VAVIRI HWEHONDO HAWANA ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINOKOSHA

Nhaurirano zhinji dzenhema dzinotanga hondo dzinokurumidza kuuya kumubvunzo wekuti "Saka nei vaida hondo?" Panowanzova neinopfuura vavariro imwe chete inobatanidzwa, asi vavariro dzacho hadzina kunyanyooma kuwana.

Kusiyana nemauto mazhinji akanyeperwa, mazhinji evasarudzo makuru ehondo, vatenzi vehondo vanosarudza kana hondo dzikaitika, havaite chero pfungwa dzine vavariro dzakanaka dzezvavanoita. Kunyangwe vavariro dzakanaka dzichigona kuwanikwa mukufunga kwevamwe veavo vanobatanidzwa, kunyangwe mune vamwe veavo vari padanho repamusoro rekuita sarudzo, zvine hukasha kuti vavariro dzakanaka kudaro dzega dzinogona kukonzeresa hondo.

Zvinangwa zvehupfumi nehumambo zvakapihwa nevatungamiri nenhengo dzekongiresi kwehondo dzedu huru zhinji, asi hadzina kudzokororwa kusingaperi uye kutambidzwa sezvakaita zvimwe zvinoti zvinokurudzira. Hondo neJapan yaive yakanyanya kukosha kwehupfumi hweAsia, asi kudzivirira mambo akaipa weJapan kwakagadzira chinyorwa chiri nani. The Project for the New American Century, tangi rekufunga richisunda kuhondo kuIraq, rakajekesa zvikonzero zvaro makore gumi nemaviri isati yawana hondo yaro - zvikonzero zvaisanganisira hutongi hwemauto eUS pasirese aine mabhesi akawanda uye akakura munzvimbo dzakakosha dze "American. mhindu. Chinangwa ichocho hachina kudzokororwa kakawanda kana sehunyoro se“WMD,” “ugandanga,” “muiti wezvakaipa,” kana “kuparadzira demokrasi.”

Zvinonyanya kukosha zvinokurudzira hondo ndizvo zvisinganyanyi kutaurwa nezvazvo, uye zvisinganyanyi kukosha kana zvekunyepedzera zvinokurudzira ndizvo zvakanyanya kukurukurwa. Izvo zvakakosha zvinokurudzira, izvo zvinhu zvinonyanya kukurukurwa nevatenzi vehondo pachivande, zvinosanganisira kuverenga kwesarudzo, kutonga kwezviwanikwa, kutyisidzirwa kwedzimwe nyika, kutonga kwenzvimbo, purofiti yemari yeshamwari uye vanopa mari yemushandirapamwe, kuvhurwa kwemisika yevatengi, uye tarisiro. yekuedza zvombo zvitsva.

Dai vezvematongerwo enyika vaive vakatendeseka, kuverenga kwesarudzo kwaifanirwa kukurukurwa pachena uye kwaisazove chikonzero chekunyara kana kuvanzika. Vakuru vakasarudzwa vanofanirwa kuita zvinozoita kuti vasarudzwe, mukati memitemo yakatemerwa gutsaruzhinji. Asi pfungwa yedu yedemocracy yamonyoroka zvekuti kusarudzwa patsva sechikurudziro chekuita kunovigwa pamwe chete nekuita purofiti. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunzvimbo dzose dzebasa rehurumende; maitirwo esarudzo ane huwori zvekuti veruzhinji vanoonekwa seimwezve furudzo ine huwori. Kana zvasvika kuhondo, pfungwa iyi inowedzerwa nekuziva kwevezvematongerwo enyika kuti hondo dzinotengeswa nenhema.

Chikamu: MUMASHOKO AVO VANHU

Iyo Project yeNew American Century (PNAC) yaive tangi yekufunga kubva 1997 kusvika 2006 muWashington, DC (yakazomutsiridzwa muna 2009). Nhengo gumi nenomwe dzePNAC ​​dzakashanda munzvimbo dzepamusoro mukutonga kwaGeorge W. Bush, kusanganisira Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri, Mukuru weVashandi kuMutevedzeri weMutungamiriri, Special Assistant kuMutungamiriri, Mutevedzeri weMunyori we "Defense," mumiriri kuAfghanistan neIraq, Mutevedzeri weMunyori we State, uye Under Secretary of State.

Mumwe munhu aive chikamu chePNAC ​​uye gare gare weBush Administration, Richard Perle, pamwe nemumwe mukuru weBush aizova Douglas Feith, vakashandira mutungamiri weIsrael Likud Benjamin Netanyahu muna 1996 uye vakagadzira bepa rainzi A Clean Break: A New. Nzira Yekuchengetedza Nyika. Humambo hwaive Israeri, uye zano rakasimudzirwa raive hyper-chiuto chenyika uye kubviswa nechisimba kwevatungamiriri vedzimwe nyika kusanganisira Saddam Hussein.

Muna 1998, PNAC yakaburitsa tsamba yakavhurika kuMutungamiri Bill Clinton ichivakurudzira kuti vatore chinangwa chekuchinja hutongi hweIraq, izvo zvaakaita. Tsamba iyi yaisanganisira izvi:

"[I] f Saddam anowana simba rekuunza zvombo zvekuparadza kukuru, sezvaanenge ane chokwadi chekuita kana tikaramba tichienderera mberi nerwendo rwazvino, kuchengetedzwa kwemauto eAmerica munharaunda, shamwari dzedu nevabatsiri vakaita seIsrael uye nyika dzeArab dzine mwero, uye chikamu chikuru chemafuta anowanikwa pasi rose zvichaiswa mungozi.”

Muna 2000, PNAC yakaburitsa bepa rakanzi Rebuilding America's Defenses. Zvinangwa zvakatsanangurwa mubepa rino zvinoenderana zvakanyanya nemaitiro chaiwo evatenzi vehondo pane kuita chero pfungwa dze "kuparadzira democracy" kana "kumira kune hudzvinyiriri." Kana Iraq ichirwisa Iran tinobatsira. Kana ichirwisa Kuwait tinopindira. Kana isina chayakaita tinoibhomba. Maitiro aya haana musoro maererano nenyaya dzengano dzatinoudzwa, asi zvine musoro wakakwana maererano nezvinangwa izvi kubva kuPNAC:

• kuchengetedza hukuru hweUS,
•
• kudzivirira kusimuka kwemukwikwidzi mukuru wesimba, uye
•
• kuumba hurongwa hwekuchengetedzwa kwenyika hunoenderana nemisimboti nezvido zveAmerica.

PNAC yakasarudza kuti taizoda "kurwa uye kuhwina zvine mutsindo, hondo huru dzemitambo panguva imwe cheteyo" uye "kuita mabasa e'constabulary" ane chekuita nekuumba nharaunda yekuchengetedza munzvimbo dzakaoma." Mubepa rimwechete ra2000, PNAC yakanyora kuti:

“Kunyange hazvo kusawirirana kusati kwagadziriswa neIraq kunopa chikonzero chekukurumidza, kudiwa kwekuvapo kwemauto eAmerica muGulf kunodarika nyaya yehutongi hwaSaddam Hussein. Kuiswa kwemabhesi eUS hakusati kwaratidza chokwadi ichi. . . . Kubva pakuona kweAmerica, kukosha kwezvigadziko zvakadaro kwaizotsungirira kunyange kana Saddam adarika kubva panzvimbo. Nekufamba kwenguva, Iran inogona kuratidza kutyisidzira kukuru kune zvido zveUS muGulf sezvakaita Iraq. Uye kunyangwe kana hukama hweUS-Iranian hukavandudzika, kuchengetedza mauto emberi mudunhu kungangove chinhu chakakosha muhurongwa hwekuchengetedza hweUS. . . .”

Aya mapepa akadhindwa uye anowanikwa makore akawanda kusati kwapinda Iraq, uye zvakadaro kuratidza kuti mauto eUS aizoedza kugara nekuvaka zvigadziko zvechigarire muIraq kunyangwe mushure mekuuraya Saddam Hussein zvaive zvinonyadzisa muhoro dzeCongress kana vezvenhau vemakambani. Kukurudzira kuti Hondo yeIraq ine chekuita nezvigaro zvedu zvehumambo kana mafuta kana Israeri, ndoda kuti Hussein anga asati ave nezvombo, aive manyepo. Zvakanyanya kuipa kwaive kutaura kuti mabhesi aya anogona kushandiswa kutanga kurwisa dzimwe nyika, zvinoenderana nechinangwa chePNAC ​​che "kuchengetedza hukuru hweUS." Uye zvakadaro Supreme Allied Commander Europe yeNATO kubva ku1997 kusvika 2000 Wesley Clark anoti muna 2001, Secretary of War Donald Rumsfeld akaisa memo yekuronga kutora nyika nomwe mumakore mashanu: Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, uye Iran.

