira dzidziso yeHondo yeHondo pasina mubvunzo vanotenda kuti nekusimudzira nzira ye "hondo chaiyo" ivo vari kutora kutyisa kusingadzivisike kwehondo uye kudzikisira kukuvara, kuti ivo vari kuita hondo dzisina kururamisira zvishoma zvishoma kusaruramisira kana pamwe kunyangwe kusaruramisira , apo uine chokwadi chekuti hondo chete dzinotanga uye dzinoitwa nemazvo. "Zvakakosha" ishoko iro Just War theorists havafanire kuramba. Ivo havagone kupomerwa yekudaidza hondo kuti yakanaka kana inofadza kana inofara kana inodikanwa. Asi, ivo vanoti dzimwe hondo dzinogona kunge dzichidikanwa - kwete zvekudikanwa mumuviri asi zvine hunhu mutsika kunyange zvichidemba. Kana ndikagovana nekutenda uku, ndaizoona kushinga kuzviisa panjodzi muhondo dzakadai kuve kwakanaka uye gamba, asi zvakadaro zvisingafadzi uye zvisingadiwe - uye nenzira imwechete yeshoko rinoti: "zvakanaka."
Ruzhinji rwevatsigiri muUnited States rwehondo dzakati hadzisi dzakasimba Hondo Hondo theorists. Vanogona kutenda kuti hondo mune imwe nzira inodzivirira, asi kazhinji havana kufunga kuti idanho "rinodiwa", "yekupedzisira sarudzo." Kazhinji vanovhurika kwazvo nezvekutsvaga kutsiva, uye kazhinji nezve kunanga kutsiva vasiri varwi, zvese izvo zvinorambwa neJust War dzidziso. Mune dzimwe hondo, asi kwete dzimwe, chimwe chidimbu chevatsigiri vanotendawo kuti hondo inoitirwa kununura vasina mhosva kana kupa democracy uye kodzero dzevanhu kune vanotambura. Muna 2003 maive nevaAmerican vaida kuti Iraq ibhombwe kuitira kuti vauraye vazhinji veIraq, uye maAmerican avo vaida kuti Iraq ibhombwe kuitira kuti vasunungure maIraq kubva kuhurumende inodzvinyirira. Mu2013 ruzhinji rweUS rwakaramba danho rehurumende yavo rekubhomba Siria nekuda kwekufungidzirwa kubatsira kweSyria. Mu2014 veruzhinji veUS vakatsigira kubhomba Iraq neSyria kunofungidzirwa kuti vanozvidzivirira kubva kuISIS. Zvinoenderana nezvakawanda zvenguva pfupi yapfuura Hondo Yehondo dzidziso hazvifanirwe kuve nebasa kuti ndiani ari kudzivirirwa. Kune vazhinji veruzhinji weUS, zvinonyanya kukosha.
Kunyange paine zvisina kukwana Just Hondo maororist ekutanga hondo pasina mizhinji yekubatsira kubva kune vasina kurwira vadziviriri vehondo, zvinhu zveJust War dzidziso zvinowanikwa mukufunga kweanenge chete wese mutsigiri wehondo. Ivo vanofara nehondo nyowani vacharamba vachizvidaidza kuti "zvakafanira." Avo vanoshuvira kushandisa zvisizvo zvese zviyero uye magungano mukuitisa kwehondo vachatopomera zvakafanana nerumwe rutivi. Avo vanofarira kurwiswa kwenyika dzisiri kutyisidzira nyika zviuru zvemakiromita kure havazombozvidaidza kuti hutsinye, nguva dzose "kudzivirira" kana "kudzivirira" kana "preemption" kana kurangwa kwekukanganisa. Avo vanopomera zvakajeka kana kunzvenga United Nations vacharamba vachiti hondo dzehurumende yavo dzinotsigira pane kudzikisira pasi mutemo. Ipo Just War theorists ari kure nekubvumirana mumwe neumwe pazvinhu zvese, pane mamwe madingindira, uye anoshanda kufambisa kurwa kwehondo zvakajairika - kunyangwe hazvo kana dzakawanda kana dzose dzehondo dzisiri dzakarurama nemipimo yeiyo Just War dzidziso .
