Zvinotaurwa muChicago pane 87th yemakore yakatarwa yeKellogg-Briand Pact, Nyamavhuvhu 27, 2015.
Ndatenda zvikuru nekundikoka kuno uye ndinokutendai kuna Kathy Kelly nezvese zvavanoita uye ndinokutendai kuna Frank Goetz nemunhu wese anenge achigadzira mukukwikwidza nyaya iyi uye kuenderera mberi. Makwikwi aya ari kure uye ari kude chose chinhu chakabuda mubhuku rangu Apo Hondo Yenyika Yakabuda.
Ini ndakakurudzira kuita Nyamavhuvhu 27th zororo kwese kwese, uye izvo hazvisati zvaitika, asi zvatanga. Guta reSt. Paul, Minnesota, rakazviita. Frank Kellogg, anonzi Kellogg-Briand Pact anonzi, aibva ikoko. Boka muAlbuquerque riri kubata chiitiko nhasi, sezvakaita mapoka mune mamwe maguta nhasi uye mumakore achangopfuura. Nhengo yeCongress yakaziva chiitiko muKongress Record.
Asi mhinduro dzakapihwa kune dzimwe dzezvinyorwa kubva kuvaverengengi vakasiyana-siyana uye dzakabatanidzwa mubhukwana ndedzimwe, uye kukundikana kwavo hakufanire kuratidza kutadza pane izvo zvinyorwa. Vanenge munhu wese haana zano rekuti pane mutemo pane mabhuku anorambidza zvese zvehondo. Uye kana munhu azviziva, iye kazhinji haatore maminetsi mashoma kuti aratidze chokwadi icho sezvisina basa. Verenga mhinduro kune izvo zvinyorwa. Hapana mumwe wevakabvunzwa akadzingwa akaongorora zvinyorwa zvakanyatsotarisirwa kana kuverenga zvimwe zvinyorwa; zviri pachena kuti hapana kana mumwe wavo akaverenga izwi rebhuku rangu.
Chero chikonzero chekare chinoshanda chinobvisa Kellogg-Briand Pact. Kunyangwe mubatanidzwa wezvikonzero zvinopesana zvinoshanda zvakanaka. Asi mamwe acho anowanikwa zviri nyore. Chakajairika ndechekuti kurambidzwa kwehondo hakuna kushanda nekuti kwave nehondo zhinji kubvira 1928. Uye saka, zvinofungidzirwa, chibvumirano chinorambidza hondo ipfungwa yakaipa, yakaipa pachokwadi kupfuura pasina zvachose; Pfungwa chaiyo yaifanirwa kunge yakaedzwa ndezvekutaurirana kwekudyidzana kana kudzora zvombo kana… sarudza imwe sarudzo
Unogona here kufungidzira mumwe munhu achiziva kuti kutambudzwa kwaenderera mberi kubva pakurambidzwa kwakawanda kwepamutemo pakutambudzwa, uye achizivisa kuti mutemo wekupokana nekutambudzwa unofanirwa kukandwa kunze uye chimwe chinhu chingashandiswa panzvimbo pacho, pamwe nemakamera emuviri kana kudzidziswa kwakakodzera kana chero chii? Unogona kufungidzira izvozvo here? Unogona here kufungidzira mumwe munhu, chero munhu, achiziva kuti kutyaira akadhakwa kwakaratidza kurambidzwa kwazviri uye achizivisa kuti mutemo wakundikana uye unofanirwa kupidigurwa uchifarira kuyedza kushambadza kweterevhizheni kana kufema-yeku-kuwana-makiyi kana chero chii? Yakazara lunacy, handiti? Saka, nei isiri nguva chaiyo kudzinga mutemo unorambidza hondo?
Izvi hazvina kufanana nechinorambidzwa doro kana zvinodhaka izvo zvinokonzeresa kushandisa kwavo pasi pevhu uye kuwedzera ipapo neakawedzera zvakaipa zvakaipa. Hondo yakanyanya kuoma kuita pakavanda. Kuedza kunoitwa kuvanza akasiyana ehondo, kuve nechokwadi, uye vaigara vari, asi kurwa kunogara kuri pachena kuruzhinji, uye iyo yeruzhinji rweUS yakazara nekusimudzira kugamuchirwa kwayo. Edza kutsvaga iyo US movie theatre iyo kwete parizvino kuratidza chero mafirimu anorumbidza hondo.