Iyo yekutanga rondedzero yechirongwa ichi yakasimbiswa nemumwe kunze kweaimbove Mutungamiriri weBritain, Tony Blair, uyo muna 2010 akaipinza pane aimbove Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri Dick Cheney:

"Cheney aida zvekumanikidzira 'kuchinja hurumende' munyika dzese dzekuMiddle East dzaaiona sedzinovenga zvido zveUS, sekureva kwaBlair. "Angadai akashanda munzvimbo yese, Iraq, Syria, Iran, achibata nevese vavaibata navo mukati mazvo - Hezbollah, Hamas, nezvimwewo," Blair akanyora. 'Nemamwe mazwi, iye [Cheney] akafunga kuti nyika yaifanira kugadzirwa patsva, uye kuti mushure me11 September, yaifanira kuitwa nechisimba uye nekukurumidzira. Saka akanga ari wesimba rakaoma, rakaoma. Kwete kana, kwete asi, kwete maybes.'

Anopenga? Chokwadi! Asi ndizvo zvinobudirira muWashington. Sezvo imwe neimwe yekurwisa kwakaitika, zvikonzero zvitsva zvingadai zvakaitwa pachena kune mumwe nemumwe. Asi zvikonzero zvikuru zvingadai zvakaramba zviri izvo zvataurwa pamusoro apa.

Chikamu: CONSPIRACY THEORIES

Chikamu chemaitiro e "kuoma" anodiwa kune vanogadzira hondo veUS yanga iri tsika yekufunga inoona muvengi mukuru, wepasirese, uye wedhimoni kuseri kwemumvuri wega wega. Kwemakumi emakore muvengi aive Soviet Union uye kutyisidzira kwecommunism yepasi rose. Asi Soviet Union haina kumbobvira yave nemauto epasi rose eUnited States kana kufarira kwakafanana mukuvaka empire. Zvombo zvayo uye kutyisidzira uye hutsinye zvaigara zvichiwedzeredzwa, uye kuvepo kwayo kwaionekwa chero nguva nyika diki, ine urombo yaipikisa hutongi hweUS. MaKorea neVietnamese, maAfrica neSouth America havagone kuve nezvido zvavo zvega, zvaifungidzirwa. Kana ivo vairamba nhungamiro yedu isina kukumbirwa, mumwe munhu aifanira kunge ari kuvaisa pairi.

Komisheni yakagadzirwa neMutungamiri Reagan yakadana Komisheni yeIntegrated Long-Term Strategy yakakurudzira dzimwe hondo diki muAsia, Africa, neLatin America. Kunetseka kwaisanganisira "kusvika kweUS kumatunhu akakosha," "Kuvimbika kweAmerica pakati pevadyidzani neshamwari," "kuzvivimba kweAmerica," uye "kugona kweAmerica kudzivirira zvido zvayo munzvimbo dzakakosha kwazvo, dzakadai sePersian Gulf, Mediterranean, uye kuWestern Pacific.”

Asi chii chatinofanira kuudzwa veruzhinji kuti takanga tichidzivirirwa zvido zvedu pazviri? Chokwadi, umambo hwakashata, chokwadika! Munguva yeinonzi Cold War, kururamisa kurangana kwemakomunisti kwakapararira zvekuti vamwe vanhu vakangwara vakatenda kuti hondo yeUS haigone kuenderera pasina izvozvo. Heino Richard Barnet:

"Nhema yeCommunism monolithic - kuti mabasa ose evanhu kwose kwose vanozviti vaKomonisiti kana avo J. Edgar Hoover anodana maKomonisiti akarongwa uye anodzorwa muKremlin - zvakakosha kune pfungwa yehurumende yekuchengetedzwa kwenyika. Pasina izvozvo Mutungamiriri nevarairidzi vake vaizoomerwa nekuziva muvengi. Zvamazvirokwazvo havana kuwana vashori vakafanirwa nenhamburiko dze‘dziviriro’ dzesimba rehondo rine simba zvikurusa munhau yenyika.”

Ha! Ndinokumbira ruregerero kana maive nechero drink mukanwa mukamwaya pahembe dzenyu muchiverenga kudaro. Sokunge hondo hadzizopfuuriri! Sokunge kuti hondo dzaisava chikonzero chekutyisidzira kwemakomunisti, pane imwe nzira yakapoteredza! Kunyora muna 1992, John Quigley aigona kuona izvi zvakajeka:

"[T] iye shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika yakatsvaira kumabvazuva kweEurope muna 1989-90 yakasiya hondo inotonhora pamurwi wemadota wenhoroondo. Kunyange zvakadaro, kupindira kwedu kwechiuto hakuna kupera. Muna 1989, takapindira kuti titsigire hurumende yePhilippines uye kubvisa imwe muPanama. Muna 1990, takatumira uto guru kuPersian Gulf.

“Zvisinei, kupfuurira kwokupindira kwemauto hakushamisi, nokuti chinangwa chacho kare . . . kwave kuri kushoma kurwisa communism pane kuchengetedza kutonga kwedu pachedu.

Kutyisidzira kweSoviet Union kana communism kwaive, mukati memakore gumi nemaviri yakatsiviwa nekutyisidzira kwe al Qaeda kana hugandanga. Hondo dzokurwa neumambo uye pfungwa yaizova hondo neboka duku remagandanga uye zano. Kuchinja kwaiva nezvimwe zvakanakira. Nepo iyo Soviet Union yaigona kudonha pachena, muunganidzwa wakavanzika uye wakapararira zvakanyanya wemasero emagandanga kwatinogona kushandisa zita rekuti al Qaeda haaigona kuratidzwa kuti aenda. Pfungwa yaigona kutadza kufarirwa, asi kwese kwatairwa hondo kana kuti kudzora zvisingadiwi, vanhu vaizvirwisa, uye kurwa kwavo kwaizova “ugandanga” nokuti hwakanangana nesu. Ichi chaive chikonzero chitsva chehondo isingaperi. Asi chikonzero chaive chehondo, kwete mhirizhonga yekubvisa hugandanga iyo crusade yaizounza hugandanga hwakawanda.

Kukurudzira kwaive kutonga kweUS pamusoro penzvimbo dze "chido chakakosha," zvinoti zvinobatsira zviwanikwa zvemusika uye misika uye nzvimbo dzehunyanzvi dzezvigaro zvemauto kubva pakuwedzera simba pamusoro pezvimwe zviwanikwa uye misika, uye kubva pakuramba chero vangangofungidzira "vakwikwidzi" chero chinhu chakafanana" America kuzvivimba. " Izvi, zvechokwadi, zvinobatsirwa uye zvinotsigirwa nezvinokurudzira zveavo vanowana mari kubva muhondo inozviita.

Chikamu: YEMARI NEMASOKO

Zvikonzero zvoupfumi zvehondo hadzisi nhau chaidzo. Mitsara inonyanya kuzivikanwa kubva kuSmedley Butler's War Is A Racket haisiri mubhuku iroro zvachose, asi munyaya ya1935 yepepanhau reSocialist Common Sense, paakanyora:

"Ndakapedza makore 33 nemwedzi mina mubasa rechiuto rinoshingaira uye panguva iyoyo ndakapedza nguva yangu yakawanda ndiri murume wepamusoro-soro weBig Business, weWall Street nevabhengi. Muchidimbu, ndaiva mbavha, tsotsi re<em>capitalism. Ndakabatsira kuita kuti Mexico uye kunyanya Tampico ive isina njodzi kumafuta ekuAmerica muna 1914. Ndakabatsira kuita kuti Haiti neCuba ive nzvimbo yakanaka yekuti vakomana veNational City Bank vaunganidze mari. yeWall Street. Ndakabatsira kuchenesa Nicaragua yeInternational Banking House yeBrown Brothers muna 1902-1912. Ndakaunza chiedza kuDominican Republic nokuda kwezvido zveshuga zveAmerica muna 1916. Ndakabatsira kuita Honduras yakakodzera kumakambani emichero eAmerica muna 1903. MuChina muna 1927 ndakabatsira kuona kuti Standard Oil yaienda mberi isina kubatwa. Ndichitarisa kumashure pazviri, ndingadai ndakapa Al Capone mazano mashoma. Chaaigona kuita kwaive kushandisa racket yake mumatunhu matatu. Ndakavhiya mumakondinendi matatu.”

Iyi tsananguro yezvikonzero zvehondo yaisawanzo kupihwa mumutauro waButler une mavara, asi yakanga isiri yakavanzika zvakare. Muchokwadi, vaparadziri vehondo vakabvira kare vachikakavadzana nezvekuratidzira hondo sezvinobatsira kune bhizinesi hombe kana vangave kana kuti kwete:

"Nekuda kwevarume vebhizinesi hondo inofanirwa kuratidzika sebhizinesi rine pundutso. LG Chiozza, Mari, MP, yakaburitsa chirevo muLondon Daily Chronicle yaNyamavhuvhu 10, 1914, iri patani yechinhu ichi. Akanyora kuti:

“'Mukwikwidzi wedu mukuru muEurope nekunze kwayo haazokwanisi kutengeserana, uye pakupera kweHondo kupokana kusingafungidzike uko hutsinye hweGerman huri kwese kwese hunomutsa huchatibatsira kuchengetedza kutengeserana nekutumira kwatinozokunda kubva kwaari.'