Mutemo unorambidza hondo hausisiri kana kushomeka pane zvayaifanirwa kuve, chikamu chepakeji yematanho anoitirwa kudzikisira uye kubvisa hondo. Iyo Kellogg-Briand Pact haisi mumakwikwi nehurukuro dzezvematongerwo enyika. Hazvina musoro kutaura kuti "Ini ndinopesana nekurambidzwa kwehondo uye ndichifarira kushandisa kudyidzana pachinzvimbo." Chibvumirano cheRunyararo pachacho chinoraira pacific, ndiko kuti, kudyidzana, nzira dzekugadzirisa kukakavara kwese. Chibvumirano hachipikisane nekutora zvombo asi chakanangana nekuchirerutsa.
Kutongwa kwehondo pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II kuGerman neJapan kwaive kururamisira kwemunhu mumwe chete, asi kwaive kwekutanga kutongwa kwemhosva yehondo uye yaive yakavakirwa paKellogg-Briand Pact. Kubva ipapo, nyika dzakapakata zvombo hadzisati dzarwa zvekare, dzichirwira chete nyika dzakashata dzisina kumboonekwa dzakakodzera kurapwa zvakanaka kunyangwe nehurumende dzevanyengeri dzakasaina chibvumirano makore 87 apfuura. Iko kukundikana kweHondo Yenyika yechitatu kusvika zvakadaro hakugare, kunogona kuve kunokonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwemabhomba enyukireya, uye / kana inogona kunge iri nyaya yerombo rakanaka. Asi dai pasina munhu akambotyaira akadhakwa zvakare mushure mekusungwa kwekutanga mhosva iyi, kukanda mutemo kunze sekunge kusingabatsiri kwaizotaridzika kunge kwakakora kudarika kuakanda kunze apo migwagwa izere nezvidhakwa.
Saka nei vanhu vachidaro kudzinga Runyararo Pact pamwe nekukurumidza pamusoro pekudzidza nezvazvo? Ini ndaimbofungidzira kuti uyu waingova mubvunzo weusimbe uye kubvuma kwakaipa memes mukutenderera kwakanyanya. Ikozvino ini ndinofunga inyaya yekutarisa mukusavimbika, kukosha, kana kubatsira kwehondo. Uye muzviitiko zvakawanda ndinofunga inogona kunge iri nyaya yekudyara mari muhondo, kana kuti kuzeza kufunga kuti chirongwa chekutanga munharaunda yedu chingave chakazara uye zvakanyanya kushata uye zvakare pachena zvisiri pamutemo. Ini ndinofunga zvinogona kuvhiringidza kune vamwe vanhu kufunga zano rekuti chirongwa chepakati chehurumende yeUS, kutora mu54% yemashandisirwo emari yemubatanidzwa, uye kutonga yedu yevaraidzo uye yega-mufananidzo, bhizinesi rematsotsi.
Tarisa uone mafambiro anoita vanhu pamwe neCongress vanofungidzira kuti varambidze kushungurudzwa makore ese ega kunyangwe zvakarambidzwa zvisati zvaitika pamberi peGeorge W. Bush, uye kurambidzwa kutsva chaiko kunozivisa misungo yekutambudza, se UN. Charter anoitira zvehondo. The Washington Post Chaizvoizvo akabuda akati, sekureva kwakaita shamwari yake Richard Nixon, kuti nekuda kwekuti Bush akatambudza inofanira kunge iri pamutemo. Iyi itsika yakajairika uye inonyaradza yekufunga. Nekuti United States inorwa hondo, hondo inofanira kunge iri pamutemo.