Kuna Carl von Clausewitz, akafa muna 1831, hondo yakanga iri “kupfuuridzira ukama hwezvamatongerwe enyika, kuita zvimwe chetezvo nedzimwe nzira.” Izvo zvinonzwika nezve zvakanaka, chero isu tichinzwisisa kuti vagadziri vehondo vanowanzofarira nzira dzehondo kunyangwe dzimwe nzira dzinogona kuwana mhedzisiro yakafanana. Mune imwe Nyamavhuvhu 31st, 2010, Oval Office kutaura kurumbidza hondo muIraq neAfghanistan, Mutungamiri Obama akati: "Misika mitsva yezvinhu zvedu inotambanuka kubva kuAsia kuenda kuAmerica!" Muna 1963, John Quigley, akanga asati ari muongorori wenhema dzehondo, akanga ari Marine akagoverwa kudzidzisa chikwata chake pamusoro pezvinhu zvenyika. Mumwe wevadzidzi vake paakaramba pfungwa yokurwa muVietnam, Quigley “akatsanangura nemwoyo murefu kuti pasi pesherufu yekondinendi yeVietnam maiva nemafuta, kuti vanhu vakawanda veVietnam vakanga vari musika unokosha wezvigadzirwa zvedu, uye kuti Vietnam ndiyo yaitungamirira nzira yegungwa kubva kuMiddle East. kuFar East.”

Asi ngatitangei pakutanga. Asati ave mutungamiri wenyika, William McKinley akati "Tinoda musika wekunze wezvigadzirwa zvedu zvakasara." Semutungamiri wenyika, akaudza Gavhuna Robert LaFollette weWisconsin kuti aida "kuwana hukuru hweUS mumisika yenyika." Cuba payaive panjodzi yekuwana rusununguko kubva kuSpain pasina rubatsiro, McKinley akakurudzira Congress kuti isazive hurumende yechimurenga. Mushure mezvose, chinangwa chake chaive chisiri rusununguko rweCuba, kana rusununguko rwePuerto Rican kana Filipino. Paakatora Philippines, McKinley akafunga kuti aisimudzira chinangwa che "hukuru mumisika yenyika." Apo vanhu vePhilippines vakarwisana, akakudana kuti "kumukira." Akatsanangura hondo sechinangwa chekubatsira vanhu kune zvakanaka maPhilippines. McKinley akapayona nekutaura kutanga izvo vatungamiri vaizozotaura senyaya yenguva dzose kana vari muhondo dzezviwanikwa kana misika.

Mwedzi United States isati yapinda muHondo Yenyika I, munaKurume 5, 1917, mumiriri weUS kuGreat Britain, Walter Hines Page, akatumira tambo kuMutungamiri Woodrow Wilson, achiverenga muchidimbu:

"Kuda kwekuuya kwekutambudzika uku, ndine chokwadi, ndapfuura simba reMorgan mari yehurumende yehurumende dzeBritain neFrance. Zvinhu zvinokosha zvezvemari zveAllies zvakanyanya zvikuru uye zvinokurumidzira chero sangano rega rega rinofanira kutarisa, kune rimwe sangano rakadaro rinofanira kusangana nemakwikwi emabhizimisi uye kupesana kwechikamu. Hazvireviki kuti nzira chete yekuchengetedza nzvimbo yedu yepamusoro yekutengeserana uye yekudzivisa kutya ndeyokuzivisa kurwisana kuGermany. "

Pakaitwa runyararo neGermany kupera kweHondo Yenyika I, Mutungamiri Wilson vakachengeta mauto eUS muRussia kuti arwe neSoviet, zvisinei nezvaimbotaurwa kuti mauto edu aive muRussia kuti akunde Germany uye atore zvinhu zvaienda kuGermany. Senator Hiram Johnson (P., Calif.) akataura nemufaro nezvekutanga kwehondo: "Nyaya yekutanga kana hondo yauya, ichokwadi." Iye zvino akanga ava nechimwe chinhu chokutaura pamusoro pokukundikana kupedza hondo apo chibvumirano chorugare chakanga chasainwa. Johnson akashora kurwa kuri kuitika muRussia uye akataura kubva kuChicago Tribune paakati chinangwa chaive chekubatsira Europe kuunganidza chikwereti cheRussia.

Muna 1935, tichifunga nezvekufarirwa kwemari muhondo neJapan, Norman Thomas akataura kuti, zvirinani kubva pamaonero enyika, kana zvisiri kubva pamaonero evamwe vanoita purofiti, hazvina musoro:

“Basa redu rose neJapan, China, uye Philippines muna 1933 rakasvika kumadhora mamiriyoni 525 kana kuti anokwana kuti takapfuuridzira Hondo Yenyika Yokutanga kwemazuva asingasviki maviri nehafu!”

Hungu, akaitumidza kuti hondo yenyika “yokutanga,” nokuti akaona zvakanga zvichiuya.

Rimwe gore kusati kwarwiswa Pearl Harbor, memo yeDhipatimendi reHurumende nezvekuwedzera kweJapan haina kana izwi nezve rusununguko rweChina. Asi yakati:

“. . . Nzvimbo yedu yehutongi hwezvematongerwo enyika uye yehungwaru inogona kuderera zvakanyanya - nekurasikirwa kwedu nemisika yeChinese, Indian, neSouth Seas (uye nekurasikirwa kwedu nemusika weJapan wezvinhu zvedu, sezvo Japan yaizowedzera kuzviriritira) uyewo nezvirambidzo zvisingakundiki pakuwana kwedu rabha, tin, jute, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha zvenharaunda dzeAsia neOcean.”

Mukati meHondo yeNyika II, Munyori weHurumende Cordell Hull akatungamirira “dare rezvinetso zvezvamatongerwe enyika” iro rakasarudza kubata kutyira kunorangarirwa kwavanhu kwokuti United States yaizoedza “kudyisa, kupfekedza, kuvakazve, uye mapurisa enyika.” Kutya kwaizodzikamiswa nokuita kuti vanhu vose vaone kuti zvinangwa zveUnited States zvaiva zvokudzivisa imwe hondo uye kupa “kuwanika kwemahara kuzvinhu zvinogadzirwa uye [kukurudzira] kutengeserana kwenyika dzose.” Mazwi eAtlantic Charter ("kuenzana kuwana") akave "kuwana mahara," zvichireva kuwana kweUnited States, asi kwete hazvo kune chero ani zvake.

Mukati meHondo Yemashoko, zvikonzero zvakadudzwa zvehondo zvakachinja zvikuru kupfuura chaidzoidzo, sezvo communism yokurwisana yakapa chifukidziro chokuuraya vanhu kuti vawane misika, vashandi vokune dzimwe nyika, uye zviwanikwa. Taiti tiri kurwira demokrasi, asi takatsigira vadzvinyiriri vakaita saAnastasio Somoza muNicaragua, Fulgencio Batista muCuba, uye Rafael Trujillo muDominican Republic. Mugumisiro wacho wakanga uri zita rakaipa reUnited States, uye kupiwa simba kwehurumende dzekuruboshwe mukupindura kupindira kwedu. Senator Frank Church (D., Idaho) akagumisa kuti takanga “tarasikirwa, kana kuti kukanganiswa zvikuru, zita rakanaka nemukurumbira weUnited States.”

Kunyangwe dai vagadziri vehondo vasina vavariro dzehupfumi, zvingave zvisingaite kuti makambani asaone budiriro yehupfumi sezvimiro zvehondo. Sezvakataurwa naGeorge McGovern naWilliam Polk muna 2006:

“Muna 2002, nguva pfupi yadarika mauto eAmerica [eIraq] asati apinda nechisimba, kambani imwe chete yemakambani gumi aiita mari yakawanda zvikuru pasi rose ndiyo yaiva mumunda weoiri negasi; muna 2005 vana vegumi vaiva. Vaive Exxon-Mobil uye Chevron Texaco (American) uye Shell uye BP (British). Hondo yeIraq yakawedzera mutengo wezvisina kunaka zvakapetwa kaviri; yaizokwira imwe 50 muzana mumwedzi yokutanga ya2006.”

Chikamu: CHEKUBVA

Kubhadhara kubva mukurwa kwehondo kwave kuri chikamu chehondo dzeUS kubva panguva yeHondo Yenyika. Munguva yeHondo ya2003 paMutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weIraq Cheney akatungamira zvibvumirano zvakakura zvisingabhadhare kukambani, Halliburton, kwaaive achiri kuwana muripo, uye akawana purofiti kubva muhondo imwe chete isiri pamutemo yaakabiridzira ruzhinji rweAmerica kuti atange. Mutungamiriri weBritain, Tony Blair, aive munyarikani mukuita purofiti muhondo. Iyo Stop the War Coalition yakaramba iinaye, zvisinei, ichinyora muna 2010:

"[Blair] anotambira £2 miriyoni pagore pabasa rezuva rimwe chete pamwedzi, kubva kubhanga rekudyara reUS JP Morgan, uyo achangowana purofiti yakakura kubva mukutsigira mapurojekiti 'ekuvaka patsva' muIraq. Iko hakuna kupera kwekutenda masevhisi aBlair kuindasitiri yemafuta, kupindirwa kweIraq zviri pachena kune chinangwa chekutonga yechipiri yakakura matura epasirese. Mhuri yehumambo yeKuwait yakamubhadhara mari inosvika miriyoni kuti abudise chirevo cheramangwana reKuwait, uye zvibvumirano zvebhizinesi kunyangwe gurukota raakagadzira kuzopa mazano kune dzimwe nyika dziri kuMiddle East ari kutarisirwa kuwana mari inosvika 5 miriyoni pagore. Kana akashaya nguva, anosaina nekambani yemafuta yekuSouth Korea yeUI Energy Corporation, ine zvido zvakawanda muIraq uye izvo zvinonzi nevamwe vanozopedzisira vamuwanira £20 miriyoni.