Pane dzimwe nguva munguva dzakapfuura muzvikamu zvenyika ino paifungidzirwa kuti maNative America vane kodzero yekuwana ivhu, kana kuti vanhu varanda vane kodzero yekusununguka, kana kuti vakadzi vaive sevanhu sevarume, dzaive pfungwa dzisinga fungidzike. Kana vakamanikidzwa, vanhu vaizoramba pfungwa idzodzo nechikonzero chero chipi zvacho chakauya. Isu tinorarama munharaunda inodyara zvakanyanya muhondo kupfuura chero chinhu uye ichiita sechinhu chenguva dzose. Mhosva yakaunzwa nemukadzi weIraq yave kukwidzwa mudare repfumbamwe ichitsvaga kubata vakuru vemuUS vane mhosva pasi pemitemo yeNuremberg yehondo yeIraq yakatangwa muna 9. Zviri pamutemo nyaya iyi kukunda chaiko. Mutsika hazvifungiki. Fungidzira muenzaniso ungazoitirwa mamirioni evanyajambwa munyika dzinoverengeka! Pasina shanduko huru mutsika yedu, nyaya yacho haimire mukana. Shanduko inodiwa mutsika yedu haisi shanduko yepamutemo, asi danho rekuteerera mitemo iripo iyo, mutsika yedu yazvino, isingatendeke uye isingazivikanwe, kunyangwe zvikajeka uye zvakapfupika zvakanyorwa uye zviripo paruzhinji uye zvichitendwa.
Japan ine mamiriro akafanana. Mutungamiriri wehurumende adudzira zvakare mazwi aya zvichibva paKellogg-Briand Pact uye akawanikwa muBumbiro reJapan: "vanhu veJapan vanoramba zvachose kurwira sekodzero yenyika uye kutyisidzira kana kushandisa simba senzira yekugadzirisa makakatanwa epasi rose ... [ L] uye, gungwa, uye mauto emuchadenga, pamwe nehumwe mukana wehondo, hazvife zvakachengetedzwa. " Mutungamiriri wehurumende adudzira zvakare mazwi aya achireva kuti "Japan ichaita zvechiuto uye kurwa chero kupi pasi pano." Japan haidi kugadzirisa Bumbiro rayo asi kutevedzera mutauro wayo wakajeka - seizvo United States ingangomira kupa kodzero dzevanhu kumakambani nekungoverenga izwi rekuti "vanhu" mubumbiro reUS kureva "vanhu."
Handifunge kuti ndinorega kudzingwa kwakajairika kweKellogg-Briand Pact sekukosha nevanhu vasina maminitsi mashanu vasati vaziva kuti kwaivapo kunondinetsa vaive vanhu vazhinji vasina kufa nehondo kana kuti ndanga ndanyora tweet panzvimbo yebhuku. Dai ndanga ndangonyora paTwitter nemavara zana nemakumi mana kana mashoma kuti chibvumirano chinorambidza hondo ndiwo mutemo wenyika, ndingaite sei kupikisa kana mumwe munhu akairamba pahwaro hweimwe fekitori yavakatora, senge Monsieur Briand, uyo chibvumirano chakatumidzwa zita pamwe chete naKellogg, aida chibvumirano chekumanikidza US kuti ipinde muhondo dzeFrance? Ehe ichokwadi, ndosaka basa revamiriri kukurudzira Kellogg kunyengetedza Briand kuti awedzere chibvumirano kumarudzi ese, achinyatso kubvisa basa rayo sekuzvipira kuFrance kunyanya, yaive muenzaniso wehunyanzvi uye kuzvipira kunokosha kunyora bhuku nezve panzvimbo ye tweet.
Ndakanyora bhuku racho Apo Hondo Yenyika Yakabuda kwete kungodzivirira kukosha kweKellogg-Briand Pact, asi kunyanya kupemberera kufamba kwakaunza iko uye nekumutsidzira iyo kufamba, iyo yainzwisisa kuti yakanga iinayo, uye ichiripo, nzira refu yekufamba. Uku kwaive kufamba kwaifungidzira kubviswa kwehondo senge nhanho yekuvaka pamusoro pekubviswa kwetsinga dzeropa uye dueling uye huranda nekutambudza uye kuuraya. Izvo zvaizoda disarmament, uye kusikwa kwenzvimbo dzepasirese, uye pamusoro pese kusimudzirwa kwesiko kutsva tsika. Pakanga pari pedyo nemugumo, kune chinangwa chekushungurudza hondo sechinhu chisiri chenhema uye chisingadiwe, kuti bato rinobuda kunze kwemutemo ritsvage kurwisa hondo.
Nyaya hombe yenhau ya1928, yakakura panguva iyoyo kunyangwe kubhururuka kwaCharles Lindbergh wa1927 uko kwakabatsira mukubudirira kwayo nenzira isina hukama zvachose nekutenda kwaLindbergh, kwaive kusainwa kweRunyararo Chibvumirano muParis musi waAugust 27. Pane chero munhu asina ruzivo zvakakwana kuti atende kuti chirongwa chekupedza hondo chaive munzira yekuenda mukubudirira? Ivo vangadai vasina kuve sei? Vamwe vanhu havana ruzivo nezve zvese zvinoitika. Mamirioni pamamirioni eAmerica anotenda kuti imwe neimwe yehondo nyowani ichave yekupedzisira ndiyo inounza runyararo, kana kuti VaDonald Trump vane mhinduro dzese, kana kuti Trans-Pacific Partnership ichativigira rusununguko uye kubudirira. Michele Bachmann anotsigira chibvumirano cheIran nekuti anoti ichagumisa nyika nekudzosa Jesu. (Icho hachisi chikonzero, nenzira, kuti isu tirege kutsigira chibvumirano cheIran.) Izvo zvishoma izvo kufunga kwakadzama kunodzidziswa nekuvandudzwa, uye zvishoma iyo nhoroondo inodzidziswa nekunzwisiswa, yakafara nzvimbo yekuita naiveté inofanira kushanda. mukati, asi naiveté anogara aripo mune zvese zviitiko, sekungofungisisa kusagadzikana. Mosesi kana vamwe vevaimuona vangangodaro vakafunga kuti achagumisa kuponda nemurairo, uye mangani zviuru zvemakore gare gare izvo United States yatanga kutora pfungwa yekuti mapurisa haafanire kuuraya vanhu vatema? Uye zvakadaro hapana munhu anokarakadza kudzinga mitemo inorambidza kuponda.
Uye vanhu vakaita Kellogg-Briand kuti iitike, vasina kunzi Kellogg kana Briand, vaive kure nekuziva. Vaitarisira kurwa kwezvizvarwa nezvizhinji uye vaizoshamiswa, kushamisika, uye kurwadziwa pamoyo nekundikana kwedu kuenderera mberi nekurwa uye nekuramba kwedu basa ravo nechikonzero chekuti harisati rakwanisa zvakadaro.
Kune zvekare, neimwe nzira, kurambwa kutsva uye kwekunyepedzera kwebasa rerunyararo kunoisa mukati maro mhinduro dzezvinyorwa uye muzviitiko zvakawanda senge izvi mazuva ano, uye ndinotya kuti inogona kukura nekukurumidza. Ichi ndicho chiitiko chandinodaidza kuti Pinkerism, kurambwa kwerunyararo pachishandiswa chitendero chekuti hondo iri kuenda yega. Pane matambudziko maviri nepfungwa iyi. Imwe ndeyekuti dai hondo yanga ichienda, izvo zvingangove zviri muchikamu chikuru nekuda kwebasa revanhu vanoipikisa uye vachiedza kuritsiva nemasangano ane rugare. Chechipiri, hondo haisi kuenda. Vadzidzi vemuUS vanoita nyaya yehondo ichipera iyo inogara panheyo yekubiridzira. Ivo vanotsanangura zvekare Hondo dzeUS sechimwe chinhu kunze kwehondo. Ivo vanoyera kukuvara pamusoro pehuwandu hwepasirese, nokudaro vachidzivirira chokwadi chekuti hondo dzichangoburwa dzave dzakashata kune vanhu vaibatanidzwa sehondo dzese dzekare. Vanoshandura musoro wenyaya kuderera kwemamwe marudzi emhirizhonga.
Iko kuderera kwemamwe marudzi emhirizhonga, kusanganisira mutongo werufu muUS inoti, inofanirwa kupembererwa uye kusimudzwa semamodeli ezvingaitwe nehondo. Asi haisati ichiitwa nehondo, uye hondo haisi kuzozviita iri yega pasina kuyedza kukuru uye kuzvipira nesu uye nevamwe vanhu vazhinji.
Ndiri kufara kuti vanhu muSt.Paul vari kurangarira Frank Kellogg, asi nyaya yekunopera kwema1920 rugare rwekuratidzira muenzaniso wakanaka wekushingairira chaizvo nekuti Kellogg aipokana nepfungwa iyi nguva diki diki asati ave kushingairira kuishandira. Akaunzwa nemusangano weveruzhinji wakatangwa negweta reChicago uye muratidziri anonzi Salmon Oliver Levinson, ane guva risingazivikanwe muOak Woods Cemetery, uye ane mapepa zviuru zana asina kuverenga kuUniversity yeChicago.