Chikamu: YEMARI NEKASI

Chimwe chikonzero chezveupfumi chehondo chinowanzofuratirwa ibetsero hondo inopa kuboka rakaropafadzwa revanhu vanotyira kuti avo vanonyimwa mugove wakakwana wepfuma yenyika vangapanduka. Muna 1916 muUnited States, socialism yakanga ichiwedzera kukurumbira, nepo chiratidzo chipi nechipi chokurwisana kwemapoka muEurope chakanga chanyaradzwa neHondo yeNyika I. Senator James Wadsworth (R., NY) akakarakadza rovedzo yehondo inomanikidzirwa nemhaka yokutya kuti “ava vanhu yedu ichakamurwa kuita mapoka.” Hurombo hwehurombo hunogona kushanda zvakafanana nhasi. IAmerican Revolution inogona kuve nayo zvakare. Hondo Yenyika II yakamisa kushushikana-nguva radicalism iyo yakaona Congress of Industrial Organisations (CIO) ichironga vashandi vatema nevachena pamwechete.

Varwi veHondo Yenyika II vakatora mirairo yavo kubva kuna Douglas MacArthur, Dwight Eisenhower, naGeorge Patton, varume avo muna 1932 vakatungamira kurwisa kwe "Bonus Army," varwi veHondo Yenyika I vakadzika musasa muWashington, DC, vachikumbira kuti vabhadharwe. mabhonasi avakanga vavimbiswa. Uku kwaive kurwira kwaiita sekukundikana kutozosvikira varwi veHondo Yenyika II vapihwa GI Bill of Rights.

McCarthyism yakatungamirira vazhinji kutamburira kodzero dzevanhu vanoshanda kuti vaise hondo pamberi pekurwisana kwavo pachavo kwehafu yekupedzisira yezana remakore rechimakumi maviri. Barbara Ehrenreich akanyora muna 1997:

“Vanhu vokuAmerica vakati Hondo yeGulf ndiyo 'yakatiunza pamwe chete.' Vatungamiriri veSerbia neCroatia vakagadzirisa kusagutsikana kwehupfumi kwevanhu vavo kwapashure pekomonisiti nemhirizhonga yemhirizhonga yenyika.

Ndakanga ndichishandira mapoka evagari venzvimbo dzepasi musi waGunyana 11, 2001, uye ndinoyeuka kuti kutaura kwese kwemuhoro uri nani kana dzimba dzinodhura dzakaenda sei muWashington pakarira hwamanda dzehondo.

Chikamu: YE MAFUTA

Chikonzero chikuru chehondo kubvutwa kwekutonga pfuma yedzimwe nyika. Hondo Yenyika I yakajekesa kuvagadziri vehondo kukosha kweoiri kukuchidzira hondo pachavo, pamwe nekukuchidzira hupfumi hwemaindasitiri, uye kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi chikonzero chikuru chehondo kwave kuri kukunda kwemarudzi ane mafuta. Muna 1940 United States yakabudisa huzhinji (63 muzana) hwemafuta enyika, asi muna 1943 Munyori weInterior Harold Ickes akati,

"Kana paine Hondo Yenyika III inofanirwa kurwiwa nepetroleum yemumwe munhu, nekuti United States haingave nayo."

Mutungamiri Jimmy Carter vakaraira mukutaura kwavo kwekupedzisira kweNyika yeMubatanidzwa:

"Kuedza kwechero mauto ekunze kutora hutongi hwenzvimbo yePersian Gulf kuchaonekwa sekurwisa zvakakosha zveUnited States of America, uye kurwisa kwakadaro kuchadzoserwa neimwe nzira inodiwa, kusanganisira mauto."

Kunyangwe iyo yekutanga Gulf War yakarwirwa mafuta, Mutungamiri George HW Bush akati yaive. Vayambira kuti Iraq ichadzora mafuta akawandisa pasi rose kana ikapinda muSaudi Arabia. Veruzhinji veUS vakashora "ropa remafuta" uye Bush akakurumidza kuchinja mimhanzi yake. Mwanakomana wake, achirwisa nyika imwe chete makore gumi nemaviri gare gare, aizobvumira mutevedzeri wake wemutungamiri kuronga hondo mumisangano yakavanzika nevakuru vemafuta, uye aizoshanda nesimba kuisa "mutemo wehydrocarbons" kuIraq kubatsira makambani emafuta ekunze, asi aizoshanda nesimba kuti aise "mutemo wemahydrocarbon" kuIraq kubatsira makambani emafuta ekunze. kwete kuedza kutengesa hondo pachena sechinangwa chekuba mafuta eIraqi. Kana zvirinani, iyo yanga isiri iyo yekutanga kutariswa kweyekutengesa pitch. Paive nemusoro waGunyana 15, 2002, Washington Post waiti “MuIraqi War Scenario, Oil Is Key Issue; US Drillers Eye Huge Petroleum Pool.

Africom, hurongwa hwemauto eUnited States hwakanga husingawanzokurukurwa nezvechikamu chenyika yakakura kudarika yose yeNorth America, kondinendi yeAfrica, yakagadzirwa naPresident George W. Bush muna 2007. Zvakanga zvichionekwa makore mashoma apfuura, zvakadaro, neAfrica. Oil Policy Initiative Group (kusanganisira vamiriri veWhite House, Congress, uye makambani emafuta) sechimiro "chinogona kuburitsa migove yakakosha mukuchengetedzwa kwekudyara kweUS." Sekureva kwaGeneral Charles Wald, mutevedzeri wemukuru wemauto eUS muEurope,

"Basa rakakosha remauto eUS [muAfrica] kuve nechokwadi chekuti minda yemafuta yeNigeria, iyo mune ramangwana inogona kutora chikamu chinosvika makumi maviri neshanu kubva muzana chemafuta ese eUS anotengeswa kunze kwenyika, akachengeteka."

Ndinoshamisika kuti anorevei ne "kuchengeteka." Neimwe nzira ndinokahadzika kushushikana kwake kuwedzera kuzvivimba kwenzvimbo dzemafuta.

Kupinda kweUS muYugoslavia muma1990s kwanga kusingaenderane nemutobvu, zingi, cadmium, goridhe, uye sirivheri migodhi, basa rakachipa, uye musika wakamiswa. Muna 1996 Secretary of Commerce of Commerce weUnited States Ron Brown akafa mutsaona yendege kuCroatia pamwe chete nevakuru vakuru veBoeing, Bechtel, AT&T, Northwest Airlines, nemamwe makambani akati wandei aiisa zvibvumirano zvehurumende zve“kuvaka patsva.” Enron, kambani ine huwori ine mukurumbira yaizopinda muna 2001, yaive chikamu chenzendo zhinji dzakadai zvekuti yakapa mushumo wenhau kutaura kuti hapana wevanhu vayo anga ari pane iyi. Enron akapa $100,000 kuDemocratic National Committee muna 1997, mazuva matanhatu asati aperekedza Munyori mutsva weCommerce Mickey Kantor kuBosnia neCroatia uye kusaina chibvumirano chekuvaka magetsi emadhora zana emamiriyoni. Kutorwa kweKosovo, Sandy Davies anonyora muRopa paMaoko Edu,

“. . . yakabudirira mukugadzira nharaunda diki ine mauto pakati peYugoslavia nenzira yaifungidzirwa yepombi yemafuta eAMBO kuburikidza neBulgaria, Macedonia, neAlbania. Iyi pombi iri kuvakwa, nerutsigiro rwehurumende yeUS, kupa United States neWestern Europe mukana wekuwana oiri kubva kuCaspian Sea. . . . Munyori wezvemagetsi Bill Richardson akatsanangura hurongwa huripo muna 1998. 'Izvi ndezvekuchengetedza simba reAmerica,' akatsanangura kudaro. '. . . Zvakanyanya kukosha kwatiri kuti zvese mepu yepombi nezvematongerwo enyika zvibude zvakanaka.'

Mukuru wehondo Zbigniew Brzezinski akataura pamusangano weRAND Corporation kuAfghanistan mukamuri yeCaucus yeSeneti muna Gumiguru 2009. Chirevo chake chekutanga ndechekuti "kubuda muAfghanistan munguva pfupi iri kutevera iNo-No." Haana zvikonzero zvekuti nei akati zvimwe zvaaitaura zvaizonetsa.

Mukati menguva yakatevera yemibvunzo-nemhinduro, ndakabvunza Brzezinski kuti sei chirevo chakadaro chichifanira kutorwa sechisina kupokana apo inenge hafu yevaAmerica panguva iyoyo vaipikisa kutorwa kweAfghanistan. Ndakabvunza kuti aizopindura sei nharo dzomumiririri weUnited States akanga achangobva kurega basa achitsutsumwa. Brzezinski akapindura kuti vanhu vakawanda havana simba uye havazivi zviri nani, uye vanofanira kufuratirwa. Brzezinski akati chimwe chezvinangwa zvikuru zveHondo yeAfghanistan ndechekuvaka pombi yegasi kubva kuchamhembe-kumaodzanyemba kuenda kuIndian Ocean. Izvi hazvina kuvhundutsa munhu aive mumba umu.