Ndakatumira op-ed paLevinson kuna wechuru iyo yakaramba kudhindisa, sezvakaita zuva. The Daily Herald akaguma kuprinta. The wechuru vakawana nzvimbo mavhiki mashoma apfuura kuti vapurindire mbiru vachishuvira kuti dutu rakafanana naKatrina rirove kuChicago, richigadzira nyonganiso nekuparadza kwakakwana kubvumira kuparadzwa nekukurumidza kwechikoro cheveruzhinji cheChicago. Nzira iri nyore yekuparadza hurongwa hwechikoro inogona kunge iri yekumanikidza vadzidzi vese kuti vaverenge iyo Chicago Tribune.
Ichi chikamu cheizvo ini zvandakanyora: SO Levinson aive gweta aifunga kuti matare aibata gakava pakati pevamwe zvirinani pane kuita dueling zvakange zvarambidzwa. Aida kurambidza hondo senzira yekubata makakatanwa epasi rose. Kusvikira 1928, kutanga hondo kwaigara kuri pamutemo zviri pamutemo. Levinson aida kurambidza hondo dzese. “Ngatitii,” akanyora kudaro, “panguva iyoyo yakanga yakurudzirwa kuti 'kuita zvechisimba' chete ndiko kunofanira kurambidzwa uye kuti 'kuzvidzivirira kurwa' kunosiyiwa kwakadaro.”
Ini ndinofanira kuwedzera kuti fananidzo inogona kunge isina kukwana munzira yakakosha. Hurumende dzenyika dzakarambidza kuita dueling uye dzakapa zvirango pachiri. Iko hakuna hurumende yepasi rose inoranga nyika dzinoita hondo. Asi kuita dueling hakuna kufa kudzamara tsika yazviramba. Mutemo wanga usina kukwana. Uye chikamu chekuchinja kwetsika kupokana nehondo zvirokwazvo chinofanirwa kusanganisira kugadzirwa nekuvandudzwa kwenzvimbo dzepasi rose dzinopa mubairo kuita runyararo nekuranga kuita kwehondo, sezvazviri masangano akadaro anotoranga kugadzirwa kwehondo nenyika dzakashata dzichirwisa hurongwa hweMadokero.
Levinson uye sangano reAptlawrists raakamuunganira, kusanganisira Chicagoan Jane Addams anozivikanwa, aifunga kuti kuita hondo mhosva kunotanga kuideredza uye kuita kuti vanhu varambe vachiita zvakaipa. Vakatsvakawo pamwe nekusika kwemitemo yenyika dzakawanda uye maitiro ekugadzirisa uye nzira dzekugadzirisa matambudziko. Kubudisa hondo kwaive kuva danho rekutanga mune imwe nguva yakareba yekugumisa zvachose sangano iri.
Sangano reOutlawry rakatangwa nechinyorwa chaLevinson kuchikurudzira mukati The New Republic munaKurume 7, 1918, uye zvakatora gumi kuti vabudirire Kellogg-Briand Pact. Basa rekupedzisa hondo ririkuenderera mberi, uye Chibvumirano chishandiso icho chingangobatsira. Chibvumirano ichi chinopa nyika kugadzirisa makakatanwa avo nenzira dzerunyararo chete. Webhusaiti yeUS State department inonyora ichiri kushanda, sezvinoita iyo Dhipatimendi reDziviriro Mutemo weHondo Chinyorwa chakaburitswa munaJune 2015.
Iko kupenga kwekuronga uye kuita zvechisimba izvo zvakagadzira chibvumirano cherunyararo chakakura. Nditsvagire sangano ranga riripo kubvira ma1920s uye ini ndichakutsvagira sangano rakanyorwa mukutsigira kupedza hondo. Izvi zvinosanganisira American Legion, iyo National League yeVakadzi Vavhoti, uye National Association yeVabereki neVadzidzisi. Pakazosvika 1928 kuda kwekurambidza hondo kwakange kusingadzoreke, uye Kellogg uyo anga achangobva kuseka nekutuka varwiri verunyararo, akatanga kutevedzera kutungamira kwavo nekuudza mukadzi wake kuti angave ari muNobel Peace Prize.
Musi waAugust 27, 1928, muParis, mireza yeGerman neSoviet Union yakangobhururuka ichitevera dzimwe dzakawanda, sezvo chiitiko chakatambiswa icho chinotsanangurwa murwiyo "Husiku Husiku Ndakava Nehope Dzisinganzwisisike." Mapepa aive achisainwa nevarume ava ainyatso taura kuti havaizomborwa zvekare Vakabuda kunze kwenyika vakakurudzira Seneti yeUS kuti isimbise chibvumirano pasina chero bhajeti.
Iyo UN Charter yakagoneswa muna Gumiguru 24, 1945, saka yayo 70th yekusangana yave kusvika. Kugona kwayo kuchiri kuzadziswa. Iyo yakashandiswa kufambisira mberi uye kukanganisa iyo rugare. Tinoda rudzidziso kuchinangwa charo chekuponesa zvizvarwa zvinotevera kubva padenda rehondo. Asi isu tinofanirwa kujekesa nezve kuti kusasimba kune UN Charter kwakaderera sei pane iyo Kellogg-Briand Pact.
Ipo iyo Kellogg-Briand Pact ichirambidza hondo dzese, UN Charter inovhura mukana wehondo yepamutemo. Kunyange hazvo hondo zhinji dzisingasangane nehunhu hwakamanikana hwekuzvidzivirira kana kubvumidzwa neUN, hondo zhinji dzinotengeswa sekunge dzinosangana nezvakakodzera izvi, uye vanhu vazhinji vanonyengerwa. Mushure memakore makumi manomwe haisi nguva yekuti United Nations irege kupa mvumo kuhondo uye kujekesa nyika kuti kurwisa nyika dziri kure hakudziviriri?
UN Charter inodzokorora Chibvumirano cheKellogg-Briand nemashoko aya: "Nhengo dzese dzinogadzirisa makakatanwa avo epasi rese nenzira dzerunyararo nenzira yekuti rugare rwepasi rese nekuchengeteka, uye kururamisira, zvisave panjodzi." Asi iyo Charter inogadzirawo mabudiro ehondo, uye isu tinofanirwa kufungidzira kuti nekuti Gwaro rinopa mvumo yekushandiswa kwehondo kudzivirira hondo zviri nani pane kurambidzwa zvachose kwehondo, kwakanyanya, kunoitwa, kune - mune chirevo chinoratidza - mazino. Ichokwadi chekuti UN Charter yanga ichitadza kubvisa hondo kwemakore makumi manomwe haina kubatwa sechikonzero chekuramba UN Charter. Asi, chirongwa cheUN chekupokana nehondo dzakaipa nehondo dzakanaka chinofungidzirwa sechirongwa chisingaperi chichienderera mberi icho chete vasina ruzivo vanofungidzira kuti chingapedzwa rimwe zuva. Chero bedzi uswa huchikura kana mvura ichimhanya, chero bedzi Israeli yekuPalestine runyararo rurikuita misangano, chero bedzi Chibvumirano Chisingapfuurire chichisundidzirwa kumeso kwenyika dzisiri dzenyukireya nemasimba ehusingaperi enyukireya anoityora, United Nations ichaenderera mberi ichipa mvumo yekuchengetedzwa kwevaRibya kana vamwe nevanhu vanogadzira hondo pasi rose vanoenderera mberi nekugadzira gehena pasi pano muLibhiya kana kumwe kunhu. Aya ndiwo mafungiro anoita vanhu nezveUnited Nations.
Pane maviri angangoitika twists pane ino irikuitika njodzi, ndinofunga. Imwe ndiyo njodzi iri kuuya yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze iyo inoisa muganho wenguva yatingave takatodarika asi izvo chaizvo hazvina kureba pane yedu inoenderera marara zviwanikwa pahondo nekuparadza kwayo kwakanyanya kwezvakatipoteredza. Kubvisa hondo kunofanirwa kuve nemhedzisiro uye kunofanirwa kunge kuchikurumidza, kana hondo nepasi ratiri kuripira zvichatibvisa. Hatigone kupinda mudambudziko remamiriro ekunze-ratakanangana naro nehondo pasherefu sesarudzo isingabviri. Hatife takaipona.
Chechipiri ndechekuti pfungwa yeUnited Nations semugadziri wechigarire wehondo yekumisa hondo yese yakatambanudzwa kupfuura zvakajairwa neyakaitika dzidziso ye "basa rekuchengetedza" uye nekugadzira iyo inonzi hondo yepasirese. pamusoro pekutyisa uye kutumirwa kwehondo yedrone neMutungamiri Obama.
Sangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose, rakagadzirwa kuchengetedza nyika kubva kuhondo, parizvino rinofungwa nezvekuti rine basa rekurwa hondo pasi pekunyepedzera kuti kuita izvi kunochengetedza mumwe munhu kubva kuchinhu chakanyanya kuipa. Hurumende, kana kanenge hurumende yeUS, iye zvino anogona kurwa nehondo nekuzivisa kuti ari kuchengetedza munhu kana (uye hurumende dzakawanda zvino dzaita izvi) nekuzivisa kuti boka ravari kurwisa nderegandanga. Chirevo cheUN pamusoro pehondo dzedrone dzinotaura zvimwe zvisina kujairika kuti ma drones arikuita hondo zvakajairwa.
Isu tinofanirwa kutaura nezve izvo zvinonzi "mhosva dzehondo" seimwe mhando, kunyangwe iri mhando yakashata, yematsotsi. Asi ivo vanofungidzirwa sezvinhu zvidiki zvehondo, kwete mhosva yehondo pachayo. Iyi ndiyo pre-Kellogg-Briand mafungiro. Hondo pachayo inoonekwa zvakanyanya senge zviri pamutemo zviri pamutemo, asi humwe hutsinye hunowanzoita huwandu hwehondo hunonzwisiswa sehusiri pamutemo. Muchokwadi, hunyanzvi hwehondo ndewekuti mhosva yakaipa kwazvo inogona kunyoreswa zviri pamutemo nekuizivisa sechikamu chehondo. Isu takaona vakasununguka mapurofesa vachipupura pamberi peCongress kuti kuuraya kwedrone kuuraya kana isiri chikamu chehondo uye zvakangonaka kana chiri chikamu chehondo, nekutsunga kuti chikamu chehondo here chakasiiwa kumutungamiriri achiraira humhondi. Iyo diki uye yega chiyero chekuponda kwedrone kunofanirwa kunge kuri kutibatsira kuti tione kuuraya kwakawanda kwehondo dzese sekuuraya kwevanhu vazhinji, kwete kunyoresa zviri pamutemo kuuraya nekuibatanidza nehondo. Kuti uone kuti izvi zvinotungamira kupi, usatarise kupfuura mapurisa ehondo mumigwagwa yeUnited States vane mukana wakakura wekukuuraya kupfuura ISIS.
Ndakaona murwi anofambira mberi achiratidza kutsamwa kuti mutongi anozivisa kuti United States iri muhondo muAfghanistan. Kuita izvi zviri pachena kunotendera United States kuchengetedza maAfghan akavharirwa kuGuantanamo. Uye zvechokwadi iri zvakare mar pane ngano yaBarack Obama yekugumisa hondo. Asi mauto eUS ari muAfghanistan achiuraya vanhu. Tinoda here kuti mutongi ataure kuti pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya US haisi muhondo muAfghanistan nekuti Mutungamiriri anoti hondo yapera zviri pamutemo? Tinoda here munhu anorwira hondo kuti ave nesimba repamutemo rekuronga zvakare hondo seOverseas Contingency Genocide kana chero zvazvinodaidzwa? United States iri muhondo, asi hondo haisi pamutemo. Kuva zvisiri pamutemo, hazvigone kunyoresa zviri pamutemo dzimwe mhosva dzekupamba, kuiswa mujeri pasina mhosva, kana kushungurudzwa. Dai zvaive zviri pamutemo zvaisagona kunyoresa zviri pamutemo izvo zvinhu zvakare, asi hazvisi pamutemo, uye isu takadzikiswa kusvika pakuda kunyepedzera kuti hazvisi kuitika kuti tikwanise kubata izvo zvinonzi "mhosva dzehondo" semhosva. vasina kuuya kuzorwa nemutemo wedziviriro unogadzirwa nekuve kwavo chikamu chehurongwa hwakawanda hwekuuraya vakawanda.