Muna Chikumi 2010, kambani yakabatana nemauto yekudyidzana neveruzhinji yakakurudzira New York Times kuti imhanye-peji peji nyaya ichizivisa kuwanikwa kwehupfumi hwakawanda hwezvicherwa muAfghanistan. Zvizhinji zvezvaitaurwa zvacho zvakanga zvisina chokwadi, uye zvakanga zvakasimba zvakanga zvisiri zvitsva. Asi nyaya iyi yanga yakadyarwa panguva iyo maseneta nenhengo dzekongiresi dzanga dzava kutanga kushanduka zvishoma kurwisa hondo. Zviripachena iyo White House kana Pentagon yaitenda mukana wekubira Afghans 'lithium yaizounza rumwe rutsigiro rwehondo muCongress.

Chikamu: FOR EMPIRE

Kurwira nharaunda, chero matombo angave ari pasi payo, inokurudzira inoremekedzwa yehondo. Kupfuura neHondo Yenyika I uye kuisanganisira, humambo hwakarwirana kune dzakasiyana siyana nzvimbo nemakoloni. Muchinoitika cheHondo yeNyika I kwakanga kune Alsace-Lorraine, Balkan, Africa, uye Middle East. Hondo dzinorwirwawo kuratidza pesvedzero panzvimbo pokuva muridzi mumatunhu epasi. Kubhomba kweUS kuYugoslavia muma1990 kungangove kwakabatanidza chishuwo chekuchengeta Europe iri pasi peUnited States kuburikidza neNATO, sangano raive munjodzi yekurasikirwa nechikonzero chekuvepo. Hondo inogonawo kurwiwa nechinangwa chekunetesa imwe nyika pasina kuitora. National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft akati chimwe chinangwa cheGulf War kwaive kubva muIraq "isina chinogumbura." Kubudirira kweUnited States panyaya iyi kwakauya zvakanaka payakarwisa Iraq zvakare muna 2003.

Economist yainetsekana kuchengetedza Hondo yeAfghanistan mu2007: "Kukundwa kungave kurova muviri kwete kumaAfghans chete, asi kumubatanidzwa weNATO." Munyori wenhoroondo weBritish Pakistani Tariq Ali akati:

"Sezvazvakamboita, geopolitics inokunda zvido zveAfghan mukuverenga kwemasimba makuru. Chibvumirano chepasi chakasainwa neUS newayo akagadzwa muKabul muna Chivabvu 2005 chinopa Pentagon kodzero yekuchengeta hukuru hwemauto muAfghanistan nekusingaperi, zvinogona kusanganisira zvombo zvenyukireya. Kuti Washington haisi kutsvaga zvigadziko zvechigarire munzvimbo ino yakaoma uye isingagarike nekuda kwe 'democratization uye utongi hwakanaka' yakajekeswa neNATO's Secretary-General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer paBrookings Institution muna Kukadzi 2009: kuvepo kweNATO zvachose mune nyika inoganhurana nenyika dzaichimbova Soviet republic, China, Iran, nePakistan yakanga yakanaka zvikuru zvokusagona kuipotsa.”

Chikamu: CHEPFUTI

Chimwe chinokurudzira hondo zvikonzero zvavanopa kuchengetedza mauto makuru uye kugadzira zvombo zvakawanda. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvakave kukurudzira kukuru kune dzakasiyana siyana dzemauto eUS zvichitevera Hondo Yemashoko. Hurukuro yemugove werunyararo yakapera sezvo hondo nekupindira kwakawedzera. Hondo dzinoitawo sedzinorwiwa pano neapo nenzira inobvumira kushandiswa kwezvimwe zvombo kunyangwe zano risingaite senzira yekukunda. Muna 1964, semuenzaniso, vagadziri vehondo vekuUS vakasarudza kubhomba North Vietnam kunyangwe hungwaru hwavo hwakavaudza kuti kuramba kuMaodzanyemba kwakakura.

Sei? Pamwe nekuti mabhomba ndiwo avaifanira kushanda nawo uye - chero zvimwe zvikonzero - vaida hondo. Sezvataona pamusoro, mabhomba enyukireya akadonhedzwa zvisina kufanira paJapan, yechipiri yakatonyanya zvisina kufanira kupfuura yekutanga. Chechipiri ichocho chaive rudzi rwakasiyana rwebhomba, bhomba replutonium, uye Pentagon yaida kuiona ichiedzwa. Hondo Yenyika II muEurope yakanga yasvika kumagumo nekubhomba kusingakodzeri kweUS kweguta reFrance reRoyan - zvakare kunyangwe vaFrench vaive vabatsiri vedu. Uku kubhomba kwaive kushandiswa kwekutanga kwenapalm pavanhu, uye Pentagon sezviri pachena yaida kuona kuti yaizoita sei.

Chikamu: MACHISMO

Asi vanhu havangararami nechingwa chete. Hondo dzakarwiwa nedambudziko repasi rose (communism, ugandanga, kana imwe) ihondowo dzinorwiwa kuratidza kugona kwemunhu kune vanomira, nokudaro kudzivirira kudonha kwemasimba - njodzi inogona kugara ichikonzerwa nekurasikirwa ne "kuvimbika." Zvinotoshamisa ndezvokuti mumutauro wevanopisa “kuvimbika” izwi rakafanana nerekuti “bellicosity,” kwete “kutendeseka.” Nokudaro, mirangariro isina chisimba kunyika inoshaya kwete bedzi chisimba asiwo “kuvimbika.” Pane chimwe chinhu chisina kunaka pavari. Maererano naRichard Barnet,

"Vakuru vemauto mu[Lyndon] Johnson Administration vaigara vachipokana njodzi dzekukundwa uye kunyadziswa dzaive dzakakura kupfuura njodzi dzemugodhi weHaiphong, kutsakatisa Hanoi, kana kubhomba 'zvakasarudzwa zvinangwa' muChina."

Vaiziva kuti nyika yaizotsamwiswa nezviito zvakadaro, asi neimwe nzira hapana chinonyadzisa pamusoro petarisiro yekudzingwa semapengo emhondi. Kupfava chete kunogona kunyadzisa.

Imwe yenhau dzinoshamisa kwazvo dzakabuda mukuburitswa kwaDaniel Ellsberg kwePentagon Papers yaive nhau yekuti 70 muzana yekukurudzira kwevanhu kumashure kweHondo yeVietnam kwaive "kuchengetedza chiso." Kwakanga kusiri kuchengetedza macommunist kunze kwePeoria kana kudzidzisa demokrasi yeVietnamese kana chero chinhu chakakura kudaro. Kwakanga kuri kudzivirira mufananidzo, kana kuti zvimwe mufananidzo wohunhu, wavaiti vehondo vamene. Mutevedzeri weMunyori we "Defense" John McNaughton's Kurume 24, 1965, memo yakati zvinangwa zveUS mukubhomba zvinotyisa vanhu veVietnam vaive 70 muzana "kunzvenga kukundwa kunonyadzisa kweUS (kumukurumbira wedu semuchengeti)," 20 muzana kuchengetedza nzvimbo kunze. Maoko eChina, uye 10 muzana kubvumidza vanhu “mararamiro ari nani, akasununguka.”

McNaughton ainetsekana kuti mamwe marudzi, achishamisika kana United States yaizove nekuoma kwekubhomba gehena kubva kwavari zvakare, vangabvunza mibvunzo yakaita seiyi:

"Iyo US inobatwa nezvisungo zvingave zvakakosha mune ramangwana (kutya kusiri pamutemo, kweUN, kusapindira mune zvematongerwo enyika, kumanikidzwa kwemba, kurasikirwa kweUS, kuendesa mauto eUS muAsia, hondo neChina kana Russia, kushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya, nezvimwewo)?”

Ndizvo zvakawanda kuratidza kuti hausi kutya. Asi takazodonhedza mabhomba akawanda paVietnam tichiedza kuzviratidza, pamusoro pemamiriyoni manomwe emamiriyoni, zvichienzaniswa nemamiriyoni maviri akadonhedzwa muHondo Yenyika II. Ralph Stavins anopikisa muWashington Plans Hondo Yehasha iyo John McNaughton naWilliam Bundy vakanzwisisa kuti kungosiya kubva kuVietnam kwaive nemusoro, asi kwakatsigira kukwira nekuda kwekutya kuita kunge munhu asina simba.

Muna 1975, mushure mekukundwa muVietnam, vatenzi vehondo vakatonyanya kubata nezve machismo avo kupfuura mazuva ese. Khmer Rouge payakatora ngarava yevatengesi yakanyoreswa neUnited States, Mutungamiri Gerald Ford akarayira kuti ngarava nevashandi vayo vasunungurwe. Khmer Rouge yakateerera. Asi varwi vejeti veUnited States vakaenderera mberi vakabhomba Cambodia senzira yekuratidza kuti, sezvakataurwa neWhite House, United States "ichakamira yakagadzirira kusangana nechisimba kuchengetedza zvido zvayo."

Kuratidza kuomarara kwakadaro kunonzwisiswa muWashington, DC, kwete kungosimudzira mabasa chete asiwo kuwedzera mukurumbira nekusingaperi. Vatungamiri vave vachitenda kwenguva refu kuti havangayeukwe sevatungamiri vakuru pasina hondo. Theodore Roosevelt akanyorera shamwari muna 1897,

“Muchivimbo chakasimba . . . Ndinofanira kugamuchira dzinenge hondo dzese, nekuti ndinofunga kuti nyika ino inoda imwe. "

Sekureva kwemunyori wenhau uye munyori Gore Vidal, Mutungamiri John Kennedy akamuudza kuti mutungamiri wenyika anoda hondo yehukuru uye kuti pasina Hondo yeVanhu, Abraham Lincoln angadai ari rimwe gweta rechitima. Sekureva kwaMickey Herskowitz, uyo akamboshanda naGeorge W. Bush muna 1999 pa“nhoroondo yehupenyu hwemunhu,” Bush aida hondo asati ava mutungamiri wenyika.

Chinhu chimwe chinovhiringidza pamusoro pekuda kurwa kwese uku ndechekuti, nepo zvakawanda zvinokurudzira zvichiratidzika sepasi, makaro, mapenzi, uye zvinoshoreka, zvimwe zvacho zvinoita kunge zvemunhu uye zvepfungwa. Zvimwe zvine musoro kuda kuti misika yepasi rose itenge zvigadzirwa zveUS uye kuti zvigadzire zvakachipa, asi nei tichifanira kuve ne "hukuru mumisika yenyika?" Sei isu pamwe chete tichida "kuzvivimba?" Handizvo here kuti munhu mumwe nemumwe anowana ari ega? Neiko kusimbiswa kwo“mukurumbira”? Sei paine kutaura kushoma mumakamuri ekuseri pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kubva kune dzimwe nyika kutyisidzira uye zvakanyanya pamusoro pekutonga vatorwa nehukuru hwedu uye "kuvimbika" kunotyisa? Hondo ndeyekuremekedzwa here?

Kana iwe ukabatanidza kusanzwisisika kweizvi zvinokurudzira zvehondo nenyaya yekuti hondo dzinowanzo kukundikana maererano nezvadzo uye zvakadaro dzinodzokororwa nguva nenguva, zvinogoneka kukahadzika kuti vatenzi vehondo vanogara vari masters ekuziva kwavo. United States haina kukunda Korea kana Vietnam kana Iraq kana Afghanistan. Kubva kare, humambo husati hwagara. Munyika ine musoro isu taisvetuka hondo toenda takananga kunhaurirano dzerunyararo dzinovatevera. Asi, kazhinji, hatidaro.

Munguva yeHondo yeVietnam, United States sezviri pachena yakatanga hondo yemhepo, yakatanga hondo yepasi, uye yakaenderera mberi nenhanho imwe neimwe yekuwedzera nokuti varongi vehondo havana kukwanisa kufunga chimwe chinhu chekuita kunze kwekupedza hondo, uye pasinei nekukwirira kwavo. chivimbo chekuti zvavaiita hazvishande. Pashure penguva yakareba apo kariro idzi dzakazadzika, vakaita zvavaigona kuita kubvira pakutanga ndokugumisa hondo.

Chikamu: VANHU AVA VANOPEZA HERE?

Sezvatakaona muchitsauko chechipiri, vagadziri vehondo vanokakavadzana kuti chinangwa cheveruzhinji chinofanira kuudzwa kuti hondo iri kushanda. Asi ivo vanokakavadzanawo chinangwa chekuzviudza kuti hondo iri kushanda. Sekureva kwevanyori venhoroondo dzePentagon, muna Chikumi 26, 1966, "zano rakapera," kuVietnam, "uye gakava kubva ipapo zvichienda pamusoro pekuti isimba rakadii uye kusvika papi." Nechinangwa chei? Mubvunzo wakanaka. Iyi yaive gakava remukati raifunga kuti hondo yaizoenda mberi uye yaitsvaga kugadzirisa chikonzero nei. Kutora chikonzero chekuudza veruzhinji raive danho rakasiyana kupfuura iro.

Mutungamiri George W. Bush pane dzimwe nguva vakaratidza kuti Hondo yeIraq yakanga iri kutsiva kwaSaddam Hussein ainzi (uye zvichida manyepo) mukuedza kuuraya baba vaBush, uye pane dzimwe nguva Bush the Lesser akaratidza kuti Mwari akanga amuudza zvokuita. Mushure mekubhomba Vietnam, Lyndon Johnson aifungidzirwa kuti akafara "Ini handina kungopukuta Ho Chi Minh, ndacheka pecker yake." Bill Clinton muna 1993, maererano naGeorge Stephanopoulos, akataura nezveSomalia:

“Hatisi kurwadzisa nhubu idzi. Kana vanhu vakatiuraya, vanofanira kuurayiwa vakawanda. Ndinotenda mukuuraya vanhu vanoedza kukukuvadza. Uye handitendi kuti tiri kusundirwa mativi ese nezvibaya zviviri izvi. "

Muna Chivabvu 2003, New York Times munyori wenyaya Tom Friedman akataura paCharlie Rose Show paPBS, kuti chinangwa chehondo yeIraq yaive yekutumira mauto eUS paimba neimba muIraq kuti "Yamwa pane izvi."

Vanhu ava vari serious here, vanopenga, vanobatikana nenhengo dzavo dzesikarudzi, kana kuti vakadhakwa? Mhinduro dzinoita kunge: hongu, hongu, hongu, uye vese vakanwa doro sezvinodiwa. Mukati memushandirapamwe wemutungamiri wenyika muna 1968, Richard Nixon akaudza mubatsiri wake Bob Haldeman kuti aizomanikidza vanhu vekuVietnamese kukanda mapfumo pasi nekuita zvekupenga (izvi tichibudirira kukwikwidza chigaro chemutungamiri, chero chingataura nezvevavhoti vedu):

“[Vanhu vokuNorth Vietnam vachatenda] kutyisidzira kupi nokupi kwesimba kunoitwa naNixon, nokuti ndiNixon . . . . Ndinoridaidza kuti Madman Theory, Bob. Ndinoda kuti vekuNorth Vietnam vatende kuti ndasvika pandinogona kuita chero chinhu kumisa hondo. "

Imwe yemazano aNixon anopenga yaive yekudonhedza nukes, asi imwe yaive saturation bhomba yeHanoi neHaiphong. Kunyangwe anga achinyepedzera kupenga kana kuti kwete, Nixon akatoita izvi, achidonhedza zviuru makumi matatu nematanhatu zvematani pamaguta maviri mumazuva gumi nemaviri asati abvumirana nematemu mamwechete akange apihwa kusati kwasvika kuuraya kwevanhu vakawanda. Dai paive nepoindi pane izvi, inogona kunge iri imwe chete yakazokurudzira "kuwedzera" kukwira muIraq neAfghanistan - chishuwo chekuda kuomarara usati waenda, zvichishandura kukundwa kuita chirevo chisina kujeka chekuti "ndapedza basa." Asi pamwe pakanga pasina.

Muchitsauko chechishanu takatarisa kusava nemusoro kwemhirizhonga kunze kwehondo. Kuitwa kwehondo kungave kusina musoro zvakaenzana here? Sezvinongoita mumwe munhu angabira chitoro nekuti anoda chikafu asi zvakare achitungamirwa nekupenga kwekuda kuuraya mabharani, vatenzi vehondo vanogona kurwira mabhesi nematsime emafuta asi zvakare kufambiswa neizvo Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., kunonzi kupenga kwechiuto?

Kana Barbara Ehrenreich akarurama kuronda nhoroondo isati yaitika yokuchiva kwehondo kuvanhu senhapwa yemhuka huru, kumapoka okuvhima ari kushandura matafura pazvikara izvozvo, uye kumarudzidziso apakuvamba okunamata mhuka, zvibayiro zvemhuka, uye zvibayiro zvavanhu, hondo. ingarasikirwa neimwe yembiri yayo norudado asi zvova nyore kunzwisisa. Kunyange avo vanodzivirira miitiro yazvino yokutambudza, kunyange kutambudza nokuda kwokuwana zvikonzero zvenhema zvehondo, havagoni kutsanangura chikonzero nei tichitambudza vanhu kusvikira kurufu.

Ichi chikamu chechiitiko chehondo chekare kupfuura nhoroondo yedu here? Ko vadziviriri vari kuratidza pachavo kukosha kwekupedzisira kwechikonzero chavo nekucheka muvengi wavo? Vari kufara nekutya uye kutya kwemasimba makuru ezvakaipa aimbove ingwe uye zvino vava maMuslim, uye vachizvikudza muushingi uye kuzvipira kunodiwa kuti zvakanaka zvikunde? Hondo, kutaura idi, chimiro chazvino che“chibairo” chomunhu, ishoko ratichiri kushandisa tisingayeuki nhoroondo yaro refu kana kuti kare-kare? Zvibairo zvekutanga zvaingova vanhu vakarasika kune zvikara here? Vapukunyuki vavo vakazvinyaradza vamene kupfurikidza nokurondedzera mitezo yemhuri yavo sezvipo zvokuzvidira here? Tave tichinyepa nezveupenyu nerufu kwenguva yakareba kudaro here? Uye nyaya dzehondo ndiyo yazvino vhezheni yenhema idzodzo?