Zvatinoda kumutsidzira kubva kuma1920s kufamba kwekurwisa kuponda-kuuraya. Iko kusiri kwepamutemo kwemhosva chikamu chakakosha chekufamba. Asi ndozvakaitawo unzenza. Kutsvaga kutora mukana wakaenzana mukuuraya-kuuraya vanhu vanotungamira vanopotsa pfungwa. Kuomerera muchiuto umo mauto echikadzi asingabatwa chibharo anokanganisa pfungwa yacho. Kanzura hunyanzvi hwekuita zvombo zvibvumirano zvinopotsa pfungwa. Tinofanira kusimbirira kuti kupera kwekuuraya-nyika. Kana diplogifiti inogona kushandiswa neIran nei kwete nerumwe rudzi rwese?
Panzvimbo iyoyo hondo yave dziviriro kune zvese zvakashata zvakaipa, inoenderera ichitenderedza dzidziso yekuvhundutsa. Musi waGunyana 11, 2001, ini ndaive ndichiyedza kuyedza kudzorera kukosha kune iyo shoma mubairo uye ndakabva ndangoudzwa kuti hapana chakanaka chingaitwe zvekare nekuti yaive nguva yehondo. CIA payakatevera muridzi wemuridzo Jeffrey Sterling achifungidzirwa kuti ndiye aiburitsa pachena kuti CIA yakapa hurongwa hwebhomba renyukireya kuIran, akakumbira kumapoka ekodzero dzevanhu kuti vabatsirwe. Aive muAmerican American uyo akange apomera CIA rusarura uye iye zvino akatenda kuti aive akatarisana nekutsiva. Hapana kana rimwe remapoka ekodzero dzevanhu raizosvika pedyo. Masangano akasununguka evagari anotarisana nedzimwe mhosva diki dzehondo haazopikise hondo pachayo, drone kana imwe nzira. Masangano ezvakatikomberedza ayo anoziva mauto ndiyo yedu huru yakasvibisa, haataure kuvapo kwayo. Mumwe mukwikwidzi musarudzo yemutungamiri wenyika haakwanise kuzviunza kuti ataure kuti hondo idzi hadzina kunaka, asi iye anoti danho demokrasi ine mutsa muSaudi Arabia inotungamira mukukwikwidza nekutsika bhiri rehondo.
Pentagon nyowani Mutemo weHondo Manual iyo inotsiva yayo 1956 vhezheni, inobvuma mumutsara wezasi kuti Kellogg-Briand Pact mutemo wenyika, asi inoramba ichitsvaga mutemo wehondo, kunongedza vanhuwo zvavo kana vatori venhau, kushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya uye napalm uye mishonga yesora uye yakapedzwa uranium uye masumbu emabhomba uye kuputika maburi-poindi mabara, uyezve kwekuponda kwedrone. Mumwe purofesa anobva kure kure nekuno, Francis Boyle, akataura kuti gwaro iri rinogona kunge rakanyorwa nevaNazi.
Iwo Akabatana Mahofisi eVashandi nyowani National Mauto Strategiki akakodzera kuverenga futi. Iyo inopa sekururamisa kwayo kwemauto kunoreva pamusoro penyika ina, kutanga neRussia, iyo yainopomera "kushandisa chisimba kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvayo," chimwe chinhu icho Pentagon isingazomboite! Tevere inoreva kuti Iran iri "kutevera" mamukoni. Tevere inotaura kuti vatungamiriri veNorth Korea rimwe zuva "vachatyisidzira nyika yeUS." Chekupedzisira, inosimbisa kuti China iri "kuwedzera kunetsekana mudunhu reAsia-Pacific." Gwaro iri rinobvuma kuti hapana nyika ina dzinoda kurwa neUnited States. "Kunyange zvakadaro," inodaro, "imwe neimwe inokanganisa zvakanyanya kuchengetedzeka."
Uye zvakakomba kuchengetedzeka kunetsekana, sekuziva kwedu tese, zvakatonyanya kupfuura hondo, uye kushandisa $ 1 tiririyoni pagore muhondo mutengo mudiki kubhadhara kubhadhara izvo zvinonetsa. Makore makumi masere nemanomwe apfuura izvi zvaizoita kunge kupenga. Neraki isu tine nzira dzekudzosa kufunga kwemakore apfuura, nekuti kazhinji mumwe munhu anotambura neupengo haana nzira yekupinda mupfungwa dzeumwe munhu ari kuona kupenga kwake kubva kunze. Tine izvozvo. Tinogona kudzokera kunguva yaifungidzira kupera kwehondo tobva tatakura iro basa kumberi nechinangwa chekuripedza.