Konrad Lorenz akacherekedza hafu yezana ramakore rapfuura kufanana kwepfungwa pakati pekushamiswa kwechitendero uye kumutswa kunoitwa nemhuka yakatarisana nenjodzi inofa.

“Iyo inozivikanwa muchiGerman seheiliger Schauer, kana kuti 'kudedera kutsvene' kwekutya, ingangova 'chisaririra,' akadaro, yezviviriro zvakapararira uye zvisingazivi zvachose izvo zvinoita kuti mvere dzemhuka dzimire, nokudaro zvichiwedzera saizi inooneka."

Lorenz aitenda kuti "kune anozvininipisa anotsvaka chokwadi chezvakasikwa hapagone kuve nekukahadzika kudiki kwekuti shungu dzevanhu dzechiuto dzakabva mumhinduro yekudzivirira yeruzhinji yemadzitateguru edu asati ave vanhu." Zvaifadza kubatana uye kurwisa shumba inorura kana kuti bere. Shumba nemapere kazhinji zvaenda, asi kushuva mafaro iwayo hakuna. Sezvatakaona muchitsauko chechina, tsika dzakawanda dzevanhu hadzisi chido ichocho uye hadzipindiri muhondo. Yedu, kusvika parizvino, ndiyo ichiri kuita.

Pazvinotarisana nengozi kana kuti kunyange kuona kudeuka kweropa, mwoyo womunhu nokufema kunowedzera, ropa rinotorwa kubva paganda uye mushutu, vana vanonyura, bronchi inonyungudika, chiropa chinobudisa shuga kutsandanyama, uye kugwamba kweropa kunowedzera kukurumidza. Izvi zvingava zvinotyisa kana kuti zvinofadza, uye pasina mubvunzo tsika dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe dzine pesvedzero pamarangariro adzinoita. Mune dzimwe tsika manzwiro akadaro anodziviswa chero ipi zvayo. Mune yedu, chiitiko ichi chinobatsira kune motto yehusiku nhau inoratidza: "Kana ikabuda ropa, inotungamira." Uye zvinotofadza kupfuura kupupura kana kutarisana nenjodzi kubatana seboka kuti tikunde uye kuikunda.

Ini handipokane kuti zvishuwo zvakapenga zvinotyaira vatenzi vehondo, asi kana vangotora maitiro emasocialopaths, zvirevo zvavo zvinonzwika zvinotonhorera uye kuverenga. Harry Truman akataura muSeneti musi waChikumi 23, 1941:

"Kana tikaona kuti Germany iri kuhwina tinofanira kubatsira Russia, uye kana Russia ichikunda tinofanira kubatsira Germany, uye nenzira iyoyo ngavauraye vakawanda sezvinobvira, kunyangwe ini ndisingade kuona Hitler achikunda chero mamiriro ezvinhu. ”

Nokuti Hitler akanga asina tsika.

Chikamu: KUPARARIRA DEMOKRASI UYE MANURE

Vakuru vehondo vanotaura nhema dzavo kuti vawane rutsigiro rweveruzhinji, asi chengetedza hondo dzavo kwemakore akawanda pamberi pekupikiswa kwakasimba neveruzhinji. Muna 1963 na1964 apo vagadziri vehondo vakanga vachiedza kufunga kuti hondo ingawedzera sei hondo muVietnam, Sullivan Task Force yakaongorora nyaya yacho; mitambo yehondo inotungamirirwa nevakuru vevashandi pamwe chete uye inozivikanwa seSigma Games inoisa varwi vehondo kuburikidza nezviitiko zvinogoneka; uye United States Information Agency yakayera nyika necongressional maonero kungoziva kuti pasi rose raizopikisa kukwira asi Congress yaizoenda nechero chinhu. Zvakadaro,

“. . . zvinooneka ndisipo kubva muongororo idzi yaive chero yeongororo yeruzhinji rweAmerica; vagadziri vehondo vakanga vasingafariri maonero enyika.”

Zvisinei, zvakazoitika kuti rudzi rwacho rwaifarira maonero evaiti vehondo. Mhedzisiro yaive sarudzo yaPresident Lyndon Johnson, yakafanana nesarudzo dzaPolk naTruman dzekutanga, kwete kumhanyira kuvhota zvakare. Uye zvakadaro hondo yakaramba ichienderera mberi nekuwedzera pakuraira kweMutungamiri Nixon.

Truman aive ne54 muzana yekubvumidzwa kusvika aenda kuhondo kuKorea uye yakazodonha muma20s. Lyndon Johnson's akabva pa74 kusvika 42 muzana. George W. Bush mvumo yemvumo yakaderera kubva pa90 muzana kusvika yakaderera pane yaTruman. Musarudzo dzekongiresi dzemuna 2006, vavhoti vakakunda maDemocrats kukunda maRepublicans, uye vezvenhau munyika vakati sarudzo dzekubuda dzanga dzichiona kuti chikuru kukurudzira revavhoti kupikisa hondo muIraq. MaDemocrat akatora Congress uye akaenderera mberi nekuwedzera hondo iyoyo. Sarudzo dzakafanana muna 2008 dzakatadzawo kupedza hondo muIraq neAfghanistan. Sarudzo dzepfungwa dziri pakati pesarudzo dzinoitawo sedzisiri kukanganisa maitiro evari kuita hondo. Pakazosvika 2010 Hondo yeIraq yakanga yadzikiswa, asi Hondo yeAfghanistan uye kubhomba kwePakistan kwakawedzera.

Kwemakumi emakore, ruzhinji rweUS rwakanyanya kuenda pamwe nehondo kana dziri pfupi. Kana vakakwevera mberi, vanogona kuramba vachizivikanwa, seHondo Yenyika II, kana kusadiwa, seKorea neVietnam, zvichienderana nekuti veruzhinji vanotenda here nharo dzehurumende dzekuti nei hondo ichikosha. Hondo zhinji, kusanganisira 1990 Persian Gulf War, dzakachengetwa dzakapfupika zvekuti veruzhinji havana kurangarira zvinokatyamadza zvikonzero.

Hondo dzemuAfghanistan neIraq dzakatanga muna 2001 na2003, zvakasiyana, dzakakwevera mberi kwemakore akati wandei pasina chikonzero chinonzwisisika. Veruzhinji vakapandukira hondo idzi, asi vakuru vakasarudzwa vakaita sevasina basa nazvo. Vese Mutungamiriri George W. Bush neCongress vakarova pasi-rekodhi rekodhi pasi pemvumo yemutungamiri wenyika neyekongiresi. Mushandirapamwe wemutungamiri wenyika wa2008 waBarack Obama wakashandisa dingindira rekuti “Shanduko,” sezvaiitwa nekongiresi zhinji muna 2008 na2010. Chero shanduko chaiyo, zvisinei, yaingove yakasarudzika.

Pavanofunga kuti zvichashanda, kunyangwe kwenguva pfupi, vagadziri vehondo vanongonyepera veruzhinji kuti hondo haisi kuitika zvachose. IUnited States inoshongedza dzimwe nyika uye inobatsira muhondo dzavo. Mari yedu, zvombo, uye / kana mauto akatora chikamu muhondo munzvimbo dzakaita seIndonesia, Angola, Cambodia, Nicaragua, neEl Salvador, nepo vatungamiri vedu vakataura zvakasiyana kana kuti havana kungotaura chinhu. Zvinyorwa zvakaburitswa muna 2000 zvakaratidza kuti zvisingazivikanwe kuruzhinji rweAmerica, United States yakanga yatanga bhomba rakakura reCambodia muna 1965, kwete 1970, ichidonhedza 2.76 miriyoni matani pakati pe1965 ne1973, uye ichipa kusimuka kweKhmer Rouge. Mutungamiri Reagan pavakakurudzira hondo muNicaragua, kunyangwe Congress yairambidza, mhirizhonga yakaitika muna 1986 yakawana zita rekuti "Iran-Contra," nekuti Reagan aitengesa zvombo kuIran zvisiri pamutemo kuti awane mari yehondo yeNicaragua. Veruzhinji vairegerera zvakaringana, uye Kongiresi nevezvenhau vairegerera zvikuru, mhosva dzakafumurwa.

Chikamu: ZVAKAWANDA ZVAKAWANDA

Vakuru vehondo vanotya, pamusoro pezvose, zvinhu zviviri: pachena uye rugare. Havadi kuti veruzhinji vazive zvavari kuita kana kuti sei. Uye havadi kuti rugare ruvatadzise kuzviita.

Richard Nixon akatenda kuti "murume ane njodzi zvakanyanya muAmerica" ​​aive Daniel Ellsberg, murume akange aburitsa Pentagon Mapepa uye akafumura makumi emakore ehondo nhema naEisenhower, Kennedy, naJohnson. Apo Ambassador Joseph Wilson, muna 2003, vakaburitsa chinyorwa muNew York Times vachidenha dzimwe nhema dzehondo yeIraq, Bush White House yakadzorera nekufumura kuzivikanwa kwemukadzi wake semumiriri wepachivande, achiisa hupenyu hwake panjodzi. Muna 2010, Dhipatimendi reJustice raPresident Obama rakapomera Private First Class Bradley Manning mhosva dzine mutongo mukuru wemakore makumi mashanu nemaviri mujeri. Manning akapomerwa mhosva yekuburitsa kune veruzhinji vhidhiyo yekupondwa kuri pachena kwevagari nevashandi veherikoputa yekuUS muIraq uye neruzivo rwekuronga kweHondo paAfghanistan.

Runyararo zvinopihwa zvakarambwa uye kunyaradzwa pamberi kana mukati meHondo Yenyika II, Korea, Afghanistan, Iraq, nedzimwe hondo dzakawanda. MuVietnam, runyararo rwakarongwa nemaVietnamese, maSoviet, uye maFrench, asi akarambwa uye akaparadzwa neUnited States. Chinhu chekupedzisira chaunoda paunenge uchiedza kutanga kana kuenderera mberi nehondo - uye kana uchiedza kuitengesa sechiito chekuzeza chekupedzisira kuita - ndeye izwi rekuburitsa kuti rimwe divi ririkukurudzira hurukuro dzerunyararo.

Chikamu: Itai shuwa kuti maAMERICA ANOFA

Kana iwe ukagona kutanga hondo uye uchiti hutsinye kubva kune rimwe divi, hapana achanzwa kuchema kwavo kwerunyararo. Asi iwe uchafanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti vamwe vekuAmerica vanofa. Ipapo hondo haingagoni kutangwa bedzi asiwo kupfuuridzirwa nokusingaperi zvokuti avo vakatourawa havasati vachizofira pasina. Mutungamiri Polk vaiziva izvi munyaya yeMexico. Ndizvo zvakaitawo vaya vaiparadzira mashoko ehondo avo “vakarangarira Maine.” Sezvo Richard Barnet anotsanangura, mumamiriro ezvinhu eVietnam:

"Kuzvipira kwehupenyu hweAmerica inhanho yakakosha mutsika yekuzvipira. Nokudaro William P. Bundy akasimbisa mumapepa okushanda ukoshi hwoku‘teura ropa reAmerica’ kwete bedzi kurovanya voruzhinji kuti vatsigire hondo yaigona kubata mirangariro yavo neimwe nzira, asiwo kuteya Purezidhendi.”

William P. Bundy aive ani? Aive muCIA uye akave chipangamazano kuPresident Kennedy naJohnson. Akanga ari chaizvo rudzi rwemukuru wehurumende anobudirira muWashington, DC Kutaura zvazviri aionekwa se "njiva" nemitemo yeavo vane simba, vanhu vakaita semukoma wake McGeorge Bundy, National Security Advisor kuna Kennedy naJohnson, kana baba vaWilliam Bundy- mukuwasha Dean Acheson, Secretary of State for Truman. Vagadziri vehondo vanoita zvavanoita, nekuti vagadziri vehondo vane hutsinye chete vanofambira mberi nepakati uye vanochengeta mabasa avo sevapi vezano vepamusoro muhurumende yedu. Kunyange kuramba mauto iri nzira yakanaka yekukanganisa basa rako, hapana anoita seakambonzwa nezve DC Bureaucrat yakamiswa nekuda kwekupisa zvakanyanya. Mazano ekutsigira hondo anogona kurambwa, asi anogara achionekwa seanoremekedzwa uye akakosha.

Mumwe anogona kuzivikanwa seakapfava pasina kurumbidza chero nzira yekuita. Zvese zvinodikanwa ndezvekuti ruzivo rumwe chete rwemubvunzo rwuri kushandiswa kururamisa marongero akaoma. Takaona izvi mukumhanya kwekupinda muIraq kwe2003, sevakuru vehurumende vakadzidza kuti ruzivo runopokana nezvezvombo muIraq rwakanga rwusingagamuchirwe uye vaisazofambisira mberi mabasa avo. Saizvozvo, vashandi veDhipatimendi reHurumende mukupera kwema1940s vaiziva chero chinhu nezveChina uye vakashinga kuratidza mukurumbira waMao (kwete kuzvibvumira, kungozviziva) vakanzi havana kuvimbika uye mabasa avo akakanganiswa. Vagadziri vehondo vanokuwana kuri nyore kunyepa kana vakaronga kunyeperwa ivo vamene.

Chikamu: KUCHENGESA PROPAGANDA

Kusatendeseka kwevaiti vehondo kunogona kuonekwa mukusiyana kwezvavanotaura pachena nezvavanoita chaizvo, kusanganisira zvavanotaura pachivande. Asi zvinoonekwawo muchimiro chezvavanotaura paruzhinji, zvakagadzirirwa kudzora manzwiro.

The Institute for Propaganda Analysis, iyo yaivapo kubva 1937 kusvika 1942 yakaratidza nzira nomwe dzinobatsira dzekunyengedza vanhu kuti vaite zvaunoda kuti vaite:

1. Kudaidza mazita (muenzaniso ungave "gandanga")

2. Glittering generality ( ukati urikuparadzira democracy wozotsanangura kuti uri kushandisa mabhomba vanhu vanenge vatobvumirana newe vasati vanzwa nezvemabhomba)

3. Kutamisa (kana ukaudza vanhu kuti Mwari kana nyika yavo kana sainzi vanotendera, vangadawo kudaro)

4. Chipupuriro (kuisa chirevo mumuromo wechiremera chinoremekedzwa)

5. Vanhuwo zvavo (fungai vezvematongerwo enyika vane mirioni vanotema huni kana kuti kudaidza imba yavo yehuni kuti “purazi”)

6. Kadhi stacking (slanting humbowo)

7. Bandwagon (munhu wese ari kuzviita, usasiye kunze)

Kune zvimwe zvakawanda. Kwakatanhamara pakati pazvo kunongova bedzi kushandiswa kwokutya.

Tinogona kuenda kuhondo kana kufa rufu runotyisa nemaoko ezvikara, asi isarudzo yako, zvachose kwauri, hapana kumanikidzwa, kunze kwekuti vaurayi vedu vachange vari pano svondo rinouya kana ukasakurumidza kuzviita!

Unyanzvi hwekupupura hunoshandiswa pamwe chete nekutya. Zviremera zvikuru zvinofanira kuregeredzwa, kwete nemhaka bedzi yokuti zviri nyore, asiwo nemhaka yokuti zvinokununura panjodzi kana ukadziteerera, uye unogona kutanga kuzviteerera kupfurikidza nokuvatenda. Funga nezve vanhu vari mukuyedza kweMilgram vachida kurova magetsi kune zvavaitenda kuti ndiyo imhondi kana munhu ane masimba akavaudza kuti vadaro. Funga nezvemukurumbira waGeorge W. Bush wekupfura kubva pamakumi mashanu neshanu kubva muzana kusvika makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana chete nekuda kwekuti aive mutungamiri wenyika apo ndege dzakabhururuka muzvivako muna 55 uye akaregedza hondo kana mbiri. Meya weNew York City panguva iyoyo, Rudy Giuliani, akaita shanduko yakafanana. Bush (naObama) havana kusanganisira 90-2001 muhurukuro dzavo dzehondo pasina chikonzero.

Avo vanoumba simba chairo rinosunda shure kwehondo vanonyatsoziva zvavari kureva nhema pamusoro pazvo uye nei. Nhengo dzekomiti yakaita seWhite House Iraq Group, ibasa ravo raive rekutengesa hondo paIraq kuvanhu, vanonyatsosarudza nhema dzinonyanya kushanda uye vodziisa munzira yavo kuburikidza nenzeve dzinogamuchira nemiromo yevezvematongerwo enyika nevanoongorora. Machiavelli akaudza vadzvinyiriri kuti vanofanira kunyepa kuti vave vakuru, uye vangave vakuru vanga vachiteerera zano rake kwemazana emakore.

Arthur Bullard, mutori wenhau akasununguka akakurudzira Woodrow Wilson, kushandisa kusavimbika panzvimbo pekuongorora, akataura kuti.

“Chokwadi nenhema mazwi ehumwe chete. . . . Hapana chakaitika chingatiudza kuti imwe inogara ichida kune imwe. . . . Kune chokwadi chisina upenyu uye nhema dzinokosha. . . . Simba repfungwa riri muukoshi hwayo hwekukurudzira. Zvine basa zvishoma kuti ichokwadi here kana kuti nhema.”

Mushumo wedare reSeneti muna 1954 wakarayira,

“Takatarisana nemuvengi asingachinji ane chinangwa chake kutonga pasi rose nechero nzira uye nemubhadharo upi zvawo. Hapana mitemo mumutambo wakadaro. Kusvika panguva ino tsika dzevanhu dzinogamuchirwa hadzishandi.”

Philosophy purofesa Leo Strauss, pesvedzero paNeoconservatives yakabatana nePNAC, akatsigira pfungwa ye "nhema dzakanaka," yekudiwa kwevakuru vakangwara kunyepera veruzhinji kuti zvizvinakire. Dambudziko nedzidziso dzakadai nderekuti, mukuita, patinoona kuti takanyeperwa hatisi kungoshatirwa zvakanyanya nemanyepo pane kutenda zvese zvakanaka zvavakatiitira, tinotsamwa zvine musoro nekuti. havana kumbotiitira zvakanaka.